2

Chng m u
AI CONG V KT CU G

1. c im v phm vi p dng ca kt cu g
nh ngha: kt cu g l kt cu ca cng trnh xy dng hay mt b phn
cng trnh lm bng vt liu g hay ch yu bng vt liu g.
Ct nh, ko nh, khung g ca nh, cu g, u l kt cu g.


Cu g bc qua sng a nup(Chu u) di 1000 m. nhp 35m (104)

S kt cu mt nh g nng thn.

Gin thp c thanh cng


3
c im:
Vt liu lm kt cu g khng phi ch l ton g m c th c cc vt liu
khc kt hp nh thp, tre, cht do. dn hn hp thp - g, trong li
dng tnh cht ca thp chu ko tt, chu nn km, cn g li chu ko km,
chu nn tt, v th b tr cc thanh chu ko bng thp, cn cc thanh chu nn
lm bng g.
Tt c cc b phn, cc cu kin bng g ny ca mt cng trnh phi c
thit k, tnh ton m bo cc yu cu v s dng v chu lc. Kt cu g
phi thch ng c vi cc yu cu v s dng ra cho cng trnh, phi c
bn, cng v tit kim vt liu. Ngoi ra cn phi xt n cc yu cu
khc: tit kim cng ch to, d dng lp, d sa cha, p,.
Vit Nam cng nh trn th gii, t cc nc n i n cc nc nhit
i g l vt liu xy dng t nhin, ph bin khp mi ni nn kt cu g l
mt loi kt cu mang tnh truyn thng, lch s, c dng rng ri, lu i.
1. u, khuyt im ca kt cu g
u khuyt im ca kt cu g nm trong u khuyt im ca vt liu g.
G thin nhin dng lm vt liu xy dng c nhng u im sau:
* u im:
- G l vt liu nh v kho, c tnh cht c hc kh cao so vi khi lng
ring nh ca n. so snh tnh cht nh kho ngi ta dng h s c = /R
(trng lng ring chia cho cng tnh ton). Vi thp c = 3,7.10
-4
(1/m),vi
b tng c = 24.10
-4
(1/m), vi g xoan c = 4,3.10
-4
(1/m) . Ta thy g kho xp x
thp v tt gp 6 ln b tng.
Bng so snh cng ca g vi mt s loi vt liu khc
Nn (kG/cm
2
) Ko (kG/cm
2
)
Thp (BCT3) 2150 2150
B tng (#200) 90 7.5
G (nhm IV) 150 115
Gch (gch #75, va #50) 13
- L vt liu ph bin mang tnh cht a phng, g c mt khp ni t
ng bng n min ni, c th khai thc ti ch, ngay trong cc vn nh
(xoan, mt, bch n, x c, phi lao,). Trong khi thp cn phi luyn, cn;
b tng cn phi c ct, , si
G d ch to: d x, ca, bo, c, khoan, ng inh, nh bng bng
nhng dng c th cng n gin v cng thch hp vi gia cng c gii. Trong
khi , vi vt liu thp thng phi ch to trong nh my, s dng cc thit b
chuyn dng, phc tp, cng knh. Cn vi b tng ct thp phi lp dng
cppha, trn, , m, theo ng cc yu cu k thut cht ch.
4
- Hnh thc p, sang trng.
* Khuyt im:
- Ni chung g l vt liu khng bn, d b h hng do mc,
mi, mt. Do cu trc ca g gm cc t bo, cc cht prtin rt
thch hp cho thc n ca vi trng, mi, mt. L loi vt liu d chy,
tui th khng cao.
- G l vt liu khng ng nht, khng ng hng do cu
trc t nhin ca t bo g. G khng ph hp vi cc gi thuyt
tnh ton ( coi vt liu l ng nht, ng hng ) do tnh ton
ngi ta s dng nhiu h s an ton dn n tnh ton khng chnh xc. Do
cu to ca g gm nhng th xp theo phng dc, gm nhiu thnh phn
khc nhau t trong ra ngoi, t trn xung di (s tm hiu k bi sau), do
vt liu g l rt khng ng nht v ng hng.
V vy, khi s dng cc gi thuyt tnh ton phi s dng cc h s an ton
cao v phi la chn g cn thn thch hp vi yu cu thit k.
- G thng c nhiu khuyt tt lm gim kh nng
chu lc v lm cho vic ch to kh khn: mt g, khe
nt, th vo, l mc, thn dt, tht ngn,. M thng yu
cu tit din l u do vy mun s dng phi loi b rt
nhiu phn g c khuyt tt dn n lng ph g.
- G l loi vt liu ngm nc; do vy, khi thi tit
thay i d b dn n hay co ngt khng u dn n nt
n, cong vnh, nh hng n hnh dng, b mt v cht ca lin kt, khi
lp rp s khng kht.
phng cc khuyt im trn, ngi ta thng dng cc bin php x
l cho g khng b mc, mt, khng dng g ti, g m qu mc quy
nh, sy kh g trc khi s dng. ng thi phi tng mc an ton ca kt
cu bng cch la chn vt liu s dng ng ch, dng phng php tnh ton
st vi thc t lm vic ca kt cu.
Tt c cc khuyt im trn l ca g thin nhin cha qua ch bin. Vi
cc bin php hin i, ngi ta c th loi tr cc khuyt im . Ngy nay t
s dng cc thanh g trn m dng nhiu cc thanh v cc tm g dn. Loi
vt liu ny c cc tnh cht ca mt loi vt liu xy dng qu gi: nh,
kho, chu lc tt m p mt, d vn chuyn, dng lp, khng b mc, mi,
mt, kh nng chu la cao.
2. Phm vi p dng kt cu g
Kt cu g thng s dng cho cc cng trnh sau:
5
- Nh dn dng: cc nh 1 tng, 2 tng, nh hi trng, tr s, nh vn
ho,.
- Nh sn xut: kho thc go, chung tri chn nui, xng ch bin thc
phm, xng sn xut, sa cha nh,. Cng c th dng cho cc nh my ln
c cu trc nh nh my x v ch bin g, c kh nh; cng c th dng trong
cc xng ho cht c cc cht n mn kim loi thay cho kt cu thp.
- Giao thng vn ti: lm cu cho t, ng st, nhp c th ti vi chc
mt.
- Thu li: cu tu, bn cng, ca van, ca u thuyn, cng nh, p nh.
- Xy dng: lm gio, vn khun, cc vn, mng cc, tng chn,.
Tuy nhin, ni chung, kt cu g ch thch hp vi cc cng trnh loi va v
nh, khng mang tnh cht vnh cu.

6
Chng I
VT LIU G XY DNG

1. Rng v g Vit Nam
1. Rng Vit Nam
Do iu kin kh hu nhit i nng m, ma nhiu nn h thc vt pht
trin mnh. V vy nc ta c rt nhiu rng, trong rng c nhiu loi g qu
vo bc nht th gii.
Nc ta l nc c nhiu rng v t rng, chim khong 43,8% din tch
ton quc, din tch rng chim khong 10,5 triu ha, trong rng g tt 3,3
triu ha. Hng nm khai thc 6-8 triu m
3
g v nhiu tre na.
Khu Ty B`c c trai, inh, lim, lt, mun.
Vit Bc c lim, nghin, vng tm.
Ngh An c hu mc, ging hng.
Nam Trung B c kin kin, trc, mun, cm lai. Lt c thng.
Min duyn hi Nam B c: c, trm.
Min ng Nam B c: mun, cm lai, bng lng.
G khng ch c rng ni m cn c a phng nng thn, ng bng
nh: xoan, phi lao, mt.
Tuy nhin rng g nc ta hu ht l rng thin nhin, ln g tt v g xu,
nng sut khai thc khng cao. ng thi, qua hng bao nhiu th k khai thc
khng khoa hc, rng b tn ph nghim trng, cht lng rng v tr lng g
gim st r rt. Do , vic pht trin khai thc g phi i i vi vic bo v,
ci to v gy trng rng.
2. G Vit Nam
Nc ta c nhiu loi g nhng thng hay s dng trn 400 loi. Trc
kia, theo tp qun lu i ca nhn dn, cc loi g s dng c xp vo 4
loi, cn c vo v p hay tnh cht bn vng ca g khi lm nh, c.
a) Nhm g qu: gm cc loi g c mu sc p, vn p, hng v c
bit, khng b mi, mt, mc, ch yu dng ng g qu gi, hng m
ngh, lm dc liu. g, trc, mun c vn p, mu bng thm tnh cht c
hc cao, rt nng chc. Lt hoa, trai, ngc am, trm hng cng l loi g qu.
Hin nay g qu ngy cng him v nm trong danh mc g cm khai thc ba
bi.
b) Nhm thit mc: gm cc loi g nng v cng nht, c tnh cht c hc
rt cao, rt kh b mc, mi, mt.
inh, lim, sn, tu ( g t thit ) v nghin, trai, kin kin inh, lim trc
7
kia dng lm ct nh, ct nh, g ny rt nng, chc v chu lc khng khc b
tng v thp l my.
c) Nhm g hng sc: gm nhng g c mu sc hng, nu , , nh v km
cng hn t thit.
Nhm g hng sc tt: d gia cng, tnh cht c hc kh cao, chu c
nc, t b mi, mt, mc. m, vng tm, gii, tch, gi np, gi t, sng l.
Nhm g hng sc thng: khng chu c mi, mc, km bn hn,
phm cht phc tp. de, mung, su su, si, rng rng.
d) G tp: g xu, c mu trng nh, mm d b su, mc, tnh cht c hc
thp.
8
2. Cc quy nh v phn loi v s dng g
Nh trn ni, nc ta c rt nhiu loi g, c c im, tnh cht khc
nhau, do cn phi nghin cu s dng ng ch v hp l, tit kim. Ngoi
ra vic cung cp g cho s dng lun khan him do vic khai thc kh khn,
phng tin thiu thn, vic s dng v qun l g cn cha tt, gy lng ph. V
vy nh nc a ra mt s quy nh v qun l, phn loi v s dng g
sao cho hp l v tit kim.
1. Phn loi g s dng
G s dng c chia lm 8 nhm cn c vo tnh cht c l, mu sc, cu
trc, thch ng vi cc phm vi s dng nht nh.
Nhm I: gm nhng g c mu sc, mt g, hng v c bit, tc l cc
loi g qu (trc, g, lt, mun,).
Nhm II: Gm cc loi g c tnh cht c hc cao nht. Nhm thit mc
(inh, lim, sn, tu, trai, nghin, kin kin,) nm nhm ny.
Nhm III: gm cc loi g c tnh do, dai dng ng tu thuyn nh
ch ch, tch, sng l,.
Nhm IV: gm cc loi g c mu sc, mt g v kh nng ch bin thch
hp cho cng nghip g lng v mc nh re, m, vng tm, gii.
T nhm V - VIII: xp loi cn c vo sc chu lc ca g, c th l da vo
t trng g.
Nhm V: gm cc loi g hng sc tt: gi, thng.
Nhm VI: gm cc loi g hng sc thng: si, rng rng, bch n.
Nhm VII - VIII: l nhm g tp v xu: go, nc nc, khng dng trong
xy dng c.
* G lm cng trnh xy dng c quy nh nh sau:
- Nh lu nm quan trng nh nh my, hi trng c dng g nhm II
lm kt cu chu lc: tr lim, tu, nghin khng c dng. Ct cu, dm cu,
ca cng l nhng b phn thng xuyn chu ma nng v ti trng ln c
dng mi g nhm II.
- Nh ca thng dng: Nh n, , kho, dng g nhm V lm kt cu chu
lc. Cc b phn khng chu lc nh khung ca, li t, cc kt cu nh tm, cc
mng, vn khun, dng g nhm VI tr xung.
2. Cc quy nh v kch thc g
G dng trong xy dng phi c ng knh t 15 cm tr ln, di hn 1m v
khng qu 4,5 m.
9
Mt s b phn kt cu ln v quan trng, yu cu di nh dm nh, ko
nh, ct nh, dm cu c th dng g ln hn 4,5 m.
Quy nh ny hn ch s dng g qu di, khng p ng c, ngoi ra
bt buc phi tn dng cc g nh v ngn. Yu cu ng knh ln hn 15cm
cy g c kh nng chu lc.
Kch thc g x phi tun theo quy cch thng nht:
+ G vn c chiu dy 1-6 cm.
+ G hp tit din nh nht 3 x 1 cm n ln nht 20 x 20 cm.
Ngoi ra phi bo qun g trc khi s dng, cc loi g dng lm b phn
chu lc cho cng trnh phi c ngm tm, sy kh, bo qun bng ho cht.
Ngoi ra cn c tiu chun TCVN 1072-71 quy nh v phn nhm g theo
tnh cht c l, tiu chun TCVN 1075-71 quy nh v kch thc g x v cc
tiu chun khc quy nh v kch thc g trn, khuyt tt g trn, cc thut ng
thng nht ca g x, cc phng php th tnh cht c l ca g,.
10
3. Cu trc v thnh phn ho hc ca g
1. Cu trc
G Vit Nam hu ht thuc loi cy l rng, g l kim ch t loi nh thng,
p mu, ngc am, kim giao, phi lao. G cy l rng c cu trc phc tp hn g
cy l kim.
quan st cu trc ca g ngi ta c th dng mt thng quan st
cu trc th i v dng knh hin vi quan st cu trc vi m.
Ct ngang mt thn cy g, bng mt thng ta thy t ngoi vo trong
gm nhng lp sau:
- Lp v cy: gm lp v ngoi v v trong
bo v cho cy.
- Lp g gic: mu nht, m, l lp g sng,
cha cc cht dinh dng, d b mc, mi, mt.
- Lp g li: mu thm v cng hn g gic,
l lp g cht, cha t nc, kh b mc mt hn.
C nhiu loi g m gic li khng phn bit.
- trung tm l tu (rut): l b phn mm
yu nht trong cy g, d b mc nt. Khi x g,
ngi ta thng x sao cho tu nm trong lng
hp g (hp bc rut) tu khi b mc nt.
nhiu loi g, ta cn thy cc vng trn ng tm bao quanh tu l cc
vng tui, mi vng ng vi 1 nm sinh trng ca cy. Mt vng tui gm 2
lp: lp thm l g mun, lp nht l g sm. Nhn k cn thy nhng tia hng
tm nh li ti gi l cc tia li, g thng b nt theo cc tia ny.
Nu quan st k bng knh hin vi ta thy cc thnh phn nh sau:
- T bo th g: hnh thoi ni xp nhau theo chiu di thn cy, chim 76%
th tch g, l b phn chnh chu lc ca g.
- Mch g: l cc t bo ln hnh ng dng dn cht dinh dng theo
chiu ng.
- Tia li: l nhng t bo nm ngang dn nc v cht dinh dng theo
chiu ngang cy.
- Nhu t bo: nm xung quanh mch g v c l thng vi mch, cha cht
dinh dng nui cy.
Mi loi g c c im, cch b tr khc nhau. Cn c vo cch b tr, hnh
dng tia li, mch, nhu t bo c th xc nh c tn g.
11
Quan st cu trc ca g, ta thy g l vt liu khng ng nht, khng
ng hng, gm cc th ch xp theo phng dc, mang tnh cht xp lp r
rt theo cc vng tui. V vy, tnh cht ca g, s chu lc ca g l khng
ging nhau theo cc phng khc nhau v ti cc ch cng khc nhau. G chu
lc kho theo phng dc th, km theo phng ngang th (km vi chc ln
theo phng dc).
Khi nghin cu cu trc g, phi phn bit 3 loi mt
ct:
- Mt ct ngang: thng gc vi trc thn cy (1).
- Mt ct xuyn tm: Dc theo trc thn cy, i qua tm
(2).
- Mt tip tuyn: dc theo trc thn cy, khng i qua
tm (3).
Tng ng vi cc v tr mt ct, phn bit ra 3 phng:
phng dc trc, phng xuyn tm v phng tip tuyn.
2. Thnh phn ho hc
G bao gm cc hp cht hu c: xenlul, lignhin, cc hmixenlul, tananh,
nha cy, sc t,, thnh phn gm cc nguyn t C, H, O, N, v mt s
mui khong Ca, Na, K,.
12
4. Tnh cht vt l ca g
1. m ca g
1. m ca g:
nh ngha: m ca g l lng nc cha trong g, nh hng rt ln
n tnh cht vt l v c hc ca g.
m xc nh theo cng thc:
% 100 .
2
2 1
G
G G
W

