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Energy Balance

This document discusses the relationship between various forms of energy: 1) There are five main forms of energy discussed - work, heat, kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal energy. 2) The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy in a closed system remains constant, with any changes in one form of energy equaling changes in another. 3) For open systems, the first law takes into account energy transfers into and out of the system via work, heat, and mass flow, stating the total energy into and out of the system must be equal.

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Kevin Esmunaldo
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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55 views16 pages

Energy Balance

This document discusses the relationship between various forms of energy: 1) There are five main forms of energy discussed - work, heat, kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal energy. 2) The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy in a closed system remains constant, with any changes in one form of energy equaling changes in another. 3) For open systems, the first law takes into account energy transfers into and out of the system via work, heat, and mass flow, stating the total energy into and out of the system must be equal.

Uploaded by

Kevin Esmunaldo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

7 Overall Energy Balance


Energy
Work (W)
Heat (Q)
Kinetic Energy (Ek)
Potential Energy (Ep)
Internal Energy (U)
Work (W)

Fdl dW =
Kerja diikuti oleh perubahan volume dari fluida (ex. Compression of a
gas by a piston)
}
}
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
2
1
V
V
V
V
t
t
PdV W
PdV W
A
V
PAd dW
t
t
Total volume gives total work
Work per unit mass or mole
W+
Tanda negatif menunjukkan bahwa kompresi
fluida didifinisikan sebagai kerja positif
Heat (Q)

heat Q =
-Heat moves from object with higher T to object with lower T
-Temperature difference is driving force of heat flow
W & Q are path variables
Path variables only have meaning when exchange
between a system/substance and surroundings
A substance does not contain a certain amount of work or
heat
Kinetic Energy(E
k
)
2
2
1
mu E
K
=
We will focus on 5 forms of energy

Potential Energy(E
p
)

mgz E
K
=
Internal Energy(U)

forces ular intermolec karena energy internal = U
Question:
what is the relationship between the various forms of
energy?
Hukum I
Jumlah energi total konstan
AEk, AEp,
AU
Q
W
-AE(lingkungan)
AE(sistim)
AE(sistim) + AE(lingkungan) = 0
( ) 0 = A + A + A W Q Ep Ek U
sistim
W Q E Ek U
P
+ = A + A + A
+
Formulasi matematis HKI
Excluded from U
Remember of Joules exp.
Intermolecular forces
Hukum I (1
st
Law)
Closed system: tidak ada transfer materi dari sistim
ke lingkungan dan sebaliknya (sistim
tidak bergerak)
W Q U + = A
0
0
= A
= A
p
k
E
E
Sehingga:
Hukum I untuk closed system:
W Q U + = A
Hukum I untuk closed system:
W , Q
U
: state variable, tgt pd titik kondisi tertentu
: path variables, tgt pd proses yg trlibat
P
T
P
1
,T
1
P
2
,T
2
Perhatikan closed system
Berubah dari state 1 ke state 2
melalui 2 path yang berbeda
1 2
U U U = A
Bagaimana dengan Q dan W
untuk masing-masing lintasan
?
(Q+W) sama untuk proses yg berbeda
}
=
2
1
V
V
PdV W
PROSES REVERSIBEL
No-friction
No turbulence
Always in equilibrium
Valid hanya untuk proses reversibel
Kerja reversibel adalah ideal

Hukum I:
PdV dQ dU
dW dQ dU
W Q U
=
+ =
+ = A
Mechanically reversible

Proses volume konstan
PdV dQ dU =
0
U Q
dQ dU
A =
=
Sehingga:
Panas yang ditransfer sama dengan perubahan
energi dalam
Mechanically reversible
Closed system
Enthalpy (H), difinisi:

PV U H +
H Q
dQ dH
A =
=
Panas yang ditransfer sama dengan perubahan
enthalpy
Proses tekanan tetap:
) PV U ( d dQ
PdV dQ dU
+ =
=
Heat capacity:
dT
dQ
C
Untuk proses V tetap:
V
v
dT
dQ
C
|
.
|

\
|

P
p
dT
dQ
C
|
.
|

\
|

For constant P process


For constant V process
State variable
Untuk proses P tetap:
}
= A =
2
1
T
T
p
dT C H Q
}
= A =
2
1
T
T
V
dT C U Q
Open system (General)
zg u U + +
2
2
1
system
Q

m
W

AE(sistim) + AE(lingkungan) = 0
Hukum I:
Tiap unit masa mengandung energi:
Total energi yang dibawa:
|
.
|

\
|
+ + zg u U m
2
2
1

Open system (General)


( )
dt
mU d
Energi dalam pada sistim dapat berubah akibat akumulasi
atau kehilangan:
Sehingga:
( )
W Q g z u U m g z u U m
dt
mU d
i
i i i i
j
j j j j

+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

2 2
2
1
2
1
(influent) (effluent)
Open system (General)
Work: ditimbulkan karena dorongan fluida in dan out
(W
f
) dan kerja poros karena (W
s
)
s f
W W W

+ =

=
i
i i i
j
j j j f
m V P m V P W

influent
effluent
( )
s
i
i i i
j
j j j
i
i i i i
j
j j j j
W m V P m V P Q g z u U m g z u U m
dt
mU d

+ + +
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

2 2
2
1
2
1
Ingat:
PV U H +
( )
s
i
i i i i
j
j j j j
W Q g z u H m g z u H m
dt
mU d

+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

2 2
2
1
2
1
Hukum I untuk open system (General)
( )
s
j
j j j j
i
i i i i
W Q g z u H m g z u H m
dt
mU d

+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

2 2
2
1
2
1
effluent influent
Pada umumnya:
Steady state:
Satu inlet and outlet:
( )
0 =
dt
mU d
m m m
j i
= =
s
W Q z g u H m

+ =
|
.
|

\
|
A + A + A
2
2
1
s
W Q z g u H + = A + A + A
2
2
1
Rate energi
Rate energi per
satuan masa
atau mol

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