APPENDIX: THE PROBLEM OF

THE GRUDGE INFORMER

By a narrow margin you have been decled Minister nf Jus(ice of
your eountry, a nation of IIOmC (wellty million inhabiWlIl. At
the outset nf your lenn of office you are confronted by a serious
problem lItat will be described below. But fir$! the badcgound
of thb problem must be presented.
For many decades your country enjoyed a peaceful, oonslilu-
tional and democratic aovernmeot. However, some time ago it
came upon bad times. Normal relations were diSfUp'ed by a
deepening economic depression and by an increasing antagonism
among various factional groups. fonned along eamornie, political,
and relipous lines. "The proverbial man on horseback appeared
in the fonn of the Headman of a political party Of society that
called iuelf the Purple Shins.
Jn a national election allel1ded by mu<:h disorder the Headman
was elected President nf the Republic and bis pany obtained a
majorily nf the lUll in ~ General Assembly. The luccesa of the
pany II the polls wu partly broughl about by a campaiJll of
reckless promises and ingenious falsificalions, and partly by the
physical intimidation of nighl-riding Purple Shlru who frightened
,.
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
APPIINDIX
many people away from the polls who would have voted apiDat
""P"'Y.
Wben the Purple Shiru arrived in power !hey took PO steps to
repeallbe ancienl CoDStitution or uy of its proYiJ.ions. They abo
left intact the Civil and Criminal Codes and the Code of Pr0-
cedure. No ol'licial action was taken 10 dismlu uy pwmunenl
ofticial or 10 remove uy judge from lbe bench. Elections con-
tinued to be held at intervals and ballots were counled >Vi!h ap-
parenI honesty. Nevenbeless, lhe country lived under a reign of
-=.
Judges who rendered decisions contrlf)' to the wishes of the
party were beaten and murdered. The accepted meaning of !he
Crimillal Code was perverted to place political Oppont:DlS in jail.
Sec1et statutes were passed, the contenta nf which were 1rn0ViD
only to !be upper I e ~ l s of the party hierarchy. Retroaclive stat-
utes were enacled which made acts criminal !hat were legally
illllOCel11 when committed. No attention wu paid by the sovern-
menl 10 the rutraints of the Constilution, of ulecedenllaws, or
even of ita own lawi. All opposing political parties. were di&-
banded. Thousands of political opponenls were pul to dealh,
either methodically in prisonsor in sporadic ni&ht forays of terror.
A general amnuty wu declared in f,YIlT or pc:r.;or1$ under sen-
teDce for acta "COlDDlitled in defmlling !he fatherland against
subversion." Under thb amnesty' general liberation of all prison-
tn ....ho were members of the Purple Shin party was tfJec:ted.
No one DOl , member of the party was released under the amnesty.
The Ptuple Shins as a mailer of deliberate policy preserved an
element of lIexibility in tbeir operations by acting at times through
lhe party "in the streets," and by acting at other times through
the .ppar.tus of the state which they controlled. Choke betwccn
the lWO methods of proceeding was purely a matter of expediency.
for uample. wben the inner circle of the party decided In ruin
all the former Socialist-Republicans (whose pany pUI up Iut-
ditch resistance 10 the new regime), a dispute arose as to the
bell w.y of confiscating their propeny. One faetioD, perhaps
'"
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THB OI.UDOB 1"'01.11181.
SlilI inftumced by pruevoIutionary c:onceptioat, wlDted to 8C-
OOlllplish this by I StIlute decbrin, their JOOdJ forfeilc:d for
crim.iaIIlCb.. Anofbrr wanted to do it by mmprlJjn, the OWDUS
to deed their poputy OYer It the point 011 blyooet. TbD arouP
IfIIlCd ....imt the popoo.ed IlItUte 01'1 the p'OUOd thlt it WOD1d
IttlW:l wdaOfIbIe comment 1bJ'oad. The Headmln (let:it'ed in
lIvor 01 dired Ktion tbJOup the pitt)' to be foUowed by I
KCI"tt st.Itute rIlifyiq: the pIttY'slaioa and c:oa!rmina the titks
oHlined by threats 01 pb)'liell Yio&moe.
The PIupIe Shins hlw: DOW been ow:rthrowD and I to "'"<flUe
IDd """SCkllltioall ~ restored. Somt diflie"k pobltn..
blft, boa,va, beta Idt behind by the dep;1Itd rqime. n-
)'CIU and your UIOdItcs in the DeW JOYmllD'flI must IiDd some
....y ollOlvinJ. ODe 01 tbtK probkms is thaI of the "arudac
informer-...