=

G
1
: trng lng g m.
G
2
: trng lng g kh
Nc cha trong g gm hai b phn:
+ Nc t do: nm trong cc khong rng bn trong g.
+ Nc hp ph (hay nc lin kt): cha trong thnh t bo.
m thng bng ca g: l m khi g t nhin trong khng kh,
dn dn hi nc bc i, sau qu trnh trao i hi nc lu di vi khng kh,
m dn dn thng bng. m thng bng ph thuc nhit , m
khng kh. Vit Nam, m thng bng khong 1720%.
im bo ho th (hay m hp ph): l m ca g khi nc cha
y ht cc thnh t bo. im bo ho th vo khong 2832%, t thay i
theo cc loi g. Khi , nu tng m ca g ln na ch lm cho lng nc
t do tng ln.
S thay i m hp ph nh hng trc tip n hnh dng v kch
thc g, l cc hin tng co ngt, n, cong, vnh, nt. Co ngt theo
phng ngang th 610%, theo phng tip tuyn 35%, dc th 0,1%.
trnh cc hin tng trn, trong xy dng khng dng g c m >
25% i vi nh, > 15% i vi g dn.
2. Khi lng th tch ca g
Khi lng ring ca g: 1,54 T/m
3
chung cho mi loi g.
Khi lng th tch: c trng cho lng cht g cha trong mt n v th
tch, khc nhau tu theo tng loi g. G cng nng khi lng th tch cng
ln, kh nng chu lc cng cao.
Khi cha xc nh c cng ca g, ta c th da vo khi lng th
tch phn on kh nng chu lc.
G nghin c khi lng th tch 1,1 T/m
3
, sn l 1,08 T/m
3
, xoay l 1,15
T/m
3
.
13
G nh v xu c khi lng th tch < 0,45 T/m
3
khng c dng lm kt
cu chu lc.
Cc tnh cht vt l khc ca g nh tnh gin n nhit, dn nhit, t lin
quan n kt cu g chu lc nn ta khng xt ti y.

5. Tnh cht c hc ca g
Tnh cht c hc ca g bao gm cc ch tiu v bn, n hi khi chu
ko, nn, un, p mt v trt.
xc nh cc ch tiu ny ngi ta ch to cc mu g nh, khng c tt
bnh v em th nghim trn my vi tc gia ti nht nh.


a)Ko dc th; b)un; c)p dc th; d) trt dc th; e) p ngang th
Cu kin g thc t thng c kch thc ln v lun c tt bnh nn cc tr
s cng tm c trn cc mu th nghim tiu chun cha th dng tnh
ton c m phi iu chnh.
Mt c im na nh hng rt ln n cng ca g l tc gia ti
v thi gian tc dng ca ti trng m ta xt sau y:
1. nh hng ca thi gian chu lc. Cng lu di ca g
Cng ca g ph thuc rt r vo tc tc dng ca ti trng. Ti
trng t vo cng nhanh th cng g cng cao. Khi ti trng t rt nhanh
(t 0) ta c cng ln nht
b
( gi l cng bn tc thi). Thi gian t
14
ti lu v hn ta c cng nh nht
ld
(gi l cng lu di).
Vi thi gian t ti lu v hn ta c tr s cng nh nht
ld
, cng
lu di.
Mang th nghim mt lot mu ging nhau chu cc ti trng khc nhau th
thy chng ph hoi cc thi gian khc nhau. Ti trng cng ln mu b ph
hoi cng nhanh; ti trng nh hn, mu khng b ph hoi ngay nhng cng
dn b ph hoi; cng c nhng ti trng khng bao gi ph hoi mu d tc
dng lu bao nhiu i na. V quan h gia cng ph hoi v thi gian tc
dng ti trng cho n lc ph hoi ta c biu nh hnh v:

ng cong chu lc lu di ca g
Ta thy rng
ld
l ng sut ln nht m mu g c th chu c m khng
bao gi b ph hoi.
>
ld
: sm mun g s b ph hoi
<
ld
: g khng bao gi b ph hoi d ti trng c tc dng lu di n
u.

ld
<
b
v thc t chng ta ch th nghim c
b
. V th tnh ton kt
cu thc t, phi chuyn
b
sang
ld
bng cch nhn vi h s k
ld
. Thng ly
k
ld
= 0,5 - 0,6.
2. S lm vic ca g chu ko, nn, un
* S lm vic ca g khi chu ko
Cng chu ko dc th ca g 800 - 1000 kG/cm
2
, ng biu din
quan h ng sut - bin dng gn nh thng, nht l trong giai on u, c th
coi nh ng sut t l vi bin dng. Mu g b ph hoi t ngt khi b bin
dng nh khong 0,8%. Nh vy, khi chu ko g lm vic nh vt liu gin.
Tuy cng chu ko ca g khi th nghim kh cao nhng khng s dng tr
s ny v n rt tn mn, khng n nh v c rt nhiu nhng nhn t lm gim
thp cng ko ca g.
15
Cc bnh tt nh mt g, th cho lm gim kh nng chu ko ca g rt
nhiu. C kch thc thanh g cng lm nh hng n cng chu ko ca
g.
Do tt c cc nh hng trn ta thy g
khng phi l vt liu chu ko tt. lm
thanh ko, phi la chn thanh g c phm
cht tt, t bnh tt.
Cng chu ko ngang th ca g
rt nh, bng khong 1/15 - 1/20 cng
chu ko dc th. Do , trong kt cu g
khng bao gi cho g chu ko ngang th.
* S lm vic ca g khi chu nn
Cng chu nn dc th R
n
= 300
450 kG/cm
2
, c th t ti 700 kG/cm
2
.
Biu nn c dng ng cong r rt,
g b ph hoi bin dng = 0,6 0,7%.
Biu ny chng t khi nn g lm vic do. Cc yu t nh bnh tt, th
cho, gim yu tit din t c nh hng n R
n
. Cng chu nn l ch tiu
n nh nht trong cc ch tiu cng , c dng nh gi, phn loi g.
Nn l hnh thc chu lc thch hp nht vi g.
* S lm vic ca g khi chu un
R
u
= 700 900 kG/cm
2
. nh hng ca mt g, gim yu, th cho, kch
thc mc trung gian gia ko v nn.
Khi mmen un nh, ng sut php phn b dc chiu cao tit din theo
quy lut gn nh ng thng, tr s ng sut th bin c th tnh bng cng
thc =
W
M
. Tng ti trng ln, ng sut nn phn b theo ng cong v tng
chm, trong vng nn xut hin bin dng do. ng sut ko vn tip tc tng
nhanh theo quy lut gn nh ng thng, trc trung ho lui xung pha di.
Mu bt u b ph hoi khi vng nn ng sut t cng nn, cc th nn
b gy lm xut hin cc ng gp np trn mt g. Mu g b ph hoi hn
khi ng sut cc th bin di t cng ko.
16
h
h
h > h ;
1 2 +
>
-
h = h ;
1
=
2 + -
-
+
1
2
-
+
h
h
2
1

Do s phn b nh vy, vic xc nh ng sut th bin bng cng thc sc
bn vt liu nh trn khng cn ng na vi giai on tip sau, tr s =
W
M

ch l cng quy c.
Th nghim thy rng R
u
ca g ph thuc hnh dng tit din, t s cc
cnh ca tit din thanh g: thanh g trn c cng ln hn thanh g hp c
cng mmen chng un W; thanh g c chiu cao ln hn chiu rng qu
nhiu cng cng gim. Do vy, khi chu un phi c h s iu chnh m
u
.
Mun n hi ca g khi ko, nn v c un xp x bng nhau nn ta dng
chung mt gi tr. Mun n hi ca g Vit Nam thay i trong phm vi rng,
t 6.10
4
n 2.10
5
kG/cm
2
, trong tnh ton ly chung E
tb
= 10
5
kG/cm
2
.
3. S lm vic ca g v p mt v trt
a. p mt
p mt l s truyn lc t cu kin ny sang cu kin khc qua mt tip
xc:

em
=
em
F
N

Vi g, tu theo phng tc dng ca lc i vi th g chia ra lm 3 loi:
p mt dc th, ngang th v xin th.

17
* p mt dc th
p mt dc th xy ra khi truyn lc p ln u mt ca thanh g. R
em
dc
th khng khc nhiu R
n
dc th, trong tnh ton khng phn bit.
* p mt ngang th
G khi b p ngang th c bin dng rt
ln do g c cu trc dng si. Biu ng
sut - bin dng nh hnh v. Ban u cc
th g b p vo nhau, biu c dng hnh
parabol cong v pha trn. Sau , cc thnh
t bo g b p li v b ph hoi, bin dng
tng rt nhanh, biu c dc thoi. Cui
cng, sau khi cc thnh t bo b ph hoi v
p st nhau, g li c th chu c ti trng
(s cng li). Nh vy, s lm vic p mt
ngang th khng phi cn c vo ng sut
ph hoi m ch yu do bin dng qu ln
khng cho php. Ngi ta thng ly cng gii hn l ng sut t l
tl
ng
vi lc g bt u b bin dng nhiu.
p mt ngang th cn phn bit p mt ton b, p mt cc b (trn mt
phn chiu di hoc trn mt phn din tch).

p mt ton b c R
em
nh nht, thc cht ch l nn ngang th. p mt
cc b c din tch cng nh th cng cng cao.
* p mt xin th
R
em
ph thuc vo gc gia phng ca lc v th g, cng nh th R
cng ln.
b. Trt:
Tu theo v tr ca lc tc dng m chia ra lm cc loi: ct t th, trt
dc th, trt ngang th v trt xin th.

tl

bt u
cng li

em
18
- Kh nng ct t th rt t xy ra v cng ln, g s b ph hoi trc
v p mt hay un. Trong tnh ton kt cu g khng gp trng hp ny.
- Hay gp nht l trt dc th v trt ngang th. Cng trt dc th
vo khong 70 100 Kg/cm
2
, trt ngang th th khong mt na gi tr .

Cng trt y l cng trt trung bnh:

tb
=
t tr
F
T

ng sut trt thc ra phn b khng u trn mt trt, ng sut trt cc
i thc t ln hn nhiu so vi ng sut trung bnh.
Tu theo v tr ca ngoi lc i vi mt trt cn phn ra trt mt pha nu
lc T t mt u, trt trung gian hay trt kp nu lc T t hai u ca
mt trt.
e e

max
tb=
P
F

F
=
P
tb
P
P P
l
t
r
l
t
r
a
a 2
T
T
R
2
M=T
a
V
T
T
N

Tr s
tb
ph thuc vo cc iu kin sau:
+ Tu theo trt mt pha hay trung gian, trt trung gian c
tb
ln hn.
19
+ Tu thuc vo t s
e
l
tr
,
tb
ln khi
e
l
tr
= 3 4. Nu
e
l
tr
qu ln th ng sut
phn b khng u, nh qu th g cng nhanh b ph hoi do hin tng tch
th.
+ C lc p hay khng. Nu c lc p kh nng chu trt tng ln nhiu.
- Trt xin th: cng trt ph thuc gc xin . Tng t nh p mt
xin th, trt xin th rt t khi xy ra.
4. Cc nhn t nh hng n cng ca g
a. nh hng ca m
m hp ph nh hng n cng ca g. Khi m tng t 0 n
im bo ho th th R v E gim. Tng m qu im bo ho th th R
khng thay i na. c th so snh R ca g khi cc m khc nhau th
phi chuyn R v m thng nht.
m quy nh ly R
tc
l W = 18%.
Cng m bt k c chuyn v cng m 18% theo cng
thc sau:

18
=
w
[1 + (W - 18)]
Trong :

18
: cng m tiu chun.
: h s iu chnh m, ph thuc loi g v loi cng .
= 0,05: nn dc th = 0,035: nn ngang th
= 0,015: ko dc th = 0,04: un tnh
= 0,03: trt
b. nh hng ca nhit
Khi tng nhit th cng cng gim. Cng nh m, vi nhit
cng phi chn nhit tiu chun. y ly t = 20
o
C. Cng nhit bt
k c a v cng nhit tiu chun theo cng thc:

20
=
T
+ (T - 20)
Trong :

