Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

MichaelS. Selig, James J. Guglielmo, Andy P. Broeren and Philippe Giguere

Volume 1

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Volume 1

About the Authors

DR. MICHAEL S. SELIG, an accomplished applied aerodynamicist and airfoil designer, is

an Assistant Professor of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering at the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He received his B.S. (1984) from the University of Illinois, his
M.S.E. (1988) from Princeton University and his Ph.D. (1992) from the Pennsylvania State
University. His current research areas include low Reynolds number airfoil aerodynamics,
multi-point inverse design of slot suction airfoils, horizontal-axis wind-turbine system design
and analysis, and flight simulation. He teaches courses in applied aerodynamics and aircraft
design.

JAMES J. GUGLIELMO received his Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in May 1992.
Remaining at the University of Illinois for graduate studies, his research has included such
topics as experimental supersonic and subsonic wind-tunnel testing, Magnetic Levitation
(MagLev) vehicle design, and the conceptual design of a wing-in-ground-effect aircraft.
Mr. Guglielmo is also the co-founder and present coordinator of the UIUC Low-Speed Airfoil Tests and is working toward a Master of Science degree in experimental low Reynolds
number airfoil aerodynamics. Research interests include applied aerodynamics, flight mechanics, and aircraft conceptual/ advanced design.

ANDY P. BROEREN received his Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from
the Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1993. Several months after
beginning graduate study in mechanical engineering at the University of Illinois, he joined
Prof. Selig and Mr. Guglielmo in their efforts to establish a program for testing low Reynolds
number airfoils. In addition to continuing work in this area, Mr. Broeren is presently
working toward a Master of Science degree with thesis research in unsteady fluid mechanics.
His interest in aerodynamics, particularly involving high-lift, low Reynolds number airfoil
research, results from several years of participation in the Society of Automotive Engineer's
(S.A.E.) Aero-Design competition.

PHILIPPE GIGUERE received his Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree from McGill
University, Montreal, Canada in 1992 and his Master of Science degree from Universite
Laval, Quebec, Canada in 1994. Shortly after receiving his Master's degree, he joined
the Department of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is currently working toward a Ph.D. degree with research
in optimization of wind turbine rotors, wind-tunnel boundary-layer corrections and airfoil
performance enhancement. His experience with R/C model airplanes comes from his participation in the Society of Automotive Engineer's (S.A.E.) Aero-Design competition from
1991-1994. He also flies full-scale gliders.

Michael S. Selig
James J. Guglielmo
Andy P. Broeren
Philippe Giguere

Department of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Volume 1

SoarTech Publications
Virginia Beach, Virginia

SOARTECH PUBLICATIONS

1504 N. Horseshoe Circle

Virginia Beach, Virginia 23451, USA

Copyright 1995 by
MichaelS. Selig, James J. Guglielmo, Andy P. Broeren, and Philippe Giguere
All rights reserved.

Cover photograph by Bill Weigand, University of Illinois News Bureau

Wind tunnel model (81223} by Yvan Tinel, Tinel Technologies, Northbrook, Illinois

First Printing, June 1995

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Selig, Michael Scott
Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data, Volume 1 / by Michael Selig,
James Guglielmo, Andy Broeren and Philippe Giguere.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Aerofoils. 2. Aerodynamics. 3. Airplanes-Models.
I. Model Aviation. II. Title
95-69524
ISBN 0-9646747-1-8

Contents
iii

PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

. v

AIRFOIL DATA DISTRIBUTION

. ix

LIST OF FIGURES

.xi

LIST OF TABLES

xvii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

THE AIRFOILS TESTED

WIND- TUNNEL FACILITY AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

3
3
7

2.1

EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY

2.2

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

2.3

8
9

2.2.1

LIFT FORCE MEASUREMENTS

2.2.2

DRAG FORCE MEASUREMENTS

2.2.3

AIRFOIL MODEL ACCURACY MEASUREMENTS

13

2.2.4

FREESTREAM VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

13

DATA REDUCTION

14

2.3.1

WIND-TUNNEL BOUNDARY CORRECTIONS

14

2.3.2

ADDITIONAL VELOCITY CORRECTIONS

2.3.3

CORRECTIONS TO MEASURED QUANTITIES

16
16

2.4

CALIBRATIONS AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

2.5

COMPARISON WITH OTHER FACILITIES

SUMMARY OF AIRFOIL DATA

18
18
23

3.1

AIRFOILS FOR FREE FLIGHT MODELS

27

3.2

AIRFOILS FOR THERMAL DURATION SAILPLANES

31

3.3

AIRFOILS FOR F3B SAILPLANES

34

3.4

AIRFOILS FOR SLOPE RACERS

39

3.5

AIRFOILS FOR TAIL SECTIONS

40

3.6

AIRFOILS FOR QUICKIE 500 PYLON RACERS

42

3.7
3.8

AIRFOILS FOR SPORT PLANES

43

AIRFOILS FOR HEAVY-LIFT CARGO PLANES

45

3.9 AIRFOILS FOR SMALL WIND TURBINES

51

AIRFOIL PROFILES AND PERFORMANCE PLOTS

53

ii

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

EXTENDED NOTES TO THE TEXT

245

REFERENCES

249
253

APPENDIX A

AIRFOIL COORDINATES

APPENDIX B

AIRFOIL POLAR DATA

277

APPENDIX C

UIUC LOW-SPEED AIRFOIL TESTS MANIFESTO

289

Preface
A reader just discovering airfoil aerodynamics will find it helpful to reference
the companion book Airfoils at Low Speeds (by Selig, Donovan and Fraser),
which was first published as SoarTech 8 in 1989. The book presents the results
of wind-tunnel tests conducted at Princeton University on over 60 airfoils for
model aircraft (mostly radio controlled sailplanes), and it also introduces the
terminology and jargon used here in discussing airfoils at low speeds, specifically,
airfoils at low Reynolds numbers.
When the wind-tunnel tests were completed at Princeton in January 1989, no
continuation of that effort was planned. In the hope that the tests could be later
continued, however, the experimental apparatus and the assorted wind-tunnel
models were put in safe storage. Michael Selig continued his graduate studies at
Penn State (Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering) and John Donovan (Ph.D. from
Princeton) accepted a position at McDonnell Douglas in St. Louis. Sadly, David
Fraser died in an aircraft icing accident in January 1992.
As this book reveals, the opportunity to continue the low-speed airfoil test
effort has emerged. In August 1992, Selig joined the faculty in the Department
of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign. In brief chronological order, re-establishing the airfoil test
capability was initiated with the help of two graduate students-Jim Guglielmo
(M.S.) and Tony Balow (M.S.). Support from modelers was solicited in December 1993, and the test program was named the UIUC Low-Speed Airfoil Tests.
(The tremendous generosity of all those who have contributed to the project is
discussed in the acknowledgments.) Preliminary tests were performed in April
1994. Andy Broeren (M.S.) volunteered to join the test team in May 1994.
Philippe Giguere (Ph.D.) volunteered to start work on the project in August
1994. The extensive data collection effort mounted for this book took place over
a one month period from mid-December 1994 to mid-January 1995. More recently, Cameron Ninham (M.S.) and Ashok Gopalarathnam (Ph.D.) have offered
to play a role in future testing. To date, only Jim Guglielmo has been supported
(since July 1994) on funds donated by modelers.

This Book and Its Organization

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data is only the first in what should be a series
of volumes that document the ongoing low Reynolds number airfoil tests at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In this volume, the airfoils tested
cover a broad spectrum that includes airfoils for free flight model aircraft, heavy
lift R/C aircraft and, of course, R/C sailplanes, to name just a few. As an
overview, the 34 airfoils tested are briefly introduced in Chapter 1.

iv

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Chapter 2 is devo.ted to a discussion of the wind-tunnel test facility and the

experimental procedures. This chapter can be skipped by those less interested in
the myriad of issues that arise in wind-tunnel testing. Of course, the importance
of the methods used in taking and reducing the data cannot be over-emphasized.
Although the data collection effort was performed in little more than a month,
nearly two and a half years were spent in preparation for the tests. Fortunately,
future tests will not require as much preparation time.
This book is primarily designed to be used as a reference for low Reynolds
number airfoil data. In Chapter 3, a discussion of all the airfoils is given first;
then the figures (airfoil plots and performance data) are presented in Chapter 4.
The discussion is organized according to the application (i.e., free flight model
airfoils are first discussed, then F3B airfoils and so on for each category). The
figures in Chapter 4, however, are organized alphabetically by the airfoil name.
For quick referencing of the figures in Chapter 4, the airfoil name is listed in
the margin below the page number. Finally, the tabulated airfoil coordinates
and performance data (available on diskette) are given in Appendices A and B.
Appendix C contains the UIUC Low-Speed Airfoil Tests Manifesto that outlines
the scope and purpose of this work.

Acknowledgments
The airfoil testing effort would not have been possible without the support
of a large number of people. To each of them we are indebted. In particular, for
monetary contributions that were used for equipment and a graduate student
research assistantship, we are especially grateful to the following organizations,
clubs, businesses, individuals and t-shirt patrons. Shown in parentheses for each
category is that category's fraction of the total support received. Note that some
people are listed more than once since they have helped in different capacities.
Organizations (10%):
Academy of Model Aeronautics (with special appreciation to Bob Underwood and others), !SF-International R/C Soaring
Forum (with special appreciation to Rolf Girsberger), National Association
of Rocketry (Mark Bundick), and National Free Flight Society (with special
appreciation to Bob Waterman).
Businesses (17%): Airtronics, Inc. (Bob and Tim Renaud), B 2 Streamlines (Bill & Bunny Kuhlman), Dan Parsons Products (Dan Parson), F3F
Newsletter (Preben Norholm), Gulf R/C (John Rimmer), Kennedy Composites (Barry Kennedy), Landing Products (Fred Burgdorf), Northeast Sailplane
Products (Carolyn & Sal DeFranceso), Planeador RC News-Spain (Peter
Atkinson, editor) R/C Soaring Digest (Jerry & Judy Slates), Slegers International, Inc. (Ed Slegers), SoarTech Publications (H.A. Stokely) and Websoft,
Inc. (Robert Webster).
Model Clubs (8%): B.A.R.C.S., Champaign County Radio Control Club,
Clent Soaring Association, Downest Soaring Club, Fairlop Silent Flyers (England), Florida Soaring Society, FMSG Alling/Obb. (Germany), Greek Aeromodelling Federation (Greece), Ivinghoe Soaring Assoc., Lincoln Area Soaring Society, Miniature Aircraft Association of Westchester County (England),
North American Scale Soaring Association, Northeast Drone Society, Paducah Aero Modelers, Pasadena Soaring Society, Pennisula Channel Commanders, Portland Area Sailplane Society, Round Valley Radio Control Club,
S.E.F.L.l., S.O.A.R., S.W.l.F.T., San Gabriel Valley Radio Control League,
Santa Clarita Soaring Assoc., Sheffield Society of Aeromodellers (England),
Sundancers R/C Model Club, Tidewater Model Soaring Society, Tri County
Aero Club, Tri-Cities Radio Control Modelers Club, Tyler Modelers Club,
Victorian Association of Radio Model Soaring (Australia) and W.A. Radio
Soarers Club, Inc.,
Individuals (58%): G. Richard Adams, Arnold Angelici, M.D., Thomas
Anthony*, Garry Armstrong*, Thomas Atwood, Gary S. Baldwin, Charles
Baltzer, Mark Barbee & Charlene Olsen*, Matt Barbian*, Richard Bartkowski,
Plenny J. Bates, M.D., David Batey, Jr., Ed Baumgartner, Hans Walter Ben-

vi

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

der, Byron Blakeslee, Bill Bogart*, Charles Botzko, Chris Bovais*, Arthur
J. Boysen*, Ronald Bozzonetti, Phillip Burnside, Wil Byers*, Henry Hain,
Kenny Carpenter*, Edward Carter, W.B. Cavanaugh, Paul Clark, Don Coburn, Joseph Conrad*, John Cranmer, Jr.*, Michael J. Cresanta, Michael
D. Denton*, Alfred J. DeRenzis*, Armand DeWeese, Dan J. Dobbins, John
Donelson, John Drab*, Doug Drullenger*, Chas Dunster*, Hilmar Durden*,
Frits Danker Duyvis*, Robert Dyer*, Dr. Don Edberg*, Stefan Eder*, R.J. Edmonds, Nanette & William Entriken, Lars Ericsson*, George L. Fiocca*, Bill
Forrey, Norman D. Frank, WilliamS. Friedlander*, Roland Friestad, Myron
& Felissa Cagan, David Garwood*, B.I. Gaston*, Robert C. Glover, II, Greg
Goldstein, Ed Granger*, Martin Gregorie*, Thomas Gressman*, Charles
Griswold, Brian R. Gyles, James Halbert, David L. Hall*, George Harper*,
Richard Hognes*, Chuck Hollinger, C.D. Houge, III*, Dale House, Nelson
Itterly, Vince Johnkoski*, Darrell Johnson*, Kerry Jones*, Chris Kaiser*,
John Kallend*, Michael Lachowski*, James Ladwig, Walter Lareropaolo*,
Benjamin Lawless, Donald Leath, A.G. Lennon, Dr. Robert Livin*, Robert
Lockwood, Jr.*, Chuck Lohre, Marco Lorenzomi, Keith C. Love*, Gene
Lovejoy*, Warren Lucas*, Steve Lucke, Andrew Macdonald*, Bob Mabli*,
G.M. Magarian, Stefano Martini*, Burt Marx, Robert Matheson*, Merlin Meisner, Eric Meyers, Kevin McKiou*, Luther Mitchell*, Owen Morris,
Gilbert Morris*, Jeff Morris*, Allen Morse, Tim Mountain, Mark Nankivil*,
John D. Newell, M.D.*, Robert Nielsen, Greg Nilsen, Alan Oliver, Bob Peirson*, Paul Penna*, D.N. Penton, John Perry*, James I. Pilkington, Dr. John
Ponsford, Ralph Prey, Horst Rabiger, Blaine Beron-Rawdon, David Register, Francis Reynolds, Jerry Robertson, H.J. Rogers*, Dr. Stan Sadorf, David
Schenken, Dr. Alan Schwerin*, Allan Scidmore, Marty Selig, MichaelS. Selig,
Glenn Sembroski*, Robert L. Simon, Arthur Slagle, Charles Smith*, John
W. Smith*, Michael Smith*, Howard F. Sosbee, Glen Spackman*, David
Steere, Peter Steinmeyer, Helmut Stettmaier, Tim Stover*, R.T. Sunderland*, Jim Tangier, Jose M. Tellez*, Willard L. Teommey, D'Anne Thompson*, G.J. Tonnelli, Jorgen Tonnesen, Gene Trevino*, Craig Uridil, John Vennerholm*, Rick Waitulionis*, Sean Walbank*, Jess Walls*, Garth Warner,
Ralph M. Weaver*, I. Jay Welch*, W.D. Williams*, Oliver C. Wilson*, Vern
Winston, Graham Woods*, Joe Wurts, Scott Youmans* and Frank Zaic.
(* denotes T-Shirt Patron as well)
T-Shirt Patrons (6%): Anonymous, Dan Abel, David Acker, Les Akers,
Helene Anderson, James Armstrong, Peter Averill, Kendra Baier, Robert
Barrows, Douglas Barry, Mari K. Bebeau, Dan Bernauer, Carl Bice, Ben
Bierman, S.C.M. Blake, Woody Blanchard, William Boisvert, Doug Boyd,
Delmar Brengman, Andy P. Broeren, Joyce C. Broeren, Richard Broeren, Sue
Broeren, Gary Brokaw, Lois Budill, Chip Bullen, Richard Bums, Roy Bunnell, Gilbert Bureau, John Burke, George Burns, Steve Cameron, Jim Carlton, Bob Champine, Juan Chi, Dale D. Christensen, Michael Christiansen,

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Dave Corven, Bruce Cronkhite, Brenden Cyze, David Darling, David Diesen,
Ray DiNoble, Brian Dirrnan, Lawrence Drennan, Peter Dudley, F.G. Durand,
David H. Fletcher, Frank Williams, Joel S. Freeman, R. Marc Gellart, Browne
Goodwin, Chris Gregg, Kenneth Griffin, W. Grundler, Jim Guglielmo, Don
Harris, Pat Hart, Roger Hebner, Bob Harman, George Hilliard, Gary Hyde,
Denis Jenkins, Gordon Jennings, Kelly Johnson, Gordon Jones, Douglas
Joyce, Stephen J. Kaye, Barry Kennedy, Leon Kincaid, Bruce Kimball, Ron
Konicke, Bill Kubiak, Bill & Bunny Kuhlman, Barry Kurath, Michael Laible,
Erik Larson, Rick Lacy, Dwayne Lane, Stephen Lee, Sam Lee, Todd Lee,
Brian Levy, Carl Luft, Bill Malvey, Skip Miller, William Miller, Myles Moran,
Bob Morford, Mark Morimoto, Torn Moritz, Roger Morrell, Chris Munson,
Nick Neve, Cameron Ninharn, Jerome B. O'Mara, Harold Ochs, Ray Olsen,
Richard Orobitg, Steve Pasierb, Don Pesznecker, Pete Peterson, Daryl Pfaff,
William L. Potter, Mike Prager, Todd Presley, John Raley, Michael D. Reed,
Gary Rexroad, Waid Reynolds, David Rice, John Fulton, Erkko Saviaro,
Herrn Schmidt, John Schmoll, John Schultz, David Sieger, Jerry Slates, Ed
Slegers, Frank Smith, Andy Smith, Karl Sorensen, Bob Steele, Robert Stewart, Larry Storie, Mike Stump Family, Joe Stute, Stephen Syrotiak, Manny
Tau, Jose Tellez, Jim Thomas, Keith Thomson, Paul Trist, Jr., Aaron Valdes,
Gregory Vasgerosian, Jean Vendette, Roy W. Wampler, Charlie Waugh, Dennis Weatherly, B.J. Weisman, Dr. John B. West, Dr. Frank Wicks, Michael
Wilson, Alan Wirth, David Wood, Wayne Yamamoto, John Yee, Gerald
Zeigenfuse and Michael Ziaskas.
The meticulous building efforts of the following individuals are greatly appreciated.
Wind-ThnneJ Model Builders: Roger Adams (DU 86-084/18*), Mark Allen
(FX 63-137, M06-13-128, S822, S823, S1210), Bill Boisvert (S4083*), Ronald
Bozzonetti (NACA 2414*), Wil Byers (Quabeck 3.0/10* & 3.0/15*), Bob
Champine (RG15), Erik Dahl Christensen (HQW 2/8*, MH30*), Ralph
Cooney (A18, MA409, BE50), Charles Fox (MH45), Mike Fox (WASP),
WilliamS. Friedlander (R140), Chuck Hollinger (CH 10-48-13, FX 74-CL5140 MOD), Karl Hutchings (S4083*), Bernd Jager (flapped SD7037*), Gordon Jones (S7055), Leon Kincaid (K3311), Mike Lachowski (S7012), Bob
Matheson (S6062), Harley Michaelis (SD7032), Gilbert Morris (flapped GM15), Dermot O'Flynn (helicopter blade airfoil*) Charles Smith (John Harem
design*), Howard Sosbee (S7055), Leo T. Spychalla (M6*), D'Anne Thompson (SD7037), Tine! Technologies/Yvan Tine! (S1223), Jorgen Tonneson (MH32*) and Oliver Wilson (S5010*).
(* denotes wind-tunnel models under construction or built after the completion of the most recent wind-tunnel tests)

vii

viii

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Those individuals who have helped to promote the airfoil test effort or offered
technical assistance include:
Other Supporters: Hermann Andresen, Robert Alexander, Bruce Baker,
Serge Barth, Jim Boxmeyer (Boxmeyer Composites), Leornard Burz, Erik
Dahl Christiansen, Peter Compton, Dr. Don Edberg, WilliamS. Friedlander,
Greg Goldstein, Paul Grassel, Dale House, John Kallend, Michael Laible,
Mark Morimoto, Alan Mayhew, Mike McMahon, James Neal, Nick Neve,
Mike O'Donnell, Dermot O'Flynn, Paul Penna, John Raley, David Register,
Gary Rexroad, John Rimmer (Gulf R/C), Dr. Alan Schwerin, Jorgen Skogh,
Charles Smith, Paul Trist, Jr., John West and Scott Winans.
Several others (some already acknowledged) deserve special mention. It is
with a deep sense of gratitude that we thank Herk Stokely (SoarTech Publications) for his diligent and ongoing efforts related to distributing Airfoils at Low
Speeds and now this book. Also, we have been very fortunate to have received
a large donation from an anonymous individual to support the purchase of a
new computer and additional equipment that has helped to improve and expand
the scope of the program. We have benefited greatly from the earlier work of
Dr. John Donovan and the late David Fraser, as well as the many other individuals who contributed to the Princeton Tests. The efforts of Cody Robertson in
designing the 1994 UIUC LSATs t-shirt is sincerely appreciated. Special thanks
are also extended to Karen Evans for her assistance in designing the LSATs logo.
We are also appreciative of Gilbert Morris for organizing the construction of the
free flight wind-tunnel models. Also, Lisa Selig's efforts and encouragements are
greatly appreciated.
Of those at the University of Illinois, we wish to thank Mike Kerho and
Stan Berkovich for their help with the data acquisition software. Also, Cameron
Ninham is thanked for his considerable help in digitizing the wind-tunnel models.
In this regard, we thank Prof. Michael Philpott for the use of his coordinate
measuring machine and also Stephen Craggs for initial setup support. Andy
Broeren especially wishes to acknowledge his research advisor, Prof. Michael
Bragg, for his patience and support thoughout the course of this project. We
are indebted to Carol Winkler for her efforts in maintaining the mailing lists and
processing the donations.
It should be mentioned that some of the work reported here has benefited
from other research activities, such as, research sponsored by the Univerisity
of Illinois and also research in wind energy supported by the DOE National
Renewable Energy Laboratory. Finally, we must apologize to those whom we
have inadvertently omitted.

Airfoil Data Distribution

All of the airfoil coordinates and performance data presented in this book (see
Chapter 4) are available on IBM and Macintosh compatible diskettes through
SoarTech Publications. SoarTech will be returning a portion of the proceeds
from all disk and book sales to help support the continuation of these airfoil
wind tunnel tests. For more information, write to
SoarTech Publications
c/o Herk Stokely
1504 N. Horseshoe Circle
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
email: [email protected]
The data is also available on the Internet from the host opus.aae.uiuc.edu
using anonymous FTP. See the file /pub/lsat/AIRFOIL.DATA for directions on
which files to copy.
The airfoil performance data is copyrighted, and restrictions are placed on
its use. The data may be freely copied and used in any way, e.g., for personal
use, in magazine articles or with a commercial product. If the data is used
in a magazine article or book, the author must reference this book and state
where it can be obtained. If the data is used in a commercial product, there
must be no extra charges for providing it-other than the cost of reproduction
and distribution. All products that make use of this data must conspicuously
state that it was produced under the UIUC Low-Speed Airfoil Test program,
and no restrictions can be placed on the recipient with respect to their use of the
source data. Furthermore, they must be allowed to copy the original data and
freely distribute it as well. It is in this sense that all access to this data is free.
More details can be found in the general public license that accompanies the
data distribution files. A copy of the license, the copyright notice and the UIUC
Low-Speed Airfoil Tests Manifesto must be included with each distribution of
the data.
If you find the airfoil performance data useful, please send a donation
to support our work. If you have already made a donation, we hope that you
will consider renewing your commitment. Your tax deductible donations (see
Appendix C) can be mailed to

Prof. Michael Selig

Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Eng.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
306 Talbot Laboratory, 104 S. Wright St.
Urbana, IL 61801-2935
email: [email protected]

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

List of Figures
1.1

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.10
2.11
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6

The collection of airfoils tested during Phase I of the

UIUC Low-Speed Airfoil Tests (January 1995)
1
UIUC low-speed subsonic wind tunnel (not to scale)
4
Photograph of wind-tunnel inlet
4
Photographs of wind-tunnel test section . . . . .
5
Photograph of wind-tunnel fan . . . . . . . . .
6
Experimental setup (Plexiglas endplates and traverser
not shown for clarity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
7
The x-y traverser system
General wind-tunnel model construction specifications
8
Control volume for the 2-D momentum deficit method
to determine the profile drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
Drag results for the SD6060 airfoil depicting typical spanwise
drag variations for the four spanwise stations for Re = 60,000,
100,000, 200,000 and 300,000
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Comparison of drag data for the E387 airfoil from various
wind-tunnel facilities for Re = 60,000, 100,000, 200,000 and 300,000 19
Comparison of drag data for the E374 airfoil from the Princeton
and UIUC wind-tunnel facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Performance characteristics of the 87012 compared with the RG15 and
SD7003 for R of 120k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
L/ D's for sailplanes based on the 87012, RG 15 and SD7003 for
R of 120k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
Endurance parameters f9r sailplanes based on the 87012, RG15 and
SD7003 for R of 120k ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
43
Velocity distributions for the 88052 airfoil for Q-500 competition
Predicted performance characteristics for the 88052 . . . . . .
44
Low Reynolds number airfoil characteristics as a function of the
recovery type and pitching moment . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
Clmax characteristics for five Wortmann airfoils (from Ref. 26)
51
Inviscid velocity distributions for the A18
62
Comparison between the true and actual A18
62
63
Performance characteristics for the A18 . .
Lift characteristics for the A18 . . . . . . .
64
Inviscid velocity distributions for the BE50
68
Comparison between the true and actual BE50
68

xii

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

4o7
4o8
409
4010
4o11
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4o17
4o18
4019
4o20
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4o26
4o27
4028
4o29
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4.40
4041
4.42
4.43
4o44

69
Performance characteristics for the BE50
70
Lift characteristics for the BE50 o o 0 o
74
Inviscid velocity distributions for the CH 10-48-13
74
Comparison between the true and actual CH 10-48-13
Performance characteristics for the CH 10-48-13 with a
boundary-layer trip 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75
Lift characteristics for the CH 10-48-13 with a boundary-layer trip
76
Inviscid velocity distributions for the E374 (B) 0 0
80
Comparison between the true and actual E374 (B)
80
81
Performance characteristics for the E374 (B) 0
Lift characteristics for the E374 (B)
0 0 0 0
82
Inviscid velocity distributions for the E387 (A)
84
Comparison between the true and actual E387 (A)
84
Performance characteristics for the E387 (A) 0 0 0
85
Lift characteristics for the E387 (A)
0 0 0 0 0 0
86
Inviscid velocity distributions for the FX 63-137 (B)
88
Comparison between the true and actual FX 63-137 (B)
88
Performance characteristics for the FX 63-137 (B)
89
Lift characteristics for the FX 63-137 (B) 0 0 0 0
90
Inviscid velocity distributions for the FX 74-CL5-140 MOD
94
94
Comparison between the true and actual FX 74-CL5-140 MOD
Performance characteristics for the FX 74-CL5-140 MOD
95
Lift characteristics for the FX 74-CL5-140 MOD
96
Inviscid velocity distributions for the GEMINI o o
100
Comparison between the true and actual GEMINI
100
Performance characteristics for the GEMINI 0
101
Lift characteristics for the GEMINI 0 0 0 0 0
102
Spanwise drag characteristics for the GEMINI
103
Inviscid velocity distributions for the GM15
104
Reflexed GM15 and comparison between the true and actual GM15 0 104
Performance characteristics for the GM15 o o o 0
105
Lift characteristics for the GM15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
106
Performance characteristics for the reflexed GM15
108
Lift characteristics for the reflexed GM15
109
112
lnviscid velocity distributions for the J5012
Comparison between the true and actual J5012
112
Lift characteristics for the J5012 0 0 0 0 0 0
113
Inviscid velocity distributions for the K3311
116
Comparison between the true and actual K3311
116

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

4.45
4.46
4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64
4.65
4.66
4.67
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74
4.75
4.76
4.77
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
4.82
4.83

Performance characteristics for the K3311

Lift characteristics for the K3311
Inviscid velocity distributions for the M06-13-128 (B)
Comparison between the true and actual M06-13-128 (B)
Performance characteristics for the M06-13-128 (B)
Lift characteristics for the M06-13-128 (B)
Inviscid velocity distributions for the MA409
Comparison between the true and actual MA409
Performance characteristics for the MA409
Lift characteristics for the MA409
Inviscid velocity distributions for the MB253515
Comparison between the true and actual MB253515
Lift characteristics for the MB253515
Inviscid velocity distributions for the MH45
Comparison between the true and actual MH45
Performance characteristics for the MH45
Lift characteristics for the MH45
Inviscid velocity distributions for the NACA 0009
Comparison between the true and actual NACA 0009
Lift characteristics for the NACA 0009
Inviscid velocity distributions for the NACA 6409
Comparison between the true and actual NACA 6409
Performance characteristics for the NACA 6409
Lift characteristics for the NACA 6409
8panwise drag characteristics for the NACA 6409
Inviscid velocity distributions for the NACA 64A010
Comparison between the true and actual NACA 64A010
Performance characteristics for the NACA 64A010
Lift characteristics for the NACA 64A010
Inviscid velocity distributions for the Rl40 (A)
Comparison between the true and actual R140 (A)
Performance characteristics for the R140 (A)
Lift characteristics for the Rl40 (A)
Inviscid velocity distributions for the RG15 (B)
Comparison between the true and actual RG15 (B)
Performance characteristics for the RG15 (B)
Lift characteristics for the RG15 (B)
Inviscid velocity distributions for the 8822
Comparison between the true and actual 8822

117
118
120
120
121
122
126
126
127
128
132
132
133
136
136
137
138
140
140
141
144
144
145
146
147
148
148
149
150
154
154
155
156
158
158
159
160
162
162

xiii

xiv

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94
4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
4.99
4.100
4.101
4.102
4.103
4.104
4.105
4.106
4.107
4.108
4.109
4.l10
4.111
4.l12
4.l13
4.l14
4.l15
4.l16
4.117
4.118
4.119
4.120
4.121
4.122

Performance characteristics for the S822

Lift characteristics for the S822
Inviscid velocity distributions for the S823
Comparison between the true and actual S823
Performance characteristics for the S823
Lift characteristics for the S823
Inviscid velocity distributions for the S1210
Comparison between the true and actual S1210
Performance characteristics for the S1210
Lift characteristics for the S1210
Inviscid velocity distributions for the S1223
Comparison between the true and actual S1223
Performance characteristics for the S1223
Lift characteristics for the S1223
Performance characteristics for the S1223 with vortex generators
Lift characteristics for the S1223 with vortex generators
Spanwise drag characteristics for the S1223
Performance characteristics for the S1223 with a Gurney flap
Lift characteristics for the S1223 with a Gurney flap
Inviscid velocity distributions for the S6062
Comparison between the true and actual S6062
Performance characteristics for the S6062
Lift characteristics for the S6062
Inviscid velocity distributions for the S7012
Comparison between the true and actual S7012
Performance characteristics for the S7012
Lift characteristics for the S7012
Inviscid velocity distributions for the S7055
Comparison between the true and actual S7055
Performance characteristics for the S7055
Lift characteristics for the S 7055
Inviscid velocity distributions for the SD6060
Comparison between the true and actual SD6060
Performance characteristics for the SD6060
Lift characteristics for the SD6060
Inviscid velocity distributions for the SD7003
Comparison between the true and actual SD7003
Performance characteristics for the SD7003
Lift characteristics for the SD7003

163
164
166
166
167
168
170
170
171
172
176
176
177
178
182
183
187
188
189
190
190
191
192
194
194
195
196
198
198
199
200
202
202
203
204
206
206
207
208

'

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

4.123
4.124
4.125
4.126
4.127
4.128
4.129
4.130
4.131
4.132
4.133
4.134
4.135
4.136
4.137
4.138
4.139
4.140
4.141
4.142
4.143
4.144
4.145
4.146
4.147
4.148
4.149
4.150
4.151
4.152
4.153

Inviscid velocity distributions for the SD7032 (D)

Comparison between the true and actual SD7032 (D)
Performance characteristics for the SD7032 (D)
Lift characteristics for the SD7032 (D)
Inviscid velocity distributions for the SD7032 (E)
Comparison between the true and actual SD7032 (E)
Performance characteristics for the SD7032 (E)
Lift characteristics for the SD7032 (E)
Inviscid velocity distributions for the SD7037 (A)
Comparison between the true and actual SD7037 (A)
Performance characteristics for the SD7037 (A)
Lift characteristics for the SD7037 (A)
Inviscid velocity distributions for the SD7037 (B)
Comparison between the true and actual SD7037 (B)
Performance characteristics for the SD7037 (B)
Lift characteristics for the SD7037 (B)
Inviscid velocity distributions for the SD8000
Comparison between the true and actual SD8000
Performance characteristics for the SD8000
Lift characteristics for the SD8000
Inviscid velocity distributions for the SD8020
Comparison between the true and actual SD8020
Performance characteristics for the SD8020
Lift characteristics for the SD8020
Lift characteristics for the SD8020 with a boundary-layer trip
Performance characteristics for the SD8020 with a
boundary-layer trip
Lift characteristics for the SD8020 with a boundary-layer trip
Inviscid velocity distributions for the WASP
Comparison between the true and actual WASP
Performance characteristics for the WASP
Lift characteristics for the WASP

210
210
211
212
214
214
215
215
216
216
217
218
220
220
221
222
224
224
225
226
228
228
229
230
234
237
238
240
240
241
242

xv

xvi

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

List of Tables
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10

Airfoils Sorted by Category

Summary of Airfoil Data for
Summary of Airfoil Data for
Summary of Airfoil Data for
Summary of Airfoil Data for
Summary of Airfoil Data for
Summary of Airfoil Data for
Summary of Airfoil Data for
Summary of Airfoil Data for
Summary of Airfoil Data for

Free Flight Models

Thermal Duration Sailplanes
F3B Sailplanes
Slope Racers
Tail Sections
Quickie 500 Pylon Racers
Sport Planes
Heavy-Lift Cargo Planes
Small Wind Turbines

24
28
32
35
39
41
42
44
46
51

xviii

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

List of Symbols
test section area
model span
airfoil chord
airfoil lift coefficient, l/ 4PV~c
aircraft lift coefficient
maximum lift coefficient
elm ax
!:;.Clsc change in lift coefficient due to streamline curvature
airfoil drag coefficient, d/ 4PV~c
cd
aircraft
drag coefficient
Cv
zero-lift drag coefficient
cdo
uncorrected drag coefficient
cdu
airfoil
pitching moment about the quarter-chord point
Cm,c/4
drag
per
unit span
d
trip height or Gurney flap height
h
test section height
hts
wind-tunnel correction constant for solid blockage effects (0.74)
K1
ratio
of upstream velocity to velocity at model quarter-chord point
Kvel
lift per unit span
l
aircraft lift-to-drag ratio
L/D
model volume
Mv
freestream dynamic pressure
Qoo
atmospheric pressure
Patm
total pressure
Po
wake total pressure
Po,1
freestream total pressure
Pooo
,
static pressure
P,
wake static pressure
Ps,l
freestream static pressure
Ps,oo
total pressure difference between freestream and wake
!:;.Po
ideal gas constant for air
R
Reynolds number, pV00 c/ p,
Re
reduced Reynolds number
n
Sutherland's constant or wing area
s
temperature
T
reference temperature
To
streamwise
velocity in wake
ul
inviscid local velocity on airfoil surface
v
corrected velocity
Vc
uncorrected velocity
Vu
freestream
velocity
Voo
Ats

b
c
Ct
CL

xx

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

w
X

a
O<u

~O<sc
b
Esb
Ewb

0'

J1
J1o

p
FF
HLG
MSL

VG's

aircraft weight
distance along airfoil chord or along model span
vertical distance
angle of attack
uncorrected angle of attack
change in angle of attack due to streamline curvature
total blockage correction factor (solid and wake)
solid blockage correction factor
wake blockage correction factor
wind-tunnel correction parameter, (1r 2 /48)(c/h) 2
fluid viscosity
reference fluid viscosity
fluid density
free flight
hand-launch glider
mean sea level
vortex generators

Chapter 1

The Airfoils Tested

This volume of SoarTech presents the performance characteristics of 34 airfoils
(36 wind tunnel models), most of which are intended primarily for model aircraft,
although the airfoils and data are expected to have wider application. Figure
1.1 shows by category the collection of airfoils that were tested. The myriad
of airfoils depicted reflects the variety of airfoil design requirements that differ
widely from one application to the next. These differences are highlighted in the
pages that follow.

RG15

A18

<MS

507003

MA4CB

S08000

-C:

-C
-C

c:

Fig. 1.1

-----===--

--------

57055

_,--

""'"'

-c:=:::::~-

CH1Q..48..13

-....._

'

FX63-137

-~

_c.,.=

--

M::0-13-128

-----....... ...... _
51210

81223

::::..--

"'"'

807032

NACAOO:S

507037

Nl\CA64M10

'!ASP

soe:J20

-------

~-

_c:===-------..__
-~

-c

GEMNI

.....,

E374

E387

1<33\1

----

""""'"

Sl>ml

-C:::.

-c
-C

NACI\6409

:::::.-R140

57012

"""'

_c:::

-C:

-~SB22

-~8823

The collection of airfoils tested during Phase I of the UIUC Low-Speed

Airfoil Tests (January 1995).

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Chapter 2

Wind-Tunnel Facility and

Measurement Techniques
An experiments were performed in the UIUC Department of Aeronautical and
Astronautical Engineering Subsonic Aerodynamics Laboratory. Detailed descriptions of the low-speed wind tunnel, lift and drag measurement techniques,
data acquisition equipment, and data reduction procedures are presented in this
chapter and in Ref. 1.

2.1 Experimental Facility

Research was conducted in the UIUC low-turbulence subsonic wind tunnel shown
in Fig. 2.1. The wind tunnel is an open-return type with a 7.5:1 contraction ratio.
The rectangular test section is nominally 2.8 x 4.0 ft in cross section and 8 ft
long. Over the length of the test section, the width increases by approximately
0.5 in to account for boundary-layer growth along the tunnel side walls. Testsection speeds are variable up to 160 mph via a 125 horsepower alternating
current electric motor connected to a five-bladed fan. For a Reynolds number of
500,000 based on the airfoil chord, the resulting test-section speed was 80 ft/sec
(55 mph). Additional photographs of the wind-tunnel inlet, test section and fan
are presented in Figs. 2.2-2.4.
Since low Reynolds number airfoil performance is highly dependent on the
behavior of the laminar boundary layer, low turbulence levels within the wind
tunnel are necessary to ensure that laminar flow does not prematurely transition
to turbulent flow over the airfoil surface. In order to ensure good flow quality in the test section, the wind-tunnel settling chamber contains a 4 in thick
honeycomb and four anti-turbulence screens, which can be partially removed for
cleaning. The turbulence intensity has been mea.Sured to be less than 0.1%, 2
which is sufficient for low Reynolds number airfoil measurements.
The experimental setup is depicted in Fig. 2.5. For the current tests, the
airfoil models were mounted horizontally between two 3/8 in thick, 6 ft long
Plexiglas endplates (not shown in Fig. 2.5 for clarity) to isolate the ends of
the model from the tunnel side-wall boundary layers and the support hardware.
Gaps between the model and Plexiglas were nominally 0.05 in. One side of the

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

/Anti-Turbulence Screens

Honeycomb
Flow Straightener

Frequency Controller

Diffuser

Silencer

Fan

inlet

~------------------------60ft------------------------~~

Fig. 2.1

UIUC low-speed subsonic wind tunnel. (not to scale)

Fig. 2.2

Photograph of wind-tunnel inlet.

airfoil was free to pivot (far side of Fig. 2.5). At this location, the angle of attack
was measured using a linear transformer. The other side of the airfoil model was
connected to the lift carriage through two steel wing rods that passed through
the wing-rod fixture and were anchored to the model through two set screws. At
this side, the airfoil model was free to move vertically on a precision ground shaft,
but not free to rotate. A feedback-controlled force balance, however, restrained
the motion of the model, as discussed later. Linear and spherical ball bearings
within the lift carriage helped to minimize any frictional effects.

Chapter 2: Wind- Tunnel Facility and Measurement Techniques

Fig. 2.3

Photographs of wind-tunnel test section.

The two-axis traverser designed and built by the late David Fraser is depicted
in Fig. 2.6. Two side-by-side pitot probes (spaced 3.96 in apart in the spanwise
x-direction) were connected to the main center post that extended vertically

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Fig. 2.4

Photograph of wind-tunnel fan.

Lift Balance

a Motor

Fig. 2.5

Experimental setup. (Plexiglas end plates and traverser not shown for clarity)

Chapter 2: Wind-Thnnel Facility and Measurement Techniques

Fig. 2.6

The x-y traverser system.

through the tunnel test-section floor. The whole traversing system was located
within a pressure-sealed box underneath the tunnel test section. The resolution
and setability of the traverser are less than 0.001 and 0.005 in, respectively, in
both the spanwise and vertical directions. Readout accuracy in the spanwise and
vertical directions are 0.020 and 0.002 in, respectively.
All wind-tunnel models have a nominal 12 in chord and 33 5/8 in span
( 1/64 in tolerances), and two brass tubes on each end of the model for mounting. Figure 2. 7 depicts the general construction specifications and dimensions of
the airfoil models.

2.2 Measurement Techniques

All analog data was recorded on an AT&T 386 computer through a Data Translation DT2836 16-bit analog-to-digital data acquisition board. The DT2836 has
a resolution of 0.0015% of full-scale reading, eight differential input channels,
and two 16-bit digital-to-analog output channels. Set for a full-scale range of
10 volts, the 16-bit resolution of the board provided an accuracy of 0.305 m V.
At the low speeds required for low Reynolds number tests, there were small
time-dependent fluctuations in tunnel speed due to the inertia of both the drive
system and the air. Thus, all quantities (dynamic pressure, total pressure, lift,
angle of attack, x-position, y-position, and temperature) were measured simultaneously through a computer controlled data acquisition system. Once a run
started, the entire data acquisition process was completely automated, including

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Collar locations to lock 1I 4 wing rod. Set

screws accessible from bottom of model

2.5

17/32 l.D. tubing

9/32 !.D. tubing

All dimensions in inches

/ f-s

l/4I.D. tubing

1/4 l.D. tubing

Collar with set screw

Fig. 2. 7

General wind-tunnel model construction specifications.

setting and maintaining a constant Reynolds number within the test section,
acquiring data, and plotting raw data graphically to the computer screen and
numerically to a printer. All data was also saved to a separate output file for
later in-depth data reduction.

2.2.1 Lift Force Measurements

The wind-tunnel model was connected to the lift balance (or force transducer)
through a pushrod attached to the lift carriage, as shown in Fig. 2.5. The force
transducer was a servo balance rather than a standard strain gauge or load
cell. Similar to a standard beam balance, the dead weight of the airfoil and
support structure were counter-balanced with weights. The remaining forces
(lift and residual imbalance) were then balanced by the torque from a brushless
DC torque motor mounted on the beam axis. Any angular displacement from a
reference zero was sensed by a linear transformer, and the error signal was used
to drive the torque motor until the error was removed.
In general, acquiring only lift data was a relatively quick process. Since no
wake measurements were taken, it was possible to cover a full angle of attack

Chapter 2: Wind- Tunnel Facility and Measurement Techniques

v~

- - -c:::=:=::::===--L
z

-------------------'--'
Initial Upstream
Conditions

Fig. 2.8

Cross-Section #1

Control volume for the 2-D momentum deficit method to determine

the profile drag.

range past stall in a short amount of time. (For example, angle of attack values
from -8 deg to 16 deg to -8 deg with increments of 0.5 deg took approximately
15 minutes). Both increasing and decreasing angles of attack were covered to
document any aerodynamic hysteresis.

2.2.2 Drag Force Measurements

While the lift force on airfoils at low Reynolds numbers can be obtained with
acceptable accuracy through a lift balance, drag forces are often a magnitude
less than their lift counterparts. As a result, profile drag is often best obtained
by the momentum method instead of a force balance. For the current tests, the
profile drag was determined through the method developed by Jones 3 (taken
from Schlichting4 ).
After application of the two-dimensional momentum and continuity equations
to a control volume shown in Fig. 2.8, the drag force per unit span can be
calculated from

(2.1)
Assuming that the location in which the measurements are performed is located
sufficiently far enough behind the airfoil such that the static pressure has returned to upstream tunnel static pressure (i.e., P8 , 1 = P8 , 00 = Ps) and that the
downstream flow outside the airfoil wake proceeds without losses (i.e., the total
pressure remains constant along every streamline), the total pressure relationships from Bernoulli's equation are

(2.2)

10

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

P,

+ 2PVoo =

(2.3)

Po,oo

Application of the above relationships to Eq. (2.1) and simplifying

Po,l - P,

= Po,l -

P, - Po,oo

+ Po,oo = Qoo -

LlPo

(2.5)

To ensure that the wake had relaxed to tunnel static pressure, the wake
measurements were performed 14.8 in (approximately 1.25 chord lengths) downstream of the trailing edge of the airfoil. Each vertical wake traverse consisted of
between 20 and 80 total-head pressure measurements (depending on wake thickness) with points nominally spaced 0.08 in apart. No measurements were taken
in stall due to the size and unsteadiness of the wake.
Pressure measurements within the wake were made using MKS Baratron
Model 220 variable-capacitance differential pressure transducers with a full-scale
range of 1 mm Hg (0.02 psia), resolution of 0.01% of full-scale reading, and an
accuracy of 0.15% of reading.
In order to obtain an accurate value for the drag coefficient, wake profile
measurements were taken at four spanwise locations spaced 4 in apart over the
center 12 in of the airfoil. The resulting four drag coefficients were then averaged
to obtain the drag at a given angle of attack. This average drag coefficient is
presented in Chapter 4 and Appendix B. Figure 2.9 depicts a typical variation
in the spanwise drag coefficient at Reynolds numbers from 60,000 to 300,000.
For the Re of 60,000 case, the variation could be called "scatter," which is
due partly to the unsteadiness in the wake and the difficulty in resolving such
small pressure differences. At the higher Re's, however, an intrinsic steady-state
variation is present. For the interested reader, a thorough documentation of this
phenomenon is presented in Refs. 5 and 6.
It should be noted that for the Re's of 60,000 and 100,000 the spanwise
drag coefficient for approximately x = 5.5 in was often higher than the other
three locations. (For reference, the center of the tunnel was x = 0 in and the
endplates are 16.86 in.) The higher spanwise drag value may be related to
corner vortices developing at the juncture between the model and endplates, but
this is only speculation. While it may be correct to discard this value, it was
still included for the average drag coefficient results presented in this book.

Chapter 2: Wind-Tunnel Facility and Measurement Techniques

Re = 60,000

&Xi060 (C. Fox)

GJ

0
/!,.

111

X-Location -6.3"
X-Location = -2.4"
X-Location
X-Location

= 1.6"

= 5.5"

- + - Average Value of Four Spanwise Locations

1.5 ~--c-~~,-::._,~,-~,.-:..,.,~=:,:...-,~~-1

c,

0.0

-0.5
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.00

0
t:.

