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Exp. 2 Voltage Comparators (II) Level Detectors

The document describes various applications of voltage comparators including: 1) A level detector that uses a voltage reference, voltage divider, and comparator to detect when an input voltage is above or below a threshold. 2) On-off control circuits that use a level detector and transducer for applications like temperature control. 3) Window detectors that use two level detectors to indicate when a voltage is within an upper and lower limit. 4) Pulse-width modulation that uses a comparator to create a square wave output with duty cycle controlled linearly by an input signal.

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jackychen101
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38 views

Exp. 2 Voltage Comparators (II) Level Detectors

The document describes various applications of voltage comparators including: 1) A level detector that uses a voltage reference, voltage divider, and comparator to detect when an input voltage is above or below a threshold. 2) On-off control circuits that use a level detector and transducer for applications like temperature control. 3) Window detectors that use two level detectors to indicate when a voltage is within an upper and lower limit. 4) Pulse-width modulation that uses a comparator to create a square wave output with duty cycle controlled linearly by an input signal.

Uploaded by

jackychen101
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exp.

2 Voltage Comparators (II) Level Detectors A threshold detector Basic components : a voltage reference VREF, a voltage divider R1 and R2, and a comparator. VT = (1 + R2/R1)VREF For vI < VT, QO is off and so is the LED. For vI > VT, QO is on and the LED glows Interchanging the intput pins If vI is VCC itself an overvoltage indicator or an undervoltage indicator

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On-Off Control Level detector + suitable transducer A temperature controller or thermostat

LM 335: a temp. sensor, LM395: a high-beta power transistor, R2: temp. setting, LM329: a 6.9-V ref. diode.

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Window Detectors A window comp. to indicate when a given voltage falls within a specified band or window

A pair of level detectors, whose thresholds VTL and VTH define the lower and upper limits of the window.

RC can be replaced by an LED in series with a current-limiting resistor.


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Pulse-Width Modulation To compare a slowly varying signal vI against a high-freq wave of the triangular or sawtooth type the output is a square wave with the same freq. as vTR, but with its symmetry controlled by vI in linear fashion.

vTR alternates between 0 and 10 V at 1 kHz, vI alternates between 0.5 V and 9.5 V at 100 Hz.
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The degree of symmetry of vO is expressed via the duty cycle TH v D(%) = 100 = 100 I TL TH Vm PWM Schmitt Triggers Negative feedback and positive feedback

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Inverting Schmitt trigger

R1 VTH = VOH R1 R 2
Nonnverting Schmitt trigger

R1 VTL = VOL R1 R 2

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VTH =

R1 VOL R2

VTL =

R1 VOH R2

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VTC offsetting Single-supply inverting Schmitt trigger

VTL =

R 1 // R 3 VCC (R 1 // R 3 ) R 2

VTH =

R1 VCC R 1 (R 2 // R 3 )

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Single-supply noninverting Schmitt trigger

R 3 VTH VTL = R4 VCC

R 2 VCC VTH = R1 VTH

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Experiment 2 1. Using a 311 comp. powered from 15 V supplies, design a circuit that accepts a triangular wave with peak values of 10 V, and generates a square wave with peak values of 5 V and duty cycle D variable from 5% to 95% by means of a 10-k potentiometer.

2. Design comparators with the following VTCs.

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Vo +Vsat +Vsat

Vo +Vsat

Vo

5V Vi -5 V -Vsat -5 V

5V Vi

0V -5 V

5V Vi

-Vsat

2-11

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