Overcurrent Protection & Coordination for Industrial Applications

Annex
(by Dominik Pieniazek, P.E. VI Engineering, LLC)

Current Transformer Basics

51 50 51 50

51 50

51 50

Dont let polarity marks fool you!

Current Transformer Basics

51 ia ib ic 51 50

ia+ib+ic 51 N Protected Bus

Residual CT connection
ia+ib+ic Ia Ib Ic 51 G

51

Zero sequence q CT

Bus NOT Protected

Current Transformer Basics

Understand How CTs work!

IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes - IEEE Std C37.110

Basic Guides for Protective Relay Settings Suggested Rules of Thumb for MV Equipment Transformers Bus Feeders Motors Capacitors

Basic Guides for Protective Relay Settings

Suggested gg Rules of Thumb for MV Equipment

The intent of this section is to provide a range of typical settings. It is the engineers responsibility to verify the application on an individual basis. This section does NOT apply to equipment 600 V and below. Care must be taken when coordinating a microprocessor TOC element with an electromechanical relay downstream downstream. The electromechanical relay may respond to a fundamental phasor magnitude, true RMS, or rectified magnitude .

Rules of Thumb(above 600 V) P Power T Transformers f

Phase Relays (delta wye)

Primary Phase Settings CT Ratio: 200% FLA Set pickup to comply with NEC 450-3, but as a rule of thumb setting should be less than 300% of transformer self cooled rating or 150% of transformer maximum rating. Try to set the time dial such that pickup time for maximum through fault is in the neighborhood of 1.0 seconds or less. If higher, ensure that ANSI d damage points i t are not t exceeded. d d Set instantaneous at between 160% and 200% of maximum through fault (assume infinite bus). Ensure that available system short circuit allows this. Time Dial set at 1.0 to 1.5 seconds at maximum fault. Do not exceed 2.0 seconds which is the mechanical damage point.

Rules of Thumb(above 600 V) P Power T Transformers f

Primary Ground Relay Settings

Primary Ground Settings Set 50G if primary winding is delta connected connected. Provide time delay (approx 20 msec) when setting digital relays with zero sequence CTs. No time delay when using elecro-mechanical relays with zero sequence CTs. CT considerations: Residually connected neutral. CT mismatch and residual magnetization will not allow the most sensitive setting. Recommend to delay above inrush. CT. Care must be taken to ensure that cables are Zero sequence CT properly placed and cable shields are properly terminated.
ia ib ic 51 50 ia+ib+ic i ib i ia+ib+ic 50 N Ia Ib Ic 50 G

Ia Ib Ic

Residual CT connection

Zero sequence CT

Rules of Thumb( above 600 V) Power Transformers

Primary Fuse Phase Protection

Primary Fuse Rating of power transformer: 135% FLA < Fuse < 250% FLA FLA. Try to stay in the range of 150% 150%. Primary fuse rating of power transformer should be approximately 200% FLA if transformer has a secondary main. Generally use E-rated fuses. Note that TOC characteristics of fuses are not all the same.

Rules of Thumb( above 600 V) Power Transformers

Secondary Resistance Grounded

Secondary Low-Resistance Grounded Set pickup for 20% to 50% of maximum ground fault. Note that ground resistors typically have a continuous rating of 25-50% of nominal. This value can be specified when purchasing the equipment equipment. Example: 2000 A main breaker (2000:5 CTs), it may make sense to specify an 400 A ground resistor with a continuous rating of 50% (200 A) such that a 2000:5 residually connected CT input can be used with a minimum pickup (0.1 x CT = 0.5 A secondary, 200 A primary). 2 0 seconds at maximum Set the time dial such that at the time to trip is 2.0 ground fault I t curve. curve Typical resistor is rated for 10 seconds at Protect resistor using It nominal current (to be specified at time of order).

Rules of Thumb( above 600 V) Power Transformers

Secondary Solidly Grounded

Secondary Solidly Grounded (for balanced three phase industrial loads) If secondary is solidly grounded and neutral relay is available (using CT on X0 bushing), bushing) set pickup at approximately 50% of phase element and ensure transformer 2 second damage point is protected. Coordinate TOC with main breaker (or partial differential) ground relay. Decrease the primary phase element by 58% (to account for transformer damage curve shift). This is the equivalent current seen on the primary (delta) for a secondary ground fault (refer to the Symmetrical Components presentation t ti on Feb F b 2-3, 2 3 2010 b by D Dr. K Kurt t Ed Ederhoff). h ff)

Rules of Thumb( above 600 V)

87T

Protection for Transformer

Secondary Faults on Solidly Grounded Systems It is certainly preferable to rely on the transformer primary phase overcurrent relay for backup of transformer secondary ground faults. However, downstream coordination does not always afford us that luxury (shifting the transformer damage curve and associated transformer primary relay 58%). For solidly grounded transformer secondary installations, an argument can be made that the 87T is the primary protection and 51NT is the backup protection for a transformer secondary ground fault. This will allow you to set the 50T/51T relay without consideration of the 58% shift.