111

0.05

Re = 100,000

&Xi060 (C. Fox)

1!1

0.04

X-Location = -6.3"
X-location = -2.4"
X-location = 1.6"
X-Location = 5.5"

- + - Average Value of Four Spanwise Locations

1.5 f--c~~,.,..:,_~,.,~,.-:..,~.,-=~.:_,._~-l

c,

0.01

0.02

0.00

0.04

0.05

Fig. 2.9 Drag results for the SD6060 airfoil depicting typical spanwise drag variations
for the four spanwise stations for Re = 60,000, 100,000, 200,000 and 300,000.
(figure continues)

11

12

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Re = 200,000

SOlOOO (C. Fox)

c.

X-Location = -6.3"
X-Location = -2.4"
X-Location = 1.6"

X-Location

= 5.5"

- - - Average Value of Four Spanwise Locations

1.5 f-c--,--,--,--,,--=:--~..,~.,..c.,..,~~-.~~--J

c,

0.04

Re = 300,000

SOlOOO (C. Fox)

m
0
1!.

111

0.05

=-6.3"
=-2.4"
X-location = 1.6"
X-Location = 5.5"
X-Location
X-Location

- - - Average Value of Four Spanwise Locations

1.5 f-c-~~..,.-~~,...,.-~~-,--,~~~,--,~~-J

c,

-0.5 '-'--'-'-'--"--'-'--==--'-'--'--'-'-'--'-'-'--L-'--'-'-'--'
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.00

Fig. 2.9

Continued.

Chapter 2: Wind-Tunnel Facility and Measurement Techniques

For the spanwise drag measurements, primary emphasis was placed on resolving the spanwise profile drag variations, and as a result, detailed vertical
(y-direction) surveys through the wake were made at spanwise stations nominally spaced 0.25 in apart. On average, a typical run involving 57 spanwise
stations required 2 hours of continuous wind-tunnel operation.

2.2.3 Airfoil Model Accuracy Measurements

In order to determine the accuracy of the wind-tunnel models, each model was
digitized using a Brown & Sharpe coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to
determine the actual airfoil shape. Approximately 80 points were taken around
the airfoil. The spacing was more or less proportional to the local curvature; near
the leading and trailing edges the spacing was relatively small, while over the
central section it was as large as 0.7 in. Due to constraints on the model/CMM
arrangement, the S823, S1223, CH 10-48-13 and FX 74-CL5-140 MOD windtunnel models were measured on the left (angle of attack) side of the model. All
other models coordinates were measured in the middle of the model.
Section profiles and model accuracy plots are presented Chapter 4. The profiles include both the true airfoil as designed (solid line) compared with the actual
digitized model coordinates (dotted line). The model accuracy plots depict the
differences between the true airfoil and actual airfoil coordinates for the upper
surface (solid line) and lower surface (dotted line) of the airfoil. A displacement
above or below the axis means that the model surface lies above or below the
nominal, respectively. For instance, the actual SD6060 wind-tunnel model was
thinner than the true SD6060 by approximately 0.008 in over the majority of
the chord.

2.2.4 Freestream Velocity Measurements

Since the wind-tunnel model was mounted between endplates, the amount of flow
(or spillage) between the endplates and the side walls of the test section could
not be easily determined. Consequently, measurement of the freestream ahead
of the endplates could not be used to determine the true freestream experienced
by the model. Rather, the upstream dynamic pressure was measured between
the two endplates 15.9 in ahead of the quarter-chord point of the airfoil models,
and 5.2 in above the test section floor. Since the upstream pitot-static probe was
close to the leading edge of the airfoil, the measured velocity was corrected for
circulation effects, as discussed in Section 2.3.2. In order to convert the upstream
dynamic pressure into velocity, the air density was calculated from the ideal gas
law
Patm

p= RT

(2.7)

13

14

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

with ambient temperature obtained from an Omega thermocouple (accurate to

within 1 deg Rankine) located next to the wind tunnel. The velocity was then
calculated from
(2.8)
The Reynolds number based on the airfoil chord is given by

Re = pV00 c

(2.9)

J1

where J1 for air was calculated using Sutherland viscosity law 7 expressed as

.!!_

Jlo

(!._)
To

312

s)

(To+
T+S

(2.10)

2.3 Data Reduction

The physical boundaries of a closed test section restrict the flow and, as a result,
produce extraneous forces on the model that must be subtracted out. These
extraneous aerodynamic forces occur mainly from the fact that the velocity of
the air increases as it flows over the model due to the restraining effect of the
wind-tunnel boundaries combined with the physical presence of the model and
its wake. This effect is minimized when the model is small compared to the size
of the test section. Unfortunately, smaller models are more difficult to build
accurately. Since experienced model airplane enthusiasts were solicited to build
the airfoil models instead of a machine shop, a larger 12 in chord model was
selected as a compromise even though it required measuring smaller forces and
a more complicated data reduction process.
In the following three sections, only an overview of the two-dimensional windtunnel corrections and their causes is presented. A more detailed discussion can
be found in a separate report. 8

2.3.1 Wind-Tunnel Boundary Corrections

The presence of the wind-tunnel walls increase the measured lift, drag and pitching moment due to an increase in velocity at the model. More specifically, the
lateral boundaries in a two-dimensional testing context cause four phenomena
to occur.

Chapter 2: Wind-Tunnel Facility and Measurement Techniques

Buoyancy: Buoyancy is an additional drag force that results from a decrease in static pressure along the test section due to the growth of the
boundary layer at the walls. Even though buoyancy effects are usually insignificant even for airfoils tested within test sections of constant area, 9 the
main effect of buoyancy was taken into account directly in the corrections of
the freestream velocity.
Solid Blockage: The physical presence of a model within a test section
is known as solid blockage, which produces a decrease in the effective area.
From the continuity and Bernoulli's equation, the velocity of the air must
increase as it flows over the model, increasing all aerodynamic forces and
moments at a given angle of attack. Solid blockage is a function of the model
size and test section dimensions.

(2.11)

Wake Blockage: The second type of blockage is known as wake blockage,

which results from a lower velocity within the airfoil wake compared to the
freestream velocity. For closed test sections, in order to satisfy the continuity
equation the velocity at the model (outside of the wake) must increase. The
effect of wake blockage is proportional to the wake size and thus to the
measured drag force on the model.

(2.12}

Streamline Curvature: Due to the physical constraints of the tunnel

boundaries, the normal curvature of the free air as it passes over a lifting
body (such as an airfoil) is altered, increasing the airfoil effective camber as
the streamlines are "squeezed" together. For closed wind-tunnel sections, the
increase in camber results in an increase in lift, pitching moment about the
quarter-chord point, and angle of attack, while the drag is unaffected. Since
no pitching moment measurements were taken, corrections for only lift and
angle of attack are presented below.
(2.13}

(2.14}

15

16

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

where
7!"2 (

a= 48

c )

hts

(2.15)

2.3.2 Additional Velocity Corrections

In the case of the UIUC LSATs, the velocity must not only be corrected for solid
and wake blockage, but also for other factors which are particular to the present
setup. As previously mentioned, the model was mounted between two endplates
within the test section. This arrangement minimized the effects of boundarylayer growth (and thus buoyancy) by generating fresh boundary layers at the
leading edge of the endplates, isolated the model from the support hardware,
but also required the upstream velocity to be measured between the endplates.
Since the upstream pitot-static probe was close to the airfoil leading edge, the
circulation about the airfoil induced a velocity component that effected the pitotstatic probe reading. This circulation effect was directly related to the generation
of lift by the model-the higher the lift, the larger the induced velocity. Since all
aerodynamic coefficients were normalized by a velocity term, it was important
to have an accurate freestream velocity measurement and thus to correct for the
circulation effects.
To obtain a mathematical expression to account for the circulation effects, the
airfoil was modeled as a single vortex at the quarter-chord point, and the tunnel
walls were simulated by an image system. The induced velocity components
were then computed at the location of the velocity measuring probe. Since the
circulation is also function of the freestream velocity, an iterative method was
used to converge on a solution.
Finally, the velocity was also corrected to account for the boundary-layer
growth along the tunnel walls, which resulted in a slightly higher-than-freestream
velocity at the model. By using a second velocity measuring probe at the model
quarter-chord point with the model removed, and measuring the upstream and
downstream velocities simultaneously over the full chord Reynolds number range,
a calibration curve was obtained. Thus, for a measured upstream velocity, the
actual velocity at the model could be calculated.

2.3.3 Corrections to Measured Quantities

The measured quantities that must be corrected can be subdivided into two categories: stream and model quantities. The most important stream quantity is
the velocity at the model. This velocity was obtained from the freestream velocity measurements and by applying the proper corrections to account for solid

Chapter 2: Wind- Tunnel Facility and Measurement Techniques

and wake blockage as well as boundary-layer growth. Combining the velocity

corrections in a single expression:

(2.15)
Other stream quantities, such as the Reynolds number and dynamic pressure,
were then obtained directly from the corrected value of the velocity.
The model quantities of interest are the lift, drag and the angle of attack,
which were corrected in their non-dimensional form to account for solid and wake
blockage as well as streamline curvature.

(2.16)

(2.17)

57.3a

a= au- ~(Cl +4Cm,cj4)

(2.18)

It is important to note that drag coefficient data was necessary to correct

the model quantities since wake blockage is proportional to the measured drag
coefficient. For the lift runs, however, drag was not measured, which has an
effect on the lift data reduction. For the lift curves, the wake blockage correction
was computed using a constant value for the drag coefficient of 0.04, which was
representative for conditions close to maximum lift. This method ensured more
accurate values for the maximum lift coefficients even though it over-corrected
lift coefficient values in the linear region of the lift curves. This "over-correction"
was not significant as can be seen by comparing lift data taken from a lift run
with that from a drag run.

A final note concerning these wind-tunnel corrections is that even though

the current setup does not provide pitching moment data, airfoil moment coefficients have been determined computationally using either the Eppler, 10 11
ISES 12 13 orXFOIU 4 code. These moments are representative over the low drag
range and were used to correct the angle of attack measurements. Since quarterchord pitching moments are relatively constant with angle of attack and since
the effect on the wind-tunnel corrections was small, a constant Cm,c/4 was used
for each airfoil. The values used are listed in Chapter 3.

17

18

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

2.4 Calibrations and Uncertainty Analysis

By applying the general uncertainty analysis presented in Coleman & Steele, 15
the uncertainties in the velocity, lift coefficient, and drag coefficient were found in
a relatively straight forward manner. Further details describing the uncertainty
analysis are presented in Ref. 6.
First, consider the case of measuring the upstream velocity, which is used to
normalize the lift and drag forces. The highest uncertainty in the pressure readings due to fluctuations in flow angle is 1%, resulting in a freestream-velocity
uncertainty within 0.5%. If no errors related to the probes are included, the
uncertainty in pressure readings and the velocity measurements reduce to less
than approximately 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively. The lift balance was calibrated
over a range that depended on the loads expected for a given run-the higher
the Reynolds number, the larger the range. The lift balance calibration slopes
over the 11/2 month testing period varied by approximately 4%. Of course, this
drift did not affect the accuracy of the measurements since the lift balance was
repeatedly calibrated. Overall uncertainty in the lift coefficient is estimated to
be 1.5%. The accuracy of the lift calibrations was the main contribution to this
small error. The drag measurement error comes from three sources: accuracy
of the data acquisition instruments, repeatability of the measurements, and the
selection of the particular four wake profiles used to determine the average drag
coefficient. Based partly on the error analysis method presented in McGhee 16
and Coleman & Steele, 15 the uncertainty due to the instruments and measurement repeatablity are less than 1% and 1.5%, respectively. Based on a statistical
analysis (for a 95% confidence interval) of the spanwise drag results for the E374
airfoil at a = 4 deg (which is representative of the middle range of the drag
polars), the uncertainties due to the spanwise variations are estimated at 3% for
Re = 100, 000 and reduce to approximately 1.5% at and above Re = 200, 000.
At Re = 60,000 and below, the flow is dominated by laminar separation bubbles
that produce large variations in profile drag that make it difficult to confidently
assign a measure of accuracy. A more detail discussion of this issue is presented
in Ref. 6. For the angle of attack sensor, calibration measurements were taken
at six different angles of attack incremented from 0 to 25 deg in 5 deg steps.
Overall uncertainty in the angle of attack is estimated at 0.08 deg, based on the
calibration results.

2.5 Comparison with Other Facilities

For comparison, drag polar results for the E387 airfoil from tests at NASALangley LTPT, 16 Delft, 16 Stuttgart,l7 and UIUC are presented in Fig. 2.10. It
should be noted, however, that the E387 from the UIUC tests was slightly decambered and warped at the trailing edge, which has an effect on the results. Drag
polar results for the the same E374 airfoil model tested both at the Princeton 1
and UIUC wind tunnels are presented in Fig. 2.11. The agreement between the
Princeton and UIUC data is quite good, even at a Reynolds number of 60,000.

Chapter 2: Wind-Tunnel Facility and Measurement Techniques

E387

Re 60,000

m UILC: Model E387 (A)

o N".SA--..agey LWf (Ref. 16)
8
Delft (Ref. 16)
<> Stullga1 (Ref. 17)

c,

E387

Re 100,000

m UILC: Model E387 (A)

NASA-Langley Lwr (Ref. 16)
8
Delft (Ref. 16)
<> Stullga1 (Ref. 17)

c,

Fig. 2.10

Comparison of drag data for the E387 airfoil from various wind-tunnel
facilities for Re = 60,000, 100,000, 200,000 and 300,000.
(figure continues)

19

20

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Re = 200,000

E387
IS

lJil.C: fv'<xlel E387 (A)

N'\SA-l.a1gley L1PT (Ref. 16)

Delft (Ref. 16)
., StultgM (Ref. 17)
o

c,

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

Re = 300,000

E387
m l.lll.C: fv'<xlel E387 (A)
o N'\SA-l.a1gley L1PT (Ref. 16)

c,

Fig. 2.10

Continued.

0.05

Chapter 2: Wind-Tunnel Facility and Measurement Techniques

E374 (B) (M. lll<re)

UIU:::
UIU::;
A UIU:::
v UIU:::
e
B

Re=60,000
Re = 100,000
Re = 200,000
Re=300,000

Pri-on; Re=60,000
Pri-on; Re = 100,000
,. Pri-on; Re = 200,000
"' ~on: Re=300,000

c,

Fig. 2.11

Comparison of drag data for the E374 airfoil from the Princeton and UIUC
wind-tunnel facilities.

21

22

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Chapter 3

Summary of Airfoil Data

In this chapter, the airfoil performance characteristics are discussed. To aid in
the navigation of the data, the airfoils are grouped and discussed by category,
e.g., airfoils for free flight models, airfoils for thermal soaring, and so on. The
categories in order of discussion are listed in Table 3.1 along with the associated
airfoils. Also, for reference, Table 3.1 lists the thickness, camber and pitching moment for the true airfoils, as well as the wind-tunnel model construction
method, model accuracy and model builder.
Within each category, the discussion is organized according to how the airfoils
relate to each other in terms of performance. Tables are included that list each
airfoil in the category. For each airfoil, the table then lists the profile plot, the lift
and drag data, the configuration of the model (e.g., clean, with boundary-layer
trips, etc.), any special data, and the figures and pages pertaining to the data.
Occasionally embedded within the discussion of the airfoils are sections on more
general but related topics. These special sections are typeset between centered
horizontal rules.
Following the discussion of the airfoils by category in this chapter, all of the
figures (airfoil profile and performance plots) are included separately in Chapter 4. The figures are organized alphabetically by airfoil name for quick indexing.
As shown in Table 3.1, many of the airfoils listed were previously tested at
Princeton. 1 The tests were repeated for several reasons. First, comparisons of the
airfoil data from the two facilities can be used to gauge what differences might be
expected if those remaining airfoils were tested again at Illinois. Second, the data
can also be used in an attempt to ascertain any gross differences in wind-tunnel
flow quality. And finally, since data taken on identical airfoils in different wind
tunnels can vary, several of the widely used airfoils were re-tested to provide a
complete and consistent data set.
Some general comments apply to the data and discussion.
In Airfoils at Low Speeds, 1 the designation "-PT" (for Princeton Tests) was
used after the names of the actual airfoils tested to distinguish them from
the true airfoils. In this book, no special designation is applied to the airfoil
name to make this distinction between the actual and true airfoil. It is important to note, however, that the discussion of each airfoil is based on the actual

24

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Table 3.1: Airfoils Sorted by Category
Airfoils for:
Free Flight Models

Thermal Duration
Sailplanes

F3B Sailplanes

Slope Racers

Tail Sections

Quickie 500 Racers

Sport Planes
Heavy Lift
Cargo Planes

Small Wind Turbines

%Thickness
7.26
A18
7.31
BE50
6.70
GM15
6.69
MA409
9.00
NACA 6409t
9.06
E387 (A)t
11.03
K3311
10.50
S7055:j:
SD7032 (D)t
9.95
SD7032 (E)
9.95
SD7037 (A)t
9.20
SD7037 (B)
9.20
WASP
9.35
RG15 (B)
8.92
S7012:j:
8.75
8.51
SD7003t
8.86
SD8000t
10.91
E374 (B)t
MH45
9.84
S6062
7.95
10.37
SD6060t
12.00
J5012t
NACA 0009t
9.00
10.00
NACA 64A010t
10.10
SD8020t
R140 (A)
12.04
GEMINI
15.38
14.96
MB253515t
CH 10-48-13
12.75
FX 63-137 (B)
13.59
FX 74-CL5-140 MOD
13.01
M06-13-128 (B)
12.81
S1210:j:
11.87
S1223:j:
11.93
S822
16.00
S823
21.00
Airfoil

%Camber
3.84
3.96
4.76
3.33
6.00
3.90
3.23
3.55
3.66
3.66
3.02
3.02
2.98
1.76
2.02
1.46
1.71
2.24
1.64
1.59
1.84
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.45
2.20
2.43
10.20
5.94
9.72
5.16
7.20
8.67
1.89
2.49

t Wind-tunnel models tested previously at Princeton1

:j: New airfoils designed and built for the current test phase

Cm,c/4

-0.126
-0.114
-0.154
-0.115
-0.163
-0.082
-0.085
-0.068
-0.099
-0.099
-0.085
-0.085
-0.074
-0.058
-0.068
-0.035
-0.049
-0.056
-0.006
-0.040
-0.039
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.012
-0.048
-0.050
-0.230
-0.170
-0.250
0.004
-0.250
-0.290
-0.070
-0.150

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

Table 3.1: continued

Surface Finish
Avg. Difference (in)
Airfoil
Builder
smooth
A18
0.0105
Cooney
smooth
0.0159
BE50
Cooney
monokote over balsa
0.0028*
GM15
Morris
smooth
0.0195
MA409
Cooney
open bay
0.0107
Halsey
NACA 6409
smooth
0.0106
Champine
E387 (A)
monokote over balsa
0.0032*
K3311
Kincaid
smooth
0.0160
S7055
Jones
SD7032 (D)
smooth
0.0057
Watson
smooth
SD7032 (E)
0.0152
Michaelis
SD7037 (A)
fiberglass over balsa
0.0119
Michaelis
smooth
SD7037 (B)
0.0081
Thompson
smooth
0.0018*
WASP
M. Fox
paint over obechi
0.0049
RG15 (B)
Champine
smooth
0.0077
Lachowski
S7012
smooth
SD7003
0.0065
Allen
smooth
0.0073 Wagner/Olsen
SD8000
smooth
0.0083
E374 (B)
Bame
smooth
0.0384
MH45
C. Fox
S6062
varnish over balsa
0.0125
Matheson
smooth
SD6060
0.0088
C. Fox
smooth
J5012
0.0130
Raskin
NACA 0009
smooth
0.0105
Nankivil
varnish over obechi
NACA 64A010
0.0062
Champine
smooth
SD8020
0.0041 Wagner/Olsen
R140 (A)
smooth
0.0230
Friedlander
open bay
0.0052*
GEMINI
Bates
MB253515
smooth
0.0046
Bame
CH 10-48-13
smooth
0.0017*
Hollinger
smooth
0.0093
FX 63-137 (B)
Allen
0.0038*
Hollinger
FX 74-CL5-140 MOD smooth
0.0112
Allen
smooth
M06-13-128 (B)
0.0037
Allen
smooth
S1210
Tine!
0.0100
molded, smooth
81223
0.0054
Allen
smooth
S822
Allen
0.0073
smooth
S823
* Smoothed model coordinates were taken as true coordinates

25

26

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

contour shape of the model. If the average difference between the actual
and true airfoil coordinates is large (greater than approximately 0.010 in,
depending on the model), then interpretation of the true airfoil performance
from the wind-tunnel test data might be difficult. The accuracy of the lower
surface is not as critical as that of the leading and trailing edges, and the
upper surface. The useful lift range is most affected by differences at the
trailing edge, while inaccuracies along the upper surface contour influence
pressure (bubble) drag.
The suffixes "(A)", "(B)", etc. on the airfoil names refer to multiple models
of the particular airfoil. If only one version of the airfoil was built for the
Princeton Tests and another one was built for the current tests, the models
are designated here as versions "(A)" and "(B)" as in the case of the SD7037.
Coordinates for the airfoils are tabulated in Appendix A. The performance
characteristics are tabulated in Appendix B and ordered according to the
airfoil name and figure. This data is available in various forms as mentioned
in the Section "Airfoil Data Distribution."
For some airfoils, the wind-tunnel model coordinates were mathematically
smoothed (using the computer program AFSM0 18 ) and taken as the true
airfoil since no "as designed" airfoil coordinates were available. In such cases,
the smoothed wind-tunnel model coordinates were then compared with the
actual model coordinates as measured. These airfoils are identified in Table 3.1 by the notation "*" in the column for accuracy. As the comparison
plots reveal (see Chapter 4), the differences between the smoothed and actual
coordinates is nominally 0.003 in, which is in some sense a measure of the
surface waviness.
The nominal Reynolds number is listed in the figures while the actual Reynolds
number is listed in the tabulated data in Appendix B.
If a model was tested with a boundary-layer trip or modified in some other
way (e.g., plain flap, Gurney flap), the configuration of the model is listed in
the data summary table and drawn on the related figures.

The airfoil moment coefficients listed in Table 3.1 were determined computationally using either the Eppler, 10 ISES 12 13 or XFOIU 9 code. The value
given is representative of that over the low drag range.
In Table 3.1, in the column for surface finish, "smooth" indicates that the
model finish was produced by either vacuum bagging fiberglass over foam or
painted or both.
Although the airfoils are categorized by application, the airfoils, of course,
can have a wider application. For example, some airfoils might fit equally
well into two groups. For instance, the GEMINI and MB253515 airfoils were
first used on R/C sailplanes but are listed here as airfoils for sport planes.

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

Also, the MH45 was developed for flying wings, but it is included with the
airfoils for slope soaring.
For airfoils that were previously tested at Princeton, the discussion is sometimes brief, in which case a more thorough discussion of the airfoil can be
found in Airfoils at Low Speeds. 1
Velocity 'pistributions for the true airfoils as predicted by the Eppler code 10
are included with the airfoil polars, lift plots, etc. It should be noted that
these velocity distributions do not include the effects of the laminar separation bubble; only the inviscid flow is modeled. Nevertheless, with experience,
much can be gleaned from this information to help interpret the airfoil polars
and lift curves. As can be seen, subtle differences in airfoil shapes can yield
significant differences in the velocity distributions.
For the lift plots, increasing and decreasing angles of attack are denoted by
solid-triangle and open-circle symbols, respectively.

3.1 Airfoils for Free Flight Models

As listed in Table 3.2, five free flight (FF) airfoils were tested. The first four
airfoils (A18, BE50, GM15 and MA409) are used by leading flyers in F1C competition ("FAI power"). The NACA 6409 airfoil, as described by the builder
Harlan I. Halsey, is used on old-timer FF, R/C (SAM) and electric FF.
Prior to discussing the wind-tunnel test results of the F1C airfoils, background information on the airfoils is given as provided by Gilbert Morris (see
acknowledgments):

A18
The A18 airfoil was designed by Randy Archer (Scottsdale, Arizona)
-the current F1C World Champion. The A18 was named after his model
18 used in the 1993 World Championship contest in which he successfully
defended his title. As compared with the A15 that was used on his model15
to win the 1991 title, 19 the A18 is very similar but has slightly less camber.
Model 18 has a higher climb but does not glide as well as model 15. In terms
of total performance (climb and glide), both models are essentially equal.
BE50
The BE50 airfoil was designed by Eugene Verbitsky (Ukraine) former F1C World Champion. Verbitsky is considered to be one of the most
influential F1C designers worldwide. The BE50 was named after his first
model employing this airfoil. In 1980, the Russian team unveiled their new
F1C design embodying much of the work of Verbitsky-high aspect ratio,
thin, undercambered, low dihedral, aluminum foil covered wing, long tail
boom, small stab, folding propeller, brake, VIT (variable incidence tail) and
the revolutionary "bunt transition."n 1

27

28

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Table 3.2: Summary of Airfoil Data for Free Flight Models
Airfoil
A18

BE50

GM15

MA409

NACA 6409

Data
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Planform
Spanwise Drag

Configuration

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean
Clean, Reflexed
Clean, Reflexed
Clean, Reflexed

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean
Clean

Figure/Page
Fig. 4.1/p. 62
Fig. 4.2/p. 62
Fig. 4.3/p. 63
Fig. 4.4/p. 64
Fig. 4.5/p. 68
Fig. 4.6/p. 68
Fig. 4.7 jp. 69
Fig. 4.8/p. 70
Fig. 4.34/p. 104
Fig. 4.35/p. 104
Fig. 4.36/p. 105
Fig. 4.37 jp. 106
Fig. 4.35/p. 104
Fig. 4.38/p. 108
Fig. 4.39/p. 109
Fig. 4.51/p. 126
Fig. 4.52/p. 126
Fig. 4.53/p. 127 .
Fig. 4.54/p. 128
Fig. 4.65/p. 144
Fig. 4.66/p. 144
Fig. 4.67 jp. 145
Fig. 4.68/p. 146
Fig. 4.69/p. 147
Fig. 4.69/p. 147

GM15
The GM15 airfoil was designed by Gilbert Morris (Columbus,
Ohio) and named after his model that won the 1994 F1C US Team Selection Finals. Of the six "flapper airfoils" designed by Morris over the past
eight years, the GM15 has proven the best to date in giving balance between
climb, glide and total endurance. The airfoils was designed by combining
three logarithmic spirals: 7% top, 7% undercamber and 2% Phillips entry.
MA409
The MA409 airfoil was designed by Michael Achterberg (Sacramento, California) -former US F1C Team Member. This airfoil was designated by his initials followed by maximum camber of "4.09%." (It actually
has 3.33% camber.) The MA409 has proven itself in numerous unlimited
flyoffs for fast climb and good glide endurance. It is currently being used by
an increasing number of F1C flyers. Achterberg won a team position at the
1994 F1C US Team Selection Finals using this airfoil.

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

In general, this type of anecdotal background information and personal experience and observations are needed to complement and interpret the wind tunnel
test data. The degree to which this information is useful, however, depends on
the accuracy of the observations and also the accuracy of the wind-tunnel models.
With respect to the latter, the A18, BE50, and MA409 models all had significantly less camber than their respective true airfoils. Thus, for these airfoils,
the usefulness of correlating the comments of Gilbert Morris to wind-tunnel data
is limited. Therefore, the following comments only pertain to the wind-tunnel
model airfoils.

A18 & MA409 Of the four F1C airfoils tested, the A18 and MA409 are
quite similar both in shape and in performance as shown in Figs. 4.1-4.4 and
4.51-4.54. A significant difference, however, is that the MA409 has less camber
and consequently the polar is shifted downward as compared with the A18. The
lower overall lift of the MA409 is probably advantageous for the near vertical
climb phase (power condition) during which the C1 is close to zero and the Re
is in the range 250k-300k. Thus, low drag at zero Ct and high Re is important
for this type of model. From the polars, the Cdo (zero lift Cd) of the MA409
is lower than the A18. In fact, the MA409 had the lowest Cdo of all the F1C
airfoils tested.
In F1C competition, there is a tradeoff between the climb and glide: a
mediocre climb can be offset by an excellent glide and vice versa. Although
the A18 might not launch as high as the MA409 (with all else equal), the A18
probably makes up for this climb handicap in glide performance. The process
of finding the best airfoil that optimizes the tradeoff between climb and glide is
best determined through flight tests combined with computer simulations that
use the wind-tunnel data.

BE50 The performance of the BE50 differs significantly from both the A18
and the MA409. As compared with the Al8 at Re of 60k, the drag is lower in the
mid-range of the polar. This same trend is observed at lOOk. For all Re's, the
polars show a smooth increase in drag over the Ct range from 0.5 to 1. Airfoils
with this type of behavior typically offer the best endurance over a fairly broad
Ct range, which corresponds to a broad speed range. Thus, the BE50 might be
less sensitive to trim changes in glide as compared with the Al8 and MA409
airfoils, which exhibit a more "peaky" performance.
GM15 Since climb and glide are the primary flight conditions of importance
in Fl C competition, one strategy is to use a "flapper airfoil" -an airfoil with a
plain flap that is reflexed (low camber) in climb and unflapped (high camber) in
glide. The GM15 is an example of such an airfoil. As shown in Fig. 4.36, the
unflapped GM15 has the highest C1 of all the FlC airfoils. In this condition, the
glide performance probably equals or exceeds that of the other airfoils. With the
33%-chord trailing-edge flap reflexed by approximately -8 1/2 deg for climb (see
Fig. 4.38), the effects of the flap are apparent. The polar is shifted downward

29

30

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

and the Cdo is reduced. There is, however, added drag owing to the disturbed
flow around the hinge line. Nevertheless, as compared with the other airfoils,
the added drag is small for the zero-Ct condition for climb.

R/C Hand Launch Airfoils

Although these airfoils are currently used for
F1C, they are probably applicable to R/C hand-launch gliders (R/C HLG).
The launch is somewhat similar to the climb/bunt maneuver in F1C. Upon
release the glider is put into a steep climb, and then at the top a relatively
quick push-over maneuver is performed. At the beginning of the climb, the Re's
are in the 300k range, and then for thermaling the Re's are in the 80k-100k
range. Between R/C HLG and F1C, there is an important difference in the
flying mode. R/C HLGs must repeatedly be able to thermal and then cruise
to the next thermal. This need to cruise places more emphasis on low drag in
the mid-01 range. In this range, all of the F1C airfoils presented have good
performance.

NACA 6409 The NACA 6409 model, which was built originally for the
Princeton Tests, had an open-bay construction from the leading edge to trailing
edge. As depicted in Fig. 4.69, 1/8 in thick primary ribs were spaced every 3 in
(25% chord). In addition, 1/8 in thick leading-edge secondary ribs were located
between the main ribs and used on the forward 27% chord. The sagging of the
covering was about 0.025 in (0.2%) worst case, and generally much less-0.005
to 0.015 in. Due to the lack of torsional rigidity, data was taken only up to 200k.
The polar and lift curves presented in Fig. 4.67 and Figs. 4.68, respectively,
show the effects of a laminar separation bubble at Re of 60k. At an angle of
attack near 4 deg, the bubble detaches from the airfoil and the airfoil effectively
stalls. At an angle of attack of near 11 deg, however, the bubble reattaches, the
airfoil unstalls and the lift reaches a level consistent with that at Re of lOOk and
200k. There exists a small hysteresis loopn 2 between 9 and 11 deg. Just beyond
11 deg, the airfoil exhibits a mild stall.
Detailed spanwise drag measurements were taken to examine the effects of
the ribs on the downstream wake profiles, which are used to determine the drag.
Since the geometry of the model with ribs is non-uniform, specifically, threedimensional and periodic, it can be anticipated that a periodic variation will
appear in the wake profile drag. Indeed, at an angle of attack of 1.5 deg, downstream of the primary ribs, the drag is highest, while between the primary ribs
the drag is lowest. At an angle of attack of 7.5 deg, a similar trend is seen; however, the secondary ribs located midway between the primary ribs also appear
to produce on a smaller scale the same peak and valley effect. Also shown in
Fig. 4.69 are the four spanwise stations at which measurements were taken to
determine the drag presented in Fig. 4.67. It cannot be inferred from this result

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

that the ribs cause high drag since the profiles were measured approximately
1.25 chord lengths downstream. It is merely an observation (albeit interesting)
that the drag is periodic with the rib spacing and highest downstream of the
primary ribs. The variation in the drag found downstream is most likely due
to the evolution of the three-dimensional wake that is affected by the periodic
spatial change of the geometry of the model.
Clearly, for a model with open-bay construction (or some other spanwise
variation), if an accurate Cd value is desired, detailed spanwise surveys through
the wake should be made. Unfortunately, such extensive surveys are very time
consuming. For instance, the data shown in Fig. 4.69 required approximately
3.5 hours of wind-tunnel test time.

3.2 Airfoils for Thermal Duration Sailplanes

Of the seventeen Selig-Donovan airfoils presented in Airfoils at Low Speeds, 1 the
SD7037 has become the favorite for R/C soaring thermal duration competition.
Due to its popularity, the SD7037 will be discussed first and used as a benchmark
for comparison with similar thermal duration airfoils listed in Table 3.3.
SD7037 Two models of the SD7037 were tested. Version A was built for
the Princeton Tests and tested again for comparison. Owing to improvements
in the wind-tunnel data-acquisition and correction techniques (see Chapter 2),
the maximum lift at the lower Re's is slightly increased as compared with the
Princeton data. Also, the drag is somewhat higher, which indicates that the
UIUC wind tunnel has lower turbulence levels. This trend-higher Ctmax at
lower Reynolds numbers and higher drag overall-is observed in much of the
data presented.
Version B is more accurate than version A, which has a slightly reflexed
trailing edge and too little thickness on the forward upper surface. The reflexed
trailing edge of version A will reduce the overall lift of the airfoil. Moreover,
the deviation on the forward upper surface can be expected to reduce the highlift performance (see the DF101/102/103 airfoil discussion in Airfoils at Low
Speeds 1 ). Indeed, as seen in the polars, version A is not as efficient as version B
at high lift coefficients. From the polars alone, one would anticipate a substantial
difference in Ctmax between versions A and B. From the lift curves, however, the
difference in clmax is only 0.05.
The drag data of versions A and B at Re of 60k (see Figs. 4.133 and 4.137)
reveals some of the challenges and mysteries in taking data at low Reynolds
numbers. For several angles of attack, the spanwise drag station at x of 5.5 in
on the SD7037 (B) yielded values that were far above the average of the other
three stations. If this station at x of 5.5 in were ignored, then the average of

31

32

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Table 3.3: Summary of Airfoil Data for Thermal Duration Sailplanes

Airfoil
E387

K3311

S7055

SD7032 (D)

SD7032 (E)

SD7037 (A)

SD7037 (B)

WASP

Data
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves

Configuration

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Figure/Page
Fig. 4.17/p. 84
Fig. 4.18/p. 84
Fig. 4.19/p. 85
Fig. 4.20/p. 86
Fig. 4.43/p. 116
Fig. 4.44/p. 116
Fig. 4.45/p. 117
Fig. 4.46/p. 118
Fig. 4.111/p. 198
Fig. 4.112/p. 198
Fig. 4.113/p. 199
Fig. 4.114/p. 200
Fig. 4.123/p. 210
Fig. 4.124/p. 210
Fig. 4.125/p. 211
Fig. 4.126/p. 212
Fig. 4.127 fp. 214
Fig. 4.128/p. 214
Fig. 4.129/p. 215
Fig. 4.130/p. 215
Fig. 4.131/p. 216
Fig. 4.132/p. 216
Fig. 4.133/p. 217
Fig. 4.134/p. 218
Fig. 4.135/p. 220
Fig. 4.136/p. 220
Fig. 4.137/p. 221
Fig. 4.138/p. 222
Fig. 4.150/p. 240
Fig. 4.151/p. 240
Fig. 4.152/p. 241
Fig. 4.153/p. 242

the remaining three would produce results similar to those of the SD7037 (A). A
discussion of this dilemma, its possible causes, the frequency of occurrence, and
a strategy to deal with the problem is discussed in Section 2.2.2. For Re above
lOOk, any bias, if present, was negligible.

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

The SD7037 is favored for R/C thermal soaring because of its working lift
range (the lift range over the low drag region) that begins near a G1 of 0.2 and
extends to near G1 of 1.0 where the drag begins to increase more rapidly. Its
other attributes include low drag and good flap/aileron response, the latter of
which will be quantified during the next series of tests.
WASP The WASP airfoil built and designed by Mike Fox is quite similar
to the SD7037 in performance and shape. In many respects, the performance
appears to be a mixture of the SD7037 (A) and SD7037 (B). Although Mike Fox
uses the airfoil for R/C HLG, it is included here since it has much in common
with the SD7037.
K3311 The K3311 airfoil was designed by Leon C. Kincaid and used on his
HEAT SEEKER design that placed 1st in Sportsman Multi-Task at the 1992 and
1993 LSF Championships. Leon Kincaid, a retired Model Builder/Machinist for
the NACA (now NASA), used his skills to measure the K3311 coordinates off his
original wind-tunnel model with a dial indicator with a 1 in throw, mounted on a
surface gauge. These original coordinates were mathematically smoothed using
AFSM0, 18 from which 79 coordinates (based on a standard xjc data set) were
determined. The airfoil differs from the previous two airfoils discussed in that
the high-lift (low-speed) corner of the polar is improved at lOOk. As a result,
the K3311 should have better thermal performance. This advantage is balanced
by slightly worse performance at low lift (cruise). It should also be noted that
the stall of the K3311 is milder than the SD7037.
E387 Version A of the E387 built by Bob Champine and originally tested at
Princeton is included here since it shares much in common with the K3311. It
should, however, be noted that this wind-tunnel model had a spanwise twist of
approximately 0.22 deg/ft. Also, the overall camber of the model was less than
the true E387. Thus, the results do not accurately represent the performance of
the true E387.
87055 Newcomers and casual pilots favor simplicity, which often leads to the
choice of a flat-bottomed airfoil. Unfortunately, the selection of flat-bottomed
airfoils is limited. Also, few flat-bottomed airfoils have been recently designed
with a view toward reducing the bubble drag. The idea to change this situation
was motivated through discussions with Tim Renaud of Airtronics who felt that a
10-11% flat-bottomed airfoil (flat past the spar) was needed for thermal soaring.
In addition, he recommended that the new airfoil be designed with more lift
than the S3021 or E205, which "build up speed too quickly for beginners." As a
result, the new S7055 (10.5%) was designed to fill this niche.

The wind-tunnel results show that the flat-bottomed S7055 does not perform
as well as the SD7037, WASP, E387 and K3311-airfoils that are not constrained
to be flat. In particular, at low lift, there is a noticeable performance loss.

33

34

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Nevertheless, the high-lift thermal performance compares well with the other
airfoils, and the airfoil has a mild stall.

Flat Bottomed Airfoils The S7055 in comparison with the SD7037 serves
to illustrate that when an airfoil is required to be flat bottomed, there is an associated performance penalty. More generally, when the geometry of any portion
of the airfoil is constrained, some performance loss can be anticipated because
that part of the airfoil cannot be optimized for best aerodynamic performance.
The airfoil, however, can be tailored so that the performance loss occurs in less
important regions of the polar.
SD7032 The SD7032 is a high-lift variant of the SD7037. As in Figs. 4.1234.126 (version D), the polar as compared with the SD7037 is shifted upward
by a b..C1 of 0.15. This increment in C1 is enough to substantially improve
the thermal performance. The trade-off is reduced L/ D performance, which in
light-wind conditions is acceptable. Version E of the SD7032 is less accurate
than version D, but the performance characteristics are similar.

3.3 Airfoils for F3B Sailplanes

RG15 For F3B flying, the RG15 designed by Rolf Girsberger has become a
standard. As compared with the previous group of thermal duration airfoils, the
lower lift of the RG 15 makes it more ideal for F3B where the distance (L/ D performance) and speed tasks are more important than the duration task (thermal
performance). Some pilots, however, prefer the RG15 for thermal duration competition, particular in geographical regions noted for having strong thermals in
windy conditions. Under such circumstances, the L/ D performance is the design
driver that favors the RG15 or, more generally, all airfoils in this category.
SD7003 This airfoil designed and tested at Princeton was used by Joe Wurts
and Daryl Perkins on their F3B EAGLE models that placed 1st and 2nd, respectively, in the 1991 F3B World Championship. Since that time, interest has
shifted away from the SD7003 toward the RG15, which has an advantage in the
duration task. Although thermal performance is secondary, this is the key factor
that reportedly sets the two airfoils apart. From the polars, little difference is
observed at high lift. The high-lift performance shown in the polars is, however,
for zero flap deflection. In F3B competition, camber-changing flaps are used in
all three tasks. For the duration task, the positive flap settings that are used
must improve the performance of the RG15 over the SD7003. To see this effect,
these airfoils should be tested with flaps.

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

Table 3.4: Summary of Airfoil Data for F3B Sailplanes

Airfoil
RG15 (B)

87012

8D7003

8D8000

Data
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves

Configuration

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Figure/Page
Fig. 4.78/p. 158
Fig. 4.79/p. 158
Fig. 4.80/p. 159
Fig. 4.81/p. 160
Fig. 4.107/p. 194
Fig. 4.108/p. 194
Fig. 4.109/p. 195
Fig. 4.110/p. 196
Fig. 4.119/p. 206
Fig. 4.120/p. 206
Fig. 4.121/p. 207
Fig. 4.122/p. 208
Fig. 4.139/p. 224
Fig. 4.140/p. 224
Fig. 4.141/p. 225
Fig. 4.142/p. 226

SD8000 The 8D8000 has a working lift range similar to both the RG15 and
8D7003, and it has been used successfully in F3B competition, although without
such illustrious results. The thermal performance is known to be better than,
but similar to, the 8D7003.
87012 The 87012 is a new F3B airfoil designed to be an improvement over the
RG15. Clearly, the RG15 for F3B competition can be classified as an "optimum"
airfoil in the sense that it seems that no airfoil can be designed with lower drag
everywhere. Therefore, one is left with making tradeoffs. The question then
becomes what are the best compromises to make. In particular, where does
the RG15 have good performance that can be sacrificed for better performance
elsewhere, or in conceptual terms where can the drag be increased for lower
drag elsewhere? The strategy taken in the design of the 87012 was to give up
performance between the best distance speed and the best thermal speed in
exchange for improvements primarily in the speed and thermal tasks. As the
following discussion reveals, these goals were achieved at the expense of some
performance in the distance task.

Judging PoJars Based on Constant Reynolds Numbers

Before discussing
the 87012 further, a word about interpreting airfoil polars is in order. Judging
aircraft performance based on airfoil data for constant Re polars can be difficult.
The aircraft Re cl!:anges with the flight speed, and therefore it does not follow a
constant Re line on the traditional polar. Plotting the performance of the airfoil

35

36

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

as it ''flies" through the constant Re polars is much more helpful since it takes
into account the change in aircraft speed (and hence Re) with lift coefficient.
This aircraft Re that changes with the lift coefficient is called the "reduced
Reynolds number," n.n 3
Another difficulty in judging aircraft performance based on airfoil data is that
the fuselage, tail and induced drag components, which make up a significant
contribution to the overall aircraft drag, are not included in the airfoil polar
12
plots. As a result of this additional drag, the (CL/CD)max and (Ci /CD)max
for the whole aircraft will not correspond to the same flight condition as the
(Ct/Cd)max and (C( 12 /Cd)max read directly from the airfoil drag polars. For
the interested reader, the basics of understanding airfoil polars can be found in
Ref. 20.
Seeing the full effect of this additional drag together with the airfoil drag
greatly helps in the airfoil selection process. With respect to the design of the
87012, including this additional drag with the airfoil drag helps to determine
what tradeoffs are the best ones to make.
Figure 3.1 shows the performance of the S7012 as compared with the RG15
for n of 120k, which is typical for F3B ships with wing loadings near 12 oz/ft 2
The SD7003 airfoil data is shown for reference and will be discussed last. Figures
3.2 and 3.3 show two key performance parameters plotted vs. the sailplane lift
coefficient, CL These performance parameter curves correspond to a typical
F3B glider (in particular, one with an aspect ratio of 12.5, a wing span of 112 in
and a combined fuselage and tail drag coefficient of approximately 0.003).
The first parameter is the aircraft L/ D (sailplane glide slope), where the drag
coefficient does include all drag components. As seen, there is clearly a tradeoff.
The S7012 is better than the RG15 below a CL of approximately 0.27-the
crossover point. Thus, if the F3B distance run is done below this point, the
S7012 will be better, and if above it will be worse. Typically, for sailplanes with
the RG15, the distance run is done near a CL of 0.40 or lower-the lower the CL,
the greater the number of laps in the working time. The benefit of the 87012
will depend on the course conditions: the stronger the lift on course, the lower
the CL, and the better the S7012 relative to the RG15.
The second performance parameter shown in Fig. 3.3 is the aircraft endurance
2
parameter (cil I c D). A 5% improvement in the endurance parameter translates
into a 5% improvement in duration time. As seen in the figure, the S7012
peak value for the endurance parameter is nearly 2% higher than the RG15.
An additional improvement is that the best endurance occurs at a higher lift
coefficient, so the best thermal speed is slower and thermal turns can be made
tighter.

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

RBJC:' = 120,000
- - S7012
- - - - RG15

- - - 507003

Fig. 3.1

Performance characteristics of the 87012 compared with the RG15 and

807003 for n of 120k.

For the F3B speed task, the differences between the 87012 and RG15 are hard
to deduce from Figs. 3.2 and 3.3. From the airfoil polars, however, the 87012 has
3% lower drag at a CL of 0.1, which is close to that for speed task. Thus, the new
airfoil should be slightly faster in a straight run. For turn performance during
the speed and distance task, the L/ D performance is best compared; whereas,
for turns in the duration task the endurance performance should be used for
comparison. Unfortunately, the comparison in these areas requires testing the
airfoils with flaps-tests which have not yet been done.
It is important to emphasize that the 87012 is only better than the RG15
in certain areas of the C1 range, which translate to certain aircraft speeds. The
best thermal speed only occurs over a fairly narrow C1 range, so if the speed is
not carefully controlled the benefits of the new airfoil will hardly be noticed. If
the distance task is flown too slowly, again the benefits will be hard to detect,
or worse, there will be no benefit.

Another characteristic of the 87012 should also be mentioned. The thermal

performance improves gradually with increasing lift coefficient, but only up to
a certain point. Beyond this point, the performance degrades rather quickly,
which should send a clear signal to the pilot. Several Eppler airfoils have this
characteristic, and it seems to be favored as it provides clear cues to the pilot.
The SD7003 is known for its good high-speed performance and marginal
thermal performance. The 87012 is an improvement above a CL of 0.4 and
worse below, which again illustrates that compromises must be made when the
performance is near an optimum.

37

38

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Re [Cc' = 120,000

--57012
RG15
- - SD7003

Fig. 3.2

L/D's for sailplanes based on the 87012, RG15 and 807003 for R of 120k.

Re [Cc'

= 120,000

--57012
- - - RG15
- - 507003

c"'
L
Co

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

c,
Fig. 3.3

Endurance parameters for sailplanes based on the 87012, RG 15 and 807003

for R of 120k.