20
: cng nhit 20
o
C cn tm.
: h s iu chnh nhit .
= 0,035: nn dc th = 0,4: ko dc th
= 0,45: un = 0,04: trt dc th
Khi nhit ln lm cho g b gin n, t th g. V th quy nh khng s
dng g khi t
o
> 50
o
C.
20
c. nh hng ca tt bnh
Cy g bao gi cng c tt bnh, t khi mi pht trin n khi h cy.
Nhng tt bnh nh hng n tnh nng c hc ca g l: mt cy, th
nghing, khe nt.
- Mt cy: ch gc cnh cy m t thn ra, th g b ln vo lm cho ch
cng gim. Mt g c bit c hi i vi cu kin chu ko v cng gy
nh hng kh nhiu n cu kin chu nn v chu un.
- Th nghing: cc th ca cy khng nm theo phng dc trc thn cy
g, khi lm vic tr thnh trng thi chu lc xin th lm gim cng g.
- Khe nt: khe nt xut hin c khi cy ang sng v khi h cy. Khe nt
lm g mt tnh nguyn vn, lm gim kh nng chu lc. Vt nt t nh hng
n cng nn nhng gy tc hi rt ln khi chu ko ngang th v trt.
Ngoi ra vt nt lm cho hi m thm nhp lm cho g d b mc, mi, mt.
21
6. Phng mc, phng mi mt v phng h cho g
1. Mc:
Mc l do mt loi vi khun thc vt (nm) sinh trng, n v pht trin
trong g.
Nm pht trin trong iu kin m 3050%, nhit 20
0
30
0
C. m
di 20% nm sng khng ni, nhit cao hay thp hn nhit trn lm
nm ngng sinh trng.
C 2 bin php phng mc:
Kh iu kin sinh trng ca nm nh sy kh g n m nh hn
1820%, che ma, t kt cu vo ch kh ro, thng thong.
Dng ho cht.
2. Phng mi, mt:
Mi, mt l cc loi cn trng sng trong g, n g lm cho g b ph hoi.
Mi l nguy him nht.
Cc bin php phng mi:
Ngn khng cho mi thm nhp vo g: u ct trong t c tm thuc,
h chn phi trn thuc.
Dit t mi nh ct ngun nc, dng cht c.
Mt t nguy him hn mi.
C nhiu bin php phng mt:
Loi mt m su con n cht bt trong g th ngm g trong nc cho cht
bt tri i.
Sn kn mt g, bt cc l mch mt khng trng vo.
3. Phng h:
H l mt loi sinh vt sng trng trong vng nc mn, nc l.
Cc bin php phng h:
Thui cho g chy sm nh k to thnh lp than mng bc ngoi.
Bc g bng ng b tng, snh hoc lp hn hp xi mng-nha ng.
Bin php hiu qu nht phng, tr v tiu dit nm, mi, mt, h l
ngm, tm g bng ho cht.
4. Ngm, tm g bng ho cht:
a) Cc loi ho cht: chia thnh 2 loi ln:
* Thuc mui v c (sn xut trong nc):
NaF (natri florua): c vi nm, khng lm bin mu g nhng d b nc
chu cun tri.
Na2SiF6 (natri silicat florua): t tan trong nc, dng kt hp vi NaF.
CuSO4 (ng sunfat): d tan trong nc, c vi nm, cn trng v c vi
ngi.
22
* Thuc du:
- Nhp t nc ngoi:
Du crzt: tm cho t vt, cc cng trnh giao thng.
Cao NaF gm: bt NaF, nha ng, du ho phng mc cho cu g.
Thuc nalit U gm: NaF, bicromat natri, initro fenol tr nm. Nu
thm nalit UA th tr c c mi mt.
Thuc uotex v hylotax gm: DDT, 666 tr mi, mt. Loi hylotax khc
(gi l ahopin) c thm penta clophenol th tr c c nm, mc.
- Sn xut trong nc:
LN1, LN2 tng t onalit dng phng mc.
BQG: phng mi, mt.
b) Cc phng php ngm tm:
Qut v phun ln mt g: thuc ngm t, khng su ch dng bo qun
trong thi gian ngn.
Ngm g trong b cha dung dch thuc: dng cho cc loi g c chiu di
khng ln lm, thuc ngm tng i su.
Tm: l dng p lc cao p thuc vo g, thuc ngm su v nhiu nhng
tn km.

23
Chng II
TNH TON CC CU KIN CO BN

1. Nguyn l tnh ton kt cu g
Cng nh kt cu b tng v kt cu thp, kt cu g cng c tnh ton
theo phng php trng thi gii hn.
Trng thi gii hn l trng thi ng vi thi im kt cu bt u khng th
tip tc s dng c na.
1. Tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn th nht
(Trng thi gii hn v cng , n nh, mi)
Khi tnh kt cu g theo trng thi gii hn th nht, ta so snh ni lc ln
nht c th sinh ra trong cu kin vi kh nng chu lc gii hn ca cu kin,
nhm m bo cho kt cu khng b ph hoi v mt cng v n nh. Kh
nng chu lc khng c nh hn ni lc ln nht trong cu kin:
N
N: ni lc tnh ton sinh ra trong kt cu, do cc ti trng tnh ton c t
hp trng hp bt li nht.
: kh nng chu lc ca kt cu, l hm s ca cht lng v tnh cht
c hc ca vt liu cng nh ca c trng hnh hc v iu kin lm vic ca
kt cu.
Ti trng tnh ton = ti trng tiu chun x h s tin cy.
Cng tiu chun: cng gii hn ca cc mu th nghim x k
ld

Do g s dng c kch thc ln hn mu th nghim v do nh hng ca
kt cu g c cc khuyt tt, do vy, cng ca g khi tnh ton phi ly
gim xung:
R
tt
= R
tc
xk
1
xk
2
= kxR
tc

k = k
1
.k
2
< 1 gi l h s ng nht.
Kt cu g cn b nh hng ca hnh dng tit din, ca hin tng tp
trung ng sut ti cc l khuyt, ca s phn b khng u ca ng sut
trt,. k ti hin tng ny phi xt thm h s iu kin lm vic m.
T trng thi gii hn I biu th bng cng thc sau:
N
i
tt
xn
i
(S, kR
tc
, m)
N
i
tt
: ni lc do ti trng tnh ton i sinh ra trong kt cu.
n
i
: h s t hp tng ng vi cc ti trng.
S: c trng hnh hc ca tit din (F, W, J,).
24
2. Tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn th hai
(Trng thi gii hn v bin dng)
f
: bin dng ca kt cu di tc dng ca ti trng tiu chun.
f: bin dng cho php (theo quy phm).
Vi trng thi gii hn II dng ti trng tiu chun v ti trng lun lun xut
hin trong iu kin bnh thng. Ti trng tnh ton xut hin t, v nu c vt
qu bin dng cho php cng khng nguy him lm.
3. Tnh ton phn t tit din nguyn
Tit din ca cu kin gm c thn cy g, c tit din trn, ch nht,
vung: tit din nguyn.
Tit din c th gm nhiu thn cy g ghp li vi nhau bng lin kt cht,
inh, chm: gi l tit din t hp lin kt mm.
Trong cc phn tip theo ta i xt trng hp tnh ton cu kin g tit din
nguyn.
25
2. Cc s liu tnh ton
Bng cng tnh ton ca g Vit Nam (kG/cm
2
)
STT Trng thi ng sut K hiu Nhm
g
Khi m W l
15% 18%
1 Nn v p mt dc th
R
n

R
em
IV 150 135
V 155 135
VI 130 115
VII 115 110
2 Ko dc th R
k
IV 115 110
V 125 120
VI 100 95
VII 85 80
3 Un R
u
IV 170 150
V 185 165
VI 135 120
VII 120 105
4
Nn ngang th v p mt
ngang th
(cc b/ton b)
o
90
n
R
o
90
em
R
IV 25 25
V 28/25 25/22
VI 20/20 18/18
VII 15/15 13/13
5 Trt dc th R
tr
IV 29 25
V 30 25
VI 24 21
VII 22 19
Ch thch:
(1) Cng tnh ton ca g khi chu p mt xin th mt gc xc nh theo
cng thc:

3
90
sin ) 1 ( 1 +
=
em
em
em
em
R
R
R
R
(II-4)
R
em
: cng p mt tnh ton dc th.
R
90
em
: cng p mt tnh ton ngang th.
(2) Cng tnh ton ca g khi chu trt xin th mt gc xc nh theo
cng thc:

3
90
sin ) 1 ( 1 +
=
tr
tr
tr
tr
R
R
R
R
(II-5a)
26
R
tr
: cng trt tnh ton dc th.
R
90
tr
: cng trt tnh ton ngang th.
Thng thng R
90
tr
= 1/2 R
tr
do cng thc (II-5a) vit thnh:

3
sin 1+
=
tr
tr
R
R
(II-5b)

- Cng tnh ton ca g ly trong bng trn khi tnh ton phi nhn vi
h s iu kin lm vic:
STT Trng thi ng sut
K
hiu
H s
1
Un ngang:
a. Vn v thanh c kch thc mt cnh ca tit din nh
hn 15 cm
m
u
1,0
b. Thanh c kch thc cnh ca tit din 15 cm
khi t s chiu cao v chiu rng tit din
b
h
3,5
m
u
1,15
c. G trn khng c rnh ct trong tit din tnh ton m
u
1,2
d. Cu kin t hp lin kt mm
- Dm t hp lin kt cht inh, nhp 4m, do 2 thanh g
ghp li
m
u
0,9
- Dm t hp lin kt cht inh, nhp 4m, do nhiu thanh
g ghp li
m
u
0,8
- Dm t hp lin kt chm, do 2 hay nhiu thanh ghp li m
u
0,8
2
Ko:
a. Cu kin khng b gim yu trong tit din tnh ton m
k
1,0
b. Cu kin c b gim yu trong tit din tnh ton m
k
0,8
3
Nn v p mt
m
n

1,0
m
em
4
Trt
m
tr
1,0
Ngoi ra, khi cn xt n cc nhn t tc dng ng thi ( m, nhit ,
ti trng ngn hn, cu kin cong,) th cng tnh ton v mun n hi
phi nhn thm vi cc h s iu chnh tng ng.
- Mun n hi ca g ly E = 10
5
kG/cm
2
.
27
3. Cu kin chu ko ng tm
Cu kin chu ko ng tm khi lc dc nm theo trc cu kin. Nu cu
kin c ch gim yu th ko ng tm xy ra khi cc ch gim yu i xng vi
trc cu kin.


Tnh theo cng thc:
k k
th
k
R m
A
N
. =
( II - 6 )
N: lc ko tnh ton.
A
th
= A
ng
- A
gy
: din tch thu hp
Khi tnh A
gy
th mi ch gim yu trn cc tit din trong khong di 20cm
dc theo trc cu kin coi nh gim yu trn cng mt tit din.
trnh gim yu qu nhiu ngi ta quy nh khi gim yu khng i xng
th A
gy
< 0,4A
ng
, khi gim yu i xng th A
gy
< 0,5A
ng
.
mnh cho php i vi cu kin chnh chu ko l 150 v i vi thanh
ging l 200.


28
4. Cu kin chu nn ng tm
Cu kin chu nn ng tm c th b ph hoi v cng hoc v n
nh do phi tnh theo c 2 trng hp trn.
1. Tnh theo cng
Do g c tnh do khi chu nn, nn khi tnh v cng khng cn xt n
nh hng ca ng sut tp trung tit din gim yu, ch xt n phn gim
yu ca tit din.

n
=
th
tt
F
N
R
n
m
n

N
tt
: Lc nn tnh ton.
F
th
: din tch tit din thu hp ca
cu kin.
R
n
: cng chu nn tnh ton.
m
n
: h s iu kin lm vic chu nn.
2. Tnh theo n nh
n n
tt
n
R m
A
N
.
.
=

m
n
: h s iu kin lm vic, tra bng II-2.
R
n
: cng chu nn ca g, tra bng II-2.
N: lc nn tnh ton.
A
tt
: din tch tnh ton
Khi khng c cc gim yu cc b: A
tt
= A
ng

Khi c cc gim yu cc b:
Ch gim yu khng bn ra cu kin (hnh II-2a): khi A
gy
25% A
ng
th A
tt

= A
ng
, khi A
gy
> 25% A
ng
th A
tt
= 4/3A
th
= 4/3(A
ng
- A
gy
).
Ch gim yu bn ra v i xng (hnh II-2b): A
tt
= A
th
.
: h s un dc, ph thuc vo mnh ca cu kin, xc nh nh sau:
= 3100/
2
khi > 75
= 1 - 0,8(/100)
2
khi 75
mnh xc nh theo cng thc: = l
tt
/ r
min

l
tt
: chiu di tnh ton ca cu kin ly theo hnh v sau:
+ Khi > 75: kt cu g lm vic trong giai on n hi
29
=
2
3100

+ Khi 75:
= 1 - 0,8
2
100

Vi l mnh ca thanh chu nn:
=
min
o
r
l

l
o
: chiu di tnh ton ca cu kin
Cu kin hai u khp: l
o
= l
Cu kin mt u ngm, mt u khp: l
o
= 0,8l
Cu kin hai u ngm: l
o
= 0,65l
Cu kin mt u ngm, mt u t do: l
o
= 2l
r
min
: bn knh qun tnh nh nht ca tit din nguyn
Vi tit din ch nht: r
min
= 0,289b
Vi tit din trn: r
min
= 0,25D
mnh cho php ca cu kin chu nn:
Cu kin chnh: 120
Cu kin ph: 150
H ging: 200
30

a) Biu un dc
b) Chiu di tnh ton ca thanh chu nn ng tm v khu vc nguy him
cn kim tra tit din theo iu kin n nh.

ng
ng
F
J
=
min
r : bn knh qun tnh nh nht ca tit din nguyn
= 0,289b i vi tit din ch nht.
= 0,25d i vi tit din trn.
mnh cho php ca cu kin chu nn: cu kin chnh [] = 120, cu kin
ph [] = 150, thanh ging [] = 200.

