DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

BY:ABZ XYZ GREENFORT ENGG. COLLEGE

Synopsis:
INTRODUCTION DIGITAL IMAGE

COLOR COMPOSITES IMAGE PROCESSING

CONCLUSION REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
Pictures are the most common and convenient means of conveying or transmitting information. A picture is worth a thousand words. Pictures concisely convey information about positions, sizes and interrelationships between objects. They portray spatial information that we can recognize as objects.

 Pictures concisely convey information about positions, sizes and inter-relationships between objects. They portray spatial information that we can recognize as objects. Human beings are good at deriving information from such images, because of our innate visual and mental abilities. About 75% of the information received by human is in pictorial form.

DIGITAL IMAGE
A digital image is typically composed of picture elements (pixels) located at the intersection of each row i and column j in each K bands of imagery. Each pixel is associated a number known as Digital Number (DN) or Brightness Value (BV), that depicts the average radiance of a relatively small area within a scene (Fig. 1)

 A smaller number indicates low average radiance from the area and the high number is an indicator of high radiant properties of the area .

PIXELS
A smaller number indicates low average radiance from the area and 15 17 20 21 the 10 high number is an indicator of high of the 15 radiant 16properties 18 21 area. 23
.. Origin (0,0)

17 18 18

18 20 20

20 22 22

22 24 25

24 26 25

COLOR COMPOSITES
While displaying the different bands of a multispectral data set, images obtained in different bands are displayed in image planes (other than their own) the color composite is regarded as False Color Composite (FCC).

 A color infrared composite standard false color composite is displayed by placing the infrared, red, green in the red, green and blue frame buffer memory (Fig. 2).

IMAGE RECTIFICATION
Geometric distortions manifest themselves as errors in the position of a pixel relative to other pixels in the scene and with respect to their absolute position within some defined map projection. If left uncorrected, these geometric distortions render any data extracted from the image useless

REASONS OF DISTORTIONS
For instance distortions occur due to changes in platform attitude (roll, pitch and yaw), altitude, earth rotation, earth curvature, panoramic distortion and detector delay. Rectification is a process of geometrically correcting an image so that it can be represented on a planar surface (Fig. 3).

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES

Contrast
Contrast generally refers to the difference in luminance or grey level values in an image and is an important characteristic. It can be defined as the ratio of the maximum intensity to the minimum intensity over an image.

Contrast Enhancement Contrast enhancement techniques expand the range of brightness values in an image so that the image can be efficiently displayed in a manner desired by the analyst

Linear Contrast Stretch

SPATIAL FILTERING
Low-Frequency Filtering in the Spatial Domain

Image enhancements that deemphasize or block the high spatial frequency detail are low-frequency or low-pass filters. The simple smoothing operation will, however, blur the image, especially at the edges of objects.

 High-Frequency Filtering in the Spatial Domain

High-pass filtering is applied to imagery to remove the slowly varying components and enhance the highfrequency local variations Thus, the high-frequency filtered image will have a relatively narrow intensity histogram

Information Extraction
Information extraction is based on digital classification and is used for generating digital thematic map.

CONCLUSIONS
So, with the above said stages and techniques, digital image can be made noise free and it can be made available in any desired format. (X-rays, photo negatives, improved image, etc)

REFERENCES
Campbell, J.B. 1996. Introduction to Remote Sensing. Taylor & Francis, London Jensen, J.R. 1996. Introduction to Digital Image Processing : A Remote Sensing Perspective. Practice Hall, New Jersey.

QUERIES