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

3.4 Airfoils for Slope Racers

Table 3.5: Summary of Airfoil Data for Slope Racers
Airfoil
E374 (B)

MH45

S6062

SD6060

Data
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves

Configuration

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Figure/Page
Fig. 4.13/p. 80
Fig. 4.14/p. 80
Fig. 4.15/p. 81
Fig. 4.16/p. 82
Fig. 4.58/p. 136
Fig. 4.59/p. 136
Fig. 4.60/p. 137
Fig. 4.61/p. 138
Fig. 4.103/p. 190
Fig. 4.104/p. 190
Fig. 4.105/p. 191
Fig. 4.106/p. 192
Fig. 4.115/p. 202
Fig. 4.116/p. 202
Fig. 4.117 fp. 203
Fig. 4.118/p. 204

E374 & SD6060 An extensive discussion of the design philosophy behind

the SD6060 was given in Airfoils at Low Speeds1 and also Ref. 21. Briefly, the
SD6060 was designed to be an improvement over the E374. The approach was
to incorporate into the SD6060 design bubble ramps that were similar to, but
longer than, the E374. The effect of these longer ramps was to reduce the drag
produced by the laminar separation bubble. As seen in Figs. 4.15 and 4.117,
almost everywhere the drag of the SD6060 is lower than the E374. When the drag
polars are used to generate data for a constant reduced Reynolds number, R., the
performance is better than the E374 under most R/C slope-soaring conditions.
The performance envelope of these two airfoils is typical of slope-soaring
airfoils. The straight-line high-speed performance requires that slope-soaring
airfoils have low drag at low lift. Thus, the working range of the polar must
extend to zero lift and below to accommodate gusts. The high-lift end of the
polar is determined partly by turn performance, but perhaps more importantly
by climb performance. Climb is important because the slope racers are allowed
a fixed amount of time to gain altitude before entering the course--the higher
the start height, the better the speed on course.
The specific amount of high-lift performance, that is, the upper end of the
working range, is most easily determined by inspection of the SD6060 and E374
polars, which are very similar to the F3B airfoils previously discussed. Conse-

39

40

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

quently, F3B airfoils are equally applicable to slope racing. For instance, the
87012 as a slope-soaring airfoil is better than the 8D6060 in most areas of the
performance envelope.
Although these two airfoils are categorized here as airfoils for slope soaring,
the E374 and likewise the 8D6060 have been used effectively on cross-country
sailplanes where the Re's can be in the 400k-800k range.
86062 The 86062 is a 8% version of the 8D6060 (10.37%) optimized for speed
as evidenced by its minimum drag coefficient, which is the lowest of all the airfoils
tested. Efficient turn performance will require the use of camber-changing flaps.
Interestingly, the 86062 has nearly the same maximum lift coefficient as the
8D6060. The 86062 is recommended for use as a tip airfoil in combination with
the 8D6060 at the root.
MH45 The slightly-reflexed 9.84% thick MH45 was designed by Martin Repperle for use on flying wings, but it is included in this category since it has much
in common with slope soaring airfoils. The airfoil has a wide usable lift range, including good performance at negative lift coefficients required for inverted flight.
The generous thickness, wide lift range and predictable stall characteristics make
the MH45 a good all-purpose slope airfoil. The true characteristics of the MH45,
however, are difficult to ascertain from the polars since the wind-tunnel model
was too thick.

3.5 Airfoils for Tail Sections

J5012, NACA 0009, NACA 64A010 & SD8020 These four airfoils were
all tested at Princeton 1 and showed to varying degrees nonlinearities in the lift
curve about 0 deg. A much more dramatic case of this effect (which gives the
airfoil a "deadband" in relative terms) was found by Mueller & Batill on the
NACA 66 3 -018 airfoil. 22 For this airfoil at Re of 130k the lift curve through zero
angle of attack actually changed sign over a 3 deg range, that is, an increase in
angle of attack produced a decrease in lift. Of the current airfoils tested, the
NACA 64A010 exhibited the most pronounced case of this nonlinearity. When
such an airfoil is used as a full-flying stabilator, it can adversely impact the
aircraft handling qualities, particularly when the Re's are low and the airfoil
operates about zero lift. Consider a special case of a hand-launch glider that
uses the NACA 64A010 at aRe of 30k. When the tail surface is deflected 2 deg
(in magnitude), the C 1 reaches 0.1. A 4 deg deflection, however, produces a Cz of
0.4. This nonlinear Cz-a characteristic will produce a nonlinear control response
that is undesirable. (Note that the difference in the lift coefficient for increasing
and decreasing angles of attack for Re of 30k is due to transducer and mechanical
hysteresis.)

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

Table 3.6: Summary of Airfoil Data for Tail Sections
Airfoil
J5012

NACA 0009

NACA 64A010

SD8020

Data
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Lift Curves
Drag Polar
Lift Curves

Configuration

Clean

Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean
Tripped
Clean
Tripped

Figure/Page
Fig. 4.40/p. 112
Fig. 4.41/p. 112
Fig. 4.42/p. 113
Fig. 4.62/p. 140
Fig. 4.63/p. 140
Fig. 4.64/p. 141
Fig. 4.70/p. 148
Fig. 4.71/p. 148
Fig. 4.72/p. 149
Fig. 4.73/p. 150
Fig. 4.143/p. 228
Fig. 4.144/p. 228
Fig. 4.145/p. 229
Fig. 4.146/p. 230
Fig. 4.147 jp. 234
Fig. 4.148/p. 237
Fig. 4.149/p. 238

As compared with the Princeton data, the current results show larger deadband regions. In fact, the SD8020 when tested at Princeton appeared to have no
significant deadband; whereas, the current results show that the SD8020 is not
an exception after all. (Its lift characteristics are, however, the most linear of
the four airfoils). The main cause of the peculiar lift characteristics is related to
the interplay between the upper and lower surface laminar separation bubbles.
Furthermore, it is known that larger turbulence levels produce smaller laminar separation bubbles and their associated effects, which for these symmetrical
airfoils includes the extent of the deadband region. Thus, from the nonlinear
behavior of the lift curves, it is clear that the turbulence levels of the current
tunnel are lower than they were at Princeton.
Trips can sometimes be used to "repair" otherwise poorly performing airfoils
known to be afflicted adversely by bubbles. This axiom was applied in an attempt
to improve the characteristics of the SD8020, particularly in regard to the lift
characteristics. First, one zig-zag trip type B shown in Fig. 4.147 was placed on
both the upper and lower surfaces. The leading edge of the trip was located at
25% chord. As seen in Fig. 4.147, the nonlinearity (deadband) is reduced up to
Re of 80k, after which it is completely eliminated. Second, two layers of the zigzag trip were used, and the effects of the bubbles were eliminated between 60k
and lOOk (see Fig. 4.149). At 40k, although there is still some nonlinear behavior,
the lift characteristics are greatly improved over the baseline case without trips.

41

42

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

It is reasonable to assume that the other three airfoils would likewise benefit in
this way from the use of trips. Of course, the drag at the higher Re's will be
increased (see Fig. 4.148).

3.6 Airfoils for Quickie 500 Pylon Racers

Table 3.7: Summary of Airfoil Data for Quickie 500 Pylon Racers
Airfoil
R140 (A)

88052

Data
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar

Configuration

Clean
Clean

Clean

Figure/Page
Fig. 4.74/p. 154
Fig. 4.75/p. 154
Fig. 4.76/p. 155
Fig. 4. 77/p. 156
Fig. 3.4/p. 43
Fig. 3.4/p. 43
Fig. 3.5/p. 44

R140 (A) & 88052 The R140 has been used for Quickie 500 (Q-500) pylon
racing. The airfoil thickness is 12.04%, which is close to that required by Q500 rules (11.88%). Under typical race conditions, the Re's can reach 1 x 106
(lOOOk), which is beyond the current wind-tunnel test capability. In order to
gain a measure of the performance in this relatively high Re regime, the XFOIL
airfoil code14 (version 6.5) was used to predict the performance at 300k, 600k and
lOOOk. The results afford a comparison between predictions and experimental
results for the Re of 300k. Over the mid-lift range the agreement is relatively
good, while at the limits of the polar discrepancies exist. In these regions, the
higher drag found in the wind-tunnel tests indicates that transition takes place
sooner than predicted. (For reference, the computational results were performed
with a turbulence amplification factor, n, of 9-a value consistent with the windtunnel turbulence level.)
From the wind-tunnel data, the airfoil operates well at moderately negative
lift coefficients, but performance in this range may not be required. Negative
lift coefficients are used for inverted flight as encountered in aerobatic maneuvers. Also, in steady level upright flight, gusts can cause the airfoil to operate
in the negative range. At high speeds, however, gust effects are reduced and
consequently so too is the need for good negative lift performance. Pilot control
excursions could cause the model to operate at negative g's (negative lift coefficients), but top competition pilots flying smooth laps usually keep positive g's
(positive lift coefficients) on the aircraft. In F3B competition, the speed task
is somewhat like Q-500 pylon racing and one could assume that the airfoil requirements will be somewhat similar. As deduced partly through trial and error,
optimum airfoils for F3B do not have much negative lift performance. The ev-

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

ex relative to the zero-lift line

S8052

n.s996
x/c

Fig. 3.4

Velocity distributions for the 88052.

idence indicates that very little negative lift performance is required for Q-500
models.
In light of the aforementioned comments related to setting the airfoil design
requirements for Q-500 models, a new airfoil, the 88052 shown in Fig. 3.4, was
designed for Q-500 pylon racing. Since wind-tunnel tests have not yet been
performed, Fig. 3.5 shows the performance predicted by XFOIL. As seen, the
new airfoil has less negative lift performance and nearly the same minimum drag
coefficient as compared with the R140. The upper limit of the low-drag range is
extended to improve turn performance. Camber-changing flaps are not required,
but, as has been found useful in F3B competition, camber-changing flaps will
prove to be quite beneficial for rapid turn performance. For reference, the airfoil
zero-lift angle of attack and pitching moment are approximately -1.5 deg and
-0.031, respectively.

3. 7 Airfoils for Sport Planes

GEMINI & MB253515 Both of these semi-symmetrical airfoils were originally used for R/C sailplanes, but they are included here since they have application to powered sport models. The GEMINI airfoil used on the GEMINI

43

44

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

S8052
Re = 300,000 (XFOIL)
Re = 600,000 (XFOIL)

Re = 1,000,000 (XFOIL)
1.5 f---:-...,.-.,-,--,-...,..--,,......,--,-,......,--,-.-:-.-,_,...-r-,-.,....-,-,--,--,,......,--,-.,......j

.
.
............................................................
.
. . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . . . .. . .. . . . ... .

.
...
. (..-:<
..

1.0

...

t-:--,--,-,.--t,....,.,.~,._.-,--+-~c--:--:-+-c-.,--:--,--1-.,--:-~--l

....... ~.</H

: .. :'V-~-:: :

.... I'
:: :: :
.' .
05
. .: 'I:f:t:
:: : , ... :. :.::
:r.:.. ..... : .. :. .. .. ... ...... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. .... .

t--,-~~,_~-,-~~-,-~~~~-..,..-~-r~~~

::r
........
::j: .............. :::

0.0

-0.5
0.00

Fig. 3.5

\.

. : ..

'\-:. . ... ... ... . . . . . .. . .. .. ... .. .

: I ~ff!.iT
0.01

. ........ .

. .:

. ..

.. .

. ...... .

:::::: :.. ~.. .~

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Predicted performance characteristics for the 88052.

Table 3.8: Summary of Airfoil Data for Sport Planes

Airfoil
GEMINI

MB253515

Data
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Planform
Spanwise Drag
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Lift Curves

Configuration

Clean
Clean
Clean

Clean

Figure/Page
Fig. 4.29/p. 100
Fig. 4.30/p. 100
Fig. 4.31/p. 101
Fig. 4.32/p. 102
Fig. 4.33/p. 103
Fig. 4.33/p. 103
Fig. 4.55/p. 132
Fig. 4.56/p. 132
Fig. 4.57 jp. 133

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

R/C sailplane is intended to be the same as the MB253515, but slight differences
exist. Moreover, the GEMINI airfoil model had aD-tube/aft-open bay construction as shown in Fig. 4.33. The 9/32 in wide capstrips on the ribs were spaced
every 3 1/8 in (26% chord). The sagging of the covering was between 0.032 and
0.090 in with an average of 0.062 in.
The MB253515 airfoil was tested primarily for comparison with the Princeton
lift data. Once again, the effects of the laminar separation bubble are more apparent than at Princeton. The unusual bubble behavior results from the velocity
distributions, which as shown in Fig. 4.55 are quite unlike those of all the other
airfoils tested. Attempting to described the particular features in the velocity
distributions that lead to the kink in the lift curve goes beyond the scope of this
book.
As expected, the GEMINI airfoil has performance characteristics much like
the MB253515, with some notable exceptions. The lift curve at Re of lOOk does
not show a kink near 0 deg like the MB253515. Thus, the bubble on the GEMINI
airfoil at this condition is probably smaller in size. This hypothesis is supported
by the observation that the drag on the GEMINI airfoil is less at this condition.
Another important difference is that the Czmax of the GEMINI airfoil is greater.
These differences combined are probably caused by the sagging of the covering
between the ribs.
Detailed spanwise measurements were taken on the GEMINI airfoil to quantify the degree of spanwise drag variation associated with the open-bay construction (see Fig. 4.33). As observed on the NACA 6409, the drag measured
downstream of the ribs was higher than between the ribs for reasons that were
discussed in Section 3.1.

3.8 Airfoils for Heavy-Lift Cargo Planes

As a result of heavy-lift cargo model competitions gaining popularity (e.g.,
the SAE Aero-Design Competition), there is a renewed interest in high-lift airfoils for such applications. Also, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming
increasingly important in both civilian (e.g., scientific, meteorology and mapping) and military (e.g., reconnaissance and electronic warfare) roles. Small
model aircraft size UAVs are sometimes driven by the need to carry relatively
heavy payloads for long periods of time. 23 24 For example, a mission may include
a 24-hour endurance at an altitude at or below 100 ft mean sea level, with flight
speeds ranging from 25-40 knots and payload requirements varying from 1025 lb. 24 These objectives are best achieved through the use of efficient high-lift
low Reynolds number wings, whose performance depends largely on the airfoils
employed.

45

46

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Table 3.9: Summary of Airfoil Data for Heavy-Lift Cargo Planes
Airfoil
CH 10-48-13

FX 63-137 (B)

FX 74-CL5-140 MOD

M06-13-128 (B)

81210

81223

Data
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
8panwise Drag
Drag Polar
Lift Curves

Configuration

Tripped
Tripped

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean
Vortex Generators
Vortex Generators
Vortex Generators
Gurney Flap
Gurney Flap

Figure/Page
Fig. 4.9/p. 74
Fig. 4.10/p. 74
Fig. 4.11/p. 75
Fig. 4.12/p. 76
Fig. 4.21/p. 88
Fig. 4.22/p. 88
Fig. 4.23/p. 89
Fig. 4.24/p. 90
Fig. 4.25/p. 94
Fig. 4.26/p. 94
Fig. 4.27 jp. 95
Fig. 4.28/p. 96
Fig. 4.47 jp. 120
Fig. 4.48/p. 120
Fig. 4.49/p. 121
Fig. 4.50/p. 122
Fig. 4.90/p. 170
Fig. 4.91/p. 170
Fig. 4.92/p. 171
Fig. 4.93/p. 172
Fig. 4.94/p. 176
Fig. 4.95/p. 176
Fig. 4.96/p. 177
Fig. 4.97 jp. 178
Fig. 4.98/p. 182
Fig. 4.99/p. 183
Fig. 4.100/p. 187
Fig. 4.101/p. 188
Fig. 4.102/p. 189

Although the existing "library" of low Re's airfoils is extensive, to date only
a few airfoils are suitable for high-lift low Re applications. Leading the list is
often the Wortmann FX 63-137 airfoil, which will be discussed first.
FX 63-137

Currently, the Wortmann FX 63-137 (see Figs. 4.21-4.24) is one

of the most desirable airfoils for high-lift low Re models. The high-lift capability
(Ctmax near 1.7 at Re of 200k) and mild-stall characteristics seen in Figs. 4.24
are among its key attributes.

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

The FX 63-137 was tested down to Re of 60k to explore the limits of its
capability. At Re of 60k, an indication of separation on the upper surface is
already noticeable at an angle of attack of -2 deg. (Compare 60k data with
300k data). At 80k for increasing angles of attack, the airfoil is stalled at an
angle of attack of near 11 deg, just beyond which the flow reattaches and C1
dramatically increases. Trailing-edge stall eventually takes place near 16 deg.
For decreasing angles of attack the airfoil unstalls at 16 deg, and then just past
8 deg the flow again separates and effectively stalls the airfoil. This complex
stall behavior is shared by many of the high-lift airfoils in this group. At 90k,
the hysteresis loop at low angles of attack is beginning to vanish, and only a
small remnant is left at lOOk, after which the airfoil is fairly well-behaved.
M06-13-128 This airfoil designed by Miley 25 was intended for operation at
its design Re of 600k. Nevertheless, it has been considered as a high-lift airfoil
for application at Re's below 600k. As seen in the polars for a Re of 300k,
the clmax is near 1.5, which is substantial in light of the low pitching-moment
constraint. For practical applications, however, the M06-13-128 airfoil should
not be be given serious consideration at Re's below 300k owing to its high drag
characteristics.
FX 74-CL5-140 MOD The actual wind-tunnel model tested is a modified
version of the FX 74-CL5-140. As stated by the builder, Chuck Hollinger, the plot
of the FX 74-CL5-140 found in a paper by Wortmann 26 on high-lift airfoils was
enlarged in order to measure the coordinates. The airfoil was then reduced from
14% thickness to 13%, and the leading-edge nose radius was slightly increased.
Other modifications can be deduced from Fig. 4.26.
Although the FX 74-CL5-140 was originally designed for Re's between lOOOk
and 3000k, the modified FX 74-CL5-140 does perform well at lower Re's. In
fact, as seen in Fig. 4.28, a Clmax of near 2.0 is achieved at Re of 200k. In
contrast to the FX 63-137, which was well-behaved at Re of lOOk, the modified
FX 74-CL5-140 must reach Re of near 175k to avoid inefficient operation within
hysteresis loops.
It is interesting to note the unusual nature of the lift characteristics of the

modified FX 74-CL5-140. For Re of lOOk, the airfoil has a small but abrupt
stall near 0 deg. Then at 20 deg the flow reattaches and the C1 increases. This
increase in C1, however, does not occur as a result offully-attached flow. As seen
for Re of 175k, the airfoil at this high angle of attack condition is in the stalled
region of the lift curve. As Re increases from lOOk to 125k and then from 125k
to 150k, the point at which the abrupt stall takes place increases to an angle of
attack near 8 deg. For decreasing angles of attack at 175k, the flow first remains
attached until 13 deg, then stalls, and reattaches near 1 deg to form a clockwise
hysteresis loop in contrast the FX 63-137 that had a counter-clockwise hysteresis
loop below the final stall angle of attack.

47

48

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

CH 10-48-13 As described by the designer, Chuck Hollinger, this airfoil was

formed by combining a 12.75% thick 84233 thickness distribution around an
10.2% mean camber line. A plain trip at 25% chord on the upper surface was
added by Hollinger in an effort to improve the drag characteristics. Lift characteristics show that the airfoil achieves a Gtmax of 1. 95 at Re of 200k. This airfoil
also shows hysteresis characteristics much like the FX 74-CL5-140 MOD.
81223 As described in more detail at the end of this section, the design philosophy employed in the design of the 81223 airfoil involves combining the favorable
effects of both a concave pressure recovery and aft loading to achieve maximum
lift at a design Reynolds number of 200k. 24 The desired aerodynamic characteristics were achieved through the use of a suite of computational tools for airfoil
design and analysis.n 4 As shown in Fig. 4.97, the Glmax at Re of 200k is 2.11.
Below this design Re, hysteresis in the lift curve characteristics appears. The
single hysteresis loop is similar to the first hysteresis loop found on the Miley and
FX 74-CL5-140 airfoils. This type of hysteresis is expected since the 81223 velocity distribution architecture is similar to the M06-13-128 and FX 74-CL5-140
airfoils.

In an effort to increase the Gtmax above that of the baseline (clean) airfoil,
the 81223 was tested with vortex generators (VGs) located on the airfoil upper
surface at 17% chord. The VG geometry is shown in Fig. 4.95. As seen in
Fig. 4.99 for Re of 200k, the Gtmax is increased to 2.19. This slight increase,
however, occurs together with a sharp stall and a hysteresis loop, which taken
together make the VGs not advantageous. As might be expected from work
performed at Delft, 28 the VGs do produce a periodic spanwise drag variation
downstream as seen in Fig. 4.100.
A 1.04% chord Gurney flap (shown in Fig. 4.95) on the 81223 was also examined, again, in an effort to improve the Gtmax characteristics. This experiment
did prove successful, yielding for Re of 200k a Gtmax of 2.21-the highest of all
the airfoils tested. Although the airfoil was only tested for increasing angles of
attack, hysteresis does not appear to be present. A discussion of the effects of
Gurney flaps and the physical mechanism related to this simple and intriguing
device can be found in Ref. 29.
81210 The 81210 was designed (before the 81223) to validate the design philosophy, which was later more fully exploited in the design of the 81223. A
relatively conservative approach was taken as can be seen by comparing the velocity distributions of the 81210 with the 81223. Not only was the approach
successfully validated, the resulting 81210 has performance comparable to the
FX 63-137 (if not better). At Re of 200k, the airfoil achieves a Gtmax of 1.80
together with a surprisingly soft stall. Moreover, the airfoil maintains good
performance down to Re of 90k.

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

oombec \
0
FX 63-137

/ m a x lift

stall speed

0
MOG-13-128

convex

____..

concave

Recovery Type
Fig. 3.6 Low Reynolds number airfoil characteristics as a function of the recovery
type and pitching moment.

High-Lift Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Design

The high-lift 81223 and
81210 were design based on a hypothesis developed from data on the FX 63137 and M06-13-18 airfoils. These two airfoils can be classified by a number
of characteristics as depicted in Fig. 3.6. In the figure, the pitching moment is
plotted versus the upper-surface recovery type. Airfoils with concave Stratfordlike pressure recoveries and low pitching moments would appear on the lower
right, as for example, the M06-13-18 airfoil and some Liebeck airfoils. 30 The
FX 63-137 with its relatively high pitching moment and convex pressure recovery
appears to the upper left in Fig. 3.6.
Also shown in Fig. 3.6 are trend lines. One trend is that the airfoil typically
becomes more cambered as the pitching moment increases and as the recovery becomes less concave/more convex. Another trend is that the trailing-edge
stall becomes more abrupt as the pressure recovery becomes less convex/more
concave.

49

50

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

"Trailing-edge stall speed" as denoted in the figure refers to the shape of the
C 1-o curve at stall. The stall of the FX 63-137 is an example of a "slow" trailingedge stall. The turbulent separation point slowly progresses forward as the angle
of attack increases. This slow movement of the separation point produces a
plateau in the C1-o curve past the point of stall initiation {see Fig. 4.24). The
stall of the M06-13-128 shown in Fig. 4.50 is an example of a relatively "fast"
trailing-edge stall; the Ct-O curve peaks at Clmax, then falls off more rapidly
than the FX 63-137. This characteristic is indicative of a turbulent separation
point that moves forward fairly rapidly with increasing angle of attack.
The last trend shown in Fig. 3.6 is that the maximum lift coefficient increases
as the pitching moment increases and as the pressure recovery approaches a
Stratford distribution. The FX 63-137 is a good example of increasing the Ctmax
primarily through added pitching moment. In contrast, Liebeck type airfoils
{such as the M06-13-128) are good examples of increasing the Ctmax mainly
through the use of a Stratford pressure-recovery distribution.
Specifically, the Liebeck high-lift design philosophy30 involves using a Stratford distribution to recover the most pressure without separation at Ctmax. Since
separation is avoided completely, that is, up to trailing edge, the prototypical
Liebeck airfoil is one with no aft loading, which gives a low pitching moment.
The M06-13-128 serves as an example of applying the Liebeck design philosophy
at low Re's. Although the M06-13-128 has a high mid-range bubble drag at the
off-design Reynolds numbers of 300k, the Ctmax is 1.47. This value for Ctmax is
high, especially in light of the intrinsic low pitching-moment constraint.
Eppler11 shows that to achieve maximum lift on an airfoil with concave
Stratford-type recovery the low pitching-moment constraint should be relaxed.
In particular, through a series of example airfoils, Eppler shows that the lift of an
airfoil with a concave recovery can be improved through the use of aft loading.
Such airfoils incorporate the favorable effects of both a concave recovery and
aft loading to achieve high Ctmax values. In Fig. 3.6, airfoils of this type would
appear between the FX 63-137 and M06-13-128, but displaced in the direction
of increased lift.
The high-lift design philosophy described by Eppler 11 was employed nearly
two decades earlier by Wortmann 26 in the design of the FX 74-CL5-140 airfoil,
which achieves a Ctmax of 2.37 at a Reynolds number of lOOOk. Figure 3. 7 shows
the Ctmax characteristics of the FX 74-CL5-140 along with three other similar
high-lift airfoils. In contrast, the FX 63-137 only achieves a Clmax of 1.6-1. 7.
The main difference in the maximum lift is not due to a Reynolds number effect
as might be suggested by the figure. Rather, the difference is due to the shape
of the recovery distribution-convex vs. concave (compare the inviscid velocity
distributions shown in Figs. 4.21 and 4.25). Thus, the FX 63-137 should not be
compared with the other airfoils since it is not in the same airfoil "family."

Chapter 3: Summary of Airfoil Data

2.5
c~.,.,
0

2.0

'"---..

HS 150A
footS 1508

CLS UO

CL6 UO

63 137

-:o,/

2
Fig. 3. 7

Clmax

2 Re 4

characteristics for five Wortmann airfoils (from Ref. 26).

Since the FX 63-137 should be excluded from consideration in Fig. 3.7, the
low Reynolds number high-lift airfoil design problem has yet to be fully explored.
The 81223 and 81210, however, are airfoils that fall into this category, that is,
airfoils that employ both concave recoveries and aft loading designed for high
lift at low Re's .. As the 81223 demonstrates, lift coefficients on the order of 2
for Re of 200k are indeed possible. Moreover, the CH 10-48-13 and modified
FX 74-CL5-140 confirm this fact as well. It is interesting to note that although
the 81223, CH 10-48-13 and modified FX 74-CL5-140 achieve Clmax values near
2, the airfoils differ markedly in shape. Consequently, it can be speculated that
future design optimization will lead to a single unique airfoil with an even greater
Ctmax performance.

3.9 Airfoils for Small Wind Turbines

Table 3.10: Summary of Airfoil Data for Small Wind Turbines
Airfoil
8822

8823

Data
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves
Velocity Dist.
Profile
Drag Polar
Lift Curves

Configuration

Clean
Clean

Clean
Clean

Figure/Page
Fig. 4.82/p. 162
Fig. 4.83/p. 162
Fig. 4.84/p. 163
Fig. 4.85/p. 164
Fig. 4.86/p. 166
Fig. 4.87/ p. 166
Fig. 4.88/p. 167
Fig. 4.89/p. 168

51

52

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

S822 & S823 These airfoils, 31 developed under a joint effort between the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Airfoils, Inc (D.M. Somers), were
specially tailored for use on small horizontal-axis wind turbines, such as the
variable-rpm Jacobs 17.5 kW machine. The airfoils have several advantages over
those airfoils traditionally used on aircraft. First, the airfoils have a reduced
roughness sensitivity for improved energy capture under dirty blade conditions
owing to the accumulation of insect debris. Second, the increased section thickness of the root (S823-21%) and tip airfoils (S822-16%) allow for a lower blade
weight, lower cost, increased stiffness and improved fatigue resistance. Finally,
the restrained Ctmax improves annual energy production and lower windfarm
array losses when used on stall-regulated (fixed-rpm) wind turbines.

Chapter 4

Airfoil Profiles and Performance

Plots
In this chapter, the airfoil profiles and performance plots are presented. For
reference, the airfoil names are listed beneath the page numbers. Also presented
is a table that lists all the data sets and associated figures and page numbers.
In the table, a 'I' means that this lift data is not plotted to save space, but it is
included with the data distribution disk. As a matter of record, the wind-tunnel
run numbers are included in the table, and these also appear with the polar data
in Appendix B and also in the data distribution files for cross reference.

1;11

""'
i?

Model
(Builder)
Designer

Config.

A18
(Cooney)
Archer

Clean

BE50
(Cooney)
Verbitsky

CH 10-48-13
(Hollinger)
Hollinger

Clean

Velocity
& Profile
Fig.
p.
4.1
4.2

4.5
4.6

62

Drag Data
Fig.
4.3

Re

4.7

u.s.t.
= 40%
h/c = 0.20%
Plain

4.9
4.10

74

4.11

Fig.
4.4

278
161
163
165/521
167/522

69

64

66

570
572
574
576

75

p.

65

4.8
60,000
100,000
200,000
300,000

xjc

Run

63
40,000
60,000
100,000
200,000
300,000

68

Lift Data

70
71
72

4.12

76
77
78

E374 (B)
(Bame)
Eppler

Clean

4.13
4.14

80

4.15

81

200,000
60,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
300,000

156/560
69
67/503
502
65
63

4.16

82
I
83

Re

Run

30,000
40,000
60,000
100,000
200,000
300,000
30,000
40,000
60,000
100,000
200,000
300,000
100,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
60,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
300,000

520
519
160
162
164
166
567
568
569
571
573
575
340
556
557
558
559
155
361
363
501
359
62

"'
~
~
t-<
c

~
~

~
c

~.

b
S'

"'

E387 (A)
(Champine)
Eppler

Clean

4.17
4.18

84

4.19

4.20

85

60,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
300,000
FX 63-137 (B)
(Allen)
Wortmann

Clean

4.21
4.22

88

4.23

209
211
555
213
215

I
87

4.24

89

I
I
I
86

90
91

100,000

159
92

200,000
250,000
300,000
FX 74-CL5-140
MOD
(Hollinger)
Hollinger

GEMINI
(Bates)
Bame

Clean

4.25
4.26

94

4.27

154
506
511

93
4.28

95

96
97

Clean

--

4.29
4.30

100

4.31

4.33

200,000

185

100,000
200,000
300,000
103 200,000

217
219
221

101

98
4.32

102
I

30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
300,000
60,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
300,000
100,000
200,000
300,000

296
294
295
208
210
554

21~

214
504
297
299
158
298
507
508
510
302
304
303
305
579
578
216
218
220

.g

!':-

>

~
0

::::.:

~
g,

Q.

~
t;:,

~
hi

1;

"'"'

<:n
00

if>

R140 (A)
(Friedlander)

Clean

4.74
4.75

154

4.76

RG15 (B)
(Champine)
Grisberger

Clean

4.78
4.79

158

4.80

S822
(Allen)
Somers

Clean

4.82
4.83

162

4.84

S823
(Allen)
Somers

Clean

4.86
4.87

166

4.88

S1210
(Allen)
Selig

Clean

4.90
4.91

170

4.92

l....---

4.77
155 100,000 203/531
200,000
205
207
300,000
159 60,000
4.81
85
100,000
83
150,000
550
81
200,000
300,000
79
163 100,000 416/417
4.85
419
200,000
437
300,000
435
400,000
to
43
420
500,000
167 100,000
454
4.89
200,000 457/458
300,000 461/462/465
400,000
46411
500,000 466 to 475,477
171
4.93

100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000

129/492
488
131
490/491
495

156 100,000
200,000
157 300,000
160 60,000
100,000
I 150,000
161 200,000
300,000
164 100,000
200,000
165 300,000
400,000

202
204
206

168 100,000
200,000
169 300,000
400,000

453
456
460
463

172

127
484
485
128
545
544
489
494

60,000
80,000
173 90,000
100,000
174 150,000
200,000
175 250,000
300,000

306
307
549
80
78
415
418
438
434

;:l
;:l

:A
N

.;.,
c

N.

t:l
~

"'

S1223
(Tine!)
Selig

Clean

4.94
4.95

176

4.96

4.97

177
100,000

60,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000

132
133
336
337
338
339
592
595
354
353
352
346
350
351
344

189 200,000

515

178

134
179

150,000

590/598
180

200,000
250,000
300,000
4.98

136/588
594
597

181
4.99

182

u.s.
Vortex
Generators
xjc = 17%
Type A

184
185

4.100
4.101

Gurney Flap
S6062
(Matheson)
Selig
S7012
(Lachowski)
Selig

S7055
(Jones)
Selig

h/c = 1.04%
Clean

Clean

Clean

183

200,000
187 200,000
188 200,000

370

186

Q
.,_
~
~

517

4.102

>
~

4.103
4.104

190

4.105

4.107
4.108

194

4.109

4.111
4.112

198

4.113

142
4.106
100,000
200,000 140/532
300,000
138
94
4.110
195 60,000
92
100,000
565
150,000
200,000
90
88
300,000
199 60,000 152/547 4.114
100,000
150
150,000
537
200,000 148/535/548
300,000 146/534/577
191

192 100,000
200,000
193 300,000
196 60,000
100,000
I 150,000
197 200,000
300,000
200 60,000
100,000
I 150,000
201 200,000
300,000

141
139
137
93
91
564
89
87
151
149
536
147
145

::::.:

::p
g,
ffi

0..

C'

::g
0

iii

"'

(C

a>
0

SD6060
(C. Fox)
Selig/ Donovan

Clean

SD7003
(Allen)
Selig/ Donovan

Clean

SD7032 (D)
(Watson)
Selig/ Donovan

Clean

SD7032 (E)
(Michaelis)
SD7037 (A)
(Michaelis)
Selig/Donovan

Clean

SD7037 (B)
(Thompson)
Selig/Donovan

Clean

SD8000
(Wagner/
Olsen)
Selig/Donovan

Clean

Clean

4.115
4.116

4.119
4.120

202

4.117

4.121

203

216

4.133

217

4.135
4.136

220

4.137

221

4.139
4.140

224

4.141

225

218

60,000
100,000
219 200,000
300,000

103
222
224
226

4.138

222

60,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
300,000

580
99
581
97
95
324
326
328
330

4.122

4.129

4.125

4.134

169
171
173
175/533
235
237
543
239
241
356

207

214

210

4.130

4.118

4.127
4.128
4.131
4.132

4.123
4.124

312
314
539
72
70
168
170
172
174

77
75
540
73
71

60,000
100,000
200,000
300,000
211
60,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
300,000
215 200,000

206

60,000
100,000
I 150,000
205 200,000
300,000
60,000
208
100,000
209 200,000
300,000
60,000
212
100,000
I 150,000
213 200,000
300,000
215 200,000

60,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
300,000

60,000
100,000
200,000
300,000
60,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
300,000
60,000
100,000
200,000
300,000

104
223
225
227
102
100
582
98
96
325
327
329
331

4.126

204

I
223

4.142

60,000
100,000
227 200,000
300,000

226

234
236
542
238
240
355

r
;J

.::;,
~

;,:,..

.;t
c
~

t::J

"s-

SD8020
(Wagner/
Olsen)
Selig/ Donovan

Clean

4.143
4.144

228

4.145

4.146

229

230

30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
80,000
100,000

262
259
260
261
263
264

233 200,000
300,000
30,000
234
40,000
50,000
235
60,000
80,000
236
100,000
40,000
238
60,000
80,000
239
100,000
I 200,000
60,000
242
100,000
243 200,000
300,000

255
257
271
272
273
274
275
276
283
284
285
286
288
228
143
230
232

231
232
60,000
100,000
200,000
300,000

252
254
256
258
4.147

u.s.t./l.s.t.
Zig-Zag

Type B
x/c = 25%
h/c = 0.16%
4.148

u.s.t.jl.s.t.
Zig-Zag

4.149

237
60,000

287

Type B

WASP
(M. Fox)
M. Fox

x/c = 25%
h/c = 0.32%
Clean

200,000
4.150
4.151

240

4.152

241

60,000
100,000
200,000
300,000

289
229
144
231
233

4.153

Q
{;
Ul'"'"
~
~

:
0
::::.:

c..

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g,

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iii
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62
AlB

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

.5

q
II

I
t

---....

I
I

lf1

Figs. 4.1 & 4.2

1-rj

qq

A18 (R. Cooney)

0
[!]

15

1 .

2.0 ,.......,......,......,,......,.....,.-,--..,-.,--,--,;-:...,.....-:--,

Re = 200,000
., Re = 300,000

Re=40,000
Re=60,000
Re = 100,000

H :.:.:j.::

10 : : ::::::::: ::: :: ::::::

..

I .... I. . . I

: : . : :.

:;: ...

1.5

I.. :: .. :: .. :: .. :: I :: : :: ...:__ I--

::::I
.... .. : ..

.g.,.,.

: :::::::
10

. . 1

I:

. Jll
~

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ce

ce

C'

::::
0.5

::
~ . - ... ' . .

::
0.0

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0.5

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0.00

I
0.01

I : :: r:
0.02

0.03

cd

: : :l '
0.04

I,

.:. :. :ttr-: ::. : .. ,.......... .

.. ~ .. .....

o.o

,-:-:-;~.j.,..;~.. . . . . . . . . . . ; .. : ..... : ..

.{)_5

I : : :

I
0.05

I::

fll

r I : : : :J : : :.. :..1

0..

;,
0
~

til

-6

.{)_ 5

L-....'---'--'-...c.....;.-'-.;_;_...J......;.;_;_...;..._;__J

~0

10

:
0

a (deg}

.,.,.

"'
)>

....

OJ

Q>

<:,.>

~
.....

OJ

...
~

(f)

c:

El
El

.,

g.,

A18 (R. Cooney)

A18 (R. Cooney)

Re=30,000

Re=40,000

1.5

1.5 1-:---,-.,....-,-r-:-:-:--:-.,---,--:-,---j

,.: .r::
: ... 5 r ~:

ce

-----

oci;&

<i'l."'".

.. : .. :c;~~.:

I:::
.:.;9.1
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:J?.: .. ..
.{).5

10

a (deg)

I .J. r~;:-:~1~1
r#... : .. .. :.<>.'OA'.. : ..

. . ' ' . . . I .

. .

0.5

oo
.

. . :: :

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Cl>
Cl>
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t=.:

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I . , , ...
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20

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L;.._:_.:.....:.....L....:.....:.__.:_.:....~._;_..:......:__;___j

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. . .

, , . . ' .. I .. :

...
... . , ::J . ..
I

0.0

ce

1.0

I : ~-: .

o.5

1---7--:--:-~--:--:-:-:---,--:-,..--,---:--l

:~tt 0..~-:~

1.0

t-<

.{)5

.
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:::I::: . .
.

10

20

a (deg}
>rj
~-

qq

......

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"'d

.....
0

. .ll<>
:'1!

'

Chapter 4: Airfoil Profiles and Performance Plots

...

-~o: .. :.
.. : .. ;,,;,,.,,.

... 0 :
...............

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9

...,0

~~-~~:9~:_..+-~~~4-..~-~~-..~-~~~~~ ~
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65
AlB

66
Al8

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

..

,..

: .
.. dl .. : ..

~:
~:

::--:., .. :.. :.. :.. :..

:. 9 ~

. . ; .. ; .... ; . !lt.; .. ; ..

. . . . :-.:- . .a;_...:-.:-.; ..
. :

'CS

0: ..

.....

c:i

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Fig. 4.4 (continued)

"'
9

r-~~~-r~:~.~~~~~~.~:o~~t-~~~~

"'

c:i

. . " :0.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~+-~~~~ ~

....

......

.. :e.:

r-----~~~~.-r~~~~~~-r~~~ ~

I
~

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;;;:

00

"1

Chapter 4: Airfoil Profiles and Performance Plots

67

68
BE 50

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

b&~~&.~h

>

.~

c;

Ill

"

I
t

"'c

::'
N

"'

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"'
2

a;

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0
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w
co

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Figs. 4.5 & 4.6

Fig. 4.7

J
cr:

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:
0

Chapter 4: Airfoil Profiles and Performance Plots

rin:

~-

: : : :

: : .:

..
.. .. .

ci

::: ........... 0

d'

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" ....... ,
........................ :" :: ............. .
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+l~JJY
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L____________

69
BE 50

OJ

m
(]1

C/)

<:::

t3
t3

g.,

BE50 (R Cooney)

BE50 (R Cooney)

Re= 30,000

Re=40,000

1.5 1--:--,--,-:-T--,--:-,.-,---,--:-,.-,.--:-l

I:::: ::: rt/r(ofo~~~l; 4

.
---1-

ce

to

0.51 . . .
. : :
" ... :-.

1B

,lq" ,. ,I
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to

00

I ~~ :T:. ::::

I.

: . : .
:

j
.

a (deg)

:zn

t;l

.,.

""
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: :J : ..... .
: .. :.,~: .. :

. :

0.0

-0.5 L.....;...--'---'--'---'---'-.:.......1.--'---'--'--'
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10
20
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0
::::.:

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...
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10

20

a (deg)
>rj

qq

...

(x,

Fig. 4.8 (continued)

..
0

r.3''

"'
c;;

-~ ,0;

..-o::
.. ; .... :0.; ..
:

:..

0
0

....
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c;;

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Chapter 4: Airfoil Prot1les and Performance Plots

..,.

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.....
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:
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:r
d

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71
BE 50

72
BE 50

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

&

~II

:. :_I-: .. :

:.:

".. :.. . . .. ..

..

.. ; .-c) .... ; .. ;, . . .

.. '''c1''"'

........

..
:~o

Fig. 4.8 (continued)

LO

LO

............1o.

..

. . . . . . . . . . . o ....

~~~~,_~~~-t-7~~0~-+~,~~~ 0

<~~~: 0

r-------r-~~~~~~~,-~~~-,~~~ ~

I
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:: ~~:~:~~. : ...
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L-------~~~~-L~~~~L-~~~_L~~~~ ~
0
~
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u"

Chapter 4: Airfoil Profiles and Performance Plots

73

74
CH 10-48-13

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

ITu

______ l__ _

M
I
I

i'l

CXJ
....,.

80

lf1

Figs. 4.9 & 4.10

Fig. 4.11

..

Chapter 4: Airfoil Profiles and Performance Plots

:. ::::.:::.:.?N::. ::: ..: .:.::. . :::::::: ~~

~:U

: : : .:. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. ......
.. . . . . . .

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0

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r~~~-~~~_~:~+I:~L:_:~~~~:,~~~~~:~~r~:~~-r~~~o ~
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.
.
..................................................................
.
.

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f - - ' - -:' - -:
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: : :

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L-------------~0~~~-~~.~~~~o-.~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~
N

75
CH 10-48-13

n
I

,..
0

'
,..'
~

Cll

-l
Ol
(/}

CH 10-48-13 (C. Hollinger)

u.s.!.: x/c=40%, hlc=0.20%, Plain

"'~
.,~

CH 10-48-13 (C. Hollinger)

u.s.!.: x/c=40%, h/c=0.20o/~ Plain

Re =100, (){){)

Re = 100, (){){)

2.5

2.5

...,

...

t-<

2.o

I I .................
. I ~0.. I
-

2.0

.w

o:

~.

:. 0: .

polo.

1!.

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:~:::::r -at>

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~.

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.:

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....

-0.5 '----'--'---'-----'-------'
-10
10
20
0

a (deg)

.f: . .

--=-~-. 0

Lt :.
1--'---'-;__;_+--'---"--:--'-----t_;_-'--C.-'---l

tl

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0. 0

i~
. .. .

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0. 5

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--

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-10

10

a (deg)

20

>rj
~-

...

>-'

"'

>rj

CH 10-48-13 (C. Hollinger)

u.s.t.: x/o=40%, h/c=0.20%, Plain

CH 10-48-13 (C. Hollinger)

u.s.t.: x/o=40%, hlc=0.20%, Plain

Re= 125,000

Re = 150,000

25

2.5 f---:---,--.,.-,--,--,--,......,---,--.,..-:-:--:-:-t

2 .0

I . : : :... I : : : : I : : : : I
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Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

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Chapter 4: Airfoil Profiles and Performance Plots

....................................
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151
NACA 64A010

152
NACA 64A010

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

10

Fig. 4. 73 (continued)

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154
R140 (A)

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

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Chapter 4: Airfoil Profiles and Performance Plots

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158
RG15 (B)

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

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162
5822

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

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164
5822

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

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165
5822

166
5823

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

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170
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Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

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. ....... : .. : . . I.

1--'-_.:_.:......:.-r-:---c,.....,---c-r-:--:---:-i

ce

ce

10
.

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--.

Q
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-0.5

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10

a (deg)

. . . .

I
20

0.0

t.r H

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0

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fJl

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.-1--:-T
.......... :.. I
: ::

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20

a (deg)

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fri

(/)

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tv

t-.l

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0

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0

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CJ:l

s"'
s

Re 80, ()()()

1.5

15

. . .
...

::f::::t:

g,

SD8020 (R 1/\agner I R Olsen)

u.s.t.n.s.t: x/c=25%, hlc=0.16%
Zig-Zag Type B

808020 (R 1/\agner I R Olsen)

u.s.t.n.s.t: x/c=25%, hlc=0.16%
Zig-Zag Type B

Re

t-<
~

=100,000
I

: . : I . . . .
::

....

>

t: : ..... .

.:
0
t:::

: I :

ce

.o

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: I
::::.::

0.5

0.0

JrA

.:

0:

(deg)

Ce

1---'--'--:-,...-+--,-..,-'---'--+-~,-..,---:---~

1+:::~7-'1
~~~-::
.................. :..

ti

,...

I'>
I'>

.. : ::, ..

:: ~!:TU ~-

0. 0 1---7.--,---.,....-,---:1

--~":-~-

~,_r;v +u

1.0

0.5

: ....

--:-:--:;p

.g.>
IE0..

..... :f ......... .

.. .. i ........ -- ... .
. j: ............... :
.... -- .......... ---

-0.5
10

20

L...:.--.:,jt:.....:.-L.;__.;._;__;__j_;__;___;_

-10

10
0:

(deg)

20

>lj
~

<!"
f......

.,.
--1

(")

::;.

[
~

'Tj

qq
f--

....

"'"

00

808020 (R. INagner I R. Osen)

u.s.tll.s.t.: x/r:;=-25%, hlr:;=-0.32%
Zig-Zag Type B
0

2.0 .....,--,-..,-.,......-,-..,-.,-,-,..,-.,-,-,-,

Re=60,000
Re = 200,000

L: :d: d: dI :d:

15
I_ : -:--:- :

--I - - - - I -

-I

1. 5

I : :~- : : I :.. : : :....I :.. : : :-~ I

.: .. : .... : : .. : .. :

: : .. : .. :

:-t-- .... ----------.. ' .. ' ... -----L.

1. 0

f---'-----'--;____;_+;____;_----'---'-----f-'-_;____;__:_r._;__:_-+..:_____;__:_---'-------i
, ' I , ' ' ' ,

ce

..
........... .....
0.5

,j' ,,' ' ,,

I , , ' ' ' ' , , ' I ,

..

..

- ...

. ............ .

.. - :. .:

:.

oo

0.5

-0.5

~ll

I- I

0.00

. - - -

0.01

. -

0.04

0.05

.... . ..............
---
~'
. . . l'd:d::
. ...
. 'd'd'
-

. - - - .