Cc cng thc trn l cng thc kim tra tit din nhng trong thc t
hay gp li l bi ton thit k, chn tit din khi bit ni lc. Nh bc hc
Cscp gii bi ton v a ra cng thc tm tit din trong hai trng
hp tit din vung v trn:
- Trng hp 1: khi > 75
N = R
n
F =
2
3100

R
n
F F =
n
2
R 3100
N

+ i vi tit din trn:
31
F =
n
o
R
N
71 , 15
l

D = 1,128 F
+ i vi tit din ch nht:
F =
n
o
R
kN
16
l

Vi k =
b
h
; F = kb
2
= hb
+ i vi tit din vung, k = 1:
F =
n
o
R
N
16
l

a = F
- Trng hp 2: khi 75
N = R
n
F = F R
100
8 , 0 1
n
2
(
(

\
|
= [F - 8.10
-5

2
F]R
n

F =
n
R
N
+ 8.10
-5

2
F
+ i vi tit din trn:
F =
n
R
N
+ 0,001l
o
2

D = 1,128 F
+ i vi tit din ch nht:
F =
n
R
N
+ 0,001kl
o
2

Vi F = kb
2

+ i vi tit din vung:
F =
n
R
N
+ 0,001l
o
2

a = F



32

Th d1: kim tra mt thanh chu nn ng tm 2 u
lin kt khp c kch thc nh hnh v. Bit lc nn tnh
ton N
tt
= 10T; R
n
= 130 kg/cm
2
; [] = 150.
(a) Kim tra v cng :
Theo cng thc: = N
tt
/A
th

A
th
= A
ng
- A
gy
= 18.15-6.15 = 180 cm2
= N
tt
/A
th
= 10.000/180 = 55,6 kg/cm
2
< R
n
= 130 kg/cm
2

tho mn.
(b) Kim tra v n nh:
A
gy
=6.15 = 90
A
ng
=18.15 = 270
A
gy
/A
ng
= 90/270 = 33% > 25%
A
tt
= 4/3A
th
= 4/3.(A
ng
- A
gy
) = 4/3.(18.15-6.15) = 240 cm
2

r
min
= 0,289.b =0,89. 15 = 4,34 cm
l0 = l = 420 cm

max
= l
tt
/r
min
= 420/4,34 = 97 > [] = 150 tho mn.
= 3100/
2
= 3100/97
2
= 0,33
= N
tt
/F
tt
= 10000/0.33/240 = 126 < m
n
.R
n
= 1.130 = 130 kg/cm
2
tho
mn.
Th d2: chn tit din mt ct g chu nn ng tm trong mt kt cu chu
lc lu di bit chiu di tnh ton l
tt
= 5 m, ti trng tnh ton N
tt
= 10T.
Gii:
Gi thit > 75
(a) Dng tit din trn:
2
278
130
10000
75 , 15
500
75 , 15
cm
R
N l
A
n
tt
= = =
;
. 9 , 18 278 135 , 1 135 , 1 cm A d = = =
Chn g c ng knh 20cm, th li mnh
max
= 500/0,25/20 = 100 > 75
dng ng cng thc.
(b) Nu dng tit din vung:
2
282
130
10000
16
500
16
cm
R
N l
A
n
tt
= = =
;
. 8 , 16 282 cm A a = = =
Dng tit din vung c cnh 18x18 cm.
max
= 500/0,289/18 = 93,7 > 75
dng ng cng thc.
180
1
5
0
4
2
0
0
60
60
60
33
5. Cu kin chu un
Cu kin g chu un c dng rt rng ri lm vn lt sn, dm sn, dm
mi, x g, dm cu,.
Theo phng tc dng ca ti trng chia thnh 2 loi:
Un phng: khi ti trng tc dng trong mt phng ca mt trc qun tnh
chnh ca tit din.
Un xin: khi phng tc dng ca ti trng khng nm trong mt phng
ca mt trc qun tnh chnh no.

y
x
q
l
q
y
x
q

1. Un phng
a. Tnh theo cng
=
th
tt
W
M
m
u
R
u
M: m men un tnh ton.
W
th
: m men chng un ca tit din thu hp.
R
u
: cng chu un tnh ton, tra bng II-1.
m
u
: h s iu kin lm vic, tra bng II-2.
Ch : nu tit din gim yu nhiu nht khng trng vi tit din c m
men un ln nht th phi kim tra thm cng ti tit din gim yu .
nh hng do gim yu vng chu ko tit din thng gy cho cu kin
b gy tch, nht l cc khe ct thng gc vi trc ca cu kin. V vy, nu cu
kin chu un mun gim chiu cao dm phi ct vt trnh hin tng trn.
H s iu kin lm vic m
u
c ly nh sau:
Nu hai cnh ca tit din 15 cm: m
u
= 1
Nu c cnh > 15 cm;
b
h
3,5: m
u
= 1,15
G trn khng c khe rnh: m
u
= 1,2
G trn c khe rnh ly nh tit din ch nht.

34
Th d: chn tit din mt dm g, bit: nhp 3,6 m; ti trng P
tc
= 2T; h s
vt ti n = 1,2, g c R
u
= 130 kg/cm
2
, [f/l] = 1/250.






Gii:
M
max
= P
tt
.l/4 = 2000.1,2.360/4 = 216000 kgcm.
D kin chn dm tit din ch nht c cnh 15 cm, h/b 3,5 m
u
=
1,15.

2
1445
130 . 15 , 1
216000
.
. cm
R m
M
W R m
W
M
u u
ct u u
th
n
= = = =

=
l
f
EJ
l P
l
f
tc
48
.
2

4
5
2 2
13500 250 .
10 . 48
360 . 2000
.
48
.
cm
f
l
EJ
l P
J
tc
ct
= =

=

Gi thit k =h/b = 1,25 b = 0,8.h
W = bh
2
/6 = 0,8h
3
/6
J = bh
3
/12 = 0,8h
4
/12
Theo iu kin v cng ta c:
cm h
h
1 , 22
8 , 0
6 . 1445
1445
6
. 8 , 0
3
3
= = =
b = 0,8.22,1 = 17,7 cm.
Theo iu kin v bin dng ta c:

cm h
h
2 , 21
8 , 0
12 . 13500
13500
12
. 8 , 0
4
4
= = =
b = 0,8.21,2 = 16,9 cm.
Chn tit din bxh = 18x22 cm c:h/b = 22/18 = 1,2 < 3,5 m
u
= 1,15 l
ng.
W = b.h
2
/6 = 12.22
2
/6 = 1452 cm
3
> W
ct
= 1445 cm
3

J = b.h
3
/12 = 12.22
3
/12 = 15972 cm
4
> J
ct
= 13500 cm
4


b. Tnh theo cng
1800 1800
Ptc = 2T, n=1,2
35

l
f
l
f

=
(

mi vn phong, cu :
150
1
ko vi g, x :
200
1
mi sn :
200
1
tng sn :
250
1
l
f

c. Lc ct khi un
Ni chung khng cn kim tra nhng khi cu kin ngn (l/h 5) m chu ti
trng ln hoc khi lc tp trung ln t gn gi th phi kim tra theo cng thc:
tr
ng
ng
R
b J
S Q
=
.
.

( II-11 )
Q: lc ct tnh ton.
S
ng
: m men tnh ca phn tit din nguyn b trt i vi trc trung ho.
J
ng
: m men qun tnh tit din nguyn.
b: b rng tit din.
R
tr
: cng tnh ton v trt dc th.


36

2. Un xin
V d: cu kin in hnh l x g t trn ko nh.

a. Tnh theo cng
Phn ti trng theo hai phng:
q
x
= q
tt
.cos
q
y
= q
tt
.sin
V tnh c mmen theo hai phng (vi cu kin l dm n gin):
M
x
=
8
l . cos q
2 tt

M
y
=
8
l . sin q
2 tt

Kim tra theo ng sut:
=
x
+
y
=
x
x
W
M
+
y
y
W
M
m
u
R
u

Bin i ta c: u u
y
x
y
y
x
x
R m
W
W
M
M
W
M
. ) . 1 ( + =
(a)
Nu tit din ch nht, nhp theo 2 trc nh nhau th:
k
b
h
b h
h b
W
W
y
x
= = =
2
2
.
6
.
6
.

tg
M
M
x
y
=
Thay vo cng thc (a) ta c:
37
) . 1 (
.
. ) . 1 ( tg k
R m
M
W R m tg k
W
M
u u
x
x u u
x
x
+ +
(b)
b. Tnh theo cng
f =
2
y
2
x
f f + [f]
Vi dm n gin:
f
x
=
y
4 tc
y
EJ
l q
.
384
5

f
y
=
x
4 tc
x
EJ
l q
.
384
5


Th d: chn tit din x g chu lc nh hnh v bit q
tc
= 130 kg/m, n = 1,3,
[f/l] = 1/200, R
u
= 130 kg/cm
2
.
Gii:
Phn ti trng theo 2 phng:
q
tc
x
= q
tc
.cos = 130.cos25
0
= 117,8 kg/m

q
tc
y
= q
tc
.sin = 130.sin25
0
= 54,9 kg/m
q
tt
x
= q
tc
x
.n = 117,8.1,3 = 153 kg/m
q
tt
y
= q
tc
y
.n = 54,9.1,3 = 71,4 kg/m
M men un ln nht:
M
x
= q
tc
x
.l
2
/2 = 153.1,2
2
/2 = 110,16 kgm
M
y
= q
tc
y
.l
2
/2 = 71,4.1,2
2
/2 = 51,4 kgm
Gi thit k = h/b = 1,2 v tg25
0
= 0,466
Theo iu kin cng ta c:
2
132
130 . 1
) 466 , 0 . 2 , 1 1 ( 11016
.
) . 1 (
cm
R m
tg k M
W
u u
x
x
=
+
=
+
=

q
1200
q
q
x
q
y
y
y
x
x
b
h

=
2
5

38
W
x
= b.h
2
/6 = h
3
/6k cm kW h 8 , 9 132 . 2 , 1 . 6 6
3
3
= = =
b =h/k = 9,8/1,2 = 8,2 cm
Chn tit din bxh = 8x10 cm v kim tra li:
+ Theo iu kin cng :
2
/ 130 130 . 1 . 8 , 130
8 . 8 . 10
6 . 5140
10 . 10 . 8
6 . 11016

cm kg R m
W
M
W
M
u u
y
y
x
x
= = > = + = + =

nhng (130,8-130)/130 = 0,6% < 5% chp nhn c.
+ Theo iu kin vng:
cm
J E
l q
f
y
tc
y
x
33 , 0
12 / 8 . 10 . 10 . 8
120 . 549 , 0
. . 8
.
3 5
4
4
= = =

cm
J E
l q
f
x
tc
x
y
46 , 0
12 / 10 . 8 . 10 . 8
120 . 178 , 1
. . 8
.
3 5
4 4
= = =

200
1
212
1
120
46 , 0 33 , 0
2
2 2
< =
+
=
+
=
l
f f
l
f y x
tho mn.


39
6. Cu kin chu nn - un
Trong thc t chng ta rt hay gp cu kin chu nn un nh: ct chu nn
lch tm, tr cu, ct chng va mi va chu ti trng gi . . . C 4 dng s
cu kin chu nn-un nh hnh sau:
1. Lc t lch tm.
2. Do chu nn c km ti trng ngang.
3. Do cu kin b cong.
4. Do gim yu khng i xng li chu lc nn dc trc.

l
q
N N
f
f
o

Khi tnh ton cu kin g chu nn un cn kim tra:
1. Kim tra v bn trong mt phng un:
Cng thc kim tra v bn: n n
th th th
R m
W
f N
W
M
A
N
.
.
+ + =

M: m men un
N: lc nn
th
N N
f
f
/ 1
0

=
: vng do M, N cng tc dng gy ra.
f
0
: vng do ti trng ngang sinh ra.
40
Sau khi xc nh c f bng phng php ca sc bn vt liu thay vo ta
c: n n
u
n
th th
R m
R
R
W
M
A
N
. .
.
+ =

1
. . 3100
.
1
2
=
n ng
R A
N

: h s k n hin tng tng m men un do lc

dc.
Ch : khi thc hnh tnh ton nu M/W
ng
10%N/A
ng
th ch cn tnh nh cu
kin chu nn ng tm.
: mnh xc nh trong mt phng un vi chiu di tnh ton nh i vi
cu kin chu nn ng tm.
+ Nu = 1 ( = 0): thanh rt cng, khng cn xt n bin dng ca n.
+ Nu = 0

n ng
2
R F 3100
N
= 1 N = R
n
F
ng

Nh vy, ton b kh nng chu lc ca cu kin l chu lc nn, v vy,
khng cho php c thm lc un tc dng.
Khi
ng
W
M
10%
ng
F
N
th khng cn xt n mmen un, lc tnh cu kin
nh cu kin chu nn ng tm.
* Kim tra ngoi mt phng un:
Ngoi mt phng un kim tra nh cu kin chu nn ng tm (b qua
mmen):
=
F
N
y

m
n
R
n

Nu dng cc cng thc trn tnh tit din th thng phi m mm th
dn. Ngi ta thit lp cng thc chn tit din nh sau:
a. Nu e =
N
M
> 25 cm
W =
n
R 85 , 0
M

b. 1 cm < e < 25 cm th:
W =

+ +
N
M
) 1 l ( 35 , 0 3 , 3
R
N
2
n

Trong W (cm
3
), M (kGm), N (kG), R
n
(kG/cm
2
), l (m)
41
c. e < 1 cm: tnh nh cu kin chu nn ng tm

Th d: chn tit din mt thanh g chu nn lch tm bit l = 3,3 m, hai u
lin kt khp, N
tt
= 12T t lch tm e = 3 cm so vi trc cu kin. R
n
= 130
kg/cm
2
, R
u
= 150 kg/cm
2
.
Gii:
V 1 < e = 3 cm < 25 cm nn
[ ]
2 2
3
2
478 03 , 0 ) 1 3 ( 35 , 0 3 , 3
130
10 . 12
) 1 ( 35 , 0 3 , 3 cm
N
M
l
R
N
W
n
= + + =

+ + =
Chn tit din ch nht 16x18 cm th W
y
=
18.16
2
/6 = 768 cm
3
> 478 cm
3
(un quanh trc y)
mnh: = l
tt
/r
min
= 330/0,289/16 = 71,4
H s m men ph:
47 , 0
18 . 16 . 130 . 3100
10 . 12 . 4 , 71
1
3 2
= =

2
/ 130 130 . 1 . 128
150
130
.
768 . 47 , 0
12000
18 . 16
18000
.
.
cm kg R m
R
R
W
M
A
N
n n
u
n
th th
= = = + = + =

tho mn.
Kim tra ngoi mt phng un:

x
= l
tt
/r
x
= 330/0,289/18 = 63,4 <
y
= 71,4 do khng cn kim tra i vi
trc x.

y
x x
y
e
42
7. Cu kin chu ko - un




Nguyn nhn gy ra ko un cng nh nn un nhng lc dc y l lc
ko. Cc bc tnh ton tng nh trng hp nn un nhng khng k n m
men un ph N
f
.
=
u
k
th th
R
R
W
M
F
N
+ R
k

M: mmen un ch do ti trng ngang hoc lc dc tc dng lch tm
gy ra.
Cc tr s tnh ton ca W
th
v F
th
phi tnh i vi tit din c mmen un
tnh ton.