50T 51T

Phase-Gnd

51 NT

51 Main

51 N

Rules of Thumb( above 600 V) Power Transformers

Primary Neutral (wye delta)

Primary P i Side Sid Wye-Grounded W G d d Transformer T f If primary is solidly grounded and neutral relay is available, set pickup at approximately 50% of phase element. This must coordinate with upstream line p protection devices ( (i.e. 21P, , 21G, , 67, , 67G ). ) If its at the utility y level, , they will review and provide settings. generator step-up p p transformers ( (GSU), ), the HV 51NT should typically yp y be the For g last device to trip for upstream ground faults. Ensure that the GSU damage curve and the H0 grounding conductor is protected.

Rules of Thumb( above 600 V) Directional Overcurrent O

50T 51T 50T 51T

Consideration for transformer secondary fault

51B

For a fault F f lt between b t the th transformer and main breaker, the partial differential bus relays will not detect current (other than motor contribution).
Trip Dire ection 67

Trip Direc ction

67

N.C.

51B

Set 67 pickup at 40% of transformer FLA. Coordinate with time curve with 50T/51T

Both transformer primar primary overcurrent relays will detect see the same current. A directional overcurrent relay is required to prevent tripping of both transformers via 50T/51T.

Rules of Thumb( above 600 V) Directional Overcurrent O

50T 51T 50T 51T

Consideration for transformer secondary fault

51M 51 Tie

51M

For a fault between the transformer and main breaker, the main and tie breaker relays will all see the same current (other than motor contribution).
Trip Directio on

67

N.C.

67

The tie Th ti breaker b k will ill t trip i f followed ll d by the respective transformer primary overcurrent. A directional overcurrent relay y is required q to prevent loss of one bus.

Trip Direction n

Set 67 pickup at 40% of transformer FLA. Coordinate with time curve with 51Tie

Rules of Thumb( above 600 V) B and Bus dF Feeders d

Bus Relays (Main Breaker or Partial Differential): Pickup p set between 100% and 125% FLA ( (150% FLA maximum) ) Set to coordinate with transformer primary protective relaying Do not enable the instantaneous overcurrent element on main breaker relays! Feeder Relays: Set pickup to comply with NEC 240-100 (limited to 600% of rated ampacity of conductor). Actually, pickup permitted by NEC is slightly higher. Keep it down in the neighborhood of 200%. The intent is NOT to provide overload protection. The intent is to provide short-circuit protection. Set time dial as required to coordinate with downstream devices while protecting conductor against damage. Enable instantaneous element only if the load has a notable impedance (i.e. transformer, f motor, capacitor, etc) ) or if f the load is the end of f a radial circuit.

Rules of Thumb( above 600 V) Induction Motors

Pickup set at 101% - 120% Nameplate Rating depending on Service Factor and normal load. Motor < 1,500 hp Motor > 1,500 hp Set at 1.15 x FLA Set just above FLA x S.F.

Instantaneous Trip p set at 200% LRC. A higher g p pickup p may y be used depending p g on system y available short circuit, however, do not lower below 160% LRC unless you know that the relay filters/removes the DC component. Ensure that the instantaneous trip setting will not cause a motor starter to attempt interrupting p g a fault beyond y its rating. g Ground Overcurrent. For Zero Sequence CT (BYZ) set ground Trip at 10A primary and Alarm at 5A primary. Set for instantaneous if using electromechanical and set at 20 msec delay y( (minimum) ) if using g digital g relays. y For solidly grounded systems, ensure that the ground trip setting will not cause a motor starter to attempt interrupting a fault beyond its rating. Mechanical Jam set 150% FLA at 2 sec, unless application pp does not allow this ( (i.e. g grinder, crusher, etc).

Rules of Thumb( above 600 V) Capacitors

Capacitor Bank: For individual protection, the Fuse protecting the capacitor is chosen such that its continuous current capability is greater than or equal to 135% of rated capacitor current. The feeder cable should be sized as such for continuous operation. This over rating is due to 10% for allowable overvoltage conditions, 15% for capacitor it kVAR rating ti tolerance t l (this (thi correlates l t to t 15% percent t deviation d i ti f from nominal capacitance) and 10% for overcurrent due to harmonics. For unbalance, set Alarm for loss of one capacitor, p set Trip p for overvoltage g of 110% rated (nameplate). For feeder protection, set Pickup at 135% of FLA, set Time Dial at 1.0, set 50P element above maximum inrush and include a slight time delay to coordinate with individual fuse clear time. Plot TOC to protect the capacitor case rupture curve. Note: Systems with high harmonic content require special attention.

R Recommended d d References R f

Recommended References
Applied Protective Relaying Westinghouse Protective P t ti Relaying R l i Theory Th and d Applications A li ti ABB Power P T&D Company, C Edited Edit d b by W Walter lt El Elmore Protective Relaying for Power Systems IEEE Press, Edited by Stanley H. Horowitz Protective Relaying y g for Power Systems y II IEEE Press, , Edited by y Stanley y H. Horowitz Protective Relaying, Principles and Applications J. Lewis Blackburn AC Motor Protection Stanley E. Zocholl Industrial and Commercial Power System Applications Series ABB Power T&D Company Analyzing and Applying Current Transformers - Stanley E. Zocholl