.02 "":;;)

cd

- - - -

0.03

:_l

- - - -

>
::;
C>
:::.:

.........

. .......

I__ :d:-... --I

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....
.

1-----'--'-.:._:_-+-..:_____;?~__;____:_____;-----'--l

~
"'"'

. . . . .. . . .

.
.
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. . :. :. .............
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>-~ I .
............. .: ......,.:
.... : ....

-- :

. . . .. . . . . . ..

1. 0 1----c----'----'---C,-t-----'--.:._:_---'----t-'-'------'---,---j

ce

..

>
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0.0

-05
-10

~
c..

. :
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--. ..............
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. ..
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- .
.
- 10
20

;,p

:;,

""'
::g

a. (deg)

&:Ul

00
0

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0

l>j

CiO

(/)

OJ

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0

t-:1

""

CX>

(/)

<:::

ss

ce

t-<

Re=60,000

Re=40,000

1' 5

1. 5 1----:---,-.,........,.-,-..,--,.--,-.,.....,.--,-.,........,--,--j

.::::..r..::::"
1
.o I
I ....I .. .. I
. .. .. ....
...
: : :

SD8020 (R 11\agner I R Olsen)

u.s.tAs.t.: x/c=25%, hlc=0.32%
Zig-Zag Type B

SD8020 (R 11\agner I R Olsen)

u.s.t.n.s.t.: x/c=25%, hlc=0.32%
Zig-Zag Type B

: .. : .. : .. :
.. -- : .
~

:.~--~~~~

: .. : .. : :

~~'>41Jl

I.. ... ... ... . I ... . . . I ... ... ... . I

: : : : .... : : .. : .. : .... : : : : ..

"'~
>
:

ct

r=:j:tt~==WJ.:i'

1.0
...

: :

1:::.:

..,tl
..,
M-

::::

1L . . . . . . .
"' I ?
:::

0.0

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,:. ,:t.lI...............
...
.
~,

---~-

-0.5

-1

:0 ' .. : .. : .. : .. : ..

! ... .

10

a (deg)

-0.5
20

:;.: ..:~r : :: :. :: .

I .
-1o

31

qq

1 l .... ,..... :. .. .... ......

.

10

a (deg)

f"

>--'

20

""'

00

8:;.

'

@..
~

>rj
~

qq

~
1-'

SD8020 (R Wlgner I R Osen)

u.s.t.n.s.t: x/c=25%, hlc=0.32%
Zig-Zag Type 8

SD8020 (R Wlgner/ ROsen)

u.s.t.n.s.t: xic=25%, hlc=0.32%
Zig-Zag Type 8

Re= 80,000

Re= 100,000

15

~------

1 .

... --

.....

1"5

c,
0.5

o.o

.,

1.0

i--'--'-'--'--+-'--'---'-"'---t-'--'---'.-'---1
.. . .:

~ .. : .

: ....

l . . . .,. .
::

.~
Hl
. .

10 .

a (deg)

....

: 20

~p..

I ....
I .... I .... I
:--:--: :.- : .. : .. : .. :. . . . : .. . .
.

..

:..

..

c,

Q
.g

1---'--'---'--'--+-.:......;__;_"'---t_;_-'---'.-'--1
...... : :f::::f ::

"'"
~
0.5

. :.-: :

..........
:
... :

:..
..,

-Ci'

ff
0.0

"~

. .... : .. : .. : .. [ .. :.

:t: ............ .

1. 0

~J
.

~:

I
~o

i:!;

ffi

_I . I

.: ............... .
.

~5

..

""~

;;p

10

Cl.

g.,
~

20

a (deg)

::9

It
(/)

00
0

"'

t.:l

CiO

<C

240
WASP

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

.~

8"'
II

'

N
~

:E
.~

2
0
~

LD

LD

Figs. 4.150 & 4.151

Fig. 4.152

'i?
~
~
~

. ......................
... .
. .

..

..

: : :. : : : ... : : :"~

...................
..............................

. . .. . . .

..............

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. ..

cJ'

Chapter 4: Airfoil Profiles and Performance Plots

.. .. .. .. .........

....

--------:--:--:--1::~:-:r~---::::

: : : .. US~-:: : :.. : . : T.:: :

.~

~~~~-~~~~:~~;~:~~~~:~:~:~~~~~~_~~~~~~

II

.. .. .. ..

80

~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~--~a

II

~- ~
II

[l>

&&
<(]

-8

_
II

8~

[!]

&&
0

L______________L~~~~~~~~~~-0~~~~~~

241
WASP

242
WASP

8
&

II

...

.... .. : ..

.: .... : .. : ..

...... .

::

~ 0

. . . . .:o
. .. .
.<~~

...

. '1tl'

o:

: ::: :~: ~ :~ :: : :::: ... :

. .: .. : .. ~.0 .. :.

.... : .. :

. O

~
0

(:~:!::

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

lL

~
(l_

~
~

""

..

-'Ill

~-------r----------------~------~--------, ~
~

. . . . . . : .. :0'1 .

..
:

. . .Ql: .. ; ..

....... .

'IJII'':

.. ; ..a.. . ..
'

~~~:S~:~~.~.~.~~~~~~~~~~ ~
.. :. :d .. :. :. : . . . . .

.
.~: .. :.. : ..
: d
.. :. .... ........
:o-

...

...

.......... ~.

........ .. ..
........ .. .. .. .. .. .

Fig. 4.153

Fig. 4.153 (continued)

..

~Q
....
0

.,.:o.
~

Chapter 4: Airfoil Profiles and Performance Plots

:--:

.1>: .. : ..

....... .
: <llo

"'d

:.o:

........... ~.: .. : .. :..

.. a.- .. ~.: .. :.... :..
....
........ : .. : ..
.. ~

:.

--:-~

r-------~~~~,-~~~,-~~~-,~~~-, ~
o~.

~:

...... :.

......
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<.ic,: . . .

~-

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<?

"';"

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:'o: .. ; ..

. . :. ~:<?.

.. : ..... .

..... ~:~ . ~

"'
d

243
WASP

244

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Extended Notes to the Text

nl. The "bunt," as applied to FlC free-flight models, is a term used to describe

a flight maneuver from the straight-up power position to a horizontal glide.

The stabilizer is momentarily deflected after the engine stops to dive the
model 90 deg from vertical straight-up to horizontal and in so doing optimize
the model's kinetic energy into the highest possible altitude for glide. The
familiar corkscrew roll-out from power-to-glide does not work well on long
winged models. High aspect ratio wings resist rolling about the longitudinal
axis. The bunt allows the wing to roll about the lateral axis which long wings
do with grace.
- Gilbert Morris

n2. Some airfoils at low Reynolds numbers behave differently depending on

whether the angle of attack is increasing or decreasing. Such airfoils are
said to have hysteresis, which appears in the lift, drag and moment characteristics. In the current work, hysteresis is seen in the lift data but not the
drag data since the drag was only measured for increasing angles of attack.
As depicted in the figures on the following page, two common types of airfoil
hysteresis are found at low Reynolds numbers. The first type is initiated
by a long laminar separation bubble present on the airfoil in the mid-lift
range. As the angle of attack increases, the bubble grows larger. As this
happens the drag rises dramatically to form a high-drag knee, and the lift
falls-off to form a plateau-a process that is similar to trailing-edge stall.
Further increasing the angle of attack "unstalls" the airfoil and causes the
long bubble to collapse into a short bubble near the airfoil leading edge,
resulting in markedly lower drag. Through decreasing angles of attack, a
sharp decrease in lift occurs due to the return of the long bubble at an
angle of attack lower than that at which the increase occurred. For some
airfoils the collapse and return of the long bubble happens at the same angle
of attack. This type of hysteresis can be called "long-bubble hysteresis,"
although other names have been applied. 32 33
A second type of hysteresis is caused by a short laminar separation bubble.
In this case, before stall near Ctmax a short bubble exists on the airfoil
leading edge. As the angle of attack increases, the airfoil stalls either by
the bursting of a bubble (a leading edge stall). Through decreasing angle of
attack from stall, the short bubble reattaches, identified by a sharp increase
in the lift, at an angle of attack lower than that of stall for increasing angle
of attack. This type of hysteresis can be called "short-bubble hysteresis."

246

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

1.0

~-

",.--- ....

----

"

'

o~--~~------~

0.02

1.0

10

20

1.0
I

I
I

I
I
I

.5

20

a (deg)

I
I

CJ

10

I
I

Cp .5

I
I

I
I

0.01

0.02

/oo

Cd

Q(deg)

Long-bubble and short-bubble hysteresis.

As discussed, the type of hysteresis depends on the behavior of either a

long-bubble present near the airfoil mid-chord or a short-bubble near the
leading edge. (A description of how these two types of hysteresis are related
to the airfoil velocity distribution can be found in Ref. 32.) Since the two
types of hysteresis tend to be associated with different parts of the airfoil,
it is possible for a single airfoil to exhibit both types of hysteresis, such as
that seen on the FX 63-137 at Re of 90k. Finally, it should be noted that
some airfoils cannot be classified by the two types of hysteresis discussed
(see the FX 74-CL5-140 MOD and CH 10-48-13 characteristics).

Extended Notes to the Text

n3. The reduced Reynolds number for an aircraft can be obtained by starting
with the definition of the airfoil chord Reynolds number given by

Re =pVc
J1

For an aircraft in steady level flight, the aircraft speed is expressed as

V= J2W/S
pCL

These two equations can be combined to yield

ReV(f;, =

::_JzpW/8
J1

For an aircraft at any given time in flight, the right-hand side of this equation is a constant. Consequently, the left-hand side is also a constant-an
increase in the Re occurs through a decrease in CL. It is this constant that
is termed the reduced Reynolds number, that is,

R= ReV(f;,
Although this parameter has been given various names, the terminology
used here is that due to Drela. 34 The reduced Reynolds number R is most
useful when comparing airfoil data since R is constant for a given aircraft;
whereas, the Re is not constant. Thus, when the airfoil data is plotted
for various values of R, airfoils can be more easily compared for aircraft
applications.

n4. The 81223 as well as the other new Selig airfoils were designed through
the use of several low-speed airfoil design and analysis codes, in particular,
the PROFOIL code, 35- 38 the Eppler code, 10 11 and either the ISES 12 13
or XFOIL code. 14 The general design methodology is as follows. First,
PROFOIL is used for rapid interactive design. A new airfoil that appears
to meet the performance objectives is then screened through the use of two
analysis codes, beginning with the Eppler code, and ending with either the
ISES or XFOIL code. If at any state the candidate airfoil fails to meet the
design goals, the experience is used to redesign the airfoil to more closely
match the desired performance. This iterative process continues until a
successful airfoil is designed.
The PROFOIL code, like the Eppler code, embodies an inverse airfoil design method and an integral boundary-layer method for rapid analysis at
the design points. PROFOIL, however, differs from the Eppler code in that
laminar and turbulent boundary-layer developments can be prescribed. For
example, the laminar boundary layer can be directly specified to approach

247

248

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

transition in a favorable way for low Reynolds numbers. Such an ability,

for instance, allows for control over the design of the bubble ramp. Beyond
transition, the turbulent boundary-layer development can be specified to
avoid turbulent separation by a desired margin. This capability is especially useful when designing for maximum lift. The method also allows for
control over geometric characteristics like local geometry, maximum thickness, thickness distribution, etc.
The Eppler code is used for first stage screening of candidate airfoils. In
the analysis mode, the inviscid velocity distributions are determined by a
panel method. Performance is then done through the use of an integral
boundary-layer method. In the drag calculation, the drag due to a laminar
separation bubble is not determined. If the bubble is predicted to be longer
than 0.03c, however, a warning is issued to indicate that the bubble drag
is probably large, and consequently the predicted drag is probably in error.
Although the magnitude of the bubble drag is not determined, the method
is invaluable when the user has had experience comparing its predictions
with experiments.
The ISES code solves the two-dimensional Euler equations coupled with
an integral boundary-layer formulation through a global Newton iteration
method. Over the Reynolds number range considered here, the agreement
between predicted and experimentally measured results is often good, although some discrepancies do exist. Since the ISES code is computationally
intensive, it is only used in the later stages of design. It should be mentioned that the XFOIL code is more computationally efficient than the ISES
code; however, XFOIL does not converge as readily as ISES for cases where
there is significant separation, e.g., that found during the initiation and development of airfoil stall and that due to the presence of a large laminar
separation bubble. Thus, ISES is preferred for its overall robustness, albeit
at the cost of considerably more computation time. Neither code is capable
of predicting airfoil stall characteristics or hysteresis.

References

[1] Selig, M.S., Donovan, J.F. and Fraser, D.B., Airfoils at Low Speeds, Soartech 8,
SoarTech Publications, 1504 N. Horseshoe Circle, Virginia Beach, VA, 23451,
1989.
[2] Khodadoust, A., "An Experimental Study of the Flowfield on a Semispan
Rectangular Wing with a Simulated Glaze Ice Accretion," Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1993.
[3] Jones, B.M., "The Measurement of Profile Drag by the Pitot Traverse Method,"
Aeronautical Research Council, R&M 1688, 1936.
[4] Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York, 1979.
[5] Guglielmo, J.J. and Selig, M.S., "Large Spanwise Variations in Profile Drag
for Airfoils at Low Reynolds Numbers," AIAA Paper 95-1783, June 1995.
[6] Guglielmo, J.J., "Spanwise Variations in Profile Drag for Airfoils at Low
Reynolds Numbers," Master's Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, 1995.
[7] White, F.M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1991.
[8] Giguere, P, "Two-Dimensional Wind Tunnel Boundary Layer Corrections
for Low-Speed Testing in a Rectangular Test Section," University of Illinois,
Report number to be assigned, 1995.
[9] Rae, W.H., Jr. and Pope, A., Low-speed Wind Tunnel Testing, John Wiley
and Sons, New York, 1984.
[10] Eppler, R. and Somers, D.M., "A Computer Program for the Design and
Analysis of Low-Speed Airfoils, Including Transition," NASA TM 80210, August 1980.
[11] Eppler, R., Airfoil Design and Data, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990.
[12] Drela, M. and Giles, M.B., "Two-Dimensional Transonic Aerodynamic Design Method," AIAA Journal, Vol. 25, No.9, September 1987, pp. 1199-1206.
[13] Drela, M. and Giles, M.B., "ISES: A Two-Dimensional Viscous Aerodynamic
Design and Analysis Code," AIAA Paper 87-0424, January 1987.
[14] Drela, M., "XFOIL: An Analysis and Design System for Low Reynolds Number Airfoils," Lecture Notes in Engineering: Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics, T.J. Mueller (ed.), Vol. 54, Springer-Verlag, New York, June 1989.

250

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

[15] Coleman, H.W. and Steele, W.G., Jr., Experimentation and Uncertainty Analysis For Engineers, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1989.
[16] McGhee, R.J., Walker, B.S. and Millard, B.F., "Experimental Results for the
Eppler 387 Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers in the Langley Low-Thrbulence
Pressure Thnnel," NASA TM 4062, October 1988.
[17] Althaus, D., Profilpolaren fur den Modellfiug, Neckar-Verlag VS-Villingen,
1980.
[18] Morgan, H.L, Jr., "Computer Program for Smoothing and Scaling Airfoil
Coordinates," NASA TM 84666, July 1983.
[19] Archer, Randy, "Number Fifteen, F1C," Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, National Free Flight Society, 1992, pp. 105-106.
[20] Kuhlman, B. and Kuhlman, B., Understanding Polars without Math, B 2
Streamlines, P.O. Box 976, Olalla, WA 98359-0976.
[21] Donovan, J.F. and Selig, M.S., "Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Design and
Wind Thnnel Testing at Princeton University," Lecture Notes in Engineering:
Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamics, T.J. Mueller (ed.), Vol. 54, SpringerVerlag, New York, June 1989.
[22] Mueller, T.J. and Batill, S.M., "Experimental Studies of the Laminar Separation Bubble on a Two-Dimensional Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers,"
AIAA Paper 80-1440, July 1980.
[23] Foch, J.R. and Ailinger, K.G., "Low Reynolds Number, Long Endurance
Aircraft Design," AIAA Paper 92-1263, February 1992.
[24] Foch, J.R. and Toot, P.L., "Flight Testing Navy Low Reynolds Number
(LRN) Unmanned Aircraft," Lecture Notes in Engineering: Low Reynolds
Number Aerodynamics, T.J. Mueller (ed.), Vol. 54, Springer-Verlag, New
York, June 1989.
[25] Miley, S.J., "On the Design of Airfoils for Low Reynolds Numbers," Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Technology and Science
of Low-Speed and Motorless Flight, Soaring Society of America, Los Angeles,
CA, September 1974.
[26] Wortmann, F.X., "The Quest for High Lift," Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Technology and Science of Low-Speed and Motorless Flight, Soaring Society of America, Los Angeles, CA, September 1974.
[27] Selig, M.S. and Guglielmo, J.J., "High-Lift Low Reynolds Number Airfoil
Design," AIAA Paper 94-1866, June 1994.
[28] Boermans, L.M.M., Donker Duyvis, F.J., Ingen, J.L. van and Timmer, W.A.,
"Experimental Aerodynamic Characteristics of the Airfoils LA 5055 and DU

References

86-084/18 at Low Reynolds Numbers," Lecture Notes in Engineering: Low

Reynolds Number Aerodynamics, T.J. Mueller (ed.), Vol. 54, Springer-Verlag,
New York, June 1989.
[29] Giguere, P., Lemay, J. and Dumas, G., "Gurney Flap Effects and Scaling for
Low-Speed Airfoils," AIAA Paper 95-1881, June 1995.
[30] Liebeck, R.H. and Ormsbee, A.I., "Optimization of Airfoils for Maximum
Lift," J. Aircraft, Vol. 7, No. 5, Sept-Oct 1970, pp. 409-415.
[31] Tangier, J.L. and Somers, D.M., "NREL Airfoil Families for HAWTs," AWEA
WINDPOWER Conference, Washington, DC, March 1995.
[32] Selig, M.S., "The Design of Airfoils at Low Reynolds Numbers," AIAA Paper
85-0074, January 1985.
[33] Mueller, T.J., Low Reynolds Number Vehicles, AGARDograph No. 288, February 1985.
[34] Drela, M., "Transonic Low-Reynolds Number Airfoils," J. of Aircraft, Vol.
29, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1992, pp. 1106-1113.
[35] Selig, M.S. and Maughmer, M.D., "Multipoint Inverse Airfoil Design Method
Based on Conformal Mapping," AIAA J., Vol. 30, No.5, May 1992, pp. 11621170.
[36] Selig, M.S. and Maughmer, M.D., "Generalized Multipoint Inverse Airfoil
Design," AIAA J., Vol. 30, No. 11, November 1992, pp. 2618-2625.
[37] Selig, M.S., "Multipoint Inverse Design of an Infinite Cascade of Airfoils,"
AIAA J., Vol. 32, No. 4, April1994, pp. 774-782.
[38] Saeed, F. and Selig, M.S., "A Multipoint Inverse Airfoil Design Method for
Slot-Suction Airfoils," AIAA Paper 95-1857, June 1995.

251

252

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Appendix A

Airfoil Coordinates
This appendix lists the airfoil coordinates. For any given airfoil, the true airfoil coordinates, if provided, are listed first. If the original coordinates were not
'mathematically' smooth or when there were too few points defining the airfoil
(especially in the vicinity of the leading and trailing edges), the airfoil coordinates were smoothed with the program AFSM0 18 developed at NASA Langley.
Following the true coordinates and (if generated) smoothed coordinates, the
actual wind-tunnel model coordinates are given. For the CH 10-48-13, FX 74CL5-140 MOD, GEMINI, GM15, K3311 and WASP airfoils the smoothed coordinates were determined by smoothing the actual coordinates. As to be expected
in these cases, the average difference between the smoothed airfoil and actual
airfoil seen in the profile plots in Chapter 4 is quite small (~0.003 in) and is due
to the model surface waviness and measurement error. Finally, coordinates for
the NREL S822 and S823 airfoils designed by D.M. Somers (Airfoils, Inc.) can
be acquired from NREL under a licensing agreement.

254

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

A18

xjc
1.00000
0.95000
0.90000
0.80000
0.70000
0.60000
0.55000
0.50000
0.45000
0.40000
0.35000
0.30000
0.25000
0.20000
0.15000
0.10000
0.07500
0.05000
0.02500
0.01250
0.00000
0.01250
0.02500
0.05000
0.07500
0.10000
0.15000
0.20000
0.25000
0.30000
0.35000
0.40000
0.45000
0.50000
0.55000
0.60000
0.70000
0.80000
0.90000
0.95000
1.00000

yjc
0.00614
0.01817
0.02858
0.04624
0.06056
0.07197
0.07612
0.07975
0.08293
0.08376
0.08466
0.08383
0.08065
0.07601
0.07026
0.06234
0.05660
0.04923
0.03947
0.03239
0.01865
0.00781
0.00357
0.00075
0.00000
0.00006
0.00200
0.00475
0.00806
0.01038
0.01353
0.01657
0.01780
0.01884
0.01980
0.01998
0.01924
0.01452
0.00813
0.00434
0.00000

A18
smoothed

xjc
1.00000
0.99754
0.99070
0.98037
0.96698
0.95044
0.93064
0.90775
0.88202
0.85370
0.82309
0.79048
0.75616
0.72043
0.68359
0.64594

yjc
0.00307
0.00365
0.00530
0.00771
0.01070
0.01421
0.01819
0.02253
0.02712
0.03185
0.03661
0.04132
0.04591
0.05029
0.05440
0.05819

0.60778
0.56937
0.53099
0.49265
0.45435
0.41638
0.37887
0.34204
0.30609
0.27120
0.23760
0.20549
0.17504
0.14648
0.11999
0.09576
0.07395
0.05468
0.03811
0.02433
0.01338
0.00548
0.00098
0.00000
0.00098
0.00548
0.01338
0.02433
0.03811
0.05468
0.07395
0.09576
0.11999
0.14648
0.17504
0.20549
0.23760
0.27120
0.30609
0.34204
0.37887
0.41638
0.45435
0.49265
0.53099
0.56937
0.60778
0.64594
0.68359
0.72043
0.75616
0.79048
0.82309
0.85370
0.88202
0.90775
0.93064
0.95044
0.96698
0.98037
0.99070
0.99754
1.00000

0.06160
0.06458
0.06710
0.06911
0.07058
0.07143
0.07157
0.07094
0.06951
0.06733
0.06451
0.06114
0.05734
0.05315
0.04860
0.04368
0.03839
0.03277
0.02694
0.02103
0.01513
0.00932
0.00376
0.00000
-0.00348
-0.00770
-0.01118
-0.01388
-0.01581
-0.01699
-0.01740
-0.01708
-0.01611
-0.01461
-0.01269
-0.01047
-0.00805
-0.00550
-0.00290
-0.00033
0.00209
0.00429
0.00617
0.00773
0.00895
0.00984
0.01042
0.01067
0.01060
0.01022
0.00954
0.00858
0.00738
0.00600
0.00450
0.00297
0.00149
0.00015
-0.00098
-0.00187
-0.00252
-0.00292
-0.00306

A18
actual model

xjc
1.00000
0.99690
0.99191
0.98482
0.97861
0.96785
0.95536
0.94364
0.93398
0.92071
0.90411
0.89181
0.86400
0.83715
0.80818
0.76407
0.71992
0.66487
0.60663
0.54910
0.49645
0.43814
0.38347
0.33236
0.29351
0.24769
0.20920
0.17697
0.14758
0.11892
0.10641
0.09459
0.08092
0.07075
0.06073
0.04549
0.03643
0.02720
0.02028
0.01302
0.00710
0.00109
0.00000
0.00489
0.01059
0.01487
0.02173
0.02945
0.04403
0.05870
0.07258
0.08798
0.10106
0.11648
0.14251
0.16858
0.19992
0.24110
0.28536
0.34013
0.40095

yjc
0.00033
0.00099
0.00224
0.00374
0.00511
0.00735
0.00972
0.01198
0.01379
0.01632
0.01925
0.02141
0.02621
0.03060
0.03498
0.04104
0.04669
0.05312
0.05896
0.06333
0.06654
0.06926
0.06938
0.06958
0.06837
0.06500
0.06121
0.05768
0.05409
0.04994
0.04776
0.04542
0.04235
0.03975
0.03692
0.03203
0.02853
0.02440
0.02095
0.01674
0.01159
0.00346
-0.00001
-0.00732
-O.D1050
-0.01187
-0.01345
-0.01488
-0.01646
-0.01696
-0.01694
-0.01669
-0.01628
-0.01556
-0.01381
-0.01185
-0.00957
-0.00652
-0.00401
-0.00031
0.00398

0.45970
0.51571
0.57735
0.63480
0.67858
0.71898
0.76508
0.80917
0.83733
0.87102
0.90385
0.92078
0.93589
0.95129
0.96349
0.97274
0.98152
0.98959
0.99507
1.00000

0.00579
0.00740
0.00844
0.00884
0.00911
0.00854
0.00691
0.00532
0.00423
0.00289
0.00148
0.00075
0.00012
-0.00055
-0.00080
-0.00121
-0.00116
-0.00119
-0.00100
0.00033

BE50
xjc
1.00000
0.95000
0.90000
0.80000
0.70000
0.60000
0.55000
0.50000
0.45000
0.40000
0.35000
0.30000
0.25000
0.20000
0.15000
0.10000
0.07500
0.05000
0.02500
0.01500
0.01000
0.00000
0.01000
0.01500
0.02500
0.05000
0.07500
0.10000
0.15000
0.20000
0.25000
0.30000
0.35000
0.40000
0.45000
0.50000
0.55000
0.60000
0.70000
0.80000
0.90000

yjc
0.00260
0.01270
0.02276
0.03956
0.05314
0.06489
0.06991
0.07407
0.07783
0.07992
0.08090
0.08126
0.08087
0.07837
0.07308
0.06403
0.05727
0.04838
0.03639
0.03011
0.02600
0.01271
0.00400
0.00274
0.00156
0.00003
0.00000
0.00053
0.00294
0.00571
0.00812
0.01048
0.01310
0.01617
0.01847
0.02021
0.02136
0.02129
0.01936
0.01492
0.00856

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.95000
1.00000

0.00471
0.00000

BE50
smoothed

x/c
1.00000
0.99754
0.99070
0.98037
0.96698
0.95044
0.93064
0.90775
0.88202
0.85370
0.82309
0.79048
0.75616
0.72043
0.68359
0.64594
0.60778
0.56937
0.53099
0.49265
0.45435
0.41638
0.37887
0.34204
0.30609
0.27120
0.23760
0.20549
0.17504
0.14648
0.11999
0.09576
0.07395
0.05468
0.03811
0.02433
0.01338
0.00548
0.00098
0.00000
0.00098
0.00548
0.01338
0.02433
0.03811
0.05468
0.07395
0.09576
0.11999
0.14648
0.17504
0.20549
0.23760
0.27120
0.30609
0.34204
0.37887
0.41638

y/c
0.00129
0.00178
0.00314
0.00517
0.00777
O.D109l
0.01457
0.01865
0.02305
0.02766
0.03238
0.03710
0.04176
0.04627
0.05058
0.05463
0.05835
0.06171
0.06466
0.06714
0.06911
0.07054
0.07144
0.07186
0.07180
0.07119
0.06993
0.06792
0.06505
0.06128
0.05662
0.05113
0.04491
0.03812
0.03098
0.02374
0.01662
0.00989
0.00382
-0.00003
-0.00332
-0.00695
-0.00956
-0.01127
-0.01224
-0.01256
-0.01229
-0.01152
-0.01033
-0.00882
-0.00709
-0.00522
-0.00323
-0.00115
0.00102
0.00330
0.00563
0.00792

0.45435 0.01002
0.49265 0.01177
0.53099 0.01310
0.56937 0.01397
0.60778 0.01440
0.64594 0.01440
0.68359 0.01402
0.72043 0.01331
0.75616 0.01233
0.79048 0.01114
0.82309 0.00980
0.85370 0.00836
0.88202 0.00688
0.90775 0.00540
0.93064 0.00398
0.95044 0.00265
0.96698 0.00146
0.98037 0.00041
0.99070 -0.00046
0.99754 -0.00107
1.00000 -0.00130
BE50
actual model

x/c
y/c
1.00000 -0.00003
0.99583 0.00090
0.99130 0.00176
0.98326 0.00291
0.97591 0.00383
0.96797 0.00490
0.95533 0.00646
0.94261 0.00832
0.92506 0.01089
0.91026 0.01315
0.89515 0.01540
0.86287 0.01998
0.82777 0.02486
0.80038 0.02841
0.75832 0.03366
0.71784 0.03836
0.67117 0.04378
0.62764 0.04847
0.56632 0.05440
0.51206 0.05864
0.45727 0.06238
0.40031 0.06455
0.33420 0.06543
0.28537 0.06554
0.23887 0.06509
0.19310 0.06264
0.16732 0.06029
0.14237 0.05740
0.11376 0.05323
0.09915 0.05037
0.08729 0.04758
0.07255 0.04346
0.06203 0.04005
0.04793 0.03488
0.03917 0.03136
0.02973 0.02707
0.01795 0.01986
0.01129 0.01465
0.00588 0.00975

0.00029
0.00057
0.00440
0.00934
0.01555
0.02299
0.03451
0.04815
0.06087
0.07498
0.08891
0.10403
0.11790
0.15101
0.18500
0.21545
0.25632
0.29934
0.34231
0.38434
0.43953
0.49864
0.55247
0.60994
0.67034
0.72948
0.77737
0.82030
0.84965
0.87774
0.90758
0.92014
0.93617
0.95086
0.96493
0.97271
0.98126
0.98898
0.99652
1.00000

0.00215
-0.00307
-0.00796
-0.00977
-0.01123
-0.01267
-0.01425
-0.01526
-0.01566
-0.01579
-0.01563
-0.01514
-0.01446
-0.01252
-0.01058
-0.00896
-0.00682
-0.00459
-0.00201
0.00084
0.00402
0.00658
0.00811
0.00850
0.00809
0.00695
0.00545
0.00394
0.00292
0.00172
0.00081
0.00047
0.00002
-0.00034
-0.00092
-0.00111
-0.00114
-0.00119
-0.00090
-0.00003

CH 10-48-13
smoothed

xjc
1.00000
0.99754
0.99070
0.98037
0.96698
0.95044
0.93064
0.90775
0.88202
0.85370
0.82309
0.79048
0.75616
0.72043
0.68359
0.64594
0.60778
0.56937
0.53099
0.49265

y/c
0.00005
0.00169
0.00579
0.01111
0.01721
0.02452
O.D33l7
0.04292
0.05367
0.06522
0.07725
0.08942
0.10143
0.11298
0.12384
0.13374
0.14243
0.14970
0.15538
0.15942

0.45435
0.41638
0.37887
0.34204
0.30609
0.27120
0.23760
0.20549
0.17504
0.14648
0.11999
0.09576
0.07395
0.05468
0.03811
0.02433
0.01338
0.00548
0.00098
0.00000
0.00098
0.00548
0.01338
0.02433
0.03811
0.05468
0.07395
0.09576
0.11999
0.14648
0.17504
0.20549
0.23760
0.27120
0.30609
0.34204
0.37887
0.41638
0.45435
0.49265
0.53099
0.56937
0.60778
0.64594
0.68359
0.72043
0.75616
0.79048
0.82309
0.85370
0.88202
0.90775
0.93064
0.95044
0.96698
0.98037
0.99070
0.99754
1.00000

0.16176
0.16240
0.16133
0.15862
0.15434
0.14859
0.14148
0.13310
0.12355
0.11291
0.10132
0.08896
0.07611
0.06312
0.05032
0.03793
0.02615
0.01531
0.00586
0.00014
-0.00450
-0.00914
-0.01179
-0.01269
-0.01209
-0.01028
-0.00759
-0.00435
-0.00076
0.00320
0.00748
0.01201
0.01667
0.02136
0.02597
0.03040
0.03457
0.03839
0.04178
0.04466
0.04693
0.04851
0.04933
0.04932
0.04845
0.04672
0.04423
0.04108
0.03739
0.03322
0.02867
0.02386
0.01896
0.01410
0.00936
0.00516
0.00212
0.00044
-0.00006

CH 10-48-13
actual model

y/c
x/c
1.00000 -0.00095

255

256

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

0.99773
0.99274
0.98612
0.97773
0.96741
0.95938
0.94945
0.94049
0.93053
0.91837
0.90484
0.88927
0.86246
0.82116
0.78669
0.75894
0.71822
0.67728
0.63478
0.59270
0.53610
0.48363
0.42576
0.36667
0.31014
0.25403
0.21164
0.17178
0.14292
0.11299
0.08917
0.07757
0.06804
0.05601
0.04474
0.03043
0.02142
0.01041
0.00564
0.00071
0.00012
0.00159
0.00676
0.01569
0.02641
0.03736
0.04974
0.06196
0.07896
0.09346
0.10898
0.11417
0.14760
0.17333
0.20376
0.24943
0.28349
0.34683
0.39967
0.45729
0.51585
0.57726
0.63124
0.67481
0.71300

0.00103
0.00376
0.00720
0.01108
0.01590
0.01968
0.02417
0.02810
0.03234
0.03745
0.04316
0.04968
0.06072
0.07729
0.09023
0.09990
0.11315
0.12511
0.13591
0.14512
0.15463
0.16010
0.16241
0.16034
0.15444
0.14510
0.13517
0.12297
0.11171
0.09782
0.08514
0.07841
0.07248
0.06428
0.05577
0.04364
0.03505
0.02255
0.01550
0.00437
-0.00139
-0.00510
-0.00971
-0.01228
-0.01266
-0.01212
-0.01093
-0.00933
-0.00678
-0.00465
-0.00239
-0.00165
0.00324
0.00696
0.01158
0.01827
0.02298
0.03087
0.03646
0.04165
0.04599
0.04824
0.04907
0.04828
0.04657

-0.03163
-0.03064
-0.02931
-0.02767
-0.02569
-0.02333
-0.02059
-0.01760
-0.01450
-0.01153
-0.00882
-0.00643
-0.00432
-0.00241
-0.00091
-0.00016
0.00000

0.75665 0.04350
0.79719 0.03978
0.82374 0.03675
0.85452 0.03249
0.87977 0.02835
0.90587 0.02328
0.91595 0.02132
0.92632 0.01912
0.94087 0.01579
0.95096 0.01325
0.96104 0.01044
0.96873 0.00815
0.97791 0.00530
0.98464 0.00318
0.99005 0.00140
0.99706 -0.00102
1.00000 -0.00095

0.41320
0.46580
0.51877
0.57150
0.62336
0.67382
0.72243
0.76873
0.81228
0.85254
0.88892
0.92085
0.94783
0.96958
0.98594
0.99637
1.00000

E374

E374
actual model B

x/c

1.00000
0.99640
0.98610
0.97000
0.94864
0.92214
0.89078
0.85508
0.81560
0.77293
0.72769
0.68053
0.63210
0.58309
0.53398
0.48511
0.43682
0.38939
0.34312
0.29824
0.25510
0.21415
0.17583
0.14053
0.10860
0.08036
0.05605
0.03589
0.02004
0.00862
0.00178
0.00014
0.00437
0.01427
0.02935
0.04949
0.07454
0.10428
0.13845
0.17669
0.21861
0.26374
0.31158
0.36159

y/c
0.00000
0.00045
0.00204
0.00485
0.00846
0.01264
0.01747
0.02297
0.02905
0.03560
0.04246
0.04944
0.05629
0.06269
0.06821
0.07252
0.07544
0.07685
0.07670
0.07507
0.07217
0.06817
0.06319
0.05734
0.05073
0.04351
0.03581
0.02781
0.01973
0.01186
0.00459
-0.00121
-0.00622
-0.01130
-0.01600
-0.02015
-0.02369
-0.02660
-0.02890
-0.03060
-0.03175
-0.03238
-0.03255
-0.03228

x/c

y/c

1.00000 -0.00002
0.99931 0.00133
0.99547 0.00193
0.99075 0.00259
0.98553 0.00323
0.97942 0.00403
0.97449 0.00478
0.96606 0.00620
0.95897 0.00737
0.95051 0.00873
0.94089 0.01035
0.92731 0.01261
0.91006 0.01542
0.88922 0.01879
0.87081 0.02175
0.84125 0.02638
0.80842 0.03160
0.76422 0.03834
0.72768 0.04383
0.66531 0.05294
0.60199 0.06157
0.54234 0.06862
0.41405 0.07751
0.34811 0.07769
0.28951 0.07547
0.22319 0.07015
0.17954 0.06464
0.14136 0.05815
0.11425 0.05246
0.09448 0.04762
0.08072 0.04382
0.06739 0.03970
0.05486 0.03534
0.04468 0.03137
0.03449 0.02693
0.02480 0.02219
0.01653 0.01759
0.00821 0.01213
0.00459 0.00912
0.00059 0.00354
0.00003 0.00062
0.00177 -0.00446
0.00544 -0.00769

0.00958
0.01319
0.02096
0.03009
0.03948
0.05464
0.06817
0.08950
0.10662
0.13833
0.16421
0.19316
0.23635
0.29760
0.35915
0.42077
0.48279
0.54271
0.60527
0.66857
0.73107
0.77240
0.81508
0.85142
0.87900
0.89676
0.91943
0.93686
0.95206
0.96402
0.97295
0.98200
0.99124
0.99865
1.00000

-0.01000
-0.01157
-0.01420
-0.01668
-0.01882
-0.02171
-0.02379
-0.02626
-0.02784
-0.02995
-0.03111
-0.03200
-0.03279
-0.03315
-0.03278
-0.03187
-0.03053
-0.02895
-0.02673
-0.02379
-0.02022
-0.01746
-0.01434
-0.01141
-0.00911
-0.00765
-0.00589
-0.00452
-0.00329
-0.00250
-0.00191
-0.00151
-0.00145
-0.00133
-0.00002

E387

x/c

1.00000
0.99677
0.98729
0.97198
0.95128
0.92554
0.89510
0.86035
0.82183
0.78007
0.73567
0.68922
0.64136
0.59272
0.54394
0.49549
0.44767
0.40077
0.35505
0.31078
0.26813
0.22742
0.18906
0.15345
0.12094
0.09185

y/c
0.00000
0.00043
0.00180
0.00423
0.00763
0.01184
0.01679
0.02242
0.02866
0.03540
0.04249
0.04975
0.05696
0.06390
0.07020
0.07546
0.07936
0.08173
0.08247
0.08156
0.07908
0.07529
0.07037
0.06448
0.05775
0.05033

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.06643
0.04493
0.02748
0.01423
0.00519
0.00044
0.00091
0.00717
0.01890
0.03596
0.05827
0.08569
0.11800
0.15490
0.19599
0.24083
0.28892
0.33968
0.39252
0.44679
0.50182
0.55694
0.61147
0.66472
0.71602
0.76475
0.81027
0.85202
0.88944
0.92205
0.94942
0.97118
0.98705
0.99674
1.00000

0.04238
0.03408
0.02562
0.01726
0.00931
0.00234
-0.00286
-0.00682
-0.01017
-0.01265
-0.01425
-0.01500
-0.01502
-0.01441
-0.01329
-0.01177
-0.00998
-0.00804
-0.00605
-0.00410
-0.00228
-0.00065
0.00074
0.00186
0.00268
0.00320
0.00342
0.00337
0.00307
0.00258
0.00196
0.00132
0.00071
0.00021
0.00000

E387
actual model A
x/c
1.00000
0.99504
0.98857
0.98221
0.97326
0.96536
0.95657
0.94747
0.93717
0.92293
0.90675
0.88693
0.86653
0.83877
0.80202
0.76503
0.72297
0.66059
0.60074
0.54060
0.47469
0.41020
0.35069
0.28881
0.22593

yfc
0.00009
0.00095
0.00194
0.00295
0.00432
0.00547
0.00679
0.00807
0.00960
0.01174
0.01418
0.01708
0.02009
0.02424
0.02969
0.03515
0.04144
0.05062
0.05897
0.06640
0.07305
0.07733
0.07854
0.07694
0.07209

0.18765
0.15252
0.12592
0.10024
0.08543
0.07148
0.05827
0.04699
0.03772
0.02835
0.02078
0.01472
0.00861
0.00180
0.00267
0.00683
0.01289
0.01923
0.02737
0.03552
0.04178
0.05075
0.06433
0.08169
0.10196
0.13171
0.16440
0.20232
0.24433
0.30493
0.36410
0.42605
0.48404
0.54791
0.61294
0.67779
0.74350
0.78240
0.81865
0.85388
0.90937
0.92880
0.94537
0.96059
0.97265
0.98401
0.99037
1.00000

0.06751
0.06202
0.05690
0.05108
0.04710
0.04284
0.03825
0.03386
0.02981
0.02503
0.02043
0.01639
0.01171
0.00468
-0.00568
-0.00775
-0.00957
-0.01107
-0.01261
-0.01390
-0.01472
-0.01564
-0.01656
-0.01728
-0.01767
-0.01766
-0.01716
-0.01623
-0.01495
-0.01288
-0.01068
-0.00820
-0.00599
-0.00384
-0.00200
-0.00036
0.00102
0.00166
0.00199
0.00216
0.00192
0.00148
0.00117
0.00074
0.00047
0.00019
-0.00006
0.00009

FX 63-137
smoothed
x/c
1.00000
0.99572
0.98296
0.96194
0.93301
0.89668
0.85355
0.80438
0.75000
0.69134
0.62941
0.56526

y/c
0.00000
0.00226
0.00822
0.01642
0.02581
0.03615
0.04757
0.06001
0.07305
0.08596
0.09788
0.10799

0.50000
0.43474
0.37059
0.33928
0.30866
0.27886
0.25000
0.22221
0.19562
0.17033
0.14645
0.12408
0.10332
0.08427
0.06699
0.05156
0.03806
0.02653
0.01704
0.00961
0.00428
0.00107
0.00000
0.00107
0.00428
0.00961
0.01704
0.02653
0.03806
0.05156
0.06699
0.08427
0.10332
0.12408
0.14645
0.17033
0.19562
0.22221
0.25000
0.27886
0.30866
0.33928
0.37059
0.43474
0.50000
0.56526
0.62941
0.69134
0.75000
0.80438
0.85355
0.89668
0.93301
0.96194
0.98296
0.99572
1.00000

0.11562
0.12031
0.12180
0.12130
0.11998
0.11785
0.11492
0.11122
0.10680
0.10168
0.09591
0.08955
0.08270
0.07552
0.06812
0.06052
0.05264
0.04430
0.03548
0.02636
0.01742
0.00926
0.00241
-0.00296
-0.00702
-0.01016
-0.01275
-0.01503
-0.01706
-0.01879
-0.02018
-0.02123
-0.02199
-0.02248
-0.02272
-0.02267
-0.02230
-0.02157
-0.02043
-0.01884
-0.01675
-0.01418
-0.01118
-0.00421
0.00341
0.01092
0.01760
0.02287
0.02629
0.02758
0.02661
0.02343
0.01841
0.01229
0.00623
0.00170
0.00000

FX 63-137
actual model B
xfc
1.00000
0.99932
0.99504

y/c
0.00031
0.00044
0.00274

0.98879
0.98146
0.97492
0.97500
0.95693
0.94531
0.93349
0.92051
0.90331
0.88636
0.86782
0.84997
0.82203
0.79002
0.74876
0.70670
0.64448
0.58299
0.52087
0.45837
0.39446
0.33408
0.26817
0.21284
0.16606
0.13272
0.11672
0.09989
0.08201
0.06895
0.05624
0.04500
0.03324
0.02382
0.01858
0.01147
0.00517
0.00552
0.00152
0.00081
0.00291
0.00702
0.01268
0.01865
0.02609
0.03367
0.04433
0.06261
0.08313
0.11482
0.14881
0.19042
0.23870
0.30207
0.36557
0.42496
0.48817
0.54911
0.61046
0.67309
0.73663
0.77968
0.81868
0.85321
0.87115

0.00563
0.00870
0.01125
0.01122
0.01772
0.02170
0.02551
0.02950
0.03452
0.03932
0.04434
0.04899
0.05604
0.06384
0.07337
0.08250
0.09460
0.10468
0.11253
0.11780
0.11992
0.11893
0.11430
0.10703
0.09778
0.08908
0.08415
0.07839
0.07147
0.06576
0.05945
0.05306
0.04519
0.03770
0.03276
0.02467
0.01503
0.01565
0.00669
0.00488
-0.00946
-0.01301
-0.01618
-0.01839
-0.02033
-0.02177
-0.02320
-0.02489
-0.02614
-0.02708
-0.02720
-0.02643
-0.02454
-0.02062
-0.01479
-0.00814
-0.00064
0.00654
0.01349
0.01971
0.02402
0.02563
0.02589
0.02493
0.02390

257

258

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

0.88864 0.02243
0.90527 0.02047
0.91935 0.01849
0.93295 0.01621
0.94633 0.01363
0.95557 0.01169
0.96543 0.00937
0.97486 0.00695
0.98453 0.00421
0.99236 0.00182
0.99933 -0.00044
1.00000 0.00031
FX 74-CL5-140

MOD
smoothed model

x/c

yjc

1.00000
0.99754
0.99070
0.98037
0.96698
0.95044
0.93064
0.90775
0.88202
0.85370
0.82309
0.79048
0.75616
0.72043
0.68359
0.64594
0.60778
0.56937
0.53099
0.49265
0.45435
0.41638
0.37887
0.34204
0.30609
0.27120
0.23760
0.20549
0.17504
0.14648
0.11999
0.09576
0.07395
0.05468
0.03811
0.02433
0.01338
0.00548
0.00098
0.00000
0.00098
0.00548
0.01338
0.02433
0.03811
0.05468
0.07395

0.00009
0.00189
0.00624
0.01150
0.01741
0.02402
0.03188
0.04001
0.04848
0.05718
0.06616
0.07549
0.08510
0.09482
0.10446
0.11385
0.12287
0.13137
0.13916
0.14604
0.15177
0.15606
0.15868
0.15944
0.15820
0.15493
0.14964
0.14243
0.13344
0.12292
0.11110
0.09826
0.08459
0.07030
0.05576
0.04145
0.02769
0.01518
0.00518
-0.00021
-0.00435
-0.00787
-0.00871
-0.00754
-0.00539
-0.00292
-0.00022

0.09576 0.00270
0.11999 0.00584
0.14648 0.00921
0.17504 0.01279
0.20549 0.01651
0.23760 0.02030
0.27120 0.02410
0.30609 0.02786
0.34204 0.03152
0.37887 0.03503
0.41638 0.03832
0.45435 0.04134
0.49265 0.04400
0.53099 0.04624
0.56937 0.04801
0.60778 0.04925
0.64594 0.04992
0.68359 0.04997
0.72043 0.04936
0.75616 0.04807
0.79048 0.04608
0.82309 0.04334
0.85370 0.03978
0.88202 0.03537
0.90775 0.03013
0.93064 0.02434
0.95044 0.01851
0.96698 0.01290
0.98037 0.00756
0.99070 0.00319
0.99754 0.00068
1.00000 -0.00003
FX 74-CLS-140