N N
P
43
Chng III
LIN KT TRONG KT CU G

1. Khi qut
Do ngun gc thin nhin v iu kin cung cp, vn chuyn m vt liu g
c kch thc hn ch. tng chiu di cu kin (m rng nhp), tng tit din
(tng kh nng chu lc) hoc lin kt cc cu kin thnh cc kt cu khc
nhau (m rng phm vi s dng) ta cn dng cc lin kt. C 4 hnh thc lin
kt nh sau:
a. Lin kt mng:
Lin kt thng dng cc v ko mi
nh, u tr cc ca cu g,.
Lin kt ny c kh nng chu p mt
nhng thng gy ra trt cc vng ln
cn.
b. Lin kt cht:

Lin kt ny thng dng ni di hoc tng tit din cc thanh g nh ni
di 2 cnh ca dn v ko, ni di dm.
Khi lm vic cht chu un v khi bin dng th mt l cht xy ra hin tng
p mt. Do , ti lin kt cht c th b ph hoi do un v p mt.
c im: dai ln, chu lc an ton, ph hp vi cch ch to c gii v
th cng.
Lin kt cht c hai loi:
+ Cht tr: bng thp hoc g, tre
+ Cht bn: bng g
Khi lm vic cht chu un, cu kin chu p mt.
c. Lin kt chm:
Dng lm tng tit din ca thanh nh dm cu, dm nh nhp ln.
Chm thng lm bng g .

44
c im: nh lin kt mng.
Ch : phn bit lin kt chm v lin kt cht theo cch lm vic: cht
chu un v p mt cn chm chu trt v p mt.
h
b
h
h
c
h
b
b

+

3
c
m
l l l
h
h r
c
h
ch tr ch
chm dc chm ngang

d. Lin kt keo dn:
Dng keo dn, dn nhiu tm vn li vi nhau tng tit din cu kin. B
dy mi lp vn 1 4 cm (c th n 5 cm). S lp vn c th 5, 7, 10, 20 hoc
nhiu hn na.Dng ch to cc cu kin nhp kh ln nh vm, khung, dn
Dng ch to cc cu kin nhp kh ln nh vm, khung, dn . . . y l loi
lin kt c nhiu trin vng v n ph hp vi phng hng ca cng ngh ch
bin g.
Lin kt dn phi kh nng chng trt v chng bong mch dn.
c im: khng lm gim yu cu kin, khng dng kim loi, c th to ra
cu kin c hnh dng v kch thc bt k.






a) Lin kt kim loi:
Dng chu lc ko xut hin trong cc cu kin g hoc lin kt cc cu
kin kim loi trong kt cu g (cc cu kin lin kt ny thay th g trong mt
s trng hp).
Xt v kh nng chng trt ta thy 3 hnh thc u khng lm cho thanh
ghp c cng nh thanh nguyn c tit din tng ng nn gi l lin kt
mm. Lin kt dn gi l lin kt cng. Mc mm hay cng biu hin qua
dch chuyn ca cc phn t trong cu kin khi chu tc dng ca ti trng.
45

2. Nguyn tc chung tnh ton lin kt
4 loi lin kt trn ch yu xy ra 2 hin tng trt v p mt. Do
m bo kh nng chu lc ca lin kt ta phi kim tra theo 2 iu kin sau:
- iu kin chng p mt ca g: N
em
T = R
em

. A
em

- iu kin chng trt ca g: N
tr
T = R
tr()
TB
. A
tr

Trong :
N
em
: lc nn tnh ton tc dng ln din tch p mt.
T: kh nng chu lc ca lin kt.
R
em

: cng p mt tnh ton ca g theo phng .

A
em
: din tch p mt.
N
tr
: lc trt tnh ton tc dng ln din tch trt.
R
tr()
TB
: cng chu trt trung bnh ca g theo phng .
A
tr
: din tch trt.
46
3. Lin kt mng
Lin kt mng l loi lin kt trong thanh chu nn t u vo rnh ct
ca thanh kia do ni lc truyn trc tip m khng qua mt cu kin trung
gian no khc. Lin kt mng ch dng thanh chu nn nh nt ca dn g,
khung g v phi kt hp vi cc lin kt ph khc nh bu lng, vng ai, inh
a . . .
C cc hnh thc lin kt mng nh sau:
- Mng rnh: l lin kt mng trong thanh nn t u vo rnh ct ca
thanh kia. Mng rnh c cu to theo kiu 1 rng (nh hnh III-1) hay 2 rng
ph thuc vo lc nn v gc nghing gia 2 thanh lin kt.
- Mng t u (hay lin kt t u): 2 thanh nn t u trc tip vo nhau hoc
thanh nn t u vo ming m t trn thanh kia nh nt gia trn v gia
di ca v ko g tam gic.
- Lin kt vt cho: 2 thanh nn t u trc tip vo nhau nhng mt tip xc
c ct vt cho theo nhiu on thng (Hnh III-3).

1. Lin kt mng mt rng


47
Dng khi lc nn v gc nghing gia 2 thanh nh. N
n
10T, 30
0
.
Cu to
Chiu su rnh h
r
h/3 (h l chiu cao tit din thanh ko) i vi mt gi, h
r

h/4 i vi mt trung gian. iu kin ny m bo trnh gim yu nhiu v
trnh mt trt qu gn li cy.
Trc thanh chu nn (thanh trn) phi vung gc v i qua trng tm ca
din tch p mt ng sut phn b u hn.
Cc lc R, N
k
, N
n
phi hi t ti 1 im. N
k
nn i qua trng tm ca din tch
gim yu do rnh gy ra ng sut ko phn b u ti v tr .
Chiu di mt trt l
tr
10.h
r
trnh s ph hoi tch do trt gy ra.
Theo cu to l
tr
1,5.h. Thng thng chn l
tr
= (1,5 2).h.
phng s dch chuyn gia cc thanh ca lin kt hoc hin tng
ph hoi t ngt cn gia c bng bu lng, inh a, ai . . . c ng knh 12
mm.

- Chiu di mt trt:
l
tr
10h
r
( trnh hin tng xin th, ph hoi tch mt do trt)
l
tr
1,5h (iu kin cu to)
l
tr
= 1,5 2h (kinh nghim)
- phng s chuyn dch gia cc thanh cn gia c thm bulng, inh
a, ai. ng knh bulng 12 mm. Bulng an ton cn t thng gc vi
thanh trn, nu gc gia hai thanh qu ln th bulng c th t thng gc vi
ng phn gic ca gc .
- Di gi dn, ni c tit din gim yu, cn phi gia c bng mt g tp
(gi l g guc) ng inh vo cnh di dn. Kch thc ca g guc xc nh
theo cu to, b rng bng b rng ca cnh di.
b. Tnh ton
- iu kin chng p mt: N
em
R
em

. A
em

N
em
= N
n
: lc nn vo thanh cnh trn.
A
em
= b.h
r
/cos

3
90
sin . 1 1

+
=
em
em
em
em
R
R
R
R
: cng p mt ca g theo phng

cos
.
.
r
em em
h b
R N

48

em
em
r
R b
N
h
.
cos .


- iu kin chng trt ca g: N
tr
R
tr()
TB
. A
tr

N
tr
= N
k

A
tr
= l
tr
.b: din tch trt.
e
l
R
R
tr
tr TB
tr
+
=
1
: cng trt trung bnh ca g
R
tr
: cng trt ti a ca g
= 0,25: h s dng tnh trt.
e = h/2: lch tm ca lc trt
b l
e
l
R
N
tr
tr
tr
tr
. .
1 +


e N b R
N
l
tr tr
tr
tr
/ . .
=
2. Lin kt mng hai rng
a. Cu to

nh rng th nht nm bin trn thanh ko, nh rng th 2 nm vo giao
im ca trc thanh nn v bin trn thanh ko ng sut phn b u trn
cc din tch p mt.
h
r
2 cm trnh hin tng tch th do trt. h
r
h/3 v h
r

h
r
+2 cm 2 mt trt t nh hng ln nhau.
Cc lc hi t nh mng 1 rng v lc ko i qua trng tm tit din gim
49
yu.
trnh s ph hoi do tch th: 1,5 h l
tr
10.h
r

1,5 h l
tr
10.h
r

Mi rng u t 1 bu lng an ton.

b. Tnh ton
- Kim tra theo p mt:
N
em
R
em()
.F
em

F
em
= F

em
+ F

em

Mt khc:
tr
'
tr
em
'
em
em
'
em
N
N
F
F
N
N
= = (din tch t l vi lc tc dng)
- Kim tra theo trt: tnh l

tr
, l

tr

N

tr
=
em
'
em
tr
F
F
N
N
tr
= N
n
.cos
Do vic ch to c th khng chnh xc, khi chu lc rng th nht c th
lm vic nng n hn. k ti thc t ngi ta nhn kh nng chu lc ca
rng th nht vi h s iu kin lm vic 0,8 v nhn kh nng chu lc ca
rng th hai vi h s iu kin lm vic 1,15 khi tnh l

tr
v l

tr
:

e
N
b R 8 , 0
N
l
'
tr
tr
'
tr '
tr

= 1,5h l

tr
10h

r


e
N
b R 15 , 1
N
l
tr
tr
tr "
tr

= 1,5h l

tr
10h

r

Trong cng thc khng ly N
tr
m ly N
tr
v lc coi rng th nht
khng lm vic, ton b lc trt truyn vo rng th 2.
Gia 2 chiu di trt c quan h gn ng:
sin . 2
' ' ' tren
tr tr
h
l l + =
, trong
h
tren
l chiu cao tit din thanh trn.

Th d 1: tnh lin kt mng 2 rng mt gi dn v ko c lc nn cnh trn
N
n
= 11 tn, = 30
0
. Tit din cc thanh l 20x20 cm. Vi g nhm V, m
18% c R
n
= 135 kg/cm
2
, R
em
90
= 25 kg/cm
2
, R
tr
= 25 kg/cm
2
.
Gii:
50
Gi thit h
r
= 3 cm > 2 cm
h
r
= 6 cm < h/3 = 20/3 = 6,6 cm
h
r
- h
r
= 6 - 3 = 3 cm >2 cm
Tng din tch p mt:
A
em
= A
em
+ A
em
= b(h
r
+ h
r
)/cos = 20(3+6)/cos30
0
= 208 cm
2

2
0 3
3
90
30
/ 87
30 sin . 1
25
135
1
135
sin . 1 1
cm kg
R
R
R
R
em
em
em
em
=

+
=

+
=

Kim tra p mt:
N
em
= 11000 < 87.208 = 18096 Kg tho mn.
Tnh l
tr
v l
tr
:
kg
A
A
N
A
A
N N
em
em
n
em
em
tr tr
3175
6 3
3
. 30 cos . 11000
'
. cos .
'
0 '
=
+
= = =

= 0,25
e = h/2 = 20/2 = 10 cm
cm
e N b R
N
l
tr tr
tr
tr
9 , 9
10 / 25 , 0 . 3175 20 . 25 . 8 , 0
3175
/ '. . . 8 , 0
'
'
=

Theo cu to: 1,5 h = 30 cm l
tr
10.h
r
= 10.3 = 30 cm
Chn l
tr
= 30 cm.
cm
e N b R
N
l
tr tr
tr
tr
3 , 28
10 / 25 , 0 . 30 cos . 11000 20 . 25 . 15 , 1
30 cos . 11000
/ . . . 15 , 1
0
0
' '
=

cm cm
h
l l
n tr
tr tr
3 , 28 50
30 sin . 2
20
30
sin . 2
0
' ' '
> = + = + =

Vy chn l
tr
=50 cm.
Ngoi ra cn cu to thm 2 bu lng an ton, g guc, g gi. G guc c
b rng bng b rng thanh cnh di, cao 68 cm. G gi xc nh theo iu
kin chu un, p mt do phn lc gi ta gy ra.





51
3. Mt s trng hp lin kt mng khc
- Mng t u: lin kt to bi hai thanh g nhn mt t u vo nhau.
Thng dng lin kt hai thanh chu nn hoc mt thanh chu nn vi mt
thanh chu ko trong dn.

Lin kt ch kim tra theo iu kin p mt:
N
em
R
em()
.F
em

Ngoi ra cn dng thm mt s b phn ph tr khc nh inh, inh a,.
52
4. Lin kt cht
1. Kht qut
Cht l nhng thanh trn hoc tm nh xuyn qua cc l c, khoan sn
ca cc cu kin g. Dng ni di hoc tng tit din thanh.

Cht tr c th l thp trn (bu lng, inh vt), g trn c ng knh 12
mm. inh cng l mt loi cht tr, thng dng inh c ng knh b hn 6
mm.
nghin cu trng thi lm vic ca cht tr xem cht nh 1 dm n hi
chu tc dng ca ti trng v 1 pha hoc c 2 pha ca cht. Ti trng chnh l
phn lc t cc phn t g.
Di tc dng ca ti trng cht b bin dng nh hnh v. Ti trng tc dng
vo phn t g gy p mt, biu ng sut p mt c dng tam gic. xt
bin dng ca cht ta v biu M v Q.
* Kho st s lm vic ca lin kt cht:

53
Di tc dng ca ngoi lc lin kt cht b bin dng, khi b bin dng lc
t cht tc dng vo phn t g, cho nn trong lin kt c th xy ra s ph
hoi hoc ca cht b un hoc phn t g b ph hoi do p mt.
iu kin chu un ca g thng biu th qua kh nng chng ct ca cht.
Cng mt lc hin tng ct ca cht xy ra trn 1 hay nhiu tit din ca cht,
tu theo s lng cc phn t c ghp gi l cc mt ct cht. Hnh thc
ghp c th to nn lin kt i xng hay khng i xng.
Mt ct cht c xc nh ti mt ct tip xc gia hai phn t lin kt.

2. Tnh ton lin kt cht tr
a. Tnh cht tr
Cht tr c th l thp (bulng, inh, vt), g, tre,; d 12 mm.
Nh trn va phn tch, lin kt cht c th b pho hot do cht b un to
nn khp do hoc cc phn t g b p mt. Da vo hai kh nng ca vt
liu ta xc nh s lng mt ct cn thit ca lin kt kh nng chng li
lc trt. Sau , tu theo s lng mt ct trn mt cht ta tnh s cht cn
thit ca lin kt.
nghin cu trng thi lm vic ca cht tr ta xem cht nh mt dm
trn nn n hi chu tc dng ca ti trng.