MOD
actual model

xjc

yjc

1.00000 -0.00141
0.99816 0.00077
0.99280 0.00383
0.98718 0.00678
0.97934 0.01058
0.97052 0.01453
0.96308 0.01761
0.95544 0.02063
0.94685 0.02397
0.93789 0.02737
0.92887 0.03069
0.91876 0.03426
0.90950 0.03743
0.89922 0.04089
0.88378 0.04588
0.86905 0.05049
0.85360 0.05507
0.84069 0.05884
0.80768 0.06835
0.77501 0.07760
0.74687 0.08540
0.70547 0.09655
0.66612 0.10668
0.61967 0.11797
0.57861 0.12719
0.52217 0.13872
0.46313 0.14873

0.40939
0.35552
0.29881
0.24982
0.21251
0.14857
0.13038
0.10868
0.08477
0.07267
0.05717
0.04571
0.03546
0.02545
0.01818
0.01305
0.00703
0.00348
0.00088
0.00021
0.00010
0.00200
0.00668
0.01274
0.02070
0.03086
0.04204
0.04204
0.06956
0.08794
0.09851
0.11525
0.14318
0.17209
0.19558
0.24186
0.28294
0.34451
0.40135
0.45829
0.51318
0.57902
0.63677
0.66945
0.70611
0.75147
0.79027
0.82706
0.85262
0.87659
0.89444
0.91070
0.92553
0.93432
0.94510
0.95758
0.96875
0.98026
0.98685
0.99646
1.00000

0.15502
0.15787
0.15647
0.15052
0.14297
0.12269
0.11492
0.10440
0.09084
0.08299
0.07159
0.06209
0.05260
0.04222
0.03369
0.02691
0.01758
0.01099
0.00462
0.00186
-0.00128
-0.00571
-0.00833
-0.00872
-0.00783
-0.00640
-0.00485
-0.00485
-0.00104
0.00136
0.00269
0.00476
0.00820
0.01174
0.01447
0.01984
0.02443
0.03054
0.03567
0.04028
0.04381
0.04675
0.04815
0.04838
0.04792
0.04660
0.04442
0.04129
0.03834
0.03477
0.03150
0.02793
0.02425
0.02187
0.01870
0.01480
0.01103
0.00665
0.00377
-0.00076
-0.00141

GEMINI
smoothed model

x/c

yjc

1.00000
0.99754
0.99070
0.98037
0.96698
0.95044
0.93064
0.90775
0.88202
0.85370
0.82309
0.79048
0.75616
0.72043
0.68359
0.64594
0.60778
0.56937
0.53099
0.49265
0.45435
0.41638
0.37887
0.34204
0.30609
0.27120
0.23760
0.20549
0.17504
0.14648
0.11999
0.09576
0.07395
0.05468
0.03811
0.02433
0.01338
0.00548
0.00098
0.00000
0.00098
0.00548
0.01338
0.02433
0.03811
0.05468
0.07395
0.09576
0.11999
0.14648
0.17504
0.20549
0.23760
0.27120
0.30609
0.34204
0.37887
0.41638
0.45435
0.49265
0.53099

0.00014
0.00151
0.00419
0.00623
0.00919
0.01300
0.01720
0.02213
0.02757
0.03335
0.03944
0.04581
0.05236
0.05893
0.06539
0.07161
0.07745
0.08278
0.08745
0.09138
0.09455
0.09689
0.09835
0.09886
0.09832
0.09666
0.09383
0.08982
0.08469
0.07851
0.07137
0.06334
0.05453
0.04523
0.03610
0.02764
0.01975
0.01212
0.00497
0.00001
-0.00493
-0.01164
-0.01784
-0.02329
-0.02826
-0.03288
-0.03724
-0.04136
-0.04512
-0.04825
-0.05067
-0.05246
-0.05376
-0.05461
-0.05501
-0.05493
-0.05433
-0.05323
-0.05162
-0.04955
-0.04709

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.56937
0.60778
0.64594
0.68359
0.72043
0.75616
0.79048
0.82309
0.85370
0.88202
0.90775
0.93064
0.95044
0.96698
0.98037
0.99070
0.99754
1.00000

-0.04430
-0.04124
-0.03798
-0.03461
-0.03121
-0.02782
-0.02446
-0.02118
-0.01802
-0.01506
-0.01233
-0.00987
-0.00778
-0.00638
-0.00522
-0.00344
-0.00117
-0.00001

GEMINI
actual model

xjc
1.00000
0.99908
0.99605
0.99168
0.98664
0.97874
0.96932
0.96083
0.94912
0.93709
0.92481
0.90932
0.89417
0.87998
0.84901
0.81705
0.78888
0.74459
0.70218
0.65948
0.61604
0.56044
0.50545
0.44769
0.38932
0.33216
0.27457
0.23045
0.19098
0.16333
0.13497
0.10705
0.09455
0.08178
0.06854
0.05628
0.04304
0.02848
0.02029
0.01347
0.00665
0.00347

yjc
0.00075
0.00273
0.00405
0.00502
0.00622
0.00822
0.01028
0.01213
0.01471
O.Q1726
0.01978
0.02328
0.02643
0.02942
0.03568
0.04191
0.04740
0.05575
0.06344
0.07063
0.07737
0.08502
0.09148
0.09629
0.09870
0.09991
0.09810
0.09380
0.08847
0.08320
0.07639
0.06800
0.06359
0.05860
0.05269
0.04664
0.03937
0.03051
0.02517
0.02022
0.01355
0.00914

0.00138
0.00224
0.00576
0.00958
0.01818
0.02489
0.03421
0.04612
0.06079
0.07669
0.09104
0.10322
0.12623
0.14307
0.17180
0.20230
0.24452
0.28864
0.34340
0.40117
0.45750
0.51287
0.57232
0.62644
0.66966
0.71376
0.75569
0.79793
0.82795
0.86258
0.89339
0.91038
0.92357
0.93966
0.95225
0.96343
0.97683
0.98975
0.99921
1.00000

0.00573
-0.00749
-0.01212
-0.01550
-0.02044
-0.02351
-0.02702
-0.03060
-0.03431
-0.03771
-0.04043
-0.04255
-0.04588
-0.04789
-0.05041
-0.05225
-0.05360
-0.05443
-0.05470
-0.05347
-0.05121
-0.04801
-0.04378
-0.03936
-0.03551
-0.03145
-0.02757
-0.02342
-0.02034
-0.01677
-0.01359
-0.01176
-0.01031
-0.00865
-0.00734
-0.00624
-0.00492
-0.00378
-0.00273
0.00075

GM15
smoothed model
xjc
1.00000
0.99754
0.99070
0.98037
0.96698
0.95044
0.93064
0.90775
0.88202
0.85370
0.82309
0.79048
0.75616
0.72043
0.68359
0.64594
0.60778
0.56937
0.53099
0.49265

yjc
0.00006
0.00114
0.00356
0.00616
0.00865
0.01149
0.01516
0.01969
0.02474
0.03001
0.03524
0.04030
0.04511
0.04963
0.05386
0.05779
0.06140
0.06467
0.06751
0.06988

0.45435
0.41638
0.37887
0.34204
0.30609
0.27120
0.23760
0.20549
0.17504
0.14648
0.11999
0.09576
0.07395
0.05468
O.D3811
0.02433
0.01338
0.00548
0.00098
0.00000
0.00098
0.00548
0.01338
0.02433
0.03811
0.05468
0.07395
0.09576
0.11999
0.14648
0.17504
0.20549
0.23760
0.27120
0.30609
0.34204
0.37887
0.41638
0.45435
0.49265
0.53099
0.56937
0.60778
0.64594
0.68359
0.72043
0.75616
0.79048
0.82309
0.85370
0.88202
0.90775
0.93064
0.95044
0.96698
0.98037
0.99070
0.99754
1.00000

0.07172
0.07295
0.07352
0.07339
0.07255
0.07097
0.06866
0.06561
0.06182
0.05731
0.05210
0.04629
0.04003
0.03354
0.02698
0.02052
0.01433
0.00852
0.00322
-0.00019
-0.00312
-0.00634
-0.00868
-0.01036
-0.01150
-0.01210
-0.01207
-0.01136
-0.00996
-0.00785
-0.00510
-0.00179
0.00191
0.00586
0.00988
0.01379
0.01741
0.02060
0.02324
0.02526
0.02661
0.02732
0.02740
0.02692
0.02594
0.02456
0.02287
O.Q2088
0.01858
0.01598
0.01317
0.01033
0.00765
0.00528
0.00332
0.00179
0.00075
0.00017
-0.00001

GM15
actual model
yjc
x/c
1.00000 -0.00153

0.99539
0.98862
0.98057
0.97155
0.95658
0.94418
0.93171
0.91581
0.89757
0.88410
0.85174
0.82229
0.79060
0.74898
0.70735
0.66514
0.62046
0.56279
0.51025
0.45558
0.39572
0.33961
0.28096
0.23556
0.18840
0.15957
0.13405
0.10701
0.09233
0.07702
0.06153
0.05063
0.04017
0.02829
0.02132
O.Q1500
0.00842
0.00385
0.00167
0.00000
0.00399
0.00781
0.01570
0.02268
0.03116
0.04716
0.06033
0.07504
0.08895
0.10477
0.12022
0.14641
0.17578
0.20395
0.24788
0.29626
0.34919
0.40288
0.46307
0.51862
0.57584
0.63110
0.67619
0.72014
0.76444

0.00116
0.00264
0.00402
0.00594
0.00878
0.01143
0.01364
0.01630
0.01997
0.02301
0.02964
0.03442
0.03884
0.04494
0.05047
0.05535
0.05914
0.06420
0.06836
0.07133
0.07301
0.07258
0.07109
0.06865
0.06385
0.05955
0.05505
0.04930
0.04536
0.04098
0.03601
0.03216
0.02804
0.02250
0.01883
0.01537
0.01098
0.00725
0.00406
-0.00011
-0.00628
-0.00744
-0.00888
-0.01002
-0.01102
-0.01198
-0.01208
-0.01193
-0.01171
-0.01108
-0.01004
-0.00794
-0.00523
-0.00226
0.00282
0.00853
0.01424
0.01903
0.02355
0.02613
0.02678
0.02605
0.02462
0.02343
0.02159

259

260

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

0.80748 0.01935
0.83766 0.01578
0.86986 0.01314
0.90304 0.00973
0.91751 0.00771
0.93202 0.00616
0.95024 0.00412
0.96279 0.00217
0.97394 0.00103
0.98610 -0.00010
0.99283 -0.00114
1.00000 -0.00153
GM15 (reftexed
fta
actual model
reflexed flap

x/c

1.00000
0.99768
0.99175
0.98572
0.97308
0.95989
0.94798
0.93450
0.91824
0.90389
0.88952
0.85723
0.82155
0.79312
0.75021
0.70598
0.66364
0.61958
0.56287
0.50630
0.45206
0.39478
0.33826
0.28324
0.23720
0.19531
0.16463
0.13575
0.10962
0.09613
0.08282
0.06530
0.05167
0.04019
0.02474
0.01699
0.00813
0.00123
0.00000
0.00440
0.01068
0.01743
0.02538
0.03147
0.04506
0.05847

yjc
-0.00108
0.00163
0.00226
0.00287
0.00411
0.00541
0.00634
0.00746
0.00877
0.00998
0.01163
0.01514
0.01777
0.01885
0.02068
0.02216
0.02436
0.03012
0.03802
0.04505
0.05049
0.05465
0.05690
0.05801
0.05776
0.05558
0.05260
0.04900
0.04475
0.04188
0.03866
0.03414
0.03007
0.02614
0.01961
0.01587
0.01062
0.00324
0.00008
-0.00611
-0.00817
-0.00963
-0.01110
-0.01204
-0.01353
-0.01439

0.07130
0.08313
0.09799
0.11476
0.14018
0.17005
0.20018
0.24453
0.29261
0.34669
0.40380
0.46250
0.51368
0.57249
0.62846
0.67683
0.71743
0.75938
0.80531
0.83507
0.86859
0.90278
0.91757
0.93247
0.94659
0.96192
0.97236
0.98319
0.99262
1.00000

-0.01468
-0.01522
-0.01544
-0.01532
-0.01471
-0.01340
-0.01164
-0.00875
-0.00535
-0.00214
0.00016
0.00185
0.00160
-0.00017
-0.00386
-0.00687
-0.00421
-0.00197
0.00043
0.00051
0.00083
0.00027
-0.00014
-0.00034
-0.00058
-0.00100
-0.00112
-0.00154
-0.00162
-0.00108

J5012

x/c

yjc

1.00000
0.99726
0.98907
0.97553
0.95677
0.93301
0.90451
0.87157
0.83457
0.79389
0.75000
0.70337
0.65451
0.60396
0.55226
0.50000
0.44774
0.39604
0.34549
0.29663
0.25000
0.20611
0.16544
0.12843
0.09549
0.06699
0.04323
0.02447
0.01093
0.00274
0.00000

0.00000
0.00043
0.00169
0.00377
0.00659
0.01009
0.01416
0.01870
0.02357
0.02864
0.03377
0.03880
0.04359
0.04800
0.05189
0.05514
0.05763
0.05928
0.06000
0.05975
0.05849
0.05621
0.05294
0.04871
0.04359
0.03766
0.03102
0.02380
0.01612
0.00814
0.00000

0.00274
0.01093
0.02447
0.04323
0.06699
0.09549
0.12843
0.16543
0.20611
0.25000
0.29663
0.34549
0.39604
0.44774
0.50000
0.55226
0.60396
0.65451
0.70337
0.75000
0.79389
0.83456
0.87157
0.90451
0.93301
0.95677
0.97553
0.98907
0.99726
1.00000

-0.00814
-0.01612
-0.02380
-0.03102
-0.03766
-0.04359
-0.04871
-0.05294
-0.05621
-0.05849
-0.05975
-0.06000
-0.05928
-0.05763
-0.05514
-0.05189
-0.04800
-0.04359
-0.03880
-0.03377
-0.02864
-0.02357
-0.01870
-0.01416
-0.01009
-0.00659
-0.00377
-0.00169
-0.00043
0.00000

J5012
actual model

x/c
1.00000
0.99683
0.99236
0.98621
0.97933
0.97334
0.96802
0.96016
0.95092
0.93935
0.91244
0.89213
0.87168
0.84330
0.80711
0.72530
0.66130
0.59952
0.53716
0.47185
0.41102
0.34700
0.28532
0.22125
0.18379
0.14666
0.11503
0.08233
0.05940
0.04376

yjc
0.00043
0.00325
0.00410
0.00473
0.00565
0.00642
0.00702
0.00805
0.00920
0.01065
0.01407
0.01708
0.02010
0.02397
0.02853
0.03722
0.04362
0.04832
0.05309
0.05714
0.05843
0.05953
0.05833
0.05623
0.05339
0.05010
0.04572
0.03939
0.03400
0.02942

0.03116
0.02167
0.01453
0.00688
0.00164
0.00038
0.00304
0.00744
0.01340
0.01769
0.02600
0.03675
0.05076
0.06808
0.08714
0.11804
0.14686
0.18075
0.23136
0.28906
0.35629
0.41865
0.48118
0.54428
0.60641
0.66791
0.72858
0.77346
0.81109
0.84578
0.87596
0.89291
0.91593
0.93072
0.94686
0.95756
0.96603
0.97488
0.98317
0.99140
0.99921
1.00000

0.02492
0.02092
0.01745
0.01256
0.00605
-0.00286
-0.00814
-0.01239
-0.01656
-0.01911
-0.02334
-0.02786
-0.03222
-0.03608
-0.03943
-0.04439
-0.04810
-0.05138
-0.05512
-0.05784
-0.05804
-0.05705
-0.05473
-0.05096
-0.04598
-0.04046
-0.03435
-0.02874
-0.02476
-0.01999
-0.01571
-0.01356
-0.01139
-0.01000
-0.00851
-0.00780
-0.00721
-0.00634
-0.00510
-0.00347
-0.00151
0.00043

K3311

x/c

1.00000
0.95000
0.90000
0.85000
0.80000
0.75000
0.70000
0.65000
0.60000
0.55000
0.50000
0.45000
0.40000
0.35000
0.30000
0.25000
0.20000
0.15000
0.10000

yjc
0.00000
0.01043
0.02009
0.02931
0.03842
0.04670
0.05476
0.06170
0.06895
0.07485
0.07966
0.08347
0.08618
0.08702
0.08595
0.08310
0.07776
0.06966
0.05748

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.08000
0.06000
0.04000
0.02000
0.01000
0.00000
0.01000
0.02000
0.04000
0.06000
0.08000
0.10000
0.15000
0.20000
0.25000
0.30000
0.35000
0.40000
0.45000
0.50000
0.55000
0.60000
0.65000
0.70000
0.75000
0.80000
0.85000
0.90000
0.95000
1.00000

0.05130
0.04412
0.03498
0.02327
0.01563
0.00000
-0.01036
-0.01285
-0.01635
-0.01896
-0.02045
-0.02169
-0.02387
-0.02492
-0.02468
-0.02405
-0.02260
-0.02113
-0.01883
-0.01608
-0.01327
-0.01053
-0.00812
-0.00592
-0.00396
-0.00232
-0.00121
-0.00051
-0.00054
0.00000

K3311
smoothed

x/c

1.00000
0.99754
0.99070
0.98037
0.96698
0.95044
0.93064
0.90775
0.88202
0.85370
0.82309
0.79048
0.75616
0.72043
0.68359
0.64594
0.60778
0.56937
0.53099
0.49265
0.45435
0.41638
0.37887
0.34204
0.30609
0.27120
0.23760
0.20549
0.17504
0.14648

y/c

0.00000
0.00055
0.00206
0.00428
0.00706
0.01040
0.01430
0.01871
0.02357
0.02879
0.03430
0.03999
0.04575
0.05150
0.05713
0.06257
0.06772
0.07246
0.07666
0.08025
0.08315
0.08525
0.08647
0.08674
0.08604
0.08436
0.08174
0.07821
0.07381
0.06861

0.11999
0.09576
0.07395
0.05468
0.03811
0.02433
0.01338
0.00548
0.00098
0.00000
0.00098
0.00548
0.01338
0.02433
0.03811
0.05468
0.07395
0.09576
0.11999
0.14648
0.17504
0.20549
0.23760
0.27120
0.30609
0.34204
0.37887
0.41638
0.45435
0.49265
0.53099
0.56937
0.60778
0.64594
0.68359
0.72043
0.75616
0.79048
0.82309
0.85370
0.88202
0.90775
0.93064
0.95044
0.96698
0.98037
0.99070
0.99754
1.00000

0.06267
0.05609
0.04899
0.04147
0.03372
0.02593
0.01829
0.01100
0.00432
0.00000
-0.00381
-0.00822
-0.01171
-0.01444
-0.01666
-0.01859
-0.02033
-0.02189
-0.02320
-0.02422
-0.02491
-0.02525
-0.02524
-0.02490
-0.02424
-0.02329
-0.02207
-0.02057
-0.01879
-0.01679
-0.01466
-0.01253
-0.01049
-0.00859
-0.00686
-0.00531
-0.00396
-0.00283
-0.00195
-0.00132
-0.00094
-0.00074
-0.00067
-0.00063
-0.00057
-0.00044
-0.00026
-0.00008
0.00000

K3311
actual model

x/c

1.00000
0.99939
0.99529
0.99173
0.98800
0.98235
0.97586
0.96889
0.96170
0.95409
0.94155

y/c

0.00003
0.00056
0.00107
0.00173
0.00241
0.00350
0.00452
0.00574
0.00711
0.00856
0.01100

0.92927
0.91421
0.88981
0.87119
0.84401
0.80879
0.76896
0.72532
0.65974
0.60050
0.54235
0.47337
0.41661
0.35294
0.28951
0.22964
0.18578
0.14442
0.11920
0.09024
0.07182
0.05559
0.04140
0.03141
0.02214
0.01532
0.00759
0.00303
0.00009
0.00082
0.00471
0.01331
0.01986
0.02925
0.04276
0.05520
0.07022
0.09125
0.12022
0.15193
0.19496
0.23624
0.30577
0.36754
0.42753
0.48901
0.55276
0.61363
0.67612
0.73888
0.78249
0.81868
0.85742
0.88673
0.90460
0.92704
0.94406
0.95318
0.96388
0.97228
0.98062
0.98641
0.99166
0.99800
1.00000

0.01326
0.01626
0.02080
0.02451
0.02951
0.03576
0.04246
0.04963
0.05985
0.06780
0.07445
0.08056
0.08425
0.08572
0.08457
0.08037
0.07492
0.06769
0.06178
0.05352
0.04722
0.04064
0.03416
0.02924
0.02376
0.01912
0.01280
0.00794
0.00133
-0.00414
-0.00837
-0.01180
-0.01340
-0.01529
-0.01744
-0.01904
-0.02053
-0.02225
-0.02396
-0.02512
-0.02572
-0.02561
-0.02450
-0.02317
-0.02084
-0.01772
-0.01393
-0.01064
-0.00737
-0.00509
-0.00331
-0.00231
-0.00167
-0.00146
-0.00132
-0.00119
-0.00115
-0.00120
-0.00112
-0.00108
-0.00091
-0.00080
-0.00084
-0.00056
0.00003

M06-13-128

x/c

1.00000
0.99896
0.99152
0.97756
0.95718
0.93068
0.89849
0.86112
0.81923
0.77354
0.72493
0.67434
0.62288
0.57180
0.52265
0.47756
0.43510
0.39263
0.35032
0.30873
0.26838
0.22975
0.19328
0.15942
0.12857
0.10057
0.07558
0.05382
0.03551
0.02083
0.00994
0.00296
0.00098
0.00005
0.00030
0.00233
0.01203
0.02803
0.04987
0.07718
0.10959
0.14667
0.18796
0.23296
0.28111
0.33185
0.38456
0.43862
0.49338
0.54820
0.60242
0.65541
0.70652
0.75516
0.80073
0.84269
0.88053
0.91379
0.94205
0.96496
0.98232
0.99393

y/c

0.00000
0.00015
0.00088
0.00198
0.00370
0.00631
0.01002
0.01499
0.02139
0.02930
0.03878
0.04980
0.06225
0.07584
0.09002
0.10309
0.11094
0.11489
0.11617
0.11531
0.11256
0.10814
0.10220
0.09487
0.08605
0.07583
0.06460
0.05305
0.04122
0.02960
0.01862
0.00878
0.00452
0.00087
-0.00183
-0.00372
-0.00669
-0.00901
-0.01077
-0.01203
-0.01287
-0.01333
-0.01349
-0.01339
-0.01308
-0.01260
-0.01200
-0.01129
-0.01053
-0.00972
-0.00890
-0.00809
-0.00729
-0.00652
-0.00577
-0.00506
-0.00437
-0.00370
-0.00302
-0.00228
-0.00147
-0.00073

261

262

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

0.99942 -0.00014
1.00000 0.00000
M06-13-128
actual model B

xjc
1.00000
0.99991
0.99740
0.99257
0.98566
0.97902
0.96956
0.96139
0.95256
0.94342
0.93006
0.91687
0.90392
0.88712
0.86530
0.84546
0.81718
0.78112
0.74243
0.69893
0.64065
0.58100
0.51924
0.46121
0.39966
0.32971
0.26768
0.20710
0.17032
0.14567
0.12535
0.10647
0.08239
0.06396
0.05228
0.03982
0.03050
0.02092
0.01126
0.00491
0.00032
0.00347
0.00859
0.01784
0.03226
0.05462
0.08276
0.11168
0.16316
0.22105
0.27285
0.33585
0.39924
0.46002
0.52606
0.58351
0.64698
0.70823

yjc
0.00013
0.00090
0.00124
0.00149
0.00162
0.00196
0.00242
0.00305
0.00383
0.00472
0.00616
0.00765
0.00925
0.01146
0.01451
0.01744
0.02197
0.02819
0.03529
0.04428
0.05777
0.07280
0.09047
0.10537
0.11277
0.11417
0.11073
0.10258
0.09508
0.08875
0.08252
0.07575
0.06552
0.05623
0.04960
0.04178
0.03527
0.02762
0.01820
0.01044
0.00263
-0.00885
-0.01029
-0.01219
-0.01399
-0.01559
-0.01664
-0.01712
-0.01750
-0.01733
-0.01695
-0.01621
-0.01526
-0.01418
-0.01287
-0.01167
-0.01036
-0.00913

0.74706
0.78928
0.82743
0.85713
0.89265
0.91175
0.93322
0.94441
0.95421
0.96515
0.97685
0.98503
0.99239
0.99927
1.00000

-0.00844
-0.00765
-0.00701
-0.00651
-0.00579
-0.00536
-0.00478
-0.00440
-0.00399
-0.00344
-0.00279
-0.00227
-0.00166
-0.00090
0.00013

MA409

yjc
x/c
1.00000 0.00070
0.95000 0.01246
0.90000 0.02308
0.80000 0.04015
0.70000 0.05236
0.65000 0.06154
0.55000 0.06543
0.50000 0.06945
0.45000 0.07186
0.40000 0.07391
0.35000 0.07434
0.30000 0.07398
0.25000 0.07302
0.20000 0.06925
0.15000 0.06421
0.10000 0.05673
0.07500 0.05132
0.05000 . 0.04479
0.02500 0.03500
0.01250 0.02831
0.00000 0.01749
0.01250 0.00878
0.02500 0.00437
0.05000 0.00082
0.07500 0.00022
0.10000 0.00000
0.15000 0.00122
0.20000 0.00280
0.25000 0.00514
0.30000 0.00789
0.35000 0.01031
0.40000 0.01229
0.45000 0.01424
0.50000 0.01499
0.55000 0.01525
0.60000 0.01536
0.70000 0.01384
0.80000 0.01107
0.90000 0.00704
0.95000 0.00355
1.00000 0.00000

MA409
smoothed

xjc
1.00000
0.99754
0.99070
0.98037
0.96698
0.95044
0.93064
0.90775
0.88202
0.85370
0.82309
0.79048
0.75616
0.72043
0.68359
0.64594
0.60778
0.56937
0.53099
0.49265
0.45435
0.41638
0.37887
0.34204
0.30609
0.27120
0.23760
0.20549
0.17504
0.14648
0.11999
0.09576
0.07395
0.05468
0.03811
0.02433
0.01338
0.00548
0.00098
0.00000
0.00098
0.00548
0.01338
0.02433
0.03811
0.05468
0.07395
0.09576
0.11999
0.14648
0.17504
0.20549
0.23760
0.27120
0.30609
0.34204
0.37887
0.41638
0.45435
0.49265
0.53099

yjc
0.00034
0.00094
0.00259
0.00498
0.00793
0.01136
0.01521
0.01937
0.02373
0.02817
0.03261
0.03694
0.04112
0.04505
0.04869
0.05198
0.05486
0.05732
0.05933
0.06089
0.06202
0.06270
0.06291
0.06260
0.06172
0.06025
0.05819
0.05555
0.05234
0.04859
0.04433
0.03961
0.03450
0.02913
0.02369
0.01831
0.01305
0.00797
0.00318
-0.00004
-0.00302
-0.00664
-0.00968
-0.01213
-0.01400
-0.01527
-0.01590
-0.01589
-0.01527
-0.01416
-0.01264
-0.01081
-0.00875
-0.00653
-0.00421
-0.00186
0.00039
0.00245
0.00422
0.00565
0.00674

0.56937 0.00754
0.60778 0.00808
0.64594 0.00837
0.68359 0.00844
0.72043 0.00830
0.75616 0.00798
0.79048 0.00749
0.82309 0.00687
0.85370 0.00613
0.88202 0.00529
0.90775 0.00439
0.93064 0.00347
0.95044 0.00256
0.96698 0.00170
0.98037 0.00093
0.99070 0.00028
0.99754 -0.00018
1.00000 -0.00036
MA409
actual model

xjc
yjc
1.00000 -0.00018
0.99720 0.00043
0.99175 0.00133
0.98504 0.00240
0.97808 0.00336
0.97095 0.00424
0.96274 0.00536
0.95052 0.00716
0.94205 0.00843
0.92669 O.Q1072
0.91083 0.01322
0.89909 0.01491
0.86881 0.01946
0.84319 0.02298
0.81288 0.02684
0.77221 0.03143
0.72759 0.03588
0.67018 0.04107
0.61345 0.04551
0.55514 0.04947
0.49831 0.05310
0.44066 0.05540
0.38248 0.05684
0.33651 0.05671
0.29551 0.05636
0.25040 0.05530
0.21036 0.05254
0.17822 0.04967
0.14297 0.04628
0.11363 0.04257
0.09503 0.03950
0.08197 0.03694
0.06768 0.03368
0.05445 0.03018
0.04538 0.02745
0.03432 0.02377
0.02440 0.01984
0.01444 0.01477
0.00787 0.01033
.0.00213 0.00509
0.00043 0.00228
0.00055 -0.00262

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.00328
0.00830
0.01423
0.01996
0.02550
0.03360
0.04220
0.05421
0.06552
0.08973
0.10067
0.11201
0.13732
0.16378
0.19399
0.23873
0.28061
0.33952
0.39707
0.45727
0.51627
0.57355
0.62624
0.67937
0.72125
0.76715
0.81282
0.84246
0.87766
0.91173
0.92537
0.94213
0.95522
0.96880
0.97824
0.98517
0.99321
1.00000

-0.00600
-0.00907
-0.01167
-0.01369
-0.01504
-0.01635
-0.01731
-0.01795
-0.01827
-0.01834
-0.01821
-0.01798
-0.01725
-0.01619
-0.01505
-0.01281
-0.01034
-0.00702
-0.00433
-0.00184
-0.00082
-0.00006
0.00021
0.00048
0.00013
-0.00014
-0.00015
-0.00012
-0.00015
-0.00071
-0.00084
-0.00111
-0.00122
-0.00129
-0.00111
-0.00084
-0.00043
-0.00018

MB253515
smoothed

x/c

y/c

1.00000
0.95000
0.90000
0.85000
0.80000
0.75000
0.70000
0.65000
0.60000
0.55000
0.50000
0.45000
0.42500
0.40000
0.37500
0.35000
0.32500
0.30000
0.27500
0.25000
0.22500
0.20000

0.00000
0.01032
0.02033
0.03052
0.04079
0.05095
0.06078
0.07005
0.07849
0.08582
0.09174
0.09602
0.09748
0.09847
0.09898
0.09904
0.09868
0.09788
0.09660
0.09473
0.09211
0.08861

0.17500
0.15000
0.12500
0.10000
0.08750
0.07500
0.06250
0.05000
0.03750
0.02500
0.01000
0.00000
0.01000
0.02500
0.03750
0.05000
0.06250
0.07500
0.08750
0.10000
0.12500
0.15000
0.17500
0.20000
0.22500
0.25000
0.27500
0.30000
0.32500
0.35000
0.37500
0.40000
0.42500
0.45000
0.50000
0.55000
0.60000
0.65000
0.70000
0.75000
0.80000
0.85000
0.90000
0.95000
1.00000

0.08410
0.07844
0.07146
0.06296
0.05807
0.05274
0.04696
0.04072
0.03393
0.02636
0.01521
-0.00041
-0.01223
-0.01809
-0.02159
-0.02461
-0.02739
-0.03001
-0.03246
-0.03472
-0.03861
-0.04175
-0.04425
-0.04622
-0.04776
-0.04892
-0.04974
-0.05026
-0.05052
-0.05054
-0.05035
-0.04997
-0.04941
-0.04866
-0.04660
-0.04383
-0.04036
-0.03628
-0.03169
-0.02669
-0.02144
-0.01606
-0.01070
-0.00544
0.00000

MB253515
actual model

xfc

y/c

1.00000
0.99967
0.99635
0.99240
0.98505
0.96759
0.95867
0.94980
0.94010
0.92969
0.91530
0.89377
0.86433
0.83562
0.80168

0.00039
0.00028
0.00105
0.00188
0.00339
0.00686
0.00870
0.01051
0.01252
0.01462
0.01751
0.02198
0.02796
0.03381
0.04070

0.75958
0.71819
0.65931
0.59687
0.53642
0.47578
0.41397
0.34916
0.28574
0.22234
0.18314
0.15247
0.13478
0.11301
0.09509
0.07437
0.05843
0.05001
0.04097
0.03239
0.02467
0.01653
0.01034
0.00788
0.00339
0.00107
0.00085
0.00374
0.00764
0.01331
0.01999
0.02801
0.03626
0.04648
0.05763
0.06963
0.08657
0.11740
0.15010
0.18899
0.23249
0.29430
0.35640
0.41879
0.48450
0.54388
0.60626
0.66912
0.72901
0.77184
0.81297
0.84465
0.87527
0.89709
0.91763
0.93436
0.94645
0.95786
0.96817
0.97570
0.98410
0.99163
0.99875
1.00000

0.04923
0.05753
0.06879
0.07943
0.08808
0.09452
0.09840
0.09961
0.09767
0.09218
0.08621
0.07959
0.07485
0.06803
0.06148
0.05274
0.04511
0.04073
0.03571
0.03061
0.02569
0.02010
0.01534
0.01322
0.00843
0.00457
-0.00400
-0.00842
-0.01150
-0.01442
-0.01703
-0.01969
-0.02207
-0.02474
-0.02737
-0.02994
-0.03320
-0.03817
-0.04229
-0.04588
-0.04847
-0.05009
-0.05059
-0.04988
-0.04778
-0.04475
-0.04041
-0.03497
-0.02908
-0.02465
-0.02029
-0.01688
-O.D1358
-0.01126
-0.00905
-0.00715
-0.00588
-0.00478
-0.00367
-0.00279
-0.00189
-0.00108
-0.00028
0.00039

MH45

xfc
1.00000
0.99669
0.98669
0.97013
0.94746
0.91917
0.88574
0.84775
0.80590
0.76107
0.71405
0.66547
0.61587
0.56569
0.51532
0.46516
0.41564
0.36723
0.32039
0.27558
0.23318
0.19353
0.15691
0.12363
0.09395
0.06813
0.04634
0.02867
0.01520
0.00588
0.00079
0.00000
0.00068
0.00641
0.01781
0.03421
0.05531
0.08085
0.11065
0.14460
0.18252
0.22408
0.26891
0.31654
0.36646
0.41816
0.47104
0.52449
0.57786
0.63049
0.68174
0.73095
0.77754
0.82094
0.86062
0.89607
0.92686
0.95259
0.97293
0.98770
0.99683
1.00000

yfc

0.00000
-0.00010
-0.00021
0.00016
0.00130
0.00332
0.00629
0.01028
0.01536
0.02140
0.02803
0.03488
0.04154
0.04768
0.05306
0.05755
0.06108
0.06358
0.06498
0.06523
0.06425
0.06203
0.05862
0.05410
0.04858
0.04218
0.03500
0.02722
0.01906
O.Ql088
0.00326
0.00000
-0.00279
-0.00788
-0.01310
-0.01814
-0.02277
-0.02678
-0.02991
-0.03206
-0.03329
-0.03366
-0.03330
-0.03229
-0.03073
-0.02875
-0.02646
-0.02399
-0.02143
-O.Ql888
-0.01640
-0.01403
-0.01179
-0.00971
-0.00782
-0.00613
-0.00465
-0.00334
-0.00219
-0.00113
-0.00031
0.00000

263

264

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

MH45
actual model

xjc

yjc

1.00000
0.99827
0.99520
0.99240
0.98841
0.98497
0.98013
0.97530
0.96638
0.95793
0.94952
0.93930
0.92778
0.91818
0.90665
0.89505
0.87743
0.86049
0.82591
0.79821
0.75602
0.71415
0.58275
0.51906
0.46381
0.40971
0.35884
0.29253
0.25072
0.20946
0.18011
0.15412
0.12930
0.11007
0.09501
0.08431
0.07168
0.06060
0.04926
0.03750
0.02705
0.02012
0.01364
0.00843
0.00477
0.00086
0.00004
0.00631
0.01189
0.01834
0.02381
0.03119
0.03888
0.05568
0.07078
0.08371
0.09714
0.11366
0.12732
0.15294
0.18046

-0.00012
0.00179
0.00212
0.00228
0.00249
0.00284
0.00313
0.00344
0.00399
0.00447
0.00495
0.00558
0.00656
0.00749
0.00855
0.00971
0.01142
0.01322
0.01754
0.02126
0.02736
0.03362
0.05127
0.05841
0.06373
0.06769
0.06985
0.07056
0.06980
0.06760
0.06517
0.06223
0.05861
0.05512
0.05198
0.04948
0.04616
0.04275
0.03858
0.03343
0.02794
0.02358
0.01864
0.01365
0.00938
0.00247
0.00053
-0.00670
-0.00959
-0.01249
-0.01471
-0.01721
-0.01939
-0.02307
-0.02561
-0.02746
-0.02909
-0.03073
-0.03177
-0.03319
-0.03405

0.21002
0.24978
0.29382
0.35002
0.40632
0.46453
0.57671
0.63115
0.67494
0.71782
0.75959
0.80331
0.83434
0.86386
0.89378
0.91042
0.92210
0.93479
0.94721
0.95882
0.97087
0.98152
0.98921
0.99814
1.00000

-0.03435
-0.03405
-0.03321
-0.03175
-0.03007
-0.02806
-0.02373
-0.02151
-0.01962
-0.01783
-0.01606
-0.01402
-0.01230
-0.01047
-0.00855
-0.00743
-0.00656
-0.00566
-0.00491
-0.00420
-0.00347
-0.00281
-0.00236
-0.00179
-0.00012

NACA 0009
smoothed

xjc

yjc

1.00000
0.99572
0.98296
0.96194
0.93301
0.89668
0.85355
0.80438
0.75000
0.69134
0.62941
0.56526
0.50000
0.43474
0.37059
0.33928
0.30866
0.27886
0.25000
0.22221
0.19562
0.17033
0.14645
0.12408
0.10332
0.08427
0.06699
0.05156
0.03806
0.02653
0.01704
0.00961
0.00428
0.00107
0.00000

0.00000
0.00057
0.00218
0.00463
0.00770
0.01127
0.01522
0.01945
0.02384
0.02823
0.03247
0.03638
0.03978
0.04248
0.04431
0.04484
0.04509
0.04504
0.04466
0.04397
0.04295
0.04161
0.03994
0.03795
0.03564
0.03305
0.03023
0.02720
0.02395
0.02039
0.01646
0.01214
0.00767
0.00349
0.00000

0.00107
0.00428
0.00961
0.01704
0.02653
0.03806
0.05156
0.06699
0.08427
0.10332
0.12408
0.14645
0.17033
0.19562
0.22221
0.25000
0.27886
0.30866
0.33928
0.37059
0.43474
0.50000
0.56526
0.62941
0.69134
0.75000
0.80438
0.85355
0.89668
0.93301
0.96194
0.98296
0.99572
1.00000

-0.00349
-0.00767
-0.01214
-0.01646
-0.02039
-0.02395
-0.02720
-0.03023
-0.03305
-0.03564
-0.03795
-0.03994
-0.04161
-0.04295
-0.04397
-0.04466
-0.04504
-0.04509
-0.04484
-0.04431
-0.04248
-0.03978
-0.03638
-0.03247
-0.02823
-0.02384
-0.01945
-0.01522
-0.01127
-0.00770
-0.00463
-0.00218
-0.00057
0.00000

NACA 0009
actual model

xjc

yjc

1.00000 -0.00050
0.99995 0.00019
0.99646 0.00079
0.98599 0.00056
0.97854 0.00072
0.97088 0.00136
0.96416 0.00178
0.95695 0.00244
0.94678 0.00324
0.93607 0.00430
0.92414 0.00558
0.90698 0.00748
0.88511 0.00991
0.86640 0.01188
0.83604 0.01503
0.80165 0.01848
0.76079 0.02237
0.71497 0.02614
0.65763 0.03029
0.60092 0.03413
0.53019 0.03828
0.47423 0.04098
0.40460 0.04382
0.34168 0.04563
0.28447 0.04619
0.22228 0.04526

0.18469
0.15708
0.13481
0.11586
0.09458
0.07376
0.05901
0.04663
0.03764
0.02896
0.01889
0.01131
0.00493
0.00024
0.00016
0.00234
0.00552
0.01021
0.01601
0.02354
0.03397
0.04585
0.05700
0.07278
0.09495
0.12545
0.15443
0.19641
0.23971
0.29860
0.36369
0.42318
0.48687
0.55039
0.61023
0.67169
0.73278
0.77620
0.81736
0.85242
0.87831
0.89724
0.91881
0.93434
0.94931
0.96153
0.97091
0.98726
0.99218
1.00008
1.00000

0.04365
0.04208
0.04056
0.03882
0.03635
0.03302
0.02992
0.02681
0.02415
0.02122
0.01749
0.01404
0.00973
0.00229
-0.00186
-0.00712
-0.01011
-0.01281
-0.01515
-0.01736
-0.01983
-0.02250
-0.02476
-0.02793
-0.03167
-0.03591
-0.03857
-0.04115
-0.04292
-0.04391
-0.04298
-0.04107
-0.03833
-0.03483
-0.03131
-0.02741
-0.02369
-0.02086
-0.01802
-0.01533
-0.01306
-0.01154
-0.00944
-0.00832
-0.00701
-0.00585
-0.00518
-0.00288
-0.00166
-0.00019
-0.00050

NACA 6409

xjc

yjc

1.00000
0.99732
0.98930
0.97603
0.95760
0.93423
0.90615
0.87357
0.83690
0.79647

0.00000
0.00084
0.00333
0.00737
0.01284
0.01954
0.02724
0.03571
0.04464
0.05378

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.75272
0.70608
0.65710
0.60627
0.55413
0.50132
0.44840
0.39590
0.34367
0.29315
0.24502
0.19988
0.15830
0.12080
0.08780
0.05968
0.03677
0.01920
0.00720
0.00080
0.00000
0.00467
0.01467
0.02973
0.04970
0.07428
0.10317
0.13607
0.17257
0.21235
0.25498
0.30012
0.34730
0.39618
0.44707
0.49868
0.55040
0.60167
0.65193
0.70065
0.74728
0.79130
0.83223
0.86957
0.90288
0.93180
0.95593
0.97503
0.98883
0.99722
1.00000

0.06283
0.07153
0.07961
0.08684
0.09302
0.09796
0.10152
0.10360
0.10352
0.10086
0.09584
0.08874
0.07992
0.06982
0.05889
0.04762
0.03646
0.02581
0.01603
0.00737
0.00000
-0.00573
-0.00956
-0.01157
-0.01192
-O.Dl080
-0.00844
-0.00513
-0.00119
0.00307
0.00729
o:o1112
0.01425
0.01639
0.01772
O.Dl871
0.01925
0.01929
0.01880
0.01780
0.01634
0.01451
0.01241
0.01017
0.00791
0.00576
0.00383
0.00221
0.00101
0.00025
0.00000

NACA 6409
actual model

xfc
1.00000
0.99074
0.98429
0.97730
0.97242
0.96508
0.95596
0.94591
0.93629

y/c
0.00049
0.00359
0.00559
0.00769
0.00909
0.01099
0.01341
0.01594
0.01827

0.92590
0.91387
0.90369
0.89095
0.87619
0.84472
0.81153
0.78438
0.73987
0.69754
0.65769
0.61251
0.56042
0.50220
0.44575
0.38914
0.33272
0.27353
0.23447
0.18910
0.16203
0.13640
0.11046
0.09637
0.08404
0.07102
0.05713
0.04597
0.03371
0.02399
0.01574
0.00813
0.00108
0.00004
0.00632
0.01049
0.01966
0.02611
0.03332
0.05037
0.06540
0.08015
0.09344
0.10750
0.12194
0.14880
0.17622
0.20133
0.24547
0.28357
0.33882
0.39755
0.45392
0.51068
0.56779
0.62390
0.67127
0.71437
0.75797
0.80075
0.83002
0.86288
0.89353
0.91073
0.92427

0.02077
0.02419
0.02679
0.02985
0.03339
0.04098
0.04855
0.05442
0.06314
0.07091
0.07766
0.08448
0.09112
0.09713
0.10148
0.10386
0.10332
0.09971
0.09569
0.08827
0.08230
0.07561
0.06759
0.06281
0.05832
0.05295
0.04639
0.04041
0.03331
0.02739
0.02162
0.01477
0.00498
0.00089
-0.00897
-0.01087
-0.01274
-0.01335
-0.01372
-0.01406
-0.01292
-0.01232
-0.01166
-0.01057
-0.00915
-0.00638
-0.00281
0.00043
0.00525
0.00872
0.01219
0.01521
0.01640
0.01714
0.01734
0.01695
0.01619
0.01508
0.01355
0.01137
0.00970
0.00739
0.00555
0.00440
0.00362

0.94065 0.00233
0.95459 0.00137
0.96742 0.00039
0.97864 -0.00042
0.98835 -0.00088
1.00000 0.00049

NACA 64A010

x/c
1.00000
0.95000
0.90000
0.85000
0.80000
0.75000
0.70000
0.65000
0.60000
0.55000
0.50000
0.45000
0.40000
0.35000
0.30000
0.25000
0.20000
0.18000
0.16000
0.14000
0.12000
0.10000
0.09000
0.08000
0.07000
0.06000
0.05000
0.04000
0.03000
0.02000
0.01000
0.00950
0.00900
0.00850
0.00800
0.00750
0.00700
0.00650
0.00600
0.00550
0.00500
0.00450
0.00400
0.00350
0.00300
0.00250
0.00225
0.00200
0.00175
0.00150
0.00125
0.00100
0.00075
0.00050
0.00025

yfc
0.00000
0.00540
0.01063
0.01583
0.02102
0.02620
0.03124
0.03597
0.04021
0.04387
0.04683
0.04893
0.04995
0.04968
0.04837
0.04608
0.04274
0.04106
0.03918
0.03707
0.03471
0.03201
0.03052
0.02892
0.02720
0.02535
0.02331
0.02103
0.01842
0.01529
0.01117
O.Q1091
O.Q1065
0.01037
0.01010
0.00980
0.00950
0.00919
0.00886
0.00851
0.00815
0.00776
0.00735
0.00690
0.00642
0.00588
0.00559
0.00528
0.00495
0.00459
0.00421
0.00377
0.00327
0.00268
0.00189

0.00000
0.00025
0.00050
0.00075
0.00100
0.00125
0.00150
0.00175
0.00200
0.00225
0.00250
0.00300
0.00350
0.00400
0.00450
0.00500
0.00550
0.00600
0.00650
0.00700
0.00750
0.00800
0.00850
0.00900
0.00950
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04000
0.05000
0.06000
0.07000
0.08000
0.09000
0.10000
0.12000
0.14000
0.16000
0.18000
0.20000
0.25000
0.30000
0.35000
0.40000
0.45000
0.50000
0.55000
0.60000
0.65000
0.70000
0.75000
0.80000
0.85000
0.90000
0.95000
1.00000

0.00000
-0.00189
-0.00268
-0.00327
-0.00377
-0.00421
-0.00459
-0.00495
-0.00528
-0.00559
-0.00588
-0.00642
-0.00690
-0.00735
-0.00776
-0.00815
-0.00851
-0.00886
-0.00919
-0.00950
-0.00980
-0.01010
-0.01037
-O.Dl065
-0.01091
-0.01117
-0.01529
-0.01842
-0.02103
-0.02331
-0.02535
-0.02720
-0.02892
-0.03052
-0.03201
-0.03471
-0.03707
-0.03918
-0.04106
-0.04274
-0.04608
-0.04837
-0.04968
-0.04995
-0.04893
-0.04683
-0.04387
-0.04021
-0.03597
-0.03124
-0.02620
-0.02102
-0.01583
-O.Dl063
-0.00540
0.00000

NACA 64A010
actual model

xfc
1.00000
0.99992
0.99608
0.99029

yfc
0.00038
0.00071
0.00136
0.00194

265

266

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

0.98300
0.97367
0.96164
0.94893
0.94062
0.93106
0.91739
0.90021
0.88131
0.86043
0.82848
0. 78218
0.73276
0.67337
0.60978
0.54964
0.48886
0.42787
0.36190
0.30447
0.24276
0.20023
0.16052
0.13601
0.11091
0.08643
0.07408
0.06265
0.05240
0.03856
0.02957
0.02001
0.01370
0.00695
0.00169
0.00063
0.00047
0.00227
0.00660
0.01230
0.02183
0.03003
0.04119
0.05047
0.06368
0.08151
0.10171
0.13017
0.15982
0.19836
0.23931
0.30199
0.36475
0.42555
0.55070
0.61418
0.67674
0.73809
0.78083
0.82019
0.85473
0.88422
0.90343
0.92075
0.93800

0.00256
0.00324
0.00442
0.00598
0.00705
0.00812
0.00965
0.01152
0.01346
0.01561
0.01885
0.02331
0.02762
0.03289
0.03816
0.04264
0.04635
0.04825
0.04894
0.04817
0.04568
0.04283
0.03945
0.03698
0.03407
0.03071
0.02883
0.02681
0.02467
0.02136
0.01878
0.01543
0.01286
0.00942
0.00466
0.00286
-0.00243
-0.00537
-0.00890
-0.01209
-0.01627
-0.01901
-0.02206
-0.02425
-0.02705
-0.03033
-0.03340
-0.03702
-0.04030
-0.04365
-0.04648
-0.04944
-0.05084
-0.05029
-0.04390
-0.03926
-0.03356
-0.02754
-0.02328
-0.01922
-0.01566
-0.01252
-0.01061
-0.00880
-0.00705

0.95323
0.96391
0.97343
0.98189
0.98877
0.99866
1.00000

-0.00547
-0.00438
-0.00334
-0.00233
-0.00175
-0.00071
0.00038

R140

xjc
1.00000
0.97241
0.94482
0.91826
0.88965
0.86206
0.83448
0.80689
0.77931
0.75172
0.72413
0.69696
0.66957
0.64174
0.61391
0.58783
0.56174
0.53304
0.50435
0.47913
0.45217
0.42261
0.39304
0.36696
0.34087
0.31035
0.28275
0.25517
0.22759
0.20000
0.17783
0.16087
0.14435
0.13103
0.11724
0.10345
0.08965
0.07586
0.06207
0.04826
0.03448
0.02759
0.02069
0.01379
0.00690
0.00348
0.00000
0.00348
0.00690
0.01379
0.02069
0.02759
0.03448
0.04826

yjc
0.00000
0.00414
0.00760
0.01182
0.01565
0.02015
0.02416
0.02709
0.03140
0.03485
0.03795
0.04130
0.04435
0.04761
0.05075
0.05308
0.05565
0.05826
0.06070
0.06174
0.06313
0.06456
0.06428
0.06450
0.06378
0.06266
0.06067
0.05880
0.05659
0.05328
0.05087
0.04870
0.04613
0.04334
0.04072
0.03830
0.03512
0.03224
0.02899
0.02512
0.02098
0.01835
0.01546
0.01208
0.00760
0.00414
0.00000
-0.00415
-0.00760
-0.01160
-0.01491
-0.01753
-0.01933
-0.02278

0.06261
0.07652
0.09043
0.10348
0.11739
0.13304
0.14696
0.16174
0.17696
0.20000
0.22759
0.25517
0.28522
0.31035
0.33793
0.36552
0.39310
0.42068
0.44827
0.47586
0.50344
0.53043
0.55862
0.58621
0.61379
0.64130
0.66913
0.69655
0.72431
0.75172
0.77931
0.80870
0.83448
0.86206
0.88870
0.91724
0.94482
0.97241
1.00000

-0.02609
-0.02957
-0.03131
-0.03391
-0.03565
-0.03826
-0.04000
-0.04174
-0.04304
-0.04570
-0.04845
-0.05107
-0.05304
-0.05397
-0.05498
-0.05529
-0.05572
-0.05526
-0.05471
-0.05384
-0.05255
-0.05130
-0.04936
-0.04695
-0.04454
-0.04174
-0.03913
-0.03668
-0.03451
-0.03134
-0.02831
-0.02435
-0.02139
-0.01781
-0.01470
-0.01128
-0.00760
-0.00415
0.00000

R140
smoothed model

xjc
1.00000
0.99000
0.98000
0.97000
0.95000
0.92500
0.90000
0.87500
0.85000
0.82500
0.80000
0.77500
0.75000
0.72500
0.70000
0.67500
0.65000
0.62500
0.60000
0.57500
0.55000

yjc
0.00000
0.00155
0.00300
0.00440
0.00718
0.01070
0.01431
0.01798
0.02162
0.02516
0.02855
0.03181
0.03494
0.03798
0.04095
0.04386
0.04668
0.04941
0.05202
0.05448
0.05679

0.52500
0.50000
0.47500
0.45000
0.42500
0.40000
0.37500
0.35000
0.32500
0.30000
0.27500
0.25000
0.22500
0.20000
0.17500
0.15000
0.12500
0.10000
0.09000
0.08000
0.07000
0.06000
0.05000
0.04000
0.03000
0.02000
0.01000
0.00500
0.00250
0.00200
0.00150
0.00100
0.00075
0.00050
0.00025
0.00000
0.00025
0.00050
0.00075
0.00100
0.00150
0.00200
0.00250
0.00500
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04000
0.05000
0.06000
0.07000
0.08000
0.09000
0.10000
0.12500
0.15000
0.17500
0.20000
0.22500
0.25000
0.27500
0.30000
0.32500
0.35000
0.37500

0.05891
0.06081
0.06242
0.06367
0.06448
0.06482
0.06470
0.06414
0.06319
0.06191
0.06031
0.05840
0.05616
0.05353
0.05044
0.04676
0.04241
0.03747
0.03537
0.03318
0.03088
0.02842
0.02573
0.02269
0.01918
0.01499
0.00994
0.00676
0.00468
0.00416
0.00359
0.00292
0.00252
0.00205
0.00145
0.00000
-0.00145
-0.00205
-0.00251
-0.00290
-0.00357
-0.00413
-0.00463
-0.00664
-0.00966
-0.01422
-0.01781
-0.02076
-0.02332
-0.02562
-0.02774
-0.02972
-0.03157
-0.03330
-0.03710
-0.04035
-0.04330
-0.04603
-0.04850
-0.05066
-0.05244
-0.05384
-0.05486
-0.05551
-0.05583

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.40000
0.42500
0.45000
0.47500
0.50000
0.52500
0.55000
0.57500
0.60000
0.62500
0.65000
0.67500
0.70000
0.72500
0.75000
0.77500
0.80000
0.82500
0.85000
0.87500
0.90000
0.92500
0.95000
0.97000
0.98000
0.99000
1.00000

-0.05583
-0.05552
-0.05493
-0.05409
-0.05300
-0.05166
-0.05001
-0.04806
-0.04588
-0.04357
-0.04126
-0.03896
-0.03665
-0.03422
-0.03160
-0.02877
-0.02578
-0.02269
-0.01959
-0.01650
-0.01342
-0.01032
-0.00713
-0.00445
-0.00304
-0.00156
0.00000

R140
actual model A

xjc
1.00000
0.99965
0.99623
0.99185
0.98676
0.97845
0.96744
0.95733
0.94609
0.92986
0.91258
0.88866
0.86201
0.83519
0.80907
0.78207
0.74293
0.71258
0.68103
0.65171
0.62178
0.58465
0.55078
0.52023
0.48449
0.44969
0.41973
0.38880
0.33882
0.30226
0.26226
0.23109
0.20504

yjc
0.00059
0.00026
0.00163
0.00277
0.00375
0.00509
0.00680
0.00860
0.01083
0.01394
0.01658
0.01996
0.02370
0.02732
0.03075
0.03434
0.03883
0.04263
0.04619
0.04922
0.05206
0.05577
0.05870
0.06093
0.06258
0.06408
0.06481
0.06494
0.06440
0.06308
0.06030
0.05745
0.05438

0.17673
0.14442
0.12115
0.10240
0.08552
0.07159
0.05916
0.04793
0.03906
0.02693
0.01800
0.01165
0.00593
0.00248
0.00189
0.00254
0.00689
0.01002
0.01449
0.01978
0.02778
0.03482
0.04838
0.06221
0.07400
0.08696
0.10175
0.12901
0.14666
0.16805
0.18516
0.20600
0.23145
0.30230
0.35298
0.40558
0.45837
0.49218
0.53051
0.57601
0.61836
0.66369
0.70022
0.73779
0.77187
0.81100
0.83916
0.86371
0.88391
0.89942
0.91718
0.92802
0.93542
0.94490
0.95722
0.96778
0.97684
0.98362
0.99007
0.99475
0.99920
1.00000

0.05054
0.04532
0.04101
0.03738
0.03371
0.03024
0.02677
0.02335
0.02045
0.01609
0.01249
0.00948
0.00579
0.00241
0.00211
-0.00246
-0.00647
-0.00871
-0.01105
-0.01340
-0.01636
-0.01871
-0.02261
-0.02592
-0.02835
-0.03065
-0.03301
-0.03686
-0.03914
-0.04192
-0.04391
-0.04610
-0.04851
-0.05302
-0.05479
-0.05535
-0.05471
-0.05349
-0.05156
-0.04864
-0.04519
-0.04102
-0.03732
-0.03313
-0.02916
-0.02452
-0.02115
-0.01822
-0.01581
-0.01396
-0.01189
-0.01066
-0.00975
-0.00862
-0.00676
-0.00537
-0.00417
-0.00304
-0.00197
-0.00120
-0.00026
0.00059

RG15

xjc
1.00000
0.99671
0.98726
0.97237
0.95248
0.92764
0.89810
0.86427
0.82660
0.78557
0.74165
0.69537
0.64723
0.59778
0.54753
0.49702
0.44676
0.39727
0.34902
0.30248
0.25809
0.21624
0.17730
0.14161
0.10945
0.08108
0.05673
0.03658
0.02076
0.00932
0.00235
0.00000
0.00002
0.00336
0.01247
0.02670
0.04596
0.07010
0.09896
0.13224
0.16963
0.21073
0.25509
0.30221
0.35156
0.40257
0.45463
0.50713
0.55944
0.61128
0.66244
0.71237
0.76037
0.80575
0.84779
0.88583
0.91925
0.94748
0.97003
0.98652
0.99660
1.00000

yjc
0.00000
0.00054
0.00229
0.00514
0.00865
0.01254
0.01685
0.02152
0.02644
0.03149
0.03654
0.04146
0.04612
0.05039
0.05414
0.05727
0.05966
0.06123
0.06190
0.06162
0.06036
0.05810
0.05486
0.05068
0.04564
0.03985
0.03343
0.02654
0.01935
0.01214
0.00526
0.00000
-0.00048
-0.00534
-0.01006
-0.01436
-0.01811
-0.02123
-0.02372
-0.02559
-0.02688
-0.02762
-0.02785
-0.02762
-0.02696
-0.02590
-0.02446
-0.02262
-0.02025
-0.01717
-0.01366
-0.01015
-0.00691
-0.00413
-0.00192
-0.00034
0.00062
0.00101
0.00097
0.00064
0.00021
0.00000

RG15
actual model B

xjc
1.00000
0.99956
0.99473
0.98944
0.98943
0.97727
0.97079
0.96327
0.95678
0.94778
0.93797
0.92548
0.91565
0.90042
0.88394
0.86128
0.83160
0.79274
0.74504
0.67182
0.60574
0.54068
0.47840
0.42204
0.36113
0.29558
0.24179
0.19037
0.14441
0.11430
0.08978
0.06762
0.05259
0.04127
0.03461
0.02632
0.01572
0.00896
0.00504
0.00053
0.00000
0.00126
0.00465
0.01036
0.01793
0.02427
0.03202
0.03918
0.04919
0.05726
0.06704
0.07736
0.09648
0.12009
0.15500
0.19367
0.24011
0.30056
0.36303
0.42108
0.48527

yjc
-0.00033
0.00118
0.00194
0.00265
0.00265
0.00430
0.00511
0.00619
0.00708
0.00832
0.00973
0.01145
0.01286
0.01510
0.01737
0.02047
0.02408
0.02870
0.03408
0.04179
0.04798
0.05272
0.05632
0.05880
0.06010
0.05989
0.05839
0.05533
0.05079
0.04672
0.04230
0.03708
0.03266
0.02877
0.02616
0.02257
0.01667
0.01183
0.00833
0.00233
0.00006
-0.00358
-0.00659
-0.00976
-0.01259
-0.01439
-0.01614
-0.01745
-0.01900
-0.02003
-0.02116
-0.02220
-0.02387
-0.02549
-0.02702
-0.02803
-0.02865
-0.02884
-0.02793
-0.02646
-0.02469

267

268

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

0.55188
0.61282
0.67555
0.73370
0.78255
0.82186
0.85361
0.87921
0.90302
0.92365
0.93681
0.94866
0.95838
0.96695
0.97573
0.98606
0.99231
0.99920
1.00000

-0.02231
-0.01943
-0.01523
-0.01074
-0.00729
-0.00512
-0.00373
-0.00283
-0.00227
-0.00197
-0.00188
-0.00170
-0.00153
-0.00119
-0.00126
-0.00145
-0.00145
-0.00118
-0.00033

81210

x/c
1.00000
0.99837
0.99398
0.98753
0.97908
0.96811
0.95437
0.93796
0.91898
0.89754
0.87376
0.84779
0.81980
0.78997
0.75851
0.72561
0.69151
0.65642
0.62058
0.58423
0.54763
0.51105
0.47473
0.43891
0.40378
0.36955
0.33652
0.30456
0.27347
0.24341
0.21445
0.18681
0.16069
0.13622
0.11351
0.09269
0.07388
0.05719
0.04282
0.03068
0.02054
0.01239

y/c

0.00000
0.00101
0.00397
0.00832
0.01317
O.Ql811
0.02328
0.02874
0.03443
0.04032
0.04637
0.05254
0.05879
0.06506
0.07130
0.07747
0.08349
0.08932
0.09490
0.10016
0.10505
0.10948
0.11335
0.11653
0.11892
0.12046
0.12091
0.12000
0.11784
0.11462
0.11047
0.10556
0.09994
0.09362
0.08672
0.07932
0.07149
0.06332
0.05484
0.04593
0.03672
0.02755

0.00626
0.00217
0.00016
0.00023
0.00337
0.01034
O.Q2071
0.03417
0.05052
0.06959
0.09118
0.11512
0.14119
0.16911
0.19906
0.23157
0.26670
0.30427
0.34404
0.38575
0.42909
0.47370
0.51919
0.56515
0.61113
0.65666
0.70127
0.74446
0.78575
0.82465
0.86071
0.89349
0.92255
0.94754
0.96791
0.98299
0.99284
0.99828
1.00000

0.01866
O.Ql030
0.00277
-0.00345
-0.00773
-O.Ql070
-0.01324
-0.01529
-0.01685
-0.01786
-0.01830
-0.01810
-0.01715
-0.01524
-0.01183
-0.00697
-0.00124
0.00504
0.01158
0.01814
0.02446
0.03032
0.03551
0.03986
0.04320
0.04543
0.04646
0.04625
0.04479
0.04214
0.03837
0.03364
0.02809
0.02192
0.01530
0.00890
0.00390
0.00095
0.00000

81210
actual model

x/c

yjc

1.00000 -0.00013
0.99811 0.00094
0.99327 0.00382
0.98860 0.00623
0.98320 0.00875
0.97511 0.01220
0.96703 0.01544
0.95475 0.02010
0.94579 0.02318
0.93445 0.02695
0.92541 0.02975
0.91267 0.03349
0.89739 0.03771
0.88726 0.04036
0.86978 0.04470
0.84462 0.05056
0.81905 0.05619
0.78199 0.06393
0.74332 0.07152
0.70412 0.07876
0.64019 0.08959

0.58116
0.51830
0.45991
0.39930
0.33861
0.26775
0.20457
0.16745
0.12519
0.09391
0.06982
0.05786
0.04457
0.03633
0.02944
0.02202
0.01391
0.00972
0.00362
0.00230
0.00185
0.00763
0.01687
0.02535
0.03157
0.04450
0.05676
0.08545
0.10512
0.13856
0.16539
0.20815
0.24922
0.30895
0.36788
0.43344
0.49644
0.55937
0.61487
0.67785
0.73767
0.77928
0.81769
0.83794
0.85523
0.87291
0.89185
0.90942
0.92714
0.94273
0.95734
0.96766
0.97714
0.98589
0.99269
1.00099
1.00000

0.09838
0.10638
0.11242
0.11681
0.11829
0.11516
0.10701
0.09969
0.08872
0.07821
0.06801
0.06189
0.05380
0.04791
0.04232
0.03546
0.02653
0.02090
0.00974
0.00629
-0.00554
-0.01127
-0.01493
-0.01671
-0.01762
-0.01902
-0.01987
-0.02075
-0.02075
-0.01978
-0.01790
-0.01272
-0.00626
0.00352
0.01310
0.02266
0.03030
0.03653
0.04070
0.04314
0.04325
0.04170
0.03910
0.03725
0.03546
0.03326
0,03042
0.02729
0.02352
0.01954
0.01512
0.01155
0.00798
0.00448
0.00165
-0.00094
-0.00013

81223

x/c
1.00000
0.99838
0.99417
0.98825

y/c
0.00000
0.00126
0.00494
0.01037

0.98075
0.97111
0.95884
0.94389
0.92639
0.90641
0.88406
0.85947
0.83277
0.80412
0.77369
0.74166
0.70823
0.67360
0.63798
0.60158
0.56465
0.52744
0.49025
0.45340
0.41721
0.38193
0.34777
0.31488
0.28347
0.25370
0.22541
0.19846
0.17286
0.14863
0.12591
0.10482
0.08545
0.06789
0.05223
0.03855
0.02694
0.01755
0.01028
0.00495
0.00155
0.00005
0.00044
0.00264
0.00789
0.01718
0.03006
0.04627
0.06561
0.08787
0.11282
0.14020
0.17006
0.20278
0.23840
0.27673
0.31750
0.36044
0.40519
0.45139
0.49860
0.54639
0.59428
0.64176
0.68832

0.01646
0.02250
0.02853
0.03476
0.04116
0.04768
0.05427
0.06089
0.06749
0.07402
0.08044
0.08671
0.09277
0.09859
0.10412
0.10935
0.11425
0.11881
0.12303
0.12683
0.13011
0.13271
0.13447
0.13526
0.13505
0.13346
0.13037
0.12594
0.12026
0.11355
0.10598
0.09770
0.08879
0.07940
0.06965
0.05968
0.04966
0.03961
0.02954
0.01969
0.01033
0.00178
-0.00561
-0.01120
-0.01427
-0.01550
-0.01584
-0.01532
-0.01404
-0.01202
-0.00925
-0.00563
-0.00075
0.00535
0.01213
0.01928
0.02652
0.03358
0.04021
0.04618
0.05129
0.05534
0.05820
0.05976
0.05994

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.73344
0.77660
0.81729
0.85500
0.88928
0.91966
0.94573
0.96693
0.98255
0.99268
0.99825
1.00000

0.05872
0.05612
0.05219
0.04706
0.04088
0.03387
0.02624
0.01822
0.01060
0.00468
0.00115
0.00000

81223
actual model

x/c
1.00000
0.99720
0.99187
0.98689
0.98075
0.97339
0.96293
0.95370
0.94176
0.92548
0.91053
0.88969
0.87178
0.84496
0.81744
0.78334
0.74802
0.71868
0.68153
0.65038
0.61072
0.59071
0.56407
0.53542
0.50578
0.47863
0.44641
0.41610
0.38752
0.35962
0.32854
0.29648
0.26356
0.23263
0.21283
0.19561
0.17473
0.15733
0.14032
0.12497
0.11009
0.09550
0.08018
0.06800
0.04897
0.03568
0.02846
0.01989

y/c
0.00013
0.00333
0.00839
0.01260
0.01692
0.02127
0.02660
0.03080
0.03581
0.04204
0.04728
0.05399
0.05924
0.06638
0.07305
0.08061
0.08779
0.09328
0.09976
0.10483
0.11087
0.11368
0.11720
0.12074
0.12419
0.12718
0.13039
0.13304
0.13509
0.13665
0.13771
0.13794
0.13679
0.13393
0.13114
0.12802
0.12336
0.11868
0.11348
0.10819
0.10247
0.09613
0.08863
0.08199
0.07000
0.05999
0.05369
0.04487

0.01503
0.01082
0.00706
0.00482
0.00221
0.00080
0.00019
0.00005
0.00083
0.00139
0.00312
0.00790
0.01449
0.02138
0.03330
0.04627
0.06389
0.08117
0.10354
0.12948
0.16404
0.20100
0.25115
0.29610
0.33392
0.38160
0.43006
0.47940
0.52654
0.57684
0.63172
0.67649
0.71559
0.73675
0.76333
0.78942
0.80947
0.83028
0.86994
0.89924
0.92149
0.94479
0.95707
0.97177
0.98900
0.99231
0.99800
. 1.00000

0.03884
0.03257
0.02587
0.02100
0.01365
0.00745
0.00286
-0.00138
-0.00593
-0.00690
-0.00872
-0.01068
-0.01150
-0.01185
-0.01196
-0.01153
-0.01040
-0.00888
-0.00663
-0.00369
0.00134
0.00781
0.01690
0.02479
0.03100
0.03816
0.04455
0.05004
0.05432
0.05747
0.05939
0.05980
0.05921
0.05844
0.05703
0.05506
0.05310
0.05062
0.04446
0.03838
0.03274
0.02561
0.02117
0.01493
0.00570
0.00363
-0.00013
-0.00178

86062

xfc

1.00000
0.99680
0.98733
0.97184
0.95072
0.92441
0.89341
0.85821
0.81934
0.77733
0.73267
0.68588
0.63746

yfc

0.00000
0.00020
0.00088
0.00225
0.00438
0.00730
0.01095
0.01522
0.01994
0.02496
0.03005
0.03506
0.03978

0.58788
0.53767
0.48734
0.43737
0.38823
0.34037
0.29424
0.25026
0.20882
0.17033
0.13513
0.10353
0.07580
0.05216
0.03276
0.01774
0.00715
0.00107
0.00045
0.00563
0.01601
0.03144
0.05180
0.07696
0.10672
0.14083
0.17897
0.22075
0.26575
0.31346
0.36335
0.41486
0.46742
0.52041
0.57326
0.62537
0.67617
0.72513
0.77171
0.81540
0.85566
0.89194
0.92370
0.95045
0.97178
0.98733
0.99681
1.00000

0.04408
0.04783
0.05093
0.05323
0.05467
0.05520
0.05479
0.05344
0.05117
0.04804
0.04409
0.03938
0.03401
0.02810
0.02178
0.01528
0.00884
0.00295
-0.00181
-0.00607
-0.01033
-0.01419
-0.01752
-0.02024
-0.02234
-0.02382
-0.02471
-0.02507
-0.02494
-0.02440
-0.02349
-0.02225
-0.02074
-0.01900
-0.01706
-0.01496
-0.01273
-0.01044
-0.00816
-0.00600
-0.00409
-0.00252
-0.00135
-0.00056
-0.00012
0.00004
0.00003
0.00000

86062
actual model

xfc

yfc

1.00000 -0.00092
0.99997 0.00020
0.99555 0.00067
0.99025 0.00168
0.98554 0.00280
0.98014 0.00351
0.97341 0.00458
0.96579 0.00571
0.95450 0.00743
0.94397 0.00897
0.92361 0.01213
0.91191 0.01364

0.89484
0.87825
0.85084
0.83656
0.81613
0.80349
0.79097
0.76233
0.74745
0.72867
0.71127
0.68297
0.65020
0.62252
0.59974
0.57271
0.54433
0.51966
0.49053
0.45887
0.42424
0.39420
0.36300
0.32813
0.29729
0.27385
0.23959
0.21505
0.18806
0.16310
0.13883
0.12001
0.10503
0.09032
0.07110
0.05662
0.04802
0.03936
0.02960
0.02130
0.01444
0.00802
0.00432
0.00072
0.00106
0.00373
0.00585
0.00907
0.01530
0.02055
0.02545
0.03810
0.05334
0.07060
0.08929
0.11283
0.14143
0.17509
0.21077
0.24782
0.30981
0.36414
0.41468
0.47090
0.52194

0.01595
0.01823
0.02165
0.02334
0.02577
0.02728
0.02869
0.03191
0.03352
0.03555
0.03747
0.04031
0.04330
0.04550
0.04718
0.04917
0.05103
0.05257
0.05397
0.05522
0.05619
0.05666
0.05675
0.05627
0.05528
0.05417
0.05204
0.05024
0.04784
0.04515
0.04209
0.03941
0.03710
0.03456
0.03058
0.02684
0.02436
0.02162
0.01831
0.01526
0.01217
0.00838
0.00562
-0.00228
-0.00277
-0.00688
-0.00892
-0.01074
-0.01336
-0.01486
-0.01591
-0.01816
-0.02016
-0.02192
-0.02339
-0.02480
-0.02602
-0.02667
-0.02666
-0.02619
-0.02468
-0.02279
-0.02087
-0.01854
-0.01630

269

270

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

0.57581
0.63128
0.67090
0.71094
0.75430
0.79276
0.83080
0.87524
0.90758
0.92690
0.94413
0.95833
0.96951
0.97956
0.98827
0.99585
1.00000

-0.01355
-O.Dl072
-0.00877
-0.00702
-0.00509
-0.00317
-0.00144
0.00005
0.00110
0.00138
0.00165
0.00182
0.00163
0.00151
0.00133
0.00133
-0.00092

87012

x/c

yjc

1.00000 0.00000
0.99819 0.00024
0.99294 0.00104
0.98451 0.00231
0.97296 0.00392
0.95833 0.00586
0.94077 0.00817
0.92044 O.Dl080
0.89749 0.01372
0.87210 0.01689
0.84445 0.02029
0.81474 0.02386
0.78318 0.02757
0.74999 0.03138
0.71540 0.03524
0.67965 0.03909
0.64298 0.04287
0.60563 0.04654
0.56785 0.05002
0.52988 0.05324
0.49193 0.05615
0.45426 0.05870
0.41710 0.06081
0.38070 0.06241
0.34520 0.06335
0.31071 0.06360
0.27741 0.06319
0.24543 0.06209
0.21486 0.06033
0.18590 0.05795
0.15865 0.05496
0.13326 0.05143
0.10983 0.04738
0.08846 0.04287
0.06926 0.03798
0.05229 0.03274
0.03759 0.02728
0.02525 0.02167
0.01528 0.01605
0.00773 0.01058
0.00266 0.00542
0.00007 0.00087
0.00069 -0.00278
0.00486 -0.00600

0.01208
0.02223
0.03523
0.05102
0.06952
0.09065
0.11428
0.14032
0.16861
0.19900
0.23131
0.26535
0.30091
0.33778
0.37572
0.41449
0.45383
0.49348
0.53316
0.57261
0.61171
0.65044
0.68859
0.72582
0.76182
0.79628
0.82889
0.85936
0.88743
0.91283
0.93533
0.95473
0.97084
0.98352
0.99266
0.99816
1.00000

-0.00918
-0.01220
-0.01495
-0.01739
-0.01950
-0.02126
-0.02265
-0.02368
-0.02436
-0.02471
-0.02474
-0.02448
-0.02396
-0.02318
-0.02220
-0.02101
-0.01965
-0.01813
-0.01644
-0.01453
-0.01227
-0.00978
-0.00732
-0.00504
-0.00300
-0.00128
0.00010
0.00112
0.00178
0.00211
0.00214
0.00192
0.00153
0.00105
0.00055
0.00016
0.00000

87012
actual model

x/c

y/c

1.00000
0.99990
0.99580
0.99052
0.98306
0.97378
0.96520
0.95453
0.94108
0.92357
0.89856
0.87495
0.84892
0.81563
0.77729
0.73367
0.67295
0.60982
0.54845
0.48627
0.42203
0.36132
0.29858

0.00024
0.00045
0.00110
0.00164
0.00219
0.00295
0.00372
0.00479
0.00613
0.00813
0.01071
0.01333
0.01626
0.02012
0.02448
0.02949
0.03588
0.04226
0.04805
0.05325
0.05747
0.06026
0.06102

0.23934
0.19735
0.15534
0.12433
0.10986
0.09582
0.08643
0.07630
0.05400
0.04526
0.03654
0.02727
0.02128
0.01711
0.01203
0.00697
0.00469
0.00300
0.00219
0.00616
0.01068
0.01468
0.01962
0.02676
0.03620
0.04772
0.04752
0.07539
0.09520
0.12888
0.15977
0.19904
0.23819
0.30247
0.36215
0.42815
0.49299
0.55294
0.61399
0.67478
0.73552
0.78148
0.82002
0.85315
0.88282
0.90308
0.92552
0.95235
0.96396
0.97523
0.98339
0.99099
0.99862
1.00000

0.05963
0.05688
0.05266
0.04829
0.04572
0.04289
0.04080
0.03837
0.03204
0.02901
0.02564
0.02166
0.01884
0.01665
0.01351
0.00952
0.00711
0.00526
-0.00443
-0.00745
-0.00992
-0.01158
-0.01322
-0.01520
-0.01736
-0.01941
-0.01938
-0.02251
-0.02407
-0.02592
-0.02698
-0.02753
-0.02729
-0.02631
-0.02488
-0.02294
-0.02065
-0.01787
-0.01442
-0.01052
-0.00680
-0.00428
-0.00242
-0.00103
-0.00019
0.00026
0.00047
0.00069
0.00054
0.00034
-0.00005
-0.00036
-0.00045
0.00024

87055

x/c
1.00000
0.99808
0.99243
0.98327
0.97083
0.95526
0.93671

yjc
0.00000
0.00023
0.00104
0.00251
0.00464
0.00738
O.Dl073

0.91539
0.89155
0.86543
0.83728
0.80738
0.77601
0.74337
0.70958
0.67484
0.63934
0.60327
0.56688
0.53032
0.49374
0.45740
0.42142
0.38601
0.35133
0.31754
0.28483
0.25332
0.22311
0.19440
0.16729
0.14189
0.11833
0.09668
0.07705
0.05952
0.04413
0.03097
0.02008
0.01148
0.00524
0.00139
0.00007
0.00214
0.00762
0.01587
0.02720
0.04175
0.05938
0.07995
0.10333
0.12935
0.15784
0.18857
0.22132
0.25590
0.29218
0.32993
0.36889
0.40878
0.44933
0.49021
0.53116
0.57188
0.61212
0.65160
0.69009
0.72734
0.76303
0.79681
0.82841
0.85793

0.01470
0.01924
0.02431
0.02981
0.03565
0.04169
0.04770
0.05354
0.05920
0.06454
0.06949
0.07399
0.07791
0.08125
0.08391
0.08584
0.08706
0.08749
0.08713
0.08599
0.08404
0.08132
0.07787
0.07370
0.06891
0.06352
0.05760
0.05125
0.04455
0.03761
0.03054
0.02346
0.01655
0.00998
0.00398
-0.00091
-0.00493
-0.00871
-0.01193
-0.01436
-0.01620
-0.01763
-0.01870
-0.01944
-0.01989
-0.02009
-0.02006
-0.01980
-0.01927
-0.01849
-0.01757
-0.01656
-0.01551
-0.01445
-0.01338
-0.01230
-0.01123
-0.01018
-0.00914
-0.00813
-0.00716
-0.00622
-0.00533
-0.00450
-0.00373

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.88544
0.91063
0.93322
0.95293
0.96949
0.98266
0.99224
0.99805
1.00000

-0.00301
-0.00235
-0.00175
-0.00124
-0.00080
-0.00046
-0.00020
-0.00005
0.00000

S7055
actual model

xjc

yjc

1.00000
0.99562
0.99010
0.98345
0.97668
0.96982
0.96240
0.95470
0.94683
0.93714
0.92450
0.91234
0.90178
0.88154
0.86177
0.83545
0.79854
0.76066
0.72058
0.66018
0.60023
0.53588
0.47323
0.41034
0.34779
0.28557
0.22639
0.18440
0.14489
0.12239
0.10318
0.08536
0.07289
0.06069
0.04943
0.03860
0.02930
0.02098
0.01432
0.00716
0.00294
0.00005
0.00025
0.00422
0.00819
0.01368
0.01940
0.02561
0.03578
0.04885
0.05964

0.00040
0.00203
0.00284
0.00397
0.00506
0.00632
0.00763
0.00905
0.01044
0.01212
0.01445
0.01666
0.01871
0.02256
0.02643
0.03185
0.03912
0.04651
0.05398
0.06405
0.07286
0.07980
0.08473
0.08802
0.08827
0.08628
0.08189
0.07689
0.07040
0.06522
0.05983
0.05384
0.04896
0.04381
0.03870
0.03320
0.02774
0.02225
0.01724
0.01110
0.00641
-0.00085
-0.00185
-0.00712
-0.00946
-0.01173
-0.01365
-0.01527
-0.01721
-0.01892
-0.02005

0.07697
0.09621
0.12762
0.15810
0.19891
0.24187
0.30328
0.36843
0.43049
0.49304
0.55200
0.61392
0.67063
0.73894
0.78119
0.82139
0.85601
0.88476
0.90230
0.92436
0.93865
0.95219
0.96302
0.97314
0.98332
0.99112
0.99936
1.00000

-0.02144
-0.02215
-0.02249
-0.02285
-0.02277
-0.02203
-0.01968
-0.01772
-0.01599
-0.01422
-0.01265
-0.01127
-0.00971
-0.00781
-0.00628
-0.00528
-0.00448
-0.00359
-0.00292
-0.00225
-0.00180
-0.00156
-0.00127
-0.00124
-0.00121
-0.00125
-0.00105
0.00040

S8052

xjc
1.00000
0.99803
0.99231
0.98301
0.97022
0.95412
0.93491
0.91280
0.88804
0.86087
0.83155
0.80036
0.76759
0.73351
0.69841
0.66259
0.62635
0.58984
0.55299
0.51588
0.47873
0.44169
0.40501
0.36887
0.33344
0.29896
0.26560
0.23357
0.20304
0.17422
0.14727
0.12234

va;c

0.0 000
0.00018
0.00079
0.00181
0.00330
0.00533
0.00790
0.01104
0.01472
0.01891
0.02357
0.02863
0.03400
0.03957
0.04524
0.05083
0.05617
0.06088
0.06482
0.06814
0.07081
0.07283
0.07423
0.07498
0.07511
0.07461
0.07351
0.07182
0.06957
0.06676
0.06341
0.05951

0.09956
0.07907
0.06085
0.04493
0.03140
0.02025
0.01165
0.00552
0.00163
0.00001
0.00147
0.00651
0.01471
0.02583
0.03977
0.05642
0.07569
0.09749
0.12169
0.14818
0.17678
0.20735
0.23970
0.27364
0.30896
0.34545
0.38288
0.42100
0.45957
0.49834
0.53702
0.57556
0.61389
0.65181
0.68916
0.72568
0.76113
0.79518
0.82751
0.85782
0.88581
0.91121
0.93377
0.95325
0.96950
0.98246
0.99204
0.99798
1.00000

0.05510
0.05012
0.04458
0.03864
0.03234
0.02579
0.01916
0.01240
0.00569
-0.00037
-0.00540
-0.00985
-0.01427
-0.01860
-0.02271
-0.02654
-0.03003
-0.03316
-0.03590
-0.03824
-0.04018
-0.04171
-0.04283
-0.04354
-0.04385
-0.04377
-0.04331
-0.04248
-0.04127
-0.03967
-0.03758
-0.03494
-0.03185
-0.02843
-0.02481
-0.02116
-0.01762
-0.01433
-0.01136
-0.00876
-0.00656
-0.00475
-0.00330
-0.00218
-0.00128
-0.00056
-0.00011
0.00002
0.00000

SD6060

xjc

yjc

1.00000
0.99661
0.98660
0.97033
0.94829
0.92100
0.88905
0.85301
0.81346
0.77096
0.72602
0.67917

0.00000
0.00023
0.00108
0.00283
0.00559
0.00941
0.01419
0.01977
0.02595
0.03248
0.03912
0.04563

0.63091
0.58174
0.53222
0.48283
0.43386
0.38566
0.33862
0.29316
0.24976
0.20883
0.17076
0.13589
0.10456
0.07700
0.05344
0.03399
0.01879
0.00790
0.00148
0.00025
0.00495
0.01525
0.03068
0.05114
0.07648
0.10645
0.14078
0.17909
0.22096
0.26592
0.31347
0.36306
0.41413
0.46614
0.51852
0.57073
0.62223
0.67254
0.72116
0.76761
0.81133
0.85176
0.88838
0.92070
0.94818
0.97032
0.98661
0.99662
1.00000

0.05177
0.05738
0.06225
0.06606
0.06866
0.07003
0.07020
0.06922
0.06715
0.06402
0.05988
0.05480
0.04887
0.04218
0.03486
0.02710
0.01913
0.01132
0.00411
-0.00159
-0.00647
-0.01148
-0.01612
-0.02025
-0.02381
-0.02678
-0.02919
-0.03105
-0.03238
-0.03321
-0.03354
-0.03338
-0.03273
-0.03159
-0.02995
-0.02784
-0.02527
-0.02231
-0.01906
-0.01568
-0.01236
-0.00922
-0.00638
-0.00399
-0.00214
-0.00090
-0.00024
-0.00002
0.00000

SD6060
actual model

xjc

yjc

1.00000 -0.00005
0.99445 0.00158
0.98915 0.00189
0.98274 0.00233
0.97632 0.00280
0.96840 0.00349
0.96021 0.00427
0.95108 0.00523
0.93972 0.00652
0.92543 0.00819
0.90947 0.01034

271

272

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

0.88641
0.86803
0.83804
0.80333
0.76548
0.72844
0.66218
0.60211
0.54017
0.47817
0.41464
0.35251
0.29323
0.22973
0.18531
0.14689
0.11633
0.08752
0.06241
0.04904
0.04040
0.02969
0.02245
0.01453
0.00633
0.00062
0.00047
0.00103
0.00459
0.01135
0.01901
0.02524
0.03464
0.04704
0.05625
0.07464
0.09503
0.12572
0.15720
0.19690
0.23471
0.29580
0.36138
0.42232
0.48560
0.54849
0.60979
0.67166
0.73181
0.77283
0.81335
0.84864
0.87676
0.89785
0.91888
0.93566
0.94851
0.96113
0.97256
0.98297
0.98875
0.99902
1.00000

0.01350
0.01621
0.02061
0.02566
0.03134
0.03684
0.04601
0.05343
0.05990
0.06478
0.06785
0.06896
0.06788
0.06474
0.06100
0.05603
0.05056
0.04407
0.03708
0.03258
0.02962
0.02475
0.02092
0.01602
0.00922
0.00191
-0.00164
-0.00245
-0.00592
-0.01002
-0.01298
-0.01491
-0.01737
-0.01998
-0.02151
-0.02396
-0.02628
-0.02867
-0.03022
-0.03144
-0.03216
-0.03320
-0.03322
-0.03252
-0.03125
-0.02919
-0.02634
-0.02206
-0.01757
-0.01466
-0.01179
-0.00910
-0.00685
-0.00525
-0.00360
-0.00252
-0.00172
-0.00127
-0.00092
-0.00083
-0.00080
-0.00080
-0.00005

SD7003

x/c
1.00000
0.99681
0.98745
0.97235
0.95193
0.92639
0.89600
0.86112
0.82224
0.77985
0.73449
0.68673
0.63717
0.58641
0.53499
0.48350
0.43249
0.38250
0.33405
0.28760
0.24358
0.20240
0.16442
0.12993
0.09921
0.07244
0.04978
0.03130
0.01702
0.00697
0.00127
0.00025
0.00457
0.01408
0.02839
0.04763
0.07182
0.10073
0.13407
0.17150
0.21268
0.25719
0.30456
0.35426
0.40572
0.45837
0.51161
0.56484
0.61748
0.66898
0.71883
0.76644
0.81118
0.85241
0.88957
0.92210
0.94952
0.97134
0.98718
0.99679
1.00001

y/c
0.00000
0.00031
0.00132
0.00310
0.00547
0.00824
0.01139
0.01494
0.01884
0.02304
0.02744
0.03197
0.03649
0.04086
0.04494
0.04859
0.05171
0.05415
0.05581
0.05658
0.05639
0.05518
0.05292
0.04961
0.04526
0.03993
0.03372
0.02677
0.01932
0.01172
0.00438
-0.00186
-0.00741
-0.01285
-0.01759
-0.02141
-0.02438
-0.02660
-0.02809
-0.02888
-0.02900
-0.02852
-0.02752
-0.02608
-0.02428
-0.02217
-0.01980
-0.01723
-0.01450
-0.01167
-0.00887
-0.00628
-0.00403
-0.00220
-0.00082
0.00008
0.00052
0.00057
0.00037
0.00011
0.00000

SD7003
actual model

x/c
1.00000
0.99930
0.99484
0.98973
0.98540
0.98022
0.97396
0.96788
0.96124
0.94962
0.93592
0.92019
0.89956
0.87889
0.84842
0.81369
0.77486
0.73262
0.67067
0.60737
0.54734
0.48510
0.42437
0.36209
0.30006
0.23709
0.19703
0.17634
0.15254
0.12780
0.11036
0.09384
0.07961
0.06546
0.05047
0.04069
0.03243
0.02599
0.02034
0.01552
0.01027
0.00624
0.00244
0.00104
0.00031
0.00347
0.00885
0.01755
0.02766
0.03904
0.05200
0.06315
0.07902
0.10100
0.12878
0.16084
0.19924
0.24389
0.30555
0.36704
0.43136

y/c
-0.00009
0.00181
0.00228
0.00282
0.00319
0.00377
0.00438
0.00494
0.00560
0.00669
0.00810
0.00954
0.01165
0.01356
0.01648
0.01979
0.02353
0.02755
0.03331
0.03899
0.04392
0.04838
0.05202
0.05478
0.05629
0.05612
0.05464
0.05336
0.05138
0.04869
0.04624
0.04344
0.04058
0.03722
0.03289
0.02953
0.02625
0.02342
0.02069
0.01802
0.01445
0.01081
0.00612
0.00377
-0.00204
-0.00683
-0.01060
-0.01436
-0.01756
-0.02054
-0.02324
-0.02501
-0.02678
-0.02841
-0.02970
-0.03050
-0.03067
-0.03013
-0.02867
-0.02680
-0.02445

0.49027
0.55287
0.61685
0.67653
0.74123
0.78341
0.82176
0.85838
0.88440
0.90074
0.91928
0.93834
0.95147
0.96668
0.97836
0.98828
0.99431
1.00002
1.00000

-0.02195
-0.01896
-0.01558
-0.01223
-0.00858
-0.00630
-0.00428
-0.00238
-0.00133
-0.00064
-0.00014
0.00002
-0.00006
-0.00043
-0.00097
-0.00152
-0.00177
-0.00181
-0.00009

SD7032

xjc
1.00000
0.99674
0.98712
0.97155
0.95054
0.92464
0.89436
0.86021
0.82264
0.78208
0.73892
0.69356
0.64646
0.59812
0.54902
0.49967
0.45058
0.40222
0.35506
0.30953
0.26604
0.22499
0.18671
0.15146
0.11948
0.09105
0.06627
0.04524
0.02812
0.01502
0.00606
0.00115
0.00038
0.00532
0.01649
0.03308
0.05491
0.08180
0.11351
0.14974
0.19010
0.23420

y/c
0.00000
0.00048
0.00204
0.00485
0.00894
0.01420
0.02041
0.02731
0.03460
0.04199
0.04925
0.05620
0.06270
0.06861
0.07381
0.07816
0.08154
0.08385
0.08500
0.08493
0.08359
0.08096
0.07703
0.07182
0.06548
0.05809
0.04976
0.04078
0.03145
0.02206
0.01293
0.00448
-0.00223
-0.00701
-0.01088
-0.01403
-0.01635
-0.01787
-0.01862
-0.01867
-0.01810
-0.01699

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.28153
0.33154
0.38364
0.43724
0.49176
0.54659
0.60112
0.65469
0.70664
0.75634
0.80313
0.84635
0.88534
- -0.91942
0.94797
0.97054
0.98684
0.99670
1.00000

-0.01547
-0.01363
-0.01152
-0.00922
-0.00678
-0.00430
-0.00190
0.00030
0.00224
0.00379
0.00485
0.00535
0.00526
0.00458
0.00350
0.00226
0.00113
0.00030
0.00000

SD7032
actual model D

x/c

yfc

1.00000 -0.00035
0.99864 0.00040
0.99665 0.00110
0.99353 0.00185
0.98888 0.00276
0.98259 0.00379
0.97541 0.00481
0.96809 0.00616
0.96252 0.00712
0.94859 0.00980
0.93704 0.01181
0.92652 0.01367
0.91821 0.01508
0.90582 0.01711
0.89075 0.01972
0.85677 0.02607
0.82499 0.03159
0.79355 0.03686
0.75266 0.04431
0.71060 0.05136
0.66862 0.05770
0.62429 0.06346
0.56871 0.06980
0.51073 0.07533
0.45314 0.07952
0.39660 0.08205
0.34046 0.08289
0.28613 0.08208
0.24396 0.07994
0.19704 0.07609
0.17147 0.07271
0.14238 0.06773
0.11459 0.06170
0.09965 0.05761
0.08841 0.05421
0.07620 0.05025
0.06239 0.04531
0.04837 0.03948
0.03818 0.03453
0.02912 0.02965
0.01986 0.02401

0.01227
0.00787
0.00240
0.00023
0.00280
0.00928
0.01264
0.01846
0.02881
0.04723
0.06062
0.07656
0.09187
0.10349
0.12003
0.14868
0.17685
0.20472
0.24431
0.28925
0.33962
0.40103
0.45698
0.51631
0.57476
0.62875
0.67810
0.71802
0.75935
0.80501
0.83600
0.86820
0.89605
0.90948
0.92313
0.94075
0.95357
0.96655
0.97922
0.99036
0.99484
0.99844
1.00000

0.01814
0.01368
0.00633
-0.00192
-0.00679
-0.01148
-0.01250
-0.01399
-0.01573
-0.01785
-0.01903
-0.02001
-0.02064
-0.02099
-0.02144
-0.02176
-0.02145
-0.02073
-0.01943
-0.01764
-0.01591
-0.01330
-0.01036
-0.00740
-0.00438
-0.00132
0.00055
0.00157
0.00282
0.00420
0.00481
0.00511
0.00491
0.00457
0.00380
0.00277
0.00173
0.00116
0.00045
-0.00013
-0.00029
-0.00040
-0.00035