54

Di tc dng ca lc ct T, cht b bin dng nh hnh v v tc dng vo
phn t g lm cho phn t g b p mt, biu ng sut c dng gn ng l
hnh tam gic. xt bin dng ca cht ta v biu M & Q trn c s xem
ng sut p mt l ti trng tc dng ln cht.
Qua biu mmen M v lc ct Q ta thy rng ti mt tip xc gia hai
phn t (mt ct), biu M = 0 v Q c gi tr ln nht. Tuy nhin, s ph hoi
ca cht thng xy ra khi hnh thnh khp do ti v tr c M ln nht.
Nh vy, ta s tnh ton cht theo hai kh nng: kh nng chu un ca
cht v kh nng chu p mt ca cc phn t g cc l cht.

a
em
T = k
a
ad

c
em
T = k
e
cd
T
u
= k
1
d
2
+ k
2
a
2
k
3
.d
2


a
em
T ,
c
em
T : kh nng chu lc ca 1 mt ct cht tr khi tnh theo iu kin
p mt phn t bin v phn t gia.
T
u
: kh nng chu lc ca 1 mt ct ca cht tr khi tnh theo iu kin
chu un ca cht.
k
a
, k
c
, k
1
, k
2
, k
3
: h s tnh chu lc ca cht (tra bng)
a, c: b dy phn t bin v phn t gia. Nu hai phn t c b dy
khng bng nhau th c l b dy phn t ln, a l b dy ca phn t nh.
d: ng knh cht tr.
Kh nng chu lc tnh ton ca cht tr
S chu lc
ca lin kt
iu kin tnh
ton
Kh nng chu lc ca mt mt ct cht
inh Cht thp Cht g
Lin kt i
xng
p mt ca phn
t bin
a
em
T
800ad 800ad 500ad
p mt ca phn
t gia
c
em
T
500cd 500cd 300cd
Lin kt khng
i xng
p mt ca phn
t bin
a
em
T
800ad 800ad 500ad
p mt ca phn
t gia
c
em
T
350cd 350cd 200cd
Lin kt i
xng v khng
i xng
Un thn cht T
u
2500d
2
+10a
2

4000d
2
1800d
2
+20a
2

2500d
2

450d
2
+20a
2

650d
2


55
Cc cng thc trn tnh cho nhng lin kt m lc tc dng dc theo th g.
Nu lc tc dng hp vi th g 1 gc th cc tr s trn nhn vi h s iu
chnh k

khi tnh theo p mt v vi

k khi tnh theo un:

a
em
T = k

.
a
em
T ;
c
em
T = k

.
c
em
T ; T
u
=

k T
u

Gc (
o
)
i vi cht thp c ng knh (cm) i vi cht
g
1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4
30 0,95 0,90 0,90 0,90 1,0
60 0,75 0,70 0,65 0,60 0,8
90 0,70 0,60 0,55 0,50 0,7
Vi nhng gc khng c trong bng c th xc nh bng ni suy.
Nh vy, sau khi bit lc N tc dng vo lin kt v kh nng chu lc T ca
1 mt ct cht, ta tnh c s mt ct n
c
cn thit theo cng thc:
n
c
=
min
T
N

Tu theo s lng mt ct tnh ton trn 1 cht ta xc nh c s lng
cht cn thit:
n
ch
=
nT
N
=
n
n
c

b. B tr cht tr
Thng b tr theo kiu vung, c hoc xin hng.

Th d: cho 2 thanh g hp tit din 12x18 cm ni di vi nhau bng 2 bn
g p 8x18 cm v lin kt vi nhau bng bu lng c ng knh d =18 m. Kin
tra kh nng chu lc ca lin kt chu ko bit g nhm VI, m 18% c
R
k
= 95 kg/cm
2
v thanh chu lc ko N = 11 T.
Gii: y l lin kt cht thp i xng nn kh nng chu lc tnh theo:
a) B tr bu lng kiu vung b) B tr bu lng kiu c
c) B tr inh theo hng thng d) B tr inh kiu c e) B tr inh kiu xin hng
S1 S1 S1
S
3
S
2
S
3
S1 S1 S1
S
3
S
3
S
2
S
2
>=15d
S1 S1
S
3
S
2
>
=
4
d
S
2 S
3
>
=
4
d
>=15d
S1 S1
S
3
>
=
4
d
S
2
S
2
>
=
3
d
S
3

<
=
4
5

>=15d
S1
S
3
>
=
4
d
S
2
S
2
S
2
S
3
56
T
em
a
= 80ad = 80.8.1,8 = 1152 kg
T
em
c
= 50cd = 50.12.1,8 = 1080 kg
T
u
= 180d
2
+ 2a
2
= 180.1,8
2
+ 2.8
2
= 711 kg < 250d
2
= 250.1,8
2
= 810 kg.
Vy kh nng chu lc b nht l T
min
= min(T
em
a
,
T
em
c
,
T
u
) =min(1152, 1080,
711) = 711 kg.
S lng cht cn thit l:
8
711 . 2
11000
.
min
= = =
T n
N
n
ch cht
S cht cn cho mi ni l 16 cht.
Kim tra gim yu ca thanh chu ko do l cht gy ra:
A
th
= 12(18-2.1,8) = 172,8 cm
2
.
2
/ 95 95 . 1 . 6 , 63
8 , 172
11000
cm kg R m
A
N
k
th
= = < = = =
tho mn.






B tr cc khong cch tun th theo bng sao cho m bo chng tch,
chng trt dc th v p mt cc l cht cng nh chu ko t do tit din
gim yu.
Loi cht Khong cch S
1
Khong cch S
2
Khong cch S
3
Bulng
b 10d b > 10d B 10d b > 10d b 10d b > 10d
6d 7d 3d 3,5d 2,5d 3d
Cht tr bng
g do tt
4d 5d 2,5d 3d 2,5d 2,5d
inh
c 10d c = 4d
B tr thng
hng
B tr
theo c
4d
15d 25d 4d 3d
Trong bng trn, b: b rng cc phn t ghp
c: chiu dy phn t gia
d: ng knh cht
3. Tnh ton v cu to cht bn
Cht bn thng lm bng g tt, do, c x l k. Hnh dng v cu
to cht bn nh hnh v sau y.
Cht bn c tc dng lm tng tit din theo chiu cao nn thng c
57
dng cu kin chu un (dm) hoc cu kin chu nn un (thanh cnh trn
dn). Cht bn c kh nng chng trt gia cc phn t g nn phi kim tra
kh nng chu lc ca cht bn theo 2 iu kin:

+ Theo iu kin p mt:
T
b
= 14b
b
l
b

+ Theo iu kin chu un:
T
b
= 63b
b

b

2 iu kin trn xp x nhau, thng thng l
b
= 4,5
b

- Cu to cht bn:
+ Chiu su rnh: h =
2
1
l
b
+ 0,1 cm
+ Khong cch 2 cht: s 2l
b
= 9
b
.
4. Lin kt chu ko
Lin kt chu ko thng l inh, vt chu lc nh, inh a, ai, bn thp,
bulng xit,
- inh, vt: inh, vt b tr trong lin kt ngoi vic chng trt nh cc cht
cn phi chu lc nh.
Kh nng chu lc nh do ma st gia inh v g:
T
nh
= R
nh
dl
1

R
nh
: cng tnh ton ca inh khi chu nh
Khi g sy kh t nhin R
nh
= 3 kG/cm
2

Vi g ti R
nh
= 1 kG/cm
2

58
d: ng knh inh. Khng nn dng inh c d ln hn 0,6 cm. Nu phi
dng inh ln th khi tnh ton cng ch ly d = 0,5 cm.
l
1
: chiu di tnh ton ca phn inh b ngm
l
1
10d
l
1
2a (a: b dy vn, a 4d)
l
1
= l

- (a +2 mm)
inh chu lc nh cng b tr nh inh chu lc trt.

Vi vt cng dng cng thc trn nhng R
nh
= 10 kG/cm
2
. Trong , d l
ng knh phn khng ren, l
1
l di phn c ren.
Vt nn vn vo nhng l khoan sn c ng knh b hn ng knh vt
khong 1 - 2 mm.
- inh a: thng t theo cu to ch c lin kt mng, d = 12 18 mm,
ch dng vi g hp hoc g trn, khng nn dng vi vn.

- Bulng v thanh cng: thng dng trong cc thanh cng ca dn, dng
trong cc lin kt chm, lm neo,.
Kim tra bulng, thanh cng theo cng thc:

th
F 8 , 0
N
R
k

R
k
: cng chu ko tnh ton ca thp.
59
trnh hin tng p mt g cn b tr rngen vi cnh a
o
90
em
R
N
,
trong
o
90
em
R l cng tnh ton khi g chu p mt di rngen (tra
bng). B dy rngen ly theo bng tra.

60
5. Lin kt chm
Chm l ming m nh t vo khe gia cc thanh g khng cho chng
trt tng i vi nhau.
Chm c th bng thp hoc bng g. C 3 loi: chm ngang, chm dc v
chm nghing.

- Chm dc: th chm nm dc theo thanh g. Chm dc chu lc kho do
trt dc th nhng kh m bo t st vo c 2 thanh nn d b ph hoi do
ng sut cc b.
- Chm ngang: th chm vung gc vi trc thanh g. Chm c cu to t
2 ming c cnh vt cho ng t 2 pha nn c th p cht vo g. u chm
th ra ngoi 23 cm sau ny ng cht thm. Kh nng chu lc ca chm
ngang gim i nhiu so vi chm dc c cng kch thc.
- Chm nghing: khi th chm to vi th cu kin mt gc nh no .
Chm c kh nng chng trt tt hn v lm vic theo 1 phng do ch c 1
u p vo thanh g.
61
1. Kho st s lm vic ca chm
Q
Q
T
T T
Q
T
Q
Q=Q
ch
Q=Q
ch
T
T
h
h
L S
c
h
r
ch

Di tc dng ca mmen T.h
r
lm chm b xoay v sinh ra phn lc Q. Q
c xc nh bng phng trnh cn bng mmen:
Q.l
ch
= T.h
r

Q =
ch
r
l
Th

trnh tch hai phn t do lc Q gy
ra, ngi ta cu to thm cc bulng chu
ko, ng knh bulng d 12 mm.
Mun tng cng cu kin ngi ta b
tr chm cch, khi , mi chm cn t 2
bulng.
2. Tnh ton chm
Qua kho st thy rng chm b trt v chu p mt, phn t g chu trt.
- iu kin chu p mt u chm:
T
em
=
em
) (
em
F . R

- iu kin chu trt ca chm:

ch
tr
T =
ch
tr
tb
) ( tr
F . R

h
ch l >2.5h
c
h
h
h ch
l
lch
6
l
6
ch
3
2
ch
S

=
2 h
o
62
- iu kin chu trt ca phn cu kin nm gia 2 chm:

ck
tr
T =
ck
tr
tb
tr
F . R
- S lng chm cn b tr:
n
ch
=
min
T
N

3. Cu to chm
- Chiu di chm:
l
ch
5h
r

- Khong cch gia cc chm:
S l
ch

- su rnh chm:
+ G hp: h
r
1/5h v h
r
2 cm
+ G trn: h
r
1/4h v h
r
3 cm

63
6. Lin kt dn
1. Khi nim chung
Lin kt keo dn l lin kt cng, khng c tit din gim yu. Khi tnh ton
coi nh tit din nguyn. G dn dng trong xy dng c hai loi chnh:
+ G dn mng: = 1 mm/lp
+ G dn dy: = 3 4 cm/lp
Qu trnh dn keo c th dn nng hoc dn ngui tu theo iu kin thit
b, tnh cht ca keo,.
m trung bnh ca g dng dn nn t 18 - 20%.

Mi ni s dng lin kt dn c th ni i u, ni vt hoc ni kiu rng
ca. Ni i u thng t min chu nn, ni vt c th t min chu ko,
ni kiu rng ca c th chu c nn - un hoc ko - un.

Hnh dng ca cc tit din c dng lin kt dn cng rt phong ph. Tu
theo chc nng ca cu kin, c th c dng ch I, ch nht, hnh hp,.

2. Cc loi keo thng dng
+ Keo phnol phocmanht: chu m, chu nhit tt, cng chng trt
tng i cao.
+ Keo ur phocmanht: chu m v nhit km hn.
+ Keo cadin xi mng: ch to t bt cadin v xi mng pooclng 400, chu
nc km.
64
Mt s im lu :
+ Thi gian sng ca keo nn t 4 - 6 gi.
+ nht ca keo phi thch hp thun tin cho vic qut keo v dn
p.
+ Tu theo yu cu s dng v lm vic ca cu kin m xc nh cng
chng trt thun tu hoc trt khi un.


65
Chng IV
Dn g v dn thp g

1. i cng v kt cu dn
1. Cc loi dn g v phm vi ng dng
Dn l mt kt cu g rt thng dng, dng vt qua khu v chu ti
trng t ln n. Vi cc khu va v nh, c th dng cc loi dm g tit
din nguyn hoc t hp. Nhng khi khu hoc ti trng ln, dng dm g
khng cn thch hp na, ta phi s dng n kt cu dn.
V mt s tnh ton, dn l mt h thanh lin kt khp vi nhau cc
mt. Cc thanh dn ch yu chu lc dc trc (ko hoc nn ng tm), t b
un v ct nn c th tn dng c tit din thanh. Do , dn chu lc kho
hn v c trng lng nh hn so vi kt cu c nh dm.
Dn g thng dng lm mi nh dn dng, cng cng, cng nghip, dm
cu, thp tr, vn khun, dn gio,.
Mt s cch phn loi dn:
+ Theo hnh dng dn: dn tam gic, dn hnh ch nht (hai cnh song
song), hnh thang hai mi dc v mt mi dc, hnh a gic, hnh cnh cung,.
+ Theo vt liu dng lm dn: c th ton b bng g thanh hoc thp g
hn hp, dn g dn.
+ Theo hnh thc lin kt ch yu ca dn: dn mng, dn inh, dn chm,
dn cht,.
66


Kt cu dn n gin nht l kiu dm chng di c dy cng bng thp
trn, dng cho nhp nh 4 9 m. Nu thanh cnh l tit din t hp th nhp c
th ln ti 12 m.
Dn mng l loi dn ph bin nht, nhp thng l 7 15 m, trong cc
thanh nn lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt mng.
Dn thp g hn hp cng rt ph bin vi nhiu hnh thc khc nhau: dn
tam gic, dn hnh c, hnh thang,, cc thanh dn c th lm bng g dn,
thanh cnh c th l tit din nguyn hoc t hp.
Dn a gic c th bng g hoc thp g hn hp, cc thanh bng c ni
lc nh nn c th lin kt bng cht.
Dn hnh cung c cnh trn cong lm bng g dn hoc do nhiu thanh g
nh un cong ng inh li vi nhau.
67
Dn hnh cung v dn a gic dng cho nhp 15 30 m. Khi cn c nhp
ln, c th dng hai dn cnh cung ghp li vi nhau thnh vm 3 khp, c th
vt c nhp ti 60 m.
2. Cc loi dn v s dn
Vic la chn hnh thc dn v s dn phi da trn tnh ton v mt
kinh t, v yu cu kin trc, yu cu s dng v ch to.
- V yu cu s dng: cn xt ti yu cu v thng hi, chiu sng, khng
gian s dng.
- V yu cu kin trc: yu cu v hnh dng mi: mt mi, hai mi, hnh
cong,
- Yu cu v vt liu: quyt nh v hnh dng v dc ca dn
+ Vt liu ngi, fibr xi mng dng dn tam gic.
+ Vt liu tn, giy du: dn hnh cung, a gic, dc nh.
- Nhp dn cng nh hng n vic la chn dn:
+ Dn tam gic dng hp l cho nhp L 18m.
+ Dn hnh thang, ph hp vi nhp L = 15 24 m.
+ Dn hnh cung, a gic, vm cong dng cho nhp L > 15 m.
- V iu kin ch to: nu dn c ch to trong xng, nn dng dn
c thanh l g dn hoc thanh cnh l dm t hp; nu ch to ti hin trng
th dng dn mng hoc ng inh.
Ngoi ra, mt s nhn t khc cng nh hng n vic la chn dn l
c im cht ti, iu kin m, nhit , tc dng ho hc. Cc nhn t ny
cng phi xt n khi thit k.
3. Kch thc chnh ca dn
- Khong cch gia cc dn (bc dn): a = 3 4 m.
- Chiu cao dn (khong cch gia hai trc cnh chnh gia dn) xc nh
theo iu kin cng, iu kin trng lng nh v tu thuc vt liu lp:
+ Dn tam gic H = (
3
1

5
1
)L
Lp ngi H = (
3
1

4
1
)L
Lp fibr xi mng H =
5
1
L
+ Dn hnh thang, hnh cung, a gic, H =
6
1
L
68
- Chiu di khong mt v s khong mt ph thuc nhp dn v s dn.
Thng thng khong mt cnh trn l 1,5 2,5 m, nu cu to bng tit din
t hp th c th 3 6 m. Gc gia thanh xin v thanh cnh 30 60
o
.

69
2. c im tnh ton v cu to ca kt cu dn
1. Ti trng tnh ton
- Tnh ti v hot ti ly theo quy nh:
+ Ngi 60 kG/m
2

+ Fibr xi mng 25 - 30 kG/m
2

+ Tn 15 20 kG/m
2

+ Trn treo 50 kG/m
2

+ Hot ti 30 kG/m
2

- Trng lng bn thn ca dn:
Trng lng bn thn kt cu dn c xc nh da trn c s kinh
nghim thit k c sn v c tng kt thnh cc h s trng lng bn thn
k
bt
.
H s k
bt
biu th s lng n v vt liu g dng cho kt cu tnh vi 1 n
v ti trng trn 1 n v din tch hoc 1 n v chiu di nhp ph ca kt cu.
k
bt
=
) g g p ( l
g 1000
bt
bt
+ +

g
bt
: trng lng bn thn ca kt cu (kG/m
2
, kG/m).
p, g: hot ti v tnh ti tc dng ln kt cu (kG/m
2
, kG/m).
l: nhp kt cu (m).
H s k
bt
c cho tng ng vi tng loi kt cu. Dng k
bt
xc nh s
b g
bt
:
g
bt
=
1
l k
1000
g p
bt

+

Khi thit k xong, tnh li g
bt
nu sai khc qu nhiu (>5%) th phi tnh li.
n gin, trng lng bn thn dn coi nh t cng ch vi ti trng
ngoi. Nu khng c trn treo th g
bt
t ton b vo cnh trn. Nu c trn treo
th t mt na vo cnh trn v mt na vo cnh di.
Ti trng t ln dn thng qua cc h thng x g, dm trn truyn vo
ng mt dn. Trong trng hp t ngoi mt dn phi tnh n mmen un
cc b cho thanh cnh.
2. nh hng ca hnh dng dn n ni lc trong cc thanh
V nguyn tc, dn lm vic ging nh mt dm t hp c chiu cao tng
ng. Khi chu ti trng phn b u, tu theo hnh dng dn khc nhau m
ni lc trong cc thanh thay i:
70
Trong dn tam gic v dn ch nht u c ni lc trong hai thanh cnh ln
cn rt khc nhau v ni lc trong cc thanh bng ln nhng s phn phi li
ngc nhau.
+ Vi dn tam gic, ni lc trong thanh cnh pha u ln, cng vo trong
cng nh; thanh bng th ni lc gim dn t gi vo bng.
+ Dn ch nht: thanh cnh ni lc cng vo trong cng ln, thanh bng
ngc li.
+ Dn hnh thang hai mi dc: thanh cnh c ni lc ln nht l khong
gia gi v nh, thanh bng ni lc gim dn t gi vo bng, ng thi ni lc
trong cc thanh bng cng nh hiu s ca ni lc ca hai thanh cnh ln cn
u nh hn so vi dn tam gic v ch nht.
+ Dn hnh cung, a gic: ni lc trong cc thanh cnh xp x nh nhau v
trong cc thanh bng rt nh.
Du ca ni lc cng ph thuc hnh dng dn:
+ Dn ch nht v hnh thang: cc thanh xin i ln chu nn, thanh ng
chu ko.
+ Dn tam gic: cc thanh xin i xung chu nn, thanh ng chu ko.
-
-
+
+
+ +
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
- -
+
+ +
+ + +
-
- -
-
- -
+ + + +
+
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
- -
-
+ + + + + + +
+
+ +
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+ + -
-
-
-

Khi tnh ton t ti na nhp, ni lc cc thanh thay i c tr s v du. V
vy, khi tnh ton phi xt tt c cc trng hp ny. Ring dn tam gic ni lc
ln nht khi ti trng t ton b.
3. Ni lc trong cc thanh dn
Dn c coi nh mt h thanh lin kt khp vi nhau ti mt v chu ti
trng t ng mt. Nu ti trng khng t ng mt ta vn phn ti trng
sang hai bn theo nguyn tc cnh tay n v tm lc dc trc trong cc thanh
bng cc phng php ca c hc kt cu ( gii Crmna, gii tch,), sau
s xc nh mmen un i vi thanh cnh do ti trng khng ng mt gy
ra.
- Vi thanh cnh trn, lc nn trong thanh c nh hng ln n s tng tr
s mmen, nn thin v an ton ta coi cc mt l khp v xc nh mmen
un nh i vi mt dm n gin l khoang mt.
71
- Vi thanh cnh di, v tit din thng hay c gim yu ch cc mt,
phi xt n mmen xut hin cc mt, rt nguy him. V vy, tnh mmen
un do ti trng t ngoi mt cnh di, phi coi cnh di lm vic nh mt
dm lin tc, gi ta l cc mt, ch ni cnh di l khp. Nn trnh vic t
ti vo gia khoang mt cnh di gy thm ng sut bt li.
Khi chn tit din cho cc thanh nn v nn un, phi ch chiu di
tnh ton ca chng trong v ngoi mt phng dn:
- Thanh bng: trong v ngoi mt phng dn u ly bng chiu di hnh
hc tc l khong cch gia cc tm mt.
- Thanh cnh:
+ Trong mt phng dn ly bng chiu di hnh hc ca thanh.
+ Ngoi mt phng dn ly bng khong cch gia cc im c kt ca
x g vo cnh dn, nhng im ny coi nh khng chuyn v c ra ngoi
mt phng dn. Nu dng cc thanh ging mnh c kt th chiu di tnh
ton ngoi mt phng ca thanh ly bng khong cch gia cc im c kt
ny tng thm 25% do cc thanh ging mnh nn cc mt c th chuyn v
c.
mnh gii hn ca cc thanh dn c quy nh:
+ Thanh cnh nn, thanh ng truyn phn lc ta,
thanh xin truyn phn lc ta [] = 120
+ Cc thanh bng khc: [] = 150
+ Thanh ging [] = 200
4. S hi t cc trc thanh dn
Trc ca cc thanh dn t vo mt mt phi ng quy mt im (tm
mt).
Trc ng quy ca thanh cnh l trc i qua trng tm tit din gim yu
mt ch khng phi l trc hnh hc, nh vy ng sut ti tit din gim yu s
c phn b u.
Trong mt s trng hp, c php lin kt lch tm cc thanh bng vo
thanh cnh: khi ni lc cc thanh bng nh hoc mt nh ca dn c thanh
xin i ln v rt kh cu to cho hi t ng tm m ni lc trong cc thanh
xin ny cng khng ln. Trong trng hp ny phi k n mmen lch tm
sinh ra ti mt v hon ton ch do thanh cnh chu. Thanh cnh khi s tnh
chu nn un hoc ko un.
72

5. Bin dng ca dn v vng cu to
vng ca dn l do bin dng n hi ca cc thanh v lin kt khi chu
ti trng. Ngoi ra cn do cc bin dng ban u ca lin kt ch to khng
cht, do g co ngt, do bin dng do trong thanh v cc lin kt. Cc bin
dng khng n hi ny gy ra vng khng n hi (khng khi phc c)
ca ton dn. Cc bin dng khng n hi ny cng vi bin dng n hi i
khi c th vt qu bin dng cho php, lm cho cc thanh cnh chu thm ng
sut ln rt nguy him, nht l vi cc thanh cnh chu ko. V vy, phng
s vng ny, ngi ta phi lm trc vng cu to.
vng cu to f
ct
khng nh hn 1/200 nhp v c thc hin bng cch
lm gy khc thanh cnh di gia nhp hoc 1/3 nhp ti ch ni thanh
cnh.
Khi tnh ton khng cn xt n s bin i hnh hc ca dn do vng
cu to gy ra v gi thit rng khi chu ti, dn s tr li hnh dng thit k.
ct
f
l
h h
l
f
ct


73
3. Dn mng
1. c im ca dn mng
Dn mng l dn m cc thanh nn lin kt vi nhau hoc vo thanh ko
bng mng rnh. Cc thanh dn lm bng cy g hp hoc trn, ring cc
thanh ng chu ko c th dng thp trn.
u im: ch to n gin, sn xut ngay ti hin trng, khng cn thit b
my mc.
Nhc im: kh ch to bng c gii, khng sn xut hng lot c,
dng nhiu lao ng th cng v cn th lnh ngh. Khi nhp ti 12 - 15 m, dn
cu to phc tp, nng n, do vy rt t dng nhp ln hn hoc bng 18m.
Dn mng thng l dn tam gic,
dn hnh thang mi dc nh hoc dn
c cnh song song mt mi dc.
Lin kt mng ch truyn c lc
nn nn cc thanh xin phi hng sao
cho trong thanh c ni lc nn. Nh
vy, dn tam gic, thanh xin phi
hng xung, dn hnh thang hay ch
nht, thanh xin phi hng ln. Tuy
nhin, khi chu ti na nhp, khoang
gia dn hnh thang v ch nht, thanh
xin hng ln c th chu ko, v vy
phi cu to thm thanh xin hng
xung khoang ny.
Dn mng c s dng tng i ph bin trong cc mi nh dn dng v
cng nghip vi cc vt liu lp nh ngi, fibr ximng, tn, c trn hay khng
c trn.
2. Cu to v tnh ton cc thanh dn
a. Cnh trn
- Cu to:
Cnh trn lm bng g hp, i khi bng g trn, kch thc tit din khng
nh hn 10 cm.
Nu nhp dn nh (di 8 m), thanh cnh trn c th l mt thanh xin lin
tc t gi ti nh. Vi nhp dn ln th phi ni nhng vn gi nguyn tit din.
Cu to mi ni c th dng kiu t u n gin, hai bn c bn ghp v
bulng cu to. V tr ni nn gn mt, trong phm vi
4
1

5
1
khong mt.
l = 10 - 20 m; k = 6 - 4,5;
l = 7 - 18 m; k = 6 - 4,5;
bt
bt
l = 7 - 18 m; k = 5,5 - 4;
bt
h
=
l 6
1
12 l 6
h
= -
1 1
l 6
h
=
1
74
- Tnh ton:
Tit din thanh cnh trn tnh v n nh theo cng thc ca thanh chu nn
ng tm, chiu di tnh ton nh ni bi trc.
Nu c ti trng t ngoi mt, gy un cc b
th phi tnh theo cng thc ca thanh chu nn
un.
Ngoi ra cn phi th li cng tit din
gim yu nht ca thanh, tit din ti mt b gim
yu do rnh mng v bulng xit.
b. Cnh di
- Cu to:
Thanh cnh di thng cng tit din vi cnh trn nhng phi chn loi
g tt hn.
Thanh cnh di thng phi ni, mi ni ny
thng dng lin kt cht v bn ghp.
- Tnh ton:
Thanh cnh di c tnh theo cng thc ca thanh chu ko ng tm.
Cc tit din cn kim tra l:
+ Tit din mt u dn b gim yu bi rnh mng, bulng an ton, g
tp
+ Tit din ch ni.
Khi c mmen un do ti trng t ngoi mt hoc do cc thanh bng hi t
lch tm th tnh theo cng thc ca thanh chu ko un.
c. Thanh xin
Thanh xin nn c tit din hnh vung, cng c th l hnh ch nht c b
dy bng b dy thanh cnh cn cnh kia theo tnh ton.
Thanh xin chu nn ng tm, tit din c kim tra theo n nh trong v
ngoi mt phng dn, chiu di tnh ton bng khong cch gia cc tm mt.
d. Thanh ng
Thanh ng thng lm bng thp trn, cng c th lm bng g hp
nhng rt kh lin kt vo thanh cnh v s ph hoi hay xy ra ch lin kt
ny. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh s dng, dn vng xung nhiu th khng th
cng dn thng ln.
Thanh ng bng thp trn cu to nh thanh cng c ren hai u. Tit
din thanh c chn theo cng thc:
75
F
k
R 8 , 0
N

3. Mt dn
a. S hi t ca cc trc thanh dn
Trc ca cc thanh (trc ca ni lc) phi hi t nhau mt im. Tuy
nhin, dn mng, cc thanh cnh u c khot rnh nn phai ch sao cho
ti tit din c rnh ( mt) khng b ng sut ln do lch tm.
mt gi dn, im hi t nm trn trc i qua tit din gim yu ca cnh
di.
mt trung gian, ni chung cc thanh cng hi t theo trc gim yu ca
thanh cnh, hoc theo trc hnh hc ca tit din nguyn.
b. Mt gi dn
Mt gi dn c th lm theo kiu rnh mng 1 rng hoc 2 rng, mi rng
c 1 bulng an ton xit cht. Bn di cnh di c g guc c tc dng
u bulng an ton v c nh v tr ca dn vi g gi. Dn t ln tng
hoc ct qua g gi l mt on g ngn phn b phn lc ln tng hoc
ct.