SD7032
actual model E

x/c

y/c

1.00000 -0.00002
0.99604 0.00103
0.99174 0.00144
0.98543 0.00239
0.97848 0.00360
0.97068 0.00492
0.96224 0.00654
0.95405 0.00821
0.94438 0.01010
0.93313 0.01232
0.91812 0.01539
0.90203 0.01859
0.87770 0.02327
0.85205 0.02816
0.81421 0.03526
0.77184 0.04269
0.72898 0.04973

0.66868
0.60720
0.54130
0.47884
0.41734
0.35286
0.29265
0.22164
0.18166
0.15363
0.12851
0.10848
0.09024
0.07700
0.06371
0.05270
0.03901
0.02749
0.01674
0.00879
0.00034
0.00040
0.00455
0.01247
0.02075
0.02898
0.05026
0.06704
0.08723
0.11218
0.14554
0.18027
0.23716
0.29788
0.36224
0.42552
0.48858
0.54975
0.61762
0.67933
0.74312
0.78526
0.82732
0.86321
0.89349
0.91412
0.93708
0.95104
0.96729
0.98134
0.99034
0.99826
1.00000

0.05901
0.06737
0.07453
0.07969
0.08315
0.08482
0.08421
0.07990
0.07543
0.07095
0.06583
0.06109
0.05614
0.05214
0.04780
0.04356
0.03705
0.03063
0.02342
0.01664
0.00322
-0.00360
-0.00953
-0.01281
-0.01447
-0.01573
-0.01875
-0.01997
-0.02055
-0.02087
-0.02052
-0.01982
-0.01833
-0.01643
-0.01440
-0.01213
-0.01002
-0.00763
-0.00501
-0.00296
-0.00116
0.00013
0.00111
0.00139
0.00146
0.00119
0.00083
0.00026
-0.00036
-0.00078
-0.00083
-0.00055
-0.00002

SD7037

xfc

1.00000
0.99672
0.98707
0.97146
0.95041
0.92450
0.89425
0.86015

y/c

0.00000
0.00042
0.00180
0.00436
0.00811
0.01295
0.01865
0.02490

0.82261
0.78201
0.73865
0.69294
0.64539
0.59655
0.54693
0.49706
0.44745
0.39862
0.35101
0.30508
0.26125
0.21989
0.18137
0.14601
0.11410
0.08586
0.06146
0.04102
0.02462
0.01232
0.00418
0.00021
0.00127
0.00806
0.02038
0.03800
0.06074
0.08844
0.12084
0.15765
0.19850
0.24296
0.29055
0.34071
0.39288
0.44643
0.50074
0.55519
0.60914
0.66197
0.71305
0.76178
0.80752
0.84964
0.88756
0.92071
0.94859
0.97077
0.98690
0.99671
1.00000

0.03141
0.03788
0.04413
0.05011
0.05572
0.06085
0.06538
0.06917
0.07211
0.07410
0.07504
0.07488
0.07358
0.07113
0.06754
0.06286
0.05715
0.05049
0.04300
0.03486
0.02632
0.01770
0.00936
0.00185
-0.00393
-0.00839
-0.01227
-0.01541
-0.01777
-0.01934
-0.02017
-0.02032
-0.01987
-0.01891
-0.01754
-0.01586
-0.01396
-0.01190
-0.00976
-0.00760
-0.00549
-0.00349
-0.00168
-0.00014
0.00104
0.00182
0.00220
0.00218
0.00185
0.00132
0.00071
0.00021
0.00000

SD7037
actual model A

xfc
1.00000
0.99939
0.99527
0.99014
0.98353
0.97403
0.96261

yfc

0.00010
0.00020
0.00090
0.00163
0.00263
0.00417
0.00617

273

274

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

0.95155
0.93611
0.92040
0.89570
0.87523
0.84954
0.81473
0.77445
0.73371
0.67283
0.60966
0.54617
0.48282
0.42115
0.35717
0.29557
0.23162
0.18963
0.14693
0.11775
0.08713
0.06452
0.05084
0.03697
0.02726
0.01915
0.01227
0.00792
0.00381
0.00201
0.00106
0.00000
0.00104
0.00523
0.01049
0.01641
0.02217
0.03130
0.04393
0.05396
0.07175
0.09250
0.12402
0.15728
0.19785
0.23954
0.30173
0.36573
0.42758
0.48907
0.55079
0.61275
0.67713
0.74024
0.78350
0.82467
0.86111
0.89018
0.91028
0.93140
0.94733
0.96292
0.97465
0.98378
0.99008

0.00837
0.01114
0.01426
0.01832
0.02168
0.02595
0.03151
0.03798
0.04426
0.05179
0.05842
0.06407
0.06857
0.07073
0.07218
0.07174
0.06859
0.06476
0.05875
0.05343
0.04632
0.03971
0.03504
0.02983
0.02581
0.02154
0.01678
0.01314
0.00873
0.00608
0.00411
-0.00114
-0.00405
-0.00834
-0.01095
-0.01278
-0.01413
-0.01547
-0.01670
-0.01754
-0.01882
-0.02009
-0.02118
-0.02178
-0.02160
-0.02063
-0.01914
-0.01710
-0.01477
-0.01271
-0.01026
-0.00788
-0.00581
-0.00400
-0.00276
-0.00189
-0.00124
-0.00112
-0.00083
-0.00068
-0.00051
-0.00036
-0.00027
-0.00029
-0.00028

0.99745 -0.00020
1.00000 0.00010
SD7037

actual model B

x/c
1.00000
0.99970
0.99598
0.99205
0.98502
0.97716
0.96931
0.96189
0.95176
0.93747
0.92491
0.90813
0.89082
0.87337
0.84839
0.82124
0.77629
0.73714
0.67533
0.61304
0.55026
0.48609
0.42380
0.36212
0.29770
0.23632
0.19389
0.15198
0.12033
0.09461
0.07954
0.06942
0.05672
0.04558
0.03513
0.02605
0.01987
0.01370
0.01022
0.00719
0.00167
0.00022
0.00211
0.00487
0.01007
0.01523
0.02322
0.02997
0.04075
0.05077
0.06403
0.07854
0.09895
0.13065
0.15845
0.20002
0.24292
0.30574

yfc

0.00024
0.00101
0.00202
0.00266
0.00365
0.00484
0.00617
0.00740
0.00908
0.01138
0.01353
0.01654
0.01969
0.02265
0.02689
0.03133
0.03808
0.04373
0.05168
0.05864
0.06448
0.06920
0.07261
0.07430
0.07411
0.07153
0.06803
0.06297
0.05764
0.05214
0.04827
0.04532
0.04144
0.03723
0.03261
0.02761
0.02350
0.01882
0.01598
0.01306
0.00588
0.00212
-0.00668
-0.00914
-0.01186
-0.01365
-0.01605
-0.01761
-0.01936
-0.02039
-0.02134
-0.02223
-0.02280
-0.02300
-0.02281
-0.02238
-0.02137
-0.01912

0.36946
0.43210
0.49408
0.55674
0.61627
0.68273
0.74376
0.78840
0.82871
0.86231
0.89094
0.90746
0.92920
0.94526
0.95938
0.97400
0.98276
0.99226
0.99963
1.00000

-0.01644
-0.01382
-0.01144
-0.00899
-0.00666
-0.00401
-0.00163
-0.00022
0.00066
0.00116
0.00125
0.00133
0.00109
0.00087
0.00051
0.00017
-0.00013
-0.00073
-0.00101
0.00024

SDBOOO

x/c
1.00000
0.99674
0.98711
0.97148
0.95032
0.92413
0.89343
0.85871
0.82042
0.77899
0.73481
0.68831
0.63998
0.59034
0.53991
0.48921
0.43875
0.38905
0.34062
0.29395
0.24951
0.20775
0.16906
0.13380
0.10229
0.07476
0.05142
0.03238
0.01766
0.00729
0.00136
0.00022
0.00440
0.01370
0.02780
0.04677
0.07058
0.09914
0.13219
0.16941
0.21041

0.25477
0.30202
0.35163
0.40307
0.45576
0.50913
0.56263
0.61566
0.66757
0.71773
0.76556
0.81047
0.85185
0.88910
0.92170
0.94916
0.97105
0.98700
0.99673
1.00001

-0.02969
-0.02864
-0.02710
-0.02514
-0.02284
-0.02024
-0.01744
-0.01459
-0.01179
-0.00910
-0.00662
-0.00445
-0.00268
-0.00132
-0.00040
0.00013
0.00032
0.00026
0.00009
0.00000

SDBOOO

yfc

0.00000
0.00030
0.00130
0.00321
0.00607
0.00984
0.01434
0.01936
0.02466
0.03000
0.03521
0.04017
0.04478
0.04894
0.05256
0.05553
0.05780
0.05929
0.05996
0.05978
0.05872
0.05675
0.05389
0.05012
0.04548
0.04000
0.03377
0.02686
0.01948
0.01194
0.00460
-0.00175
-0.00749
-0.01315
-0.01814
-0.02225
-0.02544
-0.02776
-0.02929
-0.03008
-0.03020

actual model

x/c
1.00000
0.99900
0.99466
0.98934
0.98377
0.97797
0.97139
0.96266
0.95123
0.93681
0.92195
0.90020
0.87714
0.85101
0.81648
0.77368
0.73223
0.67079
0.60486
0.54669
0.48480
0.42339
0.35904
0.29645
0.23380
0.19549
0.15215
0.12015
0.10415
0.08874
0.07551
0.06034
0.05324
0.04460
0.03627
0.02778
0.02165
0.01569
0.00865
0.00485

yfc

0.00051
0.00127
0.00191
0.00276
0.00352
0.00421
0.00508
0.00598
0.00760
0.00960
0.01192
0.01505
0.01845
0.02222
0.02683
0.03213
0.03718
0.04365
0.04912
0.05324
0.05687
0.05938
0.06075
0.06053
0.05856
0.05643
0.05265
0.04853
0.04598
0.04319
0.04036
0.03648
0.03437
0.03150
0.02834
0.02458
0.02139
0.01775
0.01263
0.00866

Appendix A: Airfoil Coordinates

0.00064
0.00268
0.00629
0.01227
0.01719
0.02222
0.02657
0.03833
0.04884
0.06105
0.07541
0.09852
0.12534
0.15997
0.19782
0.24327
0.30405
0.36741
0.42792
0.49041
0.55391
0.61699
0.67610
0.73884
0.78108
0.82102
0.85989
0.88821
0.90521
0.92671
0.94213
0.95687
0.96956
0.97878
0.98453
0.99052
0.99846
1.00000

-0.00310
-0.00638
-0.00936
-0.01252
-0.01468
-0.01655
-0.01790
-0.02054
-0.02230
-0.02386
-0.02541
-0.02727
-0.02862
-0.02940
-0.02955
-0.02902
-0.02732
-0.02485
-0.02195
-0.01878
-0.01531
-0.01167
-0.00841
-0.00504
-0.00282
-0.00116
0.00010
0.00066
0.00087
0.00075
0.00062
0.00028
0.00001
-0.00029
-0.00065
-0.00077
-0.00127
0.00051

SD8020

x/c
1.00000
0.99646
0.98625
0.97017
0.94885
0.92247
0.89118
0.85538
0.81560
0.77237
0.72627
0.67789
0.62777
0.57647
0.52456
0.47261
0.42116
0.37077
0.32196
0.27523
0.23106
0.18987
0.15203

y/c
0.00000
0.00027
0.00131
0.00330
0.00591
0.00876
0.01188
0.01532
0.01908
0.02308
0.02722
0.03135
0.03535
0.03909
0.04246
0.04536
0.04770
0.04938
0.05034
0.05051
0.04982
0.04824
0.04574

0.11789
0.08774
0.06179
0.04024
0.02318
0.01065
0.00276
0.00000
0.00276
0.01066
0.02319
0.04024
0.06180
0.08774
0.11790
0.15204
0.18987
0.23107
0.27524
0.32197
0.37077
0.42117
0.47262
0.52457
0.57648
0.62778
0.67790
0.72629
0.77238
0.81561
0.85539
0.89119
0.92248
0.94886
0.97018
0.98626
0.99647
1.00000

0.04233
0.03802
0.03287
0.02697
0.02041
0.01345
0.00645
0.00000
-0.00645
-0.01345
-0.02041
-0.02697
-0.03287
-0.03802
-0.04233
-0.04574
-0.04824
-0.04982
-0.05051
-0.05034
-0.04938
-0.04769
-0.04536
-0.04246
-0.03908
-0.03534
-0.03135
-0.02722
-0.02308
-0.01907
-0.01532
-0.01188
-0.00876
-0.00591
-0.00330
-0.00131
-0.00027
0.00000

SD8020
actual model

x/c

1.00000
0.99546
0.99166
0.98736
0.98111
0.97326
0.96549
0.95378
0.93947
0.92296
0.90064
0.88305
0.85620
0.81837
0.77897
0.73462
0.67566
0.61081
0.55035
0.48701
0.41960
0.35578

y/c

0.00011
0.00173
0.00204
0.00239
0.00284
0.00346
0.00406
0.00509
0.00648
0.00797
0.01003
0.01164
0.01421
0.01774
0.02135
0.02528
0.03030
0.03524
0.03943
0.04337
0.04683
0.04908

0.29098
0.23096
0.19250
0.16513
0.14181
0.11.555
0.09471
0.07409
0.05620
0.04384
0.03327
0.02199
0.01428
0.00757
0.00311
0.00147
0.00047
0.00096
0.00279
0.00737
0.01322
0.01678
0.02298
0.02831
0.03865
0.05296
0.06671
0.09061
0.12098
0.14971
0.19223
0.23731
0.29757
0.36030
0.42266
0.48291
0.55072
0.61223
0.66813
0.73482
0.78040
0.81835
0.85535
0.88453
0.90299
0.92111
0.93656
0.95033
0.96385
0.97644
0.98576
0.99371
0.99930
1.00000

0.05021
0.04966
0.04838
0.04683
0.04497
0.04230
0.03947
0.03594
0.03208
0.02876
0.02534
0.02080
0.01681
0.01239
0.00799
0.00536
-0.00298
-0.00428
-0.00745
-0.01163
-0.01524
-0.01716
-0.02022
-0.02247
-0.02621
-0.03047
-0.03381
-0.03838
-0.04271
-0.04583
-0.04893
-0.05068
-0.05124
-0.05009
-0.04822
-0.04564
-0.04195
-0.03786
-0.03355
-0.02784
-0.02364
-0.02010
-0.01637
-0.01350
-0.01163
-0.00969
-0.00809
-0.00657
-0.00508
-0.00373
-0.00269
-0.00177
-0.00111
0.00011

WASP
smoothed model

x/c

y/c

1.00000
0.99754
0.99070
0.98037
0.96698
0.95044

0.00007
0.00132
0.00392
0.00632
0.00831
0.01060

0.93064
0.90775
0.88202
0.85370
0.82309
0.79048
0.75616
0.72043
0.68359
0.64594
0.60778
0.56937
0.53099
0.49265
0.45435
0.41638
0.37887
0.34204
0.30609
0.27120
0.23760
0.20549
0.17504
0.14648
0.11999
0.09576
0.07395
0.05468
0.03811
0.02433
0.01338
0.00548
0.00098
0.00000
0.00098
0.00548
0.01338
0.02433
0.03811
0.05468
0.07395
0.09576
0.11999
0.14648
0.17504
0.20549
0.23760
0.27120
0.30609
0.34204
0.37887
0.41638
0.45435
0.49265
0.53099
0.56937
0.60778
0.64594
0.68359
0.72043
0.75616
0.79048
0.82309
0.85370
0.88202

0.01373
0.01754
0.02173
0.02616
0.03071
0.03534
0.04001
0.04467
0.04923
0.05362
0.05775
0.06154
0.06495
0.06796
0.07055
0.07265
0.07421
0.07514
0.07537
0.07482
0.07345
0.07122
0.06813
0.06419
0.05944
0.05388
0.04750
0.04040
0.03288
0.02528
0.01779
0.01060
0.00395
-0.00042
-0.00434
-0.00897
-0.01273
-0.01570
-0.01799
-0.01973
-0.02094
-0.02167
-0.02197
-0.02189
-0.02147
-0.02077
-0.01984
-0.01872
-0.01746
-0.01608
-0.01462
-0.01309
-0.01154
-0.01002
-0.00856
-0.00723
-0.00604
-0.00503
-0.00420
-0.00353
-0.00299
-0.00258
-0.00231
-0.00220
-0.00223

275

276

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

0.90775
0.93064
0.95044
0.96698
0.98037
0.99070
0.99754
1.00000

-0.00237
-0.00258
-0.00291
-0.00323
-0.00313
-0.00225
-0.00088
-0.00016

WASP
actual model

xfc
1.00000
0.99989
0.99585
0.99190
0.98579
0.97399
0.96060
0.94952
0.93443
0.91987
0.90601
0.89170
0.85854
0.82573
0.79503
0.75211
0.70872
0.66522
0.62163
0.56465
0.50733
0.45447
0.39619
0.34099
0.28274
0.23843
0.19210
0.16650
0.13833
0.10969
0.09819
0.08388
0.07039
0.05665
0.04371
0.02744
0.01496
0.00498
0.00027
0.00073
0.00431
0.00993
0.01686
0.02494
0.03330
0.04439
0.06175
0.07602
0.09099
0.10561
0.11860
0.14807

y/c
0.00022
0.00203
0.00302
0.00379
0.00488
0.00695
0.00911
0.01089
0.01328
0.01570
0.01794
0.02022
0.02554
0.03052
0.03488
0.04053
0.04628
0.05145
0.05638
0.06215
0.06700
0.07061
0.07338
0.07507
0.07524
0.07380
0.07018
0.06712
0.06281
0.05728
0.05462
0.05084
0.04660
0.04146
0.03570
0.02701
0.01888
0.01006
0.00234
-0.00390
-0.00827
-0.01125
-0.01374
-0.01574
-0.01723
-0.01867
-0.02015
-0.02094
-0.02147
-0.02174
-0.02182
-0.02164

0.17424
0.20582
0.24853
0.28925
0.35038
0.40203
0.46036
0.51593
0.57793
0.63048
0.67423
0.71664
0.75867
0.80236
0.83345
0.86509
0.89302
0.90911
0.92227
0.94096
0.95520
0.96798
0.97706
0.98496
0.99773
1.00000

-0.02130
-0.02070
-0.01931
-0.01776
-0.01538
-0.01347
-0.01114
-0.00881
-0.00632
-0.00502
-0.00409
-0.00333
-0.00260
-0.00197
-0.00170
-0.00178
-0.00204
-0.00212
-0.00220
-0.00227
-0.00219
-0.00221
-0.00222
-0.00219
-0.00203
0.00022

Appendix B

Airfoil Polar Data

An of the polar data shown in Chapter 4 is listed in this appendix and identified
by airfoil name, figure number, and run number. This same data in addition to
the four spanwise Cd values used to obtain the average Cd are included with the
data distribution disk. Also included on the disk but not listed here is the lift
data plotted in the C1-a curves shown in Chapter 4.

278

Summary of Low-Speed Ai1joil Data

AlB
Fig. 4.3

Run: 278
Re = 40400

"'

G1

-1.20 0.120
0.88 0.329
2.77 0.543
5.00 0.839
6.98 1.002
9.01 1.101
11.03 1.133
Run: 161
Re = 61300
a
G1
-2.11 0.028
-0.22 0.220
1.09 0.412
2.39 0.594
4.11 0.809
5.96 0.964
7.55 1.049
9.08 1.127
10.34 1.166
Run: 163
Re = 101700

"'

G1

-1.57 0.085
-0.41 0.270
1.05 0.472
2.77 0.655
4.32 0.787
5.88 0.917
7.54 1.014
8.94 1.090
10.11 1.126
Run: 165
Re = 203800

"'

G1

-1.60 0.201
0.12 0.389
1.48 0.528
2.88 0.674
4.32 0.807
5.54 0.900
7.44 1.033
8.86 1.117
10.15 1.169
Run: 521
Re = 203800

"'

G1

Gd

0.0257
0.0213
0.0371
0.0438
0.0346
0.0315
0.0632

"'

G1

0.124
0.330
0.476
0.623
0.789

0.0152
0.0214
0.0260
0.0328

Gd

0.0613
0.0139

BE50
Fig. 4.7

Run: 570
Re = 60900

Gd

0.0235
0.0190
0.0212
0.0230
0.0251
0.0229
0.0268
0.0353
0.0439

Gd

0.0188
0.0146
0.0156
0.0172
0.0166
0.0181
0.0264
0.0332
0.0404

Gd

0.0131
0.0098
0.0095
0.0107
0.0127
0.0152
0.0215
0.0276
0.0351

Gd

-5.33 -0.380 0.0668

-3.43 -0.095 0.0180
Run: 167
Re = 303300
-2.42
-0.49
0.89
2.34
4.22

5.75 0.908
7.87 1.064
9.25 1.138
10.21 1.171
Run: 522
Re = 304800
a
Gt
-5.39 -0.338
-3.63 -0.058

Gd
0.0111
0.0104
0.0084
0.0088
0.0107

Gt

" 0.032
-1.74
-0.13 0.192
1.35 0.442
2.98 0.623
4.51 0.763
5.78 0.867
7.45 0.993
9.03 1.108
10.51 1.188
Run: 572
Re = 101800
a
G1
-3.48 -0.132
-1.75 0.020
-0.28 0.238
1.42 0.467
3.45 0.655
4.29 0.731
5.97 0.876
7.31 0.987
9.21 1.131
10.37 1.179
Run: 574
Re = 203100

"'

G1

-5.41 -0.370
-3.12 -0.091
-1.73 0.102
-0.44 0.247
1.28 0.437
2.80 0.591
4.37 0.738
5.71 0.860
7.55 1.020
8.82 1.114
10.37 1.186
Run: 576
Re = 304800
a
G1
-5.10 -0.326
-3.44 -0.089
-2.19 0.069
-0.34 0.264
1.23 0.430
2.90 0.597
4.32 0.734
6.20 0.917

Gd

0.0206
0.0165
0.0148
0.0196
0.0244
0.0214
0.0301
0.0326
0.0386

Gd

0.0274
0.0178
0.0130
0.0131
0.0157
0.0171
0.0211
0.0247
0.0301
0.0367

Gd

0.0690
0.0188
0.0127
0.0103
0.0092
0.0104
0.0129
0.0159
0.0191
0.0226
0.0335

Gd

0.0608
0.0172
0.0120
0.0095
0.0080
0.0093
0.0112
0.0145

7.73 1.049 0.0174

9.17 1.140 0.0226
10.47 1.200 0.0307

9.98 1.002 0.0452

Run: 503
Re = 102200

CH 10-48-13
Fig. 4.11

-6.38 -0.468
-5.39 -0.425
-4.36 -0.337
Run: 502
Re = 153100
q
a
-6.45 -0.4 75
-5.26 -0.389
-4.27 -0.240
-3.13 -0.101
-2.23 -0.032
-1.10 0.083
-0.21 0.238
0.84 0.334
1.80 0.419
2.91 0.523
3.94 0.621
4.87 0.712
5.88 0.806
7.00 0.902
8.02 0.938
9.00 0.974
9.97 1.004
Run:65
Re = 204000

Run: 156
Re = 203200
a
G1
1.30 0.949
2.30 1.040
3.41 1.139
5.17 1.283
7.26 1.467
9.52 1.647
11.67 1.806
Run: 560
Re = 203900
a
G1
-2.08 0.327
-0.48 0.693

"'

Gd

0.0202
0.0197
0.0194
0.0210
0.0242
0.0292
0.0363

Gd

0.0535
0.0300

E374 (B)
Fig. 4.15

Run: 69
Re = 61500
a
G1
-6.39 -0.439.
-5.31 -0.384
-4.28 -0.324
-3.29 -0.237
-2.32 -0.159
-1.21 -0.015
-0.19 0.105
0.88 0.256
1.84 0.364
2.96 0.429
3.90 0.521
4.93 0.669
5.99 0.786
6.98 0.883
7.97 0.952
8.97 0.980
9.98 1.013
Run: 67
Re = 102300

"
-4.23
-3.32
-2.25
-1.12
-0.25
0.80
1.83
2.82
3.98
5.00
5.94
6.99
7.99
8.92

Gt

-0.303
-0.186
-0.013
0.154
0.239
0.316
0.400
0.492
0.608
0.709
0.802
0.900
0.942
0.967

Gd

0.0338
0.0287
0.0224
0.0167
0.0168
0.0191
0.0222
0.0264
0.0288
0.0332
0.0357
0.0354
0.0351
0.0302
0.0293
0.0318
0.0400

Gd

0.0205
0.0158
0.0155
0.0194
0.0207
0.0230
0.0262
0.0284
0.0291
0.0242
0.0213
0.0200
0.0264
0.0340

"'

G1

G1

-6.38 -0.449
-5.33 -0.311
-4.29 -0.180
-3.30 -0.098
-2.29 -0.023
-1.22 0.080
-0.17 0.236
0.83 0.338
1.78 0.421
2.82 0.517
3.85 0.615
4.97 0.726
5.90 0.813
6.89 0.886
7.93 0.922
8.94 0.961
9.95 0.993
Run: 63
Re = 304900

"'

-6.37
-5.29
-4.14
-3.08
-2.11
-1.05
-0.02
1.02
2.06
3.06
4.06
5.13
6.05

G1

-0.416
-0.289
-0.192
-0.099
-0.013
0.079
0.194
0.352
0.453
0.551
0.652
0.756
0.838

Gd

0.0320
0.0252
0.0203

Gd

0.0291
0.0201
0.0162
0.0127
0.0131
0.0146
0.0144
0.0152
0.0162
0.0176
0.0179
0.0171
0.0164
0.0176
0.0267
0.0334
0.0416

Gd

0.0221
0.0168
0.0135
0.0116
0.0110
0.0117
0.0115
0.0121
0.0128
0.0135
0.0138
0.0138
0.0140
0.0164
0.0242
0.0304
0.0393

Gd

0.0195
0.0146
0.0127
0.0108
0.0092
0.0094
0.0091
0.0098
0.0102
0.0107
0.0111
0.0112
0.0121

Appendix B: Airfoil Polar Data

6.93
8.00
9.08
10.10

0.891
0.940
0.986
1.016

0.0164
0.0228
0.0289
0.0374

E387 (A)
Fig. 4.19
Run: 209
Re = 61500
a
Ct
-5.36 -0.255
-3.71 -0.127
-2.12 0.059
-0.68 0.250
0.92 0.439
2.58 0.611
4.17 0.769
5.40 0.880
6.98 1.026
8.80 1.183
10.13 1.201
Run: 211
Re = 101800
a
Ct
-5.37 -0.294
-3.61 -0.067
-2.04 0.146
-0.49 0.311
0.81 0.436
2.45 0.590
3.85 0.721
5.60 0.890
6.91 1.014
8.68 1.150
10.10 1.169
Run: 555
Re = 152700
a
Ct
-5.30 -0.296
-3.46 -0.030
-2.11 0.103
-0.50 0.258
0.83 0.398
2.53 0.577
4.06 0.732
5.64 0.887
7.05 1.018
8.63 1.126
10.02 1.159
Run: 213
Re = 203800
a
Ct
-4.65 -0.145
-3.35 -0.010
-1.97 0.121
-0.37 0.281
1.27 0.454
2.67 0.599
4.23 0.761
5.59 0.893
7.23 1.042
8.77 1.127

cd

0.0425
0.0248
0.0240
0.0237
0.0296
0.0346
0.0400
0.0421
0.0415
0.0287
0.0437

cd

0.0471
0.0229
0.0167
0.0170
0.0195
0.0221
0.0229
0.0229
0.0226
0.0251
0.0422

cd

0.0491
0.0191
0.0141
0.0120
0.0132
0.0157
0.0179
0.0182
0.0184
0.0245
0.0385

cd

0.0237
0.0158
0.0119
0.0104
0.0116
0.0130
0.0142
0.0149
0.0163
0.0259

10.16 1.164
Run: 215
Re = 305200
a
Ct
-5.45 -0.235
-3.92 -0.077
-2.24 0.085
-0.24 0.289
1.04 0.429
2.53 0.587
4.07 0.748
5.93 0.931
6.93 1.013
8.44 1.103
9.91 1.156

0.0378

cd

0.0406
0.0163
0.0116
0.0085
0.0092
0.0100
0.0113
0.0125
0.0140
0.0212
0.0322

FX 63-137 (B)
Fig. 4.23
Run: 159
Re = 102100
a
Ct
-5.05 -0.019
-3.74 0.174
-2.87 0.289
-1.91 0.398
-0.58 0.494
0.36 0.563
1.28 0.619
2.26 0.677
3.46 0.772
4.39 1.007
5.62 1.211
6.50 1.304
7.49 1.397
8.31 1.459
9.68 1.558
10.53 1.608
11.40 1.646
12.96 1.677
Run: 154
Re = 204000
a
Ct
-5.79 0.144
-4.74 0.264
-3.65 0.379
-2.54 0.509
-1.62 0.604
-0.43 0.725
0.85 0.854
1.40 0.907
2.61 1.024
3.97 1.155
4.65 1.213
5.86 1.318
6.74 1.401
8.25 1.518
9.10 1.574
10.47 1.641
10.66 1.647
11.93 1.672
12.82 1.671

cd

0.0481
0.0382
0.0364
0.0364
0.0441
0.0510
0.0538
0.0590
0.0657
0.0498
0.0378
0.0351
0.0336
0.0336
0.0337
0.0365
0.0403
0.0513

cd

0.0265
0.0203
0.0175
0.0155
0.0159
0.0173
0.0183
0.0185
0.0192
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0201
0.0217
0.0237
0.0284
0.0297
0.0366
0.0456

Run: 506
Re = 254900
a
Ct
-6.29 0.084
-4.91 0.241
-3.88 0.355
-2.75 0.483
-1.82 0.587
-0.75 0.694
0.23 0.790
1.23 0.886
2.32 0.995
3.34 1.094
4.32 1.183
5.33 1.271
6.46 1.363
7.47 1.446
8.30 1.503
9.46 1.574
10.47 1.625
11.56 1.657
Run: 511
Re = 306300
a
Ct
-5.82 0.144
-4.87 0.249
-3.85 0.363
-2.80 0.481
-1.75 0.599
-0.73 0.704
0.32 0.807
1.33 0.907
2.33 1.008
3.34 1.104
4.42 1.212
5.43 1.300
6.39 1.371
7.46 1.454
8.49 1.522
9.53 1.583
10.51 1.628
11.49 1.657

cd

0.0312
0.0184
0.0158
0.0135
0.0136
0.0144
0.0151
0.0158
0.0164
0.0167
0.0171
0.0173
0.0176
0.0186
0.0199
0.0233
0.0267
0.0330

cd

0.0207
0.0167
0.0146
0.0127
0.0123
0.0129
0.0136
0.0143
0.0147
0.0151
0.0156
0.0163
0.0163
0.0175
0.0195
0.0225
0.0262
0.0321

FX 74-CL5-140
MOD
Fig. 4.27
Run: 185
Re = 202800
a
Ct
-1.81 0.607
-0.49 0.852
1.18 1.036
2.68 1.181
4.23 1.320
5.57 1.433
7.38 1.576
9.00 1.692
10.43 1.784

cd

0.0401
0.0279
0.0246
0.0235
0.0264
0.0288
0.0328
0.0369
0.0410

GEMINI
Fig. 4.31
Run: 217
Re = 102300
a
Ct
-7.00 -0.521
-3.28 -0.074
-2.71 -0.028
-1.08 0.101
0.55 0.360
2.07 0.504
3.63 0.624
5.12 0.755
6.43 0.859
8.27 1.007
9.60 1.111
11.02 1.197
12.63 1.179
Run: 219
Re = 204100
a
Ct
-7.04 -0.391
-5.60 -0.269
-3.85 -0.138
-2.47 -0.022
-1.14 0.103
0.38 0.251
2.10 0.477
3.55 0.641
5.14 0.773
7.03 0.937
8.19 1.033
9.76 1.137
11.10 1.136
12.65 1.093
Run: 221
Re = 306100
q
a
-5.76 -0.291
-4.53 -0.193
-2.47 -0.020
-1.29 0.093
0.76 0.310
2.07 0.452
3.58 0.634
5.22 0.793
6.85 0.938
8.25 1.056
9.57 1.113
11.22 1.111

cd

0.0270
0.0156
0.0170
0.0171
0.0203
0.0186
0.0196
0.0240
0.0261
0.0289
0.0299
0.0324
0.0409

cd

0.0189
0.0148
0.0119
0.0119
0.0120
0.0124
0.0125
0.0137
0.0160
0.0200
0.0217
0.0229
0.0342
0.0538

cd

0.0146
0.0122
0.0106
0.0103
0.0103
0.0114
0.0134
0.0136
0.0163
0.0178
0.0200
0.0351

GM15
Fig. 4.36
Run: 404
Re = 40900
q
a
-3.61 -0.072
-1.52 0.160
0.66 0.368
2.60 0.594
4.59 0.869

cd

0.0504
0.0271
0.0235
0.0233
0.0320

279

280

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

6.81 1.086
8.73 1.179
9.92 1.239
Run: 405
Re = 39200
a
c1
10.95 1.257
Run: 401
Re = 61300
a
q
-3.59 -0.033
-1.91 0.166
-0.38 0.316
1.07 0.471
2.71 0.720
4.26 0.910
5.72 1.029
7.32 1.163
8.93 1.236
10.35 1.281
11.93 1.300
Run: 395
Re = 102000
a
c1
-0.01 0.431
1.62 0.669
3.11 0.832
4.54 0.957
6.13 1.093
7.56 1.190
9.09 1.241
10.57 1.286
12.41 1.296
Run: 396
Re = 102400

"

0.0286
0.0286
0.0292

cd

0.0507

cd

0.0399
0.0217
0.0216
0.0186
0.0226
0.0235
0.0221
0.0227
0.0308
0.0471
0.0622

cd

0.0177
0.0176
0.0172
O.Q180
0.0200
0.0242
0.0385
0.0513
0.0925

cd

-1.49 0.224 0.0184

Run: 397
Re = 101900

"

cd

-3.46 0.022 0.0320

Run: 399
Re = 202700

"
-3.42
-1.26
-0.44
1.53
2.76
4.74
5.84
7.63
9.11
10.55

0.118
0.392
0.495
0.688
0.809
1.004
1.094
1.197
1.263
1.290

cd

0.0175
0.0115
0.0113
0.0104
0.0112
0.0138
0.0160
0.0266
0.0371
0.0530

-0.25 -0.174
1.23 -0.027
2.53 0.114
4.21 0.326
5.62 0.469
7.29 0.640
8.77 0.774
10.38 0.877
11.83 0.988
13.45 1.072
Run: 407
Re = 101900
a
c1
-1.89 -0.343
-0.11 -0.155
1.34 -0.020
2.73 0.138
4.22 0.289
5.65 0.435
7.29 0.594
8.74 0.738
10.44 0.893
11.85 0.985
13.46 1.067
Run: 412
Re = 203400

"

cl

-1.95
-0.46
2.07
3.04
4.57
6.12
7.57
9.02
10.52
12.42
13.78

0.0408
0.0166
0.0123
0.0113
0.0100
0.0099
0.0107
0.0127
0.0191
0.0323
0.0642

c1
" -0.307

-0.150
0.056
0.186
0.346
0.511
0.655
0.795
0.920
1.056
1.107

1.89 0.497
3.67 0.653
5.05 0.770
6.78 0.920
8.28 1.084
9.86 1.205
11.20 1.220
Run: 124
Re = 102200
a
c1
-4.09 -0.167
-2.54 0.068
-1.21 0.181
0.43 0.400
2.12 0.571
3.59 0.722
5.18 0.885
6.82 1.049
8.24 1.192
9.75 1.271
11.21 1.269
Run: 122
Re = 203300

"

c1

0.0280
0.0375
0.0416
0.0485
0.0401
0.0336
0.0473

cd

0.0263
0.0194
0.0152
0.0157
0.0183
0.0201
0.0214
0.0231
0.0239
0.0278
0.0452

cd

-5.79 -0.299
-4.11 -0.106
-2.55 0.038
-1.08 0.172
0.40 0.342
2.17 0.537
3.51 0.683
5.20 0.858
6.58 0.992
8.13 1.127
9.83 1.191
11.17 1.186
Run: 120
Re = 305100

0.0428
0.0201
0.0144
0.0107
0.0100
0.0114
0.0129
0.0144
0.0157
0.0177
0.0292
0.0462

-5.62
-4.28
-2.78
-1.00
0.47
2.10
3.50
5.24
6.81
8.14
10.03
11.65

0.0358
0.0195
0.0138
0.0092
0.0082
0.0094
0.0104
0.0120
0.0132
0.0162
0.0293
0.0530

c1
" -0.243

-0.119
0.019
0.193
0.358
0.535
0.678
0.854
1.001
1.101
1.164
1.164

cd

M06-13-128 (B)
Fig. 4.49

Run: 409
Re = 61000

"

cd

cd

K3311
Fig. 4.45

-4.24
-2.71
-1.19
0.57

c1

cd

0.0298
0.0153
0.0134
0.0120
0.0120
0.0121
0.0125
0.0147
0.0223
0.0310
0.0529

Run: 126
Re = 61600

"

cd

0.0464
0.0196
0.0146
0.0119
0.0133
0.0162
0.0191
0.0190
0.0209
0.0322
0.0511

-1.70 -0.282
0.12 -0.090
1.51 -0.002
3.10 0.165
4.56 0.312
5.95 0.485
7.48 0.645
9.11 0.802
10.66 0.928
11.98 1.020
13.54 1.084
Run: 414
Re = 304400

GM15
Fig. 4.38

-1.87 -0.348 0.0578

0.0289
0.0187
0.0139
0.0133
0.0153
0.0206
0.0232
0.0260
0.0274
0.0379

c1

-0.238
-0.079
0.090
0.341

Run: 197
Re = 203800

cd

0.0323
0.0255
0.0184
0.0240

c1

" -0.054

-3.63
-2.61
-1.65
-0.41
0.35

0.051
0.138
0.219
0.259

cd

0.0464
0.0393
0.0409
0.0503
0.0557

1.50 0.331
2.49 0.387
3.56 0.452
Run: 201
Re = 203900
q
a
4.22 0.496
5.49 0.606
6.54 0.789
7.43 0.947
8.34 1.076
9.41 1.210
10.48 1.334
11.58 1.437
12.49 1.487
Run: 199
Re = 305200
a
c1
-3.87 -0.114
-2.46 0.043
-1.59 0.137
-0.72 0.230
0.43 0.353
1.62 0.467
Run: 200
Re = 306200

"
1.62
2.34
3.65
4.33
5.39
6.52
7.41
8.48
9.43
10.49
11.51
12.50

0.468
0.538
0.672
0.741
0.850
0.969
1.062
1.174
1.273
1.380
1.456
1.471

0.0621
0.0706
0.0796

cd

0.0837
0.0919
0.0834
0.0610
0.0441
0.0329
0.0258
0.0250
0.0283

cd

0.0444
0.0306
0.0290
0.0314
0.0344
0.0392

cd

0.0390
0.0401
0.0378
0.0353
0.0319
0.0282
0.0257
0.0230
0.0208
0.0183
0.0201
0.0411

MA409
Fig. 4.53
Run: 301
Re = 41000
a
c1
-1.98 -0.007
0.16 0.218
2.10 0.428
4.30 0.750
6.34 0.905
8.20 1.017
10.32 1.067
Run: 177
Re = 61200

0.0214
0.0169
0.0186
0.0215
0.0263
0.0306
0.0764

"
-2.71
-1.11
0.56
2.02
3.25
4.88
6.34

0.0244
0.0140
0.0156
0.0179
0.0185
0.0159
0.0206

c1

-0.097
0.039
0.202
0.389
0.579
0.717
0.835

cd

cd

Appendix B: Airfoil Polar Data

7.96
9.56
Run:
Re =
a
-4.38
-2.61
-1.24
0.31
1.81
3.29
5.06
6.41
8.23
9.43
Run:
Re =
a
-4.40
-2.82
-1.45
-0.03
1.71
3.29
4.70
6.12
7.57
9.22
Run:
Re =
a
-4.68
-3.14
-1.43
0.00
1.61
3.48
4.77
6.20
7.99
9.38
Run:
Re =
a
-6.08

0.925 0.0316
0.998 0.0462
179
102100

c,

cd

-0.255
-0.106
0.021
0.173
0.417
0.581
0.734
0.841
0.945
0.998
181
203100

0.0264
0.0186
0.0147
0.0109
0.0139
0.0148
0.0155
0.0197
0.0315
0.0432

-0.251
-0.118
0.038
0.226
0.414
0.574
0.703
0.819
0.917
1.006
183
304300

0.0175
0.0145
0.0113
0.0092
0.0092
0.0102
0.0122
0.0164
0.0232
0.0375

-0.280
-0.140
0.070
0.240
0.407
0.590
0.702
0.820
0.950
1.023
523
303500

0.0145
0.0142
0.0087
0.0081
0.0072
0.0092
0.0113
0.0149
0.0233
0.0352

c,

c,

c,

cd

cd

cd

-0.447 0.0677

MH45
Fig. 4.60
Run: 112
Re = 61300
c,
a
-3.22 -0.193
-1.62 0.015
-0.06 0.250
1.45 0.393
2.97 0.536
4.49 0.655
6.04 0.794
7.56 0.913
9.07 1.010
10.61 1.090

cd

0.0184
0.0190
0.0224
0.0298
0.0314
0.0292
0.0254
0.0271
0.0326
0.0412

Run: 526
Re = 61200
c,
a
-6.20 -0.466
-4.66 -0.314
Run: 114
Re = 102000
c,
a
-2.94 -0.153
-1.40 0.081
0.16 0.224
1.48 0.341
3.33 0.516
4.68 0.650
6.16 0.789
7.62 0.910
9.26 1.025
10.66 1.093
12.34 1.099
Run: 527
Re = 101900
c,
a
-6.11 -0.488
-4.67 -0.352
Run: 116
Re = 203500
a
Cz
-3.00 -0.168
-1.64 -0.048
-0.04 0.151
1.47 0.307
3.22 0.495
4.67 0.651
6.13 0.800
7.72 0.940
9.25 1.052
10.61 1.125
12.25 1.109
Run: 528
Re = 203700
q
a
-4.63 -0.335
Run: 529
Re = 202800
c,
a
-6.17 -0.508
Run: 118
Re = 304800
q
a
-2.92 -0.178
-1.45 -0.031
0.14 0.164
1.48 0.317
3.02 0.490
4.49 0.648
6.27 0.832
7.65 0.959
9.34 1.097
10.72 1.163

cd

0.0321
0.0209

cd

0.0124
0.0135
0.0171
0.0196
0.0181
0.0183
0.0207
0.0250
0.0309
0.0401
0.0474

cd

0.0260
0.0176

cd

0.0123
0.0106
0.0109
0.0114
0.0121
0.0139
0.0163
0.0197
0.0254
0.0310
0.0456

cd

0.0148

cd

0.0209

cd

0.0114
0.0096
0.0089
0.0089
0.0099
0.0113
0.0138
0.0168
0.0219
0.0274

Run:
Re =
a
-6.07
-4.49

530
304700

c,

cd

-0.502 0.0190
-0.355 0.0145

NACA 6409
Fig. 4.67
Run: 187
Re = 61400
c,
a
-2.80 -0.005
-1.14 0.240
0.26 0.454
2.07 0.649
3.32 0.770
4.98 0.911
Run: 189
Re = 101800
c,
a
-2.68 0.196
-1.01 0.436
0.25 0.565
1.97 0.729
3.32 0.858
5.07 1.009
6.45 1.132
8.10 1.265
9.70 1.383
Run: 191
Re = 203100
q
a
-2.89 0.285
-1.38 0.437
0.21 0.602
1.66 0.744
3.32 0.903
4.95 1.059
6.94 1.238
8.08 1.328
10.10 1.426
11.30 1.406

cd

0.0628
0.0386
0.0383
0.0391
0.0430
0.0509

cd

0.0389
0.0240
0.0213
0.0203
0.0214
0.0235
0.0243
0.0255
0.0285

cd

0.0193
0.0150
0.0145
0.0135
0.0147
0.0157
0.0179
0.0197
0.0239
0.0314

NACA 64A010
Fig. 4.72
Run: 244
Re=61700
c,
a
-6.06 -0.577
-4.30 -0.445
-2.72 -0.333
-1.17 -0.043
0.32 0.031
1.84 0.145
3.17 0.388
4.69 0.519
6.50 0.650
7.90 0.732

cd

0.0226
0.0174
0.0177
0.0196
0.0116
0.0179
0.0171
0.0195
0.0289
0.0434

Run:
Re =
a
-6.29
-4.27
-2.71
-1.22
0.12
1. 70
3.36
4.70
6.39
7.67
Run:
Re =
a
-6.07
-4.39
-2.73
-1.10
0.08
1.65
3.42
4.65
6.08
7.72
Run:
Re =
a
-6.25
-4.27
-2.53
-0.87
0.36
1.67
3.28
4.64
6.19
7.74

246
101700

c,

cd

-0.649
-0.515
-0.389
-0.222
-0.017
0.220
0.387
0.483
0.600
0.682
248
203100

0.0237
0.0135
0.0132
0.0149
0.0102
0.0142
0.0139
0.0163
0.0276
0.0413

-0.605
-0.488
-0.346
-0.153
-0.001
0.185
0.400
0.489
0.598
0.715
250
304800

0.0162
0.0108
0.0097
0.0108
0.0112
0.0108
0.0107
0.0146
0.0201
0.0364

-0.632
-0.479
-0.309
-0.087
0.031
0.159
0.366
0.484
0.607
0.719

0.0151
0.0102
0.0086
0.0082
0.0079
0.0082
0.0090
0.0129
0.0182
0.0331

c,

c,

cd

cd

Rl40 (A)
Fig. 4.76
Run:
Re =
a
-4.02
-2.47
-0.91
0.55
2.13
3.65
4.98
6.55
8.25
9.52
Run:
Re =
a
-5.77

203
102000

-0.461
-0.369
-0.067
0.174
0.407
0.511
0.593
0.653
0.734
0.788
531
102200

c,

cd

0.0178
0.0182
0.0163
0.0185
0.0201
0.0191
0.0162
0.0227
0.0334
0.0453

cd

-0.583 0.0247

281

282

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Run: 205
Re = 203500

"'

c,

-5.62 -0.548
-4.07 -0.432
-2.70 -0.273
-0.96 -0.092
0.36 0.024
2.01 0.211
3.84 0.465
5.12 0.564
6.46 0.626
8.28 0.715
9.54 0.786
Run: 207
Re = 305200

"'

-5.71
-3.85
-2.65
-0.44
0.59
2.13
3.39
5.10
6.45
8.03
9.60

c,

-0.558
-0.358
-0.243
-0.047
0.044
0.204
0.362
0.559
0.629
0.705
0.803

cd

0.0198
0.0147
0.0105
0.0107
0.0106
0.0124
0.0130
0.0172
0.0217
0.0319
0.0489

cd

0.0189
0.0120
0.0096
0.0090
0.0089
0.0092
0.0101
0.0165
0.0199
0.0282
0.0526

RG15 (B)
Fig. 4.80
Run: 85
Re = 61400

"'

c,

-6.86 -0.454
-4.98 -0.310
-3.58 -0.197
-1.93 -0.074
-0.34 0.089
1.12 0.255
2.75 0.519
4.23 0.674
5.65 0.786
7.29 0.901
8.84 0.991
10.23 1.046
Run: 83
Re = 101500