3
1

N
n
b
N
d
N
N
b
d
N
ms
T +
d
T
T +
ms
T
d

k
N
n
N
n
N
31

Thit k mt gi dn gm tnh ton v p mt v trt ca lin kt mng,
tnh bulng an ton, g guc, g gi.
- Bulng an ton:
Bulng an ton c tc dng xit hai thanh cnh vo nhau m bo s
cht ch ca dn v tc dng bo him khi phn g u dn b trt i, bulng
76
s gi cnh trn trong mt thi gian c th sa cha. Trc ca bulng thng
gc vi thanh cnh trn.
Bulng ch lm vic khi u thanh cnh di b trt, thanh trn sp xung.
Lc , u thanh trn t mnh vo thanh di v xut hin lc ma st. Phn lc
N

ca thanh di ca thanh di i vi thanh trn s nghing vi phng

thng ng mt gc bng gc ma st (31
o
).
Thanh cnh trn cn bng di tc dng ca lc nn N, phn lc N

v lc
trong bulng N
b
. V biu tam gic lc ta thu c N
b
v tnh ra tit din
bulng:
N
b
= N
n
tg(90
o
- - 31
o
)
- G guc:
G guc c kch thc theo cu to: b rng bng b rng thanh cnh di,
b dy khng nh hn b su rnh mng h
r
, ch khc vo g gi khng nh
hn 2 cm. G guc ny c ng inh vo thanh cnh di.
G gi chu ton b lc N
b
trong bulng. Chia N
b
lm hai thnh phn, thnh
phn thng ng p g tp vo cnh di, thnh phn nm ngang T do inh
chu:
T = N
b
sin
Cng vi inh chu thnh phn nm ngang T, cn c lc ma st gia g tp
v cnh di:
T = T

+ T
ms

Vi T
ms
=
o
o
o
n
11 tg
) 59 cos(
31 cos N


trong 11
o
l gc ma st (theo thc nghim).
T

= N
b
sin - T
ms

T T

ta tnh ra s inh 1 mt ct ng g guc vo cnh di.

- G gi:
G gi phi c b di, b rng truyn phn lc ln tng, gc truyn
lc 45
o
. Phn lc phn b ca tng bn di g gi s un n nh mt conson
ngm ch dn k ln. B dy g gi chn chu mmen un .
Khi dn nhp ln (15m tr ln) hoc dn dng trong cc cng trnh quan
trng th mt gi dn khng dng mng rnh m dng kiu t u v ai thp.
Vi kiu lin kt ny, mt dn lm vic kho hn v m bo hn v cnh trn
c p mt trn ton b tit din v cnh di trnh c s lm vic v trt
rt nguy him.
c. Cc mt trung gian
77
Ti cc mt trung gian, thanh xin t vo thanh cnh bng mng mt rng
(khng dng mng hai rng v rt kh ch to chnh xc cho 2 rng u p
cht). Trc thanh xin phi thng gc v i qua tm ca mt tip xc. B su
rnh h
r

4
1
h vi h l b cao thanh cnh. Gia thanh xin v thanh cnh phi c
inh a 12 16 hoc bulng gi cht thanh xin vo thanh cnh, khi b
trt ra khi dng lp v tng cht ch cho ton dn.
Thanh ng thng lm bng thp trn xuyn qua cc thanh cnh, c cu
bt cht hai u. mt trn, cho ming m di cu c nm ngang, phi
ct khc vo thanh cnh trn, h
r

5
1
h
thanh
. trnh gim yu nhiu, c th lm
mt khi m cu ng thi lm con b c nh x g.
Vic tnh ton mt trung gian gm c:
+ Tnh p mt rnh mng.
+ Tnh p mt di ming m cu. Nu dng ming m th tnh p
mt ngang th v dc th ca khi m vi thanh cnh.
2
3
Mt 2
Mt 3
V
c
o
s
V

V
s
in

d. Mt nh
Ti mt nh, hai thanh cnh trn lin kt vo nhau theo kiu t u trc tip,
hai bn c hai bn kp bng thp hoc g v c 4 8 bulng xit 12 16.
Pha trn vt bng mt cht c mt phng ngang cho ming m cu, ming
m ny c th lm bng thp gc cho cng hn.
78

b
h
h
b
n
N
n
N
n
N
>3h
N
n
b
b
>
3
>
b 3

Ni dung tnh ton mt nh l tnh ton p mt ca lin kt.
Din tch p mt mt nh, sau khi tr i phn ct vt v l cho thanh
ng:
F
em
= (b - d)

tg
2
a
cos
h

b, h: kch thc tit din thanh cnh trn
a: b di ch vt bng
d: ng knh l cho thanh ng
iu kin kim tra:
=
em
em
F
N
=
em
n
F
cos N

em
R
y dng

em
R v lc p mt l thnh phn ngang ca N
n
, cho vi th
cnh trn mt gc .
e. Mt gia di
C hai phng n cu to mt gia di:
+ Phng n 1: hai thanh xin t ln mt khi m n su vo cnh di
khng t hn 2 cm. Gia khi m v thanh xin c cht ngm d = 16 25 mm,
di l = 10 15 cm. Khi m lin kt vo cnh di bng 2 bulng xit. Nu c
ni thanh cnh vn gii quyt bnh thng, dng bn ghp v cht thp.
Phng n ny m bo cc lc hi t, lc truyn ng tm, s lm vic r
rng.
+ Phng n 2: hai thanh lin kt lun vo gia hai bn ghp v ta u
vo nhau theo mt phng thng ng, cn theo phng ngang th ta ln ming
m cu ca thanh ng. Gia thanh xin v bn ghp c bulng lin kt. Trc
thanh xin hi t lch vi tm mt nn bn ghp cn chu thm mmen un.
79
2
h
h
2
2
h
h
2
h
1
b
b
b
2 2
h
1

Ni dung tnh ton mt gia di l tnh p mt ca mng t u, nhng cn
lu thm trng hp ti trng t na dn.
V d tnh ton

80
4. Dn thp g hn hp
1. c im v phm vi ng dng
Dn thp g hn hp l dn trong cc thanh chu nn hay nn un u
lm bng g, thanh chu ko lm bng thp, k c thanh cnh di.
Mt s c im ca dn thp g hn hp:
+ S mt dn t, cu to mt khng c lin kt mng rnh m dng cc b
phn kim loi lin kt thanh xin vo thanh cnh. Nh vy trnh gim yu
cho thanh cnh v s lm vic v trt ca mng rnh. Ngoi ra, khi g co ngt
khng lm lng lin kt v khin dn vng nhiu.
+ Do s mt t, thanh cnh trn phi to kho chu un do ti trng t
khng ng mt. gim mmen un cho cnh trn, cc mt trn thng gii
quyt lch tm gy mmen ngc li.
+ cc mt c nhiu thanh ko t vo, hu ht l dng cc chi tit bng
thp nh dn thp: bn mt, trc cht, bulng, v s dng nhiu lin kt
hn.
So vi cc loi dn khc, dn thp g hn hp c nhiu u im:
+ Kh nng chu lc ln, lin kt lm vic chc chn, m bo, d kim tra,
sa cha.
+ Vic ch to c th cng xng ho, c gii ho cao .
Cc hnh thc thng s dng ca dn thp g hn hp:
l = 15 - 18 m; k = 3 - 2,5
l = 10 - 24 m; k = 4 - 3,5
bt
bt
l = 20 - 30 m; k = 3 - 2,5
bt
l = 12 - 24 m; k = 4 - 2,5
bt
l = 10 - 18 m; k = 4 - 2,5
bt
l = 12 - 18 m; k = 4 - 3,5
bt
l = 12 - 18 m; k = 3,5 - 3
bt
l = 4 - 12 m; k = 4 - 3,5
bt

81
2. Dn mt mi (dm chng di)
Dn mt mi thc cht l mt dm c thanh chng v dy cng pha di
gia cng. Loi dn ny rt n gin nhng tng i c hiu qu, thng s
dng trong cc cng trnh tm thi hoc ph tr.
Cnh trn dn l mt thanh g hp hoc trn chy di lin tc sut chiu
di nhp. Nu khng di th ni bn trn ct chng gia, mi ni cu to
bng bn ghp v bulng, coi nh l khp.
Thanh ko t vo ct chng gia qua cc bn thp lin kt hn v inh
ng.
Mt gi ta c th cu to ng tm (khi cnh trn lin tc) hoc lch tm
(khi cnh trn phi ni, lm gim bt mmen cho thanh cnh trn).
3. Dn tam gic
Dn tam gic c nhiu hnh thc cu to, tu theo iu kin s dng v ch
to.
Nu cnh trn l thanh nguyn, khong mt thng khng qu 3 4 m, h
thanh bng ging nh dn mng. Ti cc mt, cc thanh nn t u vo cc b
phn bng thp.
Nu cnh trn l tit din t hp cht bn hoc g dn th chiu di khong
mt c th 4,5 6,5 m, s mt gim xung. Cnh trn ca dn chu mmen un
ln, lun lun phi cu to truyn lc lch tm cc mt trn.

82
5. Cc loi dn khc
Ngoi cc loi dn ph bin trn, trong thc t cn p dng nhiu loi dn
khc, trong c dn a gic v dn hnh cung cng c s dng nhiu. Hai
loi dn ny thuc vo loi nhp ln, vt khu 15 30 m. Hnh dng ca
chng gn vi dng ng cong p lc nn chu lc hp l, ni lc trong cc
thanh cnh khng khc nhau nhiu, ni lc trong cc thanh bng rt nh nn
lin kt mt gii quyt d dng.
Tit din thanh dn c th l g hp, g trn, tit din t hp hoc dng g
vn, ng inh li vi nhau.
Lin kt thng dng l lin kt mng, cht, inh.
1. Dn a gic
Cnh trn ca dn l mt hnh a gic ngoi tip hay ni tip trong ng
trn, ton b thanh do nhiu on g ging nhau hp li.
Cnh di lm bng thp hnh hoc bng g.
* Dn a gic ton bng g:
A B
A
B

Cnh trn ni tip trong ng trn, ch ni trng vi mt.
Thanh ng, thanh xin u lm bng g, lin kt vo thanh cnh bng cc
bn thp nh, ng inh hoc bt vt. Cc bn thp ny lin kt vo thanh cnh
bng mt bulng trung tm.
* Dn a gic cnh di l thp gc
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D

83
Gc gy ca cnh trn b tr ch mt c thanh xin nn thanh ng chu
nn, thanh xin ch yu chu ko.
Cc thanh bng c b rng bng b rng thanh cnh, lin kt vi thanh
cnh bng hai bn thp m pha ngoi. Bn thp mt u bt vo thanh bng
bng inh hoc vt, u kia lin kt vi thanh cnh bng 1 bulng t tm mt.
mt di th bulng hn vo cnh thp gc.
gim bt mmen cc b do ti trng t khng ng mt, cc on ca
cnh trn ch ni gy gc th t u vo nhau vi lch tm, to nn mmen
ngc du. Ch ni c hai bn ghp bng g, hai u c bulng xit, cn
bulng tm mt i qua ngay gia khe ni.
Tnh ton dn a gic theo phng php thng thng nh i vi cc loi
dn khc. Khi tnh ton cn lu n mmen cc b trong thanh cnh trn do
lin kt thanh bng lch tm.
2. Dn hnh cung
Cnh trn ca dn c dng cung trn, gn st nht vi ng cong p lc
khi chu ti trng phn b u. Mmen un trong thanh cnh v lc dc trong
thanh bng nh nht so vi cc loi dn khc. Nhp dn ln, c th ti 30 40
m.
to c cong, cnh trn c th gm mt chng cc thanh g nh
un cong v ng inh vo nhau hoc dng cc thanh g dn c hnh cong.
* Dn hnh cung g dn:

Cnh trn gm cc on g dn cong ging nhau, ni t u vi nhau ti
cc mt. Mi on l mt chng vn keo, tit din hnh ch nht, t s
b
h
4.
Thanh cnh di bng thp gc.
Mi mt dn u c cc trc hi t ng tm.
Thanh bng xin bng g lin kt vi thanh cnh trn bng cc bn thp,
mt u bn thp ng inh hay vn vt vo thanh bng, u kia vo thanh
cnh bng mt bulng tm mt. mt di th thanh bng bt bulng vo hai
bn mt t ng, bn mt ny hn vo thp gc cnh di.
Mt gi ta kiu hp chn nh cc dn thp g khc.
* Dn hnh cung ng inh:
84
c>a
a a a
c>a
a a
c>a
a a
c>a c>a
a
Thanh cnh trn Thanh bng Thanh cnh di
a a
c>a

Dn ny c h thanh bng tam gic, cc mt b tr sao cho mi thanh cnh
trn c hnh chiu ngang d di bng nhau, tr khoang u tin ch bng 0,65d
(v ni lc ln).
Cnh trn cong gm 2 hoc 3 nhnh, mi nhnh l mt chng 4 5 thanh
g nh dy 3 4 cm, un cong v ng inh vo nhau theo phng ng v
phng ngang qua cc tm m. Cc thanh g nh t st u nhau ch ni, v
tr ch ni ca cc thanh phi so le nhau, cch nhau khng t hn 50 cm v
cch mt khng t hn 1/5 khong mt. Cc tm m lm bng thanh vn
nguyn t ng, b rng sao cho c th ng c 3 hng inh ngang vi 3
thanh g nhnh. Cc tm m ny b tr trong khong mt, khng t ti tm
mt.
Cnh di gm 2 hoc 3 tm vn t ng, trong cng mt phng ca mi
nhnh. u ni cnh di dng cc tm ghp, tm m v bulng.
Thanh bng l cc tm vn nguyn 1 hoc 2 nhnh m su vo gia cc
nhnh ca thanh cnh trn v cnh di.
Cc mt dn u dng inh ng. mt trn, inh ng c th b tr gn
nhau hn, cn vi thanh bng v cnh di inh b tr theo quy nh thng
thng. Mt gi ta dng kiu t u v ai thp trn.
3. Dn g vn
y l loi dn nh dng cho khu nh, ti trng nh. Vt liu u l g
vn, lin kt bng inh hoc bulng.

V ko st l mt loi dn g vn c s dng kh ph bin nc ta trong
nhng nm 60, dng cho mi ngi nh dn dng, nhp di 9 m. H mi nh
gm mt lot ko t rt gn nhau (khong 0,7 m) bn trn l lit t trc tip
ln cnh trn ca dn. Cnh trn dn lm nhim v nh h thng cu phong.
85
Cc thanh dn u lm bng vn tit din nh, dy 3 5 cm, rng 8 12 cm,
t chng ln nhau ti mt v ng inh trc tip vo nhau.
S lm vic ca v ko st rt phc tp, l mt kt cu khng gian gm
rt nhiu dn lin kt vi nhau bng mt h thng lit dy c. Ti trng t lit
truyn xung t vo gia khong mt, cc mt u chu ti trng lch tm,
bin dng ca inh rt ln.
Hin nay cha c phng php tnh ton cho loi dn ny, d ch l gn
ng. Vic p dng ch da trn c s th nghim hin trng hoc thng qua
kinh nghim s dng.