"'

-6.44
-4.96
-3.47
-2.04
-0.47
1.10
2.62
4.10
5.65
7.21
8.75
10.26

c,

-0.430
-0.310
-0.184
-0.064
0.085
0.335
0.527
0.654
0.793
0.907
0.994
1.055

cd

0.0526
0.0284
0.0199
0.0155
0.0147
0.0175
0.0187
0.0200
0.0212
0.0273
0.0357
0.0493

cd

0.0379
0.0234
0.0149
0.0124
0.0125
0.0163
0.0151
0.0158
0.0183
0.0241
0.0319
0.0505

Run: 550
Re = 152500

c,

"'

-6.07 -0.430
-5.10 -0.348
-4.13 -0.264
-3.25 -0.186
-2.02 -0.082
-1.28 -0.015
0.04 0.174
0.92 0.311
2.01 0.426
2.90 0.513
4.06 0.626
5.10 0.723
5.94 0.793
7.14 0.888
8.19 0.954
8.96 0.997
9.98 1.040
Run: 81
Re = 203500

c,

"'

cd

0.0309
0.0217
0.0169
0.0138
0.0127
0.0122
0.0110
0.0104
0.0109
0.0119
0.0126
0.0143
0.0169
0.0213
0.0243
0.0304
0.0415

cd

-6.45 -0.444
-5.09 -0.330
-3.53 -0.191
-1.98 -0.035
-0.47 0.162
1.13 0.342
2.67 0.495
4.19 0.638
5.73 0.774
7.26 0.891
8.75 0.979
10.29 1.040
Run: 79
Re = 304200

0.0321
0.0181
0.0132
0.0115
0.0096
0.0094
0.0098
0.0115
0.0147
0.0193
0.0270
0.0421

-6.49
-5.13
-3.66
-2.16
-0.56
0.93
2.56
4.05
5.59
7.14
8.75
10.34

0.0336
0.0155
0.0127
0.0093
0.0085
0.0077
0.0082
0.0101
0.0131
0.0164
0.0240
0.0380

c,
"' -0.458

-0.345
-0.204
-0.015
0.162
0.321
0.500
0.652
0.790
0.916
1.023
1.093

cd

S822
Fig. 4.84

Run: 416
Re = 102400

"'
-7.19
-4.28
-2.75
-1.39
0.09
1.60

c,

-0.710
-0.385
-0.267
-0.212
-0.112
0.035

cd

0.0249
0.0242
0.0284
0.0315
0.0336
0.0357

3.19 0.187
4.64 0.338
6.38 0.751
7.89 0.964
9.44 1.062
10.93 1.074
Run: 417
Re = 102500

"'

c,

0.0441
0.0533
0.0329
0.0221
0.0261
0.0396

"'

c,

"'

c,

-8.40 -0.578
-6.48 -0.410
-5.04 -0.273
-3.55 -0.121
-2.05 0.039
-0.45 0.208
1.38 0.415
2.75 0.563
4.63 0.753
5.95 0.864
7.55 0.956
8.89 1.027
10.39 1.089
12.12 1.141
Run: 435
Re = 408100

c,

"' -0.555

-8.07
-6.53
-5.16
-3.49
-1.97
-0.52
1.15
2.58
4.22
5.87
7.88
9.42
10.80
12.34

-0.417
-0.281
-0.107
0.058
0.221
0.407
0.564
0.736
0.884
0.975
1.044
1.101
1.145

"'

Ct

cd

"'

c,

cd

"'

c,

"'

Ct

cd

"'

c,

cd

"'

c,

"'

c,

"'

c,

"'

c,

-2.84 -0.028 0.0100

Run: 421
Re = 506800

cd

-1.20 0.154 0.0098

Run: 422
Re = 510700

cd

0.52 0.350 0.0096

Run: 423
Re = 511500

12.42 1.115 0.0510

Run: 419
Re = 204500
-7.68 -0.553
-5.90 -0.376
-4.42 -0.231
-3.12 -0.103
-1.57 0.047
0.07 0.202
1.53 0.340
3.02 0.493
4.57 0.652
6.11 0.836
7.75 0.966
9.08 1.032
10.64 1.075
12.10 1.107
Run: 437
Re = 306500

Run: 420
Re = 509100

0.0192
0.0177
0.0176
0.0191
0.0211
0.0232
0.0240
0.0228
0.0195
0.0165
0.0166
0.0226
0.0336
0.0467

cd

0.0156
0.0134
0.0126
0.0128
0.0133
0.0139
0.0145
0.0148
0.0140
0.0136
0.0156
0.0205
0.0293
0.0414

cd

0.0135
0.0119
0.0110
0.0110
0.0110
0.0112
0.0113
0.0113
0.0115
0.0119
0.0172
0.0231
0.0308
0.0413

cd

1.67 0.474 0.0095

Run: 424
Re = 511400
3.56 0.683 0.0097
Run: 425
Re = 508300

cd

4.83 0.807 0.0099

Run: 426
Re = 509500

cd

6.20 0.911 0.0115

Run: 427
Re = 509900

cd

7.83 0.979 0.0166

Run: 428
Re = 509600

cd

9.21 1.028 0.0216

Run: 429
Re = 511200

"'

c,

"'

c,

"'

c,

"'

c,

cd

10.84 1.090 0.0294

Run: 430
Re = 510400

cd

12.85 1.161 0.0435

Run: 431
Re = 509100
c,
a
cd
-5.11 -0.287 0.0100
Run: 432
Re = 506700

cd

-7.99 -0.578 0.0126

Run: 433
Re = 506800

cd

-8.77 -0.642 0.0140

Appendix B: Airfoil Polar Data

8823
Fig. 4.88
Run: 454
Re = 103000
Ct
-1.64 -0.034
-0.13 0.108
1.54 0.289
2.97 0.429
4.35 0.603
5.98 0.770
7.56 0.917
9.21 1.064
10.56 1.159
12.21 1.166
Run: 457
Re = 204900
"'
Ct
-3.19 -0.096
-1.46 0.079
0.40 0.283
1.53 0.409
3.05 0.579
4.67 0.750
6.12 0.891
7.66 1.029
9.31 1.151
10.67 1.180
12.17 1.151
Run: 458
Re = 205800

"'

"'

-4.74 -0.229
Run: 461
Re = 307400
"'
Ct
-4.90 -0.269
-3.28 -0.114
-1.85 0.040
-0.21 0.223
1.30 0.397
2.84 0.571
4.44 0.742
5.97 0.895
7.50 1.029
9.21 1.140
10.79 1.161
Run: 462
Re = 306400
Ct
-5.85 -0.357
Run: 465
Re = 408800
"'
Ct
-7.86 -0.563
Run: 464
Re = 410100
a
C1
-7.83 -0.562

"'

cd

0.0492
0.0449
0.0435
0.0448
0.0406
0.0384
0.0332
0.0319
0.0306
0.0436

cd

0.0214
0.0199
0.0191
0.0196
O.Q205
0.0205
0.0214
0.0215
0.0239
0.0341
0.0658

cd

0.0230

cd

0.0172
0.0168
0.0163
0.0159
0.0154
0.0155
0.0162
0.0169
0.0183
0.0219
0.0369

-6.34 -0.413
-4.79 -0.271
-3.27 -0.123
-1.76 0.043
-0.22 0.222
1.38 0.407
2.82 0.574
4.43 0.748
5.95 0.898
7.47 1.028
9.03 1.117
10.51 1.141
Run: 466
Re = 509400

"'

cd

"'

"'

"'

"'

"'

"'

"'

cd

0.0182

"'

cd

0.0181

cd

-3.51 -0.129 0.0137

Run: 467
Re = 513200
Ct
cd
-1.55 0.092 0.0136
Run: 468
Re = 511300
Ct
cd
-0.36 0.224 0.0133
Run: 469
Re = 510700
Ct
cd
1.47 0.436 0.0125
Run: 470
Re = 513600
Ct
cd
2.75 0.582 0.0125
Run: 471
Re = 513500
a
Ct
cd
4.40 0.757 0.0128
Run: 472
Re = 510800
Ct
cd
6.01 0.913 0.0140
Run: 473
Re = 510900
Ct
cd
7.61 1.043 0.0160
Run: 474
Re = 512000
Ct
cd
9.04 1.117 0.0206
Run: 475
Re = 512300
cd
Ct
10.42 1.140 0.0353
Run: 477
Re = 508500
Ct
cd
-4.75 -0.266 0.0138

"'

0.0177

0.0154
0.0148
0.0148
0.0145
0.0141
0.0134
0.0133
0.0137
0.0147
0.0161
O.Q208
0.0338

10.43 1.737 0.0304

11.61 1.759 0.0370
Run: 490
Re = 254400

81210
Fig. 4.92
Run: 129
Re = 102600
Ct
-3.98 0.354
-3.04 0.532
-2.05 0.677
-0.96 0.787
-O.Q2 0.868
1.08 0.972
2.02 1.061
3.07 1.161
4.22 1.248
5.19 1.322
6.32 1.414
7.12 1.473
8.24 1.563
9.35 1.639
10.16 1.687
11.18 1.735
Run: 492
Re = 102700
Ct
12.24 1.715
Run: 488
Re = 153000
Ct
-3.83 0.426
-2.89 0.596
-1.84 0.707
-0.79 0.807
0.19 0.901
1.38 1.014
2.31 1.104
3.12 1.177
4.12 1.263
5.30 1.356
6.32 1.435
7.32 1.510
8.14 1.567
9.45 1.656
10.28 1.703
11.23 1.735
12.27 1. 752
Run: 131
Re = 204100
Ct
-4.15 0.451
-3.16 0.590
-2.19 0.694
-1.16 0.792
-0.03 0.903
0.90 0.991
1.93 1.092
2.91 1.182
3.97 1.276
5.07 1.362
6.13 1.451
7.12 1.530
8.13 1.602
9.33 1.685

"'

"'

"'

"'

cd

0.0320
0.0272
0.0244
0.0276
0.0272
0.0307
0.0305
0.0319
0.0322
0.0348
0.0377
0.0391
0.0387
0.0399
0.0388
0.0391

cd

0.0463

cd

0.0228
0.0175
0.0175
0.0183
0.0207
0.0220
0.0231
0.0241
0.0248
0.0269
0.0286
0.0300
0.0308
0.0321
0.0334
0.0366
0.0436

cd

0.0197
0.0149
0.0148
0.0160
0.0173
0.0182
0.0190
0.0200
0.0210
0.0214
0.0229
0.0242
0.0255
0.0274

"'

Ct

-4.14 0.428
-3.13 0.572
-2.17 0.685
-1.11 0.787
-0.06 0.890
1.00 0.995
2.03 1.096
3.00 1.186
4.06 1.283
5.00 1.359
6.13 1.450
7.16 1.533
8.14 1.607
9.37 1.688
10.20 1.724
11.23 1.751
Run: 491
Re = 253400
Ct
12.26 1.774
Run: 495
Re = 305500
Ct
-5.10 0.297
-4.11 0.449
-3.06 0.587
-2.04 0.697
-1.04 0.793
0.00 0.898
0.99 0.995
2.07 1.102
3.07 1.198
4.11 1.292
5.12 1.380
6.14 1.460
7.10 1.533
8.19 1.615
9.11 1.672
10.19 1.724
11.22 1.753
12.23 1.771

"'
"'

cd

0.0178
0.0136
0.0134
0.0146
0.0157
0.0165
0.0173
0.0182
0.0191
0.0192
0.0203
0.0214
0.0227
0.0247
0.0271
0.0324

cd

0.0393

cd

0.0211
0.0156
0.0124
0.0125
0.0136
0.0147
0.0152
0.0162
0.0168
0.0176
0.0179
0.0186
0.0197
0.0211
0.0226
0.0261
0.0318
0.0396

81223
Fig. 4.96
Run: 134
Re = 102100
Ct
-3.30 0.384
-2.53 0.752
-1.01 0.937
-0.03 1.037
0.89 1.120
1.73 1.193
2.56 1.267
3.69 1.343
4.82 1.423
5.70 1.485

"'

cd

0.0687
0.0355
0.0247
0.0269
0.0311
0.0324
0.0341
0.0375
0.0426
0.0475

283

284

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

6.68 1.536 0.0548

Run: 590
Re = 152600

"'

c,

-2.31 0.779
-0.83 0.948
0.73 1.115
2.89 1.313
Run: 598
Re = 152900

"'

c,

3.91 1.399
5.22 1.502
6.83 1.617
8.60 1.729
9.89 1.803
11.41 1.883
Run: 136
Re = 203800

"'

c,

-2.84 0.587
-1.47 0.903
-0.02 1.070
0.64 1.129
1.80 1.235
2.96 1.341
3.74 1.396
4.72 1.473
6.22 1.582
6.86 1.627
7.88 1.696
Run: 588
Re = 203600

"'

c,

8.86 1.765
10.12 1.840
11.05 1.892
11.81 1.935
13.11 2.003
13.90 2.042
15.13 2.091
Run: 594
Re = 254600

"'

c,

-3.05 0.443
-1.08 0.936
0.45 1.105
1.92 1.240
3.45 1.376
5.09 1.497
6.60 1.610
8.14 1.719
9.53 1.811
11.34 1.920
12.87 2.003
14.52 2.076
Run: 597
Re = 305300

"'

c,

cd

0.0275
0.0219
0.0246
0.0291

cd

0.0311
0.0360
0.0413
0.0493
0.0556
0.0623

cd

0.0437
0.0207
0.0211
0.0221
0.0237
0.0252
0.0257
0.0280
0.0318
0.0333
0.0364

cd

0.0391
0.0422
0.0450
0.0465
0.0491
0.0509
0.0542

cd

0.0573
0.0185
0.0194
0.0221
0.0237
0.0259
0.0290
0.0320
0.0353
0.0398
0.0425
0.0473

cd

-2.69 0.638 0.0425

-1.03 0.953 0.0184
0.46 1.116 0.0182

2.02
3.57
5.07
6.57
8.17
9.65
11.17
12.79
14.68
16.32

1.259
1.398
1.510
1.624
1.743
1.844
1.939
2.029
2.080
2.114

0.0209
0.0226
0.0242
0.0268
0.0300
0.0330
0.0363
0.0401
0.0445
0.0544

81223
Fig. 4.98
Run: 370
Re = 203800

"'

-0.45
1.75
3.75
5.81
7.66
9.87

c,

0.962
1.161
1.319
1.475
1.595
1.727

cd

0.0329
0.0372
0.0406
0.0465
0.0520
0.0608

81223
Fig. 4.101

c,

cd

-0.42 1.243 0.0270

3.59 1.589 0.0332
7.78 1.842 0.0426
86062
Fig. 4.105
Run: 142
Re = 101800

c,
"' -0.216
-3.98

-2.17 -0.048
-0.61 0.090
0.75 0.244
2.38 0.510
3.52 0.621
5.31 0.773
7.00 0.876
8.28 0.951
Run: 140
Re = 202900

c,

"' -0.480

-6.86
-2.91
-2.59
-0.77
0.56
2.44
3.73
5.48
6.72

"'

-0.108
-0.072
0.140
0.311
0.519
0.651
0.780
0.866

cd

0.0186
0.0124
0.0107
0.0135
0.0146
0.0145
0.0166
0.0293
0.0424

cd

0.0567
0.0123
0.0113
0.0093
0.0084
0.0091
0.0105
0.0169
0.0237

c,

cd

-4.21 -0.242 0.0156

8.68 0.989 0.0460
Run: 138
Re = 305100

c,

"' -0.344

-5.55
-3.93
-2.57
-0.83
0.59
2.56
3.74
5.73
7.22
8.60

-0.197
-0.039
0.178
0.325
0.531
0.641
0.794
0.906
0.997

cd

0.0179
0.0131
0.0093
0.0074
0.0069
0.0082
0.0093
0.0168
0.0248
0.0494

87012
Fig. 4.109

c,

c,

-5.88 -0.468
-4.40 -0.331
-2.91 -0.190
-1.31 -0.049
0.23 0.188
1.76 0.373
3.28 0.524
4.75 0.670
6.38 0.832
7.94 0.959
9.48 1.039
10.97 1.079
Run: 565
Re = 152800

c,

"' -0.447

-5.95
-4.15
-2.55
-1.12
0.56
1.96
3.42
5.13

"'

c,

-5.93 -0.450
-4.42 -0.310
-2.88 -0.157
-1.40 0.007
0.33 0.196
1.75 0.351
3.34 0.525
4.74 0.671
6.41 0.836
7.91 0.949
9.44 1.036
10.94 1.071
Run: 88
Re = 304700

c,

-5.83 -0.432
-4.33 -0.308
-2.80 -0.167
-1.31 -0.036
0.10 0.109
1.72 0.393
3.48 0.579
4.81 0.696
6.32 0.827
7.84 0.949
9.54 1.048
10.94 1.081
Run:92
Re = 101700

"'

6.69 0.864 0.0171

8.03 0.956 0.0252
9.57 1.039 0.0383
Run: 90
Re = 203200

"' -0.458

Run: 94
Re = 61400

"'

Run: 517
Re = 203500

"'

Run: 532
Re = 203000

-0.280
-0.128
0.028
0.234
0.379
0.536
0.714

cd

0.0394
0.0252
0.0171
0.0127
0.0113
0.0180
0.0245
0.0189
0.0243
0.0274
0.0387
0.0588

cd

0.0348
0.0201
0.0144
0.0104
0.0122
0.0142
0.0160
0.0173
0.0186
0.0249
0.0414
0.0659

cd

0.0276
0.0167
0.0113
0.0099
0.0098
0.0115
0.0131
0.0145

-5.85
-4.23
-2.78
-1.18
0.13
1.68
3.30
4.87
6.47
7.85
9.55
11.02

-0.299
-0.149
0.042
0.165
0.345
0.528
0.702
0.857
0.969
1.070
1.118

cd

0.0229
0.0159
0.0112
0.0091
0.0077
0.0096
0.0111
0.0124
0.0146
0.0223
0.0343
0.0588

cd

0.0198
0.0129
0.0099
0.0078
0.0079
0.0079
0.0091
0.0105
0.0131
0.0198
0.0315
0.0605

87055
Fig. 4.113
Run: 152
Re = 61200

"'

c,

"'

c,

-4.54 -0.212
-2.73 0.008
-0.93 0.184
0.40 0.352
2.32 0.565
3.48 0.688
5.27 0.870
6.55 0.985
8.30 1.122
9.63 1.213
Run: 547
Re = 61600

cd

0.0342
0.0284
0.0237
0.0284
0.0316
0.0352
0.0362
0.0341
0.0366
0.0332

cd

11.88 1.209 0.0578

Run: 150
Re = 102300

"'

-4.43
-2.40
-0.92
0.45
2.34
3.56

c,

-0.105
0.134
0.284
0.426
0.610
0.728

cd

0.0265
0.0203
0.0197
0.0214
0.0224
0.0222

Appendix B: Airfoil Polar Data

5.39
6.66
7.96
9.89
Run:
Re =
a
-4.63
-2.65
-1.04
0.44
1.91
3.47
5.01
6.51
8.06
9.73
Run:
Re =
a
-2.08
-0.82
0.48
2.42
3.74
5.21
7.10
8.30
9.59
Run:
Re =

0.909
1.023
1.130
1.227
537
153200

Cz
-0.079
0.103
0.261
0.400
0.549
0.710
0.869
1.011
1.128
1.206
148
203900
Cz
0.163
0.279
0.417
0.621
0.758
0.907
1.076
1.160
1.195
535
203700
a
C1
-4.49 -0.079
Run: 548
Re = 203000
a
Cz
-2.92 0.072
Run: 146
Re = 304700
a
Cz
-1.06 0.242
0.37 0.397
2.11 0.583
4.00 0.784
5.19 0.900
6.43 1.011
8.11 1.136
10.10 1.177
Run: 534
Re = 304700
a
Cz
-4.49 -0.111
Run: 577
Re = 305100
a
Cz
-2.96 0.054
SD6060
Fig. 4.117

Run: 77
Re = 61300

0.0204
0.0224
0.0259
0.0346

cd

0.0216
0.0165
0.0143
0.0146
0.0156
0.0165
0.0175
0.0190
0.0218
0.0322

cd

0.0133
0.0114
0.0122
0.0128
0.0136
0.0144
0.0176
0.0214
0.0304

cd

0.0190

cd

0.0151

cd

0.0097
0.0094
0.0100
0.0112
0.0123
0.0140
0.0189
0.0375

cd

0.0166

cd

0.0131

a
Cz
-6.14 -0.440
-5.15 -0.363
-4.24 -0.296
-3.21 -0.213
-2.15 -0.119
-1.17 -0.035
-0.10 0.117
0.97 0.280
1.87 0.406
3.10 0.543
4.05 0.637
4.95 0.710
6.01 0.805
7.05 0.901
8.02 0.967
9.09 1.023
10.06 1.068
Run: 75
Re = 102300
a
Cz
-6.07 -0.451
-5.29 -0.396
-4.17 -0.316
-3.24 -0.235
-2.32 -0.137
-1.20 0.043
-0.09 0.203
0.85 0.297
1.94 0.402
2.93 0.491
3.94 0.582
5.05 0.690
6.00 0.775
7.05 0.869
8.00 0.939
9.02 0.987
10.04 1.015
Run: 442
Re = 152800
a
Cz
-6.22 -0.460
-4.31 -0.313
-3.05 -0.147
-1.44 0.001
-0.05 0.188
1.65 0.342
3.28 0.511
4.72 0.656
6.27 0.806
7.76 0.927
9.17 0.993
10.72 1.025
Run: 540
Re = 153000

a
-6.02
-5.03
-4.07
-2.80
-1.78
-0.96
0.12
1.13

Cz
-0.462
-0.398
-0.303
-0.130
-0.028
0.026
0.196
0.280

cd

0.0293
0.0228
O.Q208
0.0150
0.0130
0.0123
0.0191
0.0221
0.0242
0.0299
0.0290
0.0274
0.0248
0.0247
0.0252
0.0328
0.0434

cd

0.0256
0.0211
0.0173
0.0158
0.0153
0.0162
0.0171
0.0189
0.0204
0.0213
0.0197
0.0181
0.0189
0.0199
0.0235
0.0328
0.0404

cd

0.0238
0.0184
0.0135
0.0133
0.0137
0.0136
0.0141
0.0143
0.0158
0.0208
0.0325
0.0502

cd

0.0233
0.0191
0.0179
0.0133
0.0132
0.0138
0.0133
0.0129

2.18 0.383
3.26 0.495
4.29 0.598
5.21 0.691
6.25 0.787
7.43 0.887
8.21 0.936
9.28 0.981
10.70 1.013
Run: 73
Re = 203700
C1
a
-6.08 -0.436
-5.26 -0.371
-4.36 -0.253
-3.20 -0.126
-2.26 -0.054
-1.17 0.035
-0.22 0.120
0.96 0.267
2.02 0.378
2.84 0.461
3.89 0.573
5.09 0.700
6.00 0.785
7.04 0.876
8.01 0.942
9.02 0.988
10.08 1.018
Run: 71
Re = 305000
c1
a
-6.10 -0.433
-4.61 -0.277
-3.96 -0.218
-2.88 -0.124
-1.89 -0.038
-0.89 0.049
O.Q7 0.134
1.23 0.292
2.25 0.400
3.18 0.500
4.18 0.605
5.20 0.709
6.21 0.803
7.31 0.892
8.36 0.957
9.26 0.997
10.27 1.020

0.0135
0.0141
0.0139
0.0145
0.0155
0.0192
0.0235
0.0332
0.0500

cd

0.0198
0.0176
0.0149
0.0116
0.0107
0.0096
0.0087
0.0111
0.0112
0.0114
0.0113
0.0124
0.0133
0.0169
0.0220
0.0300
0.0402

cd

0.0184
0.0135
0.0123
0.0103
0.0093
0.0089
0.0082
0.0087
0.0088
0.0092
0.0097
0.0104
0.0131
0.0174
0.0230
0.0293
0.0397

SD7003
Fig. 4.121

Run: 169
Re = 61400

a
-4.84
-2.92
-1.61
-0.10
1.66
3.02
4.59

Cz
-0.304
-0.151
-0.041
0.111
0.374
0.517
0.656

6.07
7.71
9.18
Run:
Re =

0.787 0.0209
0.916 0.0289
1.019 0.0339
171
102200

c1

-4.76 -0.343
-3.20 -0.192
-1.54 -0.053
0.01 0.106
1.33 0.326
3.11 0.494
4.41 0.619
6.17 0.788
7.55 0.907
9.23 1.017
10.55 1.066
Run: 173
Re = 203400
a
Cz
-4.65 -0.326
-2.85 -0.144
-1.67 -0.032
O.Q2 0.162
1.53 0.321
3.05 0.479
4.66 0.645
5.97 0.773
7.49 0.909
9.04 1.022
10.50 1.101
Run: 175
Re = 304700

c1

-4.27 -0.290
-2.96 -0.154
-1.67 -0.021
0.24 0.173
1.72 0.335
3.24 0.503
4.70 0.657
6.06 0.788
7.77 0.941
9.07 1.040
10.59 1.122
Run: 533
Re = 303400
a
Cz
-6.28 -0.506

cd

0.0180
0.0144
0.0101
0.0091
0.0119
0.0145
0.0158
0.0197
0.0254
0.0387
0.0603

cd

0.0138
0.0108
0.0093
0.0076
0.0090
0.0107
0.0130
0.0156
0.0204
0.0288
0.0411

cd

0.0114
0.0100
0.0080
0.0073
0.0080
0.0098
0.0117
0.0138
0.0193
0.0250
0.0362

cd

0.0167

SD7032 (D)
Fig. 4.125

cd

0.0250
0.0155
0.0128
0.0135
0.0137
0.0140
0.0181

Run: 235
Re = 60900

a
-3.82
-2.19
-0.68
0.83
2.87
4.04
5.58

Cz

-0.104
0.072
0.255
0.444
0.698
0.814
0.954

cd

0.0299
0.0184
0.0186
0.0281
0.0319
0.0316
0.0328

285

286

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

7.08 1.069
8.59 1.185
10.23 1.266
11.51 1.325
Run: 237
Re = 101800
a
Ct
-3.61 -0.047
-1.90 0.217
-0.49 0.382
1.09 0.553
2.47 0.686
4.03 0.836
5.51 0.975
7.03 1.111
8.61 1.240
10.26 1.328
11.66 1.346
13.16 1.341
Run: 543
Re = 152800
a
Cz
-3.64 0.014
-1.77 0.234
-0.12 0.385
1.01 0.502
2.62 0.670
4.23 0.840
5.60 0.972
7.26 1.116
8.68 1.231
10.19 1.312
11.55 1.330
Run: 239
Re = 203800
a
Ct
-4.07 0.017
-1.98 0.231
-0.40 0.379
0.94 0.524
2.60 0.703
4.08 0.853
5.69 1.008
7.08 1.128
8.62 1.248
10.20 1.323
11.69 1.352
Run: 241
Re = 304300
Ct
-3.87 0.032
-2.48 0.165
-0.86 0.340
0.71 0.497
2.38 0.675
3.62 0.797
5.55 0.987
7.21 1.133
9.09 1.265
10.50 1.329
11.92 1.355

"'

0.0365
0.0319
0.0452
0.0498

cd

0.0234
0.0175
0.0173
0.0188
0.0183
0.0187
0.0212
0.0243
0.0281
0.0339
0.0483
0.0558

cd

0.0185
0.0133
0.0124
0.0135
0.0143
0.0150
0.0170
O.D208
0.0252
0.0316
0.0425

cd

0.0163
0.0122
0.0104
0.0112
0.0117
0.0134
0.0154
0.0186
0.0228
0.0301
0.0417

cd

0.0139
0.0113
0.0093
0.0084
0.0095
0.0107
0.0131
0.0160
0.0217
0.0286
0.0384

SD7032 (E)
Fig. 4.129
Run: 356
Re = 203400
a
Ct
-4.38 -0.026
-2.47 0.154
-0.94 0.306
0.73 0.471
2.00 0.605
3.41 0.745
5.32 0.925
6.83 1.054
8.07 1.151
9.84 1.253
11.07 1.295
12.47 1.295

cd

0.0193
0.0144
0.0122
0.0113
0.0116
0.0124
0.0149
0.0174
0.0195
0.0269
0.0348
0.0613

SD7037 (A)
Fig. 4.133
Run: 104
Re = 61300
01
a
-4.19 -0.234
-3.12 -0.158
-1.80 -0.044
-0.02 0.130
1.38 0.326
3.10 0.604
4.52 0.742
6.02 0.877
7.69 1.008
9.04 1.078
10.54 1.143
Run: 223
Re = 101800
a
Ct
-4.49 -0.294
-2.79 -0.121
-1.59 0.037
0.17 0.270
1.79 0.483
3.26 0.625
4.78 0.762
6.31 0.895
7.82 1.015
9.35 1.085
10.72 1.145
Run: 225
Re = 203600
"'
Ct
-4.28 -0.171
-2.87 -0.010
-1.17 0.166
0.17 0.304
1.63 0.461
3.25 0.626
4.84 0.771
6.47 0.914
7.89 1.010
9.36 1.094

cd

0.0365
0.0261
0.0206
0.0169
0.0212
0.0237
0.0217
O.Q205
0.0239
0.0283
0.0397

cd

0.0325
0.0216
0.0158
0.0153
0.0162
0.0171
0.0158
0.0181
0.0226
0.0330
0.0440

cd

0.0217
0.0151
0.0099
0.0086
0.0098
0.0106
0.0123
0.0158
0.0215
0.0290

10.81 1.157
Run: 227
Re = 304400
a
01
-4.68 -0.185
-2.88 -0.002
-1.39 0.139
-0.01 0.285
1.71 0.469
3.00 0.596
5.12 0.799
6.48 0.914
7.99 1.015
9.43 1.104
10.87 1.164

0.0395

cd

0.0213
0.0135
0.0101
0.0077
0.0078
0.0086
0.0115
0.0143
0.0198
0.0260
0.0356

SD7037 (B)
Fig. 4.137
Run: 102
Re = 61000
a
01
-4.35 -0.180
-2.88 -0.085
-1.25 0.054
0.27 0.230
1.85 0.490
3.40 0.660
5.00 0.799
6.32 0.917
8.22 1.041
9.36 1.123
11.10 1.199
Run: 100
Re = 102200
a
Ct
-4.18 -0.229
-2.88 -0.119
-1.35 0.052
0.31 0.310
1.75 0.497
3.25 0.640
5.01 0.800
6.29 0.916
8.07 1.065
9.37 1.146
11.04 1.221
Run: 582
Re = 152600
01
a
-5.03 -0.302
-2.54 -0.033
-0.95 0.189
0.57 0.356
2.08 0.510
3.76 0.687
5.21 0.827
6.79 0.967
8.68 1.116
9.81 1.185
11.27 1.241

cd

0.0302
0.0234
0.0149
0.0181
0.0230
0.0277
0.0278
0.0275
0.0319
0.0373
0.0460

cd

0.0268
0.0192
0.0157
0.0163
0.0176
0.0177
0.0188
0.0210
0.0282
0.0327
0.0396

cd

0.0322
0.0148
0.0125
0.0118
0.0112
0.0136
0.0154
0.0183
0.0251
0.0309
0.0380

Run: 98
Re = 203600
a
Cz
-4.25 -0.211
-2.77 0.005
-0.99 0.212
0.20 0.331
1.75 0.496
3.46 0.679
4.95 0.828
6.50 0.972
7.91 1.086
9.58 1.196
11.02 1.263
Run: 96
Re = 304300
a
Ct
-5.87 -0.370
-4.55 -0.196
-2.90 0.007
-1.42 0.163
0.17 0.315
1.93 0.507
3.59 0.681
5.02 0.823
6.60 0.965
8.20 1.091
9.45 1.175
11.16 1.258

cd

0.0224
0.0138
0.0104
0.0101
0.0105
0.0116
0.0136
0.0161
0.0202
0.0264
0.0323

cd

0.0570
0.0159
0.0121
0.0104
0.0078
0.0083
0.0098
0.0118
0.0145
0.0185
0.0224
0.0292

SD8000
Fig. 4.141
Run: 325
Re = 61200
a
C1
-5.55 -0.354
-3.88 -0.207
-2.36 -0.078
-0.81 0.066
0.80 0.246
2.28 0.482
3.96 0.686
5.34 0.797
6.94 0.933
8.34 1.025
9.99 1.116
11.49 1.123
Run: 327
Re = 101700
"'
Ct
-5.62 -0.368
-3.68 -0.201
-2.22 -0.076
-0.85 0.047
0.82 0.263
2.29 0.506
3.97 0.658
5.47 0.791
7.10 0.921
8.51 1.026
10.07 1.106

cd

0.0300
0.0209
0.0145
0.0164
0.0150
0.0158
0.0186
0.0218
0.0226
0.0306
0.0378
0.0719

cd

0.0243
0.0154
0.0125
0.0126
0.0151
0.0161
0.0143
0.0183
0.0247
0.0301
0.0458

Appendix B: Airfoil Polar Data

Run: 329
Re = 202800
a
c1
-5.50 -0.349
-3.76 -0.191
-2.30 -0.046
-0.72 0.177
0.79 0.349
2.20 0.491
3.83 0.655
5.24 0.785
6.83 0.921
8.34 1.032
9.80 1.117
Run: 331
Re = 304300
a
c1
-6.39 -0.420
-3.59 -0.149
-2.19 0.034
-0.59 0.206
0.82 0.338
2.47 0.512
4.16 0.681
5.56 0.812
7.65 0.992
8.59 1.063
10.32 1.159
11.54 1.189

cd

0.0170
0.0134
0.0112
0.0094
0.0092
0.0101
0.0112
0.0145
0.0192
0.0243
0.0326

cd

0.0187
0.0123
0.0079
0.0076
0.0076
0.0083
0.0108
0.0138
0.0187
0.0225
0.0326
0.0448

"'

-6.55
-5.03
-3.32
-1.81
-0.41
1.21
2.69
4.10
5.68
7.27
8.89

c1

-0.704
-0.562
-0.407
-0.237
-0.001
0.144
0.303
0.423
0.561
0.679
0.783

cd

0.0134
0.0110
0.0099
0.0087
0.0087
0.0079
0.0101
0.0123
0.0153
0.0212
0.0298

cd

0.0139
0.0097
0.0087
0.0074
0.0074
0.0087
0.0091
0.0114
0.0136
0.0184
0.0261

SD8020
Fig. 4.148

SDB020
Fig. 4.145
Run: 252
Re = 61400
a
c1
-6.45 -0.633
-4.93 -0.509
-3.36 -0.352
-1.81 -0.097
-0.29 0.031
1.17 0.107
2.72 0.366
4.37 0.513
5.88 0.635
7.39 0.743
Run: 254
Re = 101700

Run: 256
Re = 203500
a
c1
-6.41 -0.659
-4.95 -0.529
-3.43 -0.387
-1.62 -0.221
-0.33 -0.042
1.21 0.147
2.58 0.287
4.30 0.444
5.77 0.574
7.30 0.697
8.86 0.807
Run: 258
Re = 305200
a
c1
-6.77 -0.699
-4.75 -0.514
-3.27 -0.371
-1.73 -0.206
-0.22 -0.033
1.18 0.101
2.61 0.280
4.45 0.454
5.69 0.565
7.24 0.696
8.86 0.815

Run: 287
Re = 61200

cd

0.0255
0.0181
0.0178
0.0178
0.0138
0.0201
0.0139
0.0175
0.0205
0.0283

cd

0.0184
0.0148
0.0135
0.0125
0.0102
0.0127
0.0140
0.0161
0.0183
0.0256
0.0408

c1

" -0.619
-6.44
-4.64 -0.4 74
-2.59 -0.286
-0.49 -0.041
1.58 0.230
3.58 0.410
5.63 0.583
6.61 0.647
7.78 0.728
8.66 0.774
Run: 289
Re = 203500
a
c1
-6.53 -0.657
-4.58 -0.477
-2.61 -0.272
-0.50 -0.053
1.56 0.143
3.62 0.357
5.68 0.553
6.73 0.640
7.76 0.721
8.79 0.790

cd

0.0254
0.0207
0.0160
0.0146
0.0161
0.0157
0.0217
0.0232
0.0287
0.0388

cd

0.0189
0.0159
0.0163
0.0170
0.0164
0.0169
0.0204
0.0239
0.0282
0.0337

WASP
Fig. 4.152
Run: 229
Re = 61200
a
c1
-4.30 -0.187
-2.62 -0.047
-1.01 0.106
0.38 0.318
1.99 0.554
3.34 0.676
4.92 0.807
6.68 0.952
8.13 1.066
9.62 1.166
11.24 1.238
Run: 144
Re = 102000

"'

c1

-4.18 -0.211
-2.44 -0.054
-0.87 0.167
0.23 0.346
2.05 0.543
3.63 0.685
5.23 0.832
7.07 0.999
8.20 1.085
9.87 1.201
Run: 231
Re = 203300
a
c1
-4.02 -0.175
-2.65 0.006
-0.29 0.288
0.40 0.355
2.63 0.588
3.50 0.675
5.11 0.830
6.63 0.971
8.26 1.106
9.79 1.195
11.09 1.219
Run: 233
Re = 305100
a
c1
-4.31 -0.175
-2.53 0.049
-1.03 0.201
0.90 0.400
2.22 0.543
3.60 0.680
5.06 0.822
6.46 0.956
8.11 1.094
9.51 1.184
11.24 1.224

cd

0.0294
0.0214
0.0173
0.0217
0.0218
0.0236
0.0310
0.0365
0.0405
0.0385
0.0472

cd

0.0245
0.0193
0.0129
0.0144
0.0159
0.0171
0.0192
0.0235
0.0265
0.0296

cd

0.0182
0.0132
0.0092
0.0095
0.0115
0.0123
0.0145
0.0170
0.0201
0.0270
0.0393

cd

0.0154
0.0109
0.0090
0.0084
0.0095
0.0106
0.0124
0.0142
0.0173
0.0227
0.0377

287

288

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

Appendix C

UIUC Low-Speed Airfoil Tests

Manifesto
The UIUC Low-Speed Airfoil Tests Manifesto which appears below
is a modified version of the initial announcement of the windtunnel test program written in December 1993. At the risk of being
redundant with respect to what was included in the Preface, most
of the original content of the announcement is retained. For recent
information on the UIUC LSATs, please see the latest bulletin
available from either the coordinator at the address given or from
http://uxh.cso.uiuc.edurselig on the World Wide Web.
We are searching for a group of experienced modelers to build a variety
of airfoil wind-tunnel models for tests at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign (UIUC). A low-speed, low-turbulence wind tunnel has been instrumented to take lift and drag measurements on airfoils at low speeds over the
Reynolds number range from 40,000 to 500,000 (40k to 500k). The scope of
the airfoil wind-tunnel tests will be limited only by the number of wind-tunnel
models provided and the amount of funding received. Hopefully, the proposed
modeler-supported airfoil test program will become self-sustaining. Your support and help of any kind will be acknowledged in reports on the project to be
published through SoarTech Publications (Herk Stokely). We plan to publish
the results through SoarTech frequently-possibly twice per year.
A similar undertaking (with substantial support from modelers) was started
by Michael Selig, John Donovan and the late David Fraser in 1987 at Princeton
University. In a two year period, over 60 various low-speed airfoils were windtunnel tested, involving over 1200 hours of wind-tunnel test time. The results
were published in SoarTech 8 in 1989, and many of the new airfoil designs produced and tested during the program are now widely used on R/C sailplanes. As
of November 1993, over 2200 copies of SoarTech 8 are in circulation worldwide.
SoarTech 8 is available from
SoarTech Publications
c/o H.A. Stokely
1504 N. Horseshoe Circle
Virginia Beach, VA 23451
e-mail: [email protected]

290

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

At the present time, there is a need for new airfoils for R/ C sailplanes.
For example, R/C handlaunch soaring is booming, but few good airfoils (e.g.,
E387 and SD7037) presently exist for such sailplanes. Sailplanes for the new
F3J competition are just beginning to evolve, and new airfoils will probably
be required. What will they look like? In the past, only a few airfoils (e.g.,
HQ 1.5/8.5, RG15 and SD7003) have been favored for F3B competition. In
shape, handling and performance the SD7003 is quite different from the other
airfoils mentioned. These significant differences suggest that it may be possible to
design new airfoils that have better overall characteristics for F3B competition.
In addition to the design and wind-tunnel testing of new airfoils, several existing
airfoils should be tested. The SD7037 and RG15 are quite popular and often used
with flaps. The flap effectiveness of these airfoils should be quantified through
wind-tunnel tests, and the results should be used in the design of new airfoils.
There is also a need for new airfoils for R/C sport, aerobatic, and electric
planes, as well as R/C helicopters. Often, NACA airfoils are used for these
applications, but as compared with airfoils that could be designed today, many
of the NACA airfoils (which were designed decades ago mostly by trial and error)
are inferior. At the time the NACA airfoils were designed, little was known
about the complex aerodynamics of airfoils operating at low Reynolds numbers.
(Airfoils with small chords at low speeds, such as those on model aircraft, are
said to operate in the low Reynolds number flight regime). In recent years, much
has been learned about low Reynolds number aerodynamics, and this knowledge
has successfully been applied to the design of new airfoils for R/C sailplanes,
ushering in a new era in R/C soaring. Overall, R/C sailplane performance has
improved dramatically. Older airfoils are no longer used. R/ C power aircraft
performance could likewise be dramatically improved through the use of newly
designed, specially tailored airfoils.
Unique airfoil design requirements also exist for other categories of model
aircraft. For example, FAI free flight aircraft (which incorporate both a powered
launch segment and gliding flight) operate over a wide range of speeds. In the
past, many airfoils with good performance characteristics have been designed
for FAI free flight. These airfoils should be wind-tunnel tested to quantify their
performance. The results gleaned from the tests could then be applied in the
design process in an effort to develop new airfoils with improved performance.
Also, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) sponsors an annual model
airplane design competition in which university student teams design, build and
fly an R/C cargo aircraft. The record cargo weight that has been carried now
stands at 24 3/4lb for a model with a 60-size engine and 1200 in 2 total projected
area. Conceivably, this record could be broken by an aircraft with an airfoil (or
airfoils) specifically designed for the competition. Clearly, the need for new
airfoils and data on existing airfoils is not limited just to R/ C sailplanes, but
applies to any type of model aircraft where better handling qualities and overall
performance are desired.

Appendix C: UIUC Low-Speed Airfoil Tests Manifesto

Other topics of interest include the effects of turbulators and contour accuracy. Are boundary layer trips simply "repairs" to otherwise bad airfoils, or can
trips be integrated with the airfoil and result in improvements over, say, the
SD7037? The Princeton tests began to address this issue, but many questions
still remain. For example, what is the best trip height for a given airfoil? Also,
what is the best trip geometry, where should the trip be located for best performance, and what type of airfoils respond best to trips? The Princeton tests also
shed some light on how accurate airfoils must be in order to achieve expected
performance, but a more systematic effort should be made to test the best airfoils for sensitivity to contour accuracy. Also, we are interested in designing and
testing families of airfoils for use in, say, transitioning from one airfoil at the
root to a different airfoil at the tip. It is unlikely that the best performance can
be obtained from a single airfoil used along the entire wing span. This is especially true for flying wings. Companion airfoils for blending should be designed
for use with the most popular existing airfoils, e.g., SD7037 and RG15. It is
expected that the practice of blending airfoils along the span will become much
more popular than it is today. In an effort to maximize low Reynolds number
airfoil performance for model aircraft, all of these topics should be addressed.
Overall, the UIUC test objectives will be to design and wind-tunnel test new
airfoils for each category of aircraft listed above and also to examine the effects of
flaps, turbulators and contour accuracy. We are especially interested in testing
existing airfoils that are known to have superior performance. Wind-tunnel data
on such airfoils will be used during the design of new and better airfoils. If you
believe that we have overlooked an important area, we would be interested in
your input and may consider expanding the scope of the project. The number
of airfoil models to be tested has not been predefined; rather, it will be depend
on the level of interest and support from the modeling community.
The wind-tunnel models should have a 33 5/8 in span with a 12 in chord and
can either be built-up or foam core. To insure a uniform contour, the built-up
models need to be fully sheeted. For the foam core models, we may be able
to supply two 12 inch chord wing templates. The surface finish can either be
fiberglass or monokote; however, we are interested in the effects of surface finish
and will consider testing models with non-smooth surfaces. The models will
be attached to the wind-tunnel balance by standard model wing rods. Standard
model construction techniques should provide the necessary strength (supporting
15-20 lb of lift when pinned at both ends). The brass tubing and collars for the
models will be supplied along with full-scale plots and/ or coordinates of the
airfoil, if requested. (Please contact us before starting any construction on a
wind-tunnel model.)
The airfoils will be tested in the uruc open-circuit 3 X 4 ft subsonic wind
tunnel. The turbulence intensity level is minimal and more than sufficient to ensure good flow integrity at low Reynolds numbers. The experimental apparatus

291

292

Summary of Low-Speed Airfoil Data

used at Princeton will be modified for the UIUC tests. Lift and drag measurements for each airfoil will be taken at Reynolds numbers of 60k, lOOk, 200k
and 300k. In some instances, it may be possible to take limited data over an
expanded range (40k-500k). The lift characteristics will be determined through
force-balance measurements, while the drag will be evaluated by the momentum
method through the use of pitot-static probes traversed through the airfoil wake
at several spanwise locations. We are also interested in airfoil pitching moment
measurements, but the current apparatus does not have such a capability. However, a pitching moment balance has been recently designed and should provide
pitching moment data in the near future.
If you are interested in building wind-tunnel models for the tests or wish to

request information, please write, fax or send e-mail to the coordinator

UIUC LSATs Coordinator
cjo Prof. Michael Selig
Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Eng.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
306 Talbot Laboratory, 104 S. Wright St.
Urbana, IL 61801-2935
e-mail: [email protected]
fax: (217) 244-0720
The program will be self-sustaining so long as funds are made available for
equipment maintenance/upgrades and graduate student stipend support and
tuition and fees (approximately $16,000/yr per student). The initial goal is to
raise enough money to support at least two graduate students for a three year
period. It is envisioned that a small level of support from a large number of
modeling enthusiasts could sustain the airfoil design wind-tunnel test program
indefinitely. The impact on model aviation could be tremendous. Donations can
be mailed to
Prof. Michael Selig
Dept. of Aeronautical and Astronautical Eng.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
306 Talbot Laboratory, 104 S. Wright St.
Urbana, IL 61801-2935
e-mail: [email protected]
Please make checks payable to "University of Illinois, AAE Dept." Also,
please write on the check "Selig - Wind Tunnel Testing/ AAE Unrestricted
Funds," and provide a letter stating that your contribution is to be used by
Prof. Selig and his group of students (both undergraduate and graduate) in
support of the airfoil wind-tunnel tests. Finally, for a suggested donation of $18
in US, Canada, and Mexico (or $22 in other countries) you can receive a UIUC
LSATs white short-sleeve shirt. All proceeds will go toward the continuation of
the project.