DuriaI the Purpk Shirt reJime I IfUt lIWly people woded
elI srudFl by reportina their eoemics to the party or to the p-
emmtDt IUthorities. The activities rrported were sucb thinp IS
the privlte uprmion 01 views criticll of the JO'V'I'1lIDmt, listeD-
ina to foreign radio bro.deuu, associ1tina with kDOWll wreckers
and hoolipns. boardin, more than the permitted ImOUnt ot.
dried tiP. failing 10 report I 1011 of 1dt0tiflcitioo papers within
live dlys. ete. "- things then slood with the admirti$trltion or
jUllkt. any of that actI, if povtd, could lead 10 I sentence of
dealb. In some Clltl this sentetlOt WII authorUtd by "emer-
aency" IIItlites; in others il was imposed without stlllllOl'J WI!_
TIIII, thoup by judI'S duly appointed to their offices.
AItu the ovenhrow of the Purpk Shirts, stroaz public de-
lDIDd JTeW up that the5t pudae iDfol men be p''Ilidwt. The
interim 1()YtI'lUIW1l1, which po 'cd that with whid! you an: Do
ocxjeled, tempotittd 0IlI this IlWttf. Mt.IlIwhiIc it bas bwJme I
buntin, iallt aDd a derision """"rnina it eLlI DO loaF be post_
prwwt Acr:oniiqly. your first act II Minister 01 J\IAice bas beta
to .scir.. youndf to it. You bave asked your five Dtpgtic:s ro
Jiv't tboupt til the maner IDd to brin.& their ''''.''''MiM'NioN
247
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
APPENDIX
to conference. At the conference the five Deputies speak in tum
as follows:
FIRST DEPUTY. Hit is perfectly clear to me that we can do nothing
about these so-called grudge informers. The acts they reported
were unlawful according to the rules of the government then in
actual control of the nation's affairs. The sentences imposed on
their victims were rendered in accordance with principles of law
then obtaining. These principles differed from those familiar to
us in ways that we consider detestable. Nevertheless they were
then the law of the land. One of the principal differences between
that law and our own lies in the much wider discretion it accorded
to the judge in criminal matters. This rule and its consequences
are as much entitled to respect by us as the reform which the
Purple Shirts introduced into the law of wills, whereby only two
witnesses were required instead of three. It is immaterial that
the rule granting the judge a more or less uncontrolled discretion
in criminal cases was never formally enacted but was a matter
of tacit acceptance. Exactly the same thing can be said of the
opposite rule which we accept that restricts the judge's discretion
narrowly. The difference between ourselves and the Purple Shins
is not that theirs was an unlawful govcrnment-a contradiction
in terms-but lies rather in the field of ideology. No one has a
greater abhorrence than I for Purple Shinism. Yet the funda-
mental difference between our philosophy and theirs is that we
permit and tolerate differences in viewpoint, while they attempted
to impose their monolithic code on everyone. Our whole system
of government assumes that law is a flexible thing, capable of
expressing and effectuating many different aims. The cardinal
point of our creed is that when an objective has been duly incor-
porated into a law or judicial decree it must be provisionally ac-
cepted even by those that hate it, who must await their chance
al Ihe polls, or in another litigation, to secure a legal recognition
for their own aims. The Purple Shirts. on the other hand, simply
disregarded laws that incorporated objectiVes of which they did
not approve, not even considering it worth the effort involved
248
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THE a.UDGI INPOUn.
to repeal them. If we now seek to unscramble the of the
Pwple Shin regime, declaring this judgmenl invalid, that sllltute
void, this sentence excessive, we shall be doing euetly the thing
we mosl condemn in them. I recognize that it wiD take courage
to carT)' through with the program I rewmmend and we shaD
hive to resist strong pressures 0( pUblic opinion. We shall also
have to be prepared to prevent the people from taking the l.w
into their own hands. In the long run, however, I believe the
course I recommend is the only one that will insure the triumph
of cbe conceptions of I.w and government in which we believe.
M
SECOND DEPUTY. ''Curiously, I arrive at the same conclusion as
my colleague, by an euetJy opposite route. To me it seems ID-
surd to call the Purple Shin regime a lawful government. A legal
system does I10t exist simply because policemen continue 10
patrol the S!Teets and wear uniforms or because a constitution
and code are leh on the shelf unrepealed. A legal system pre-
supposes laws that are known, or can be known, by those subje(:t
to them. It prt$uPJlO$CS some uniformity 0( action and that like
ca5t$ will be given like lreatment. It presupposes the absence of
some power. like the Purple Shin Party, standing above
the government and able at any time 10 interfere with the ad-
ministration of justice whenever it does not function ac>rding
to the whims of that power. All of these presuppositions enter
into the very conception of an order of law and have I'IOIhinj: to
do with political and economic ideologies. In my opinion law in
any ordinary sense of the word ceased to when the Purple
Shins came to power. During their regime we had, in effect, an
interregnum in the rule of law. Instead of a government of laws
we had war of aU aaainst .11 conducted behind barred doors.
in dark alleyways, in palace intrigues, and prison-yard con-
spiTacics. The acts of these so-called I;rudge informers ....-ere just
one phase of that war. For us to condemn these acts as criminal
would involve 11$ much incongruity 11$ if we were to atternp to
apply juristic conceptions to the struggle for that goes
on in the jungle or beneath the surface of the sea. We musl put
'"
,.
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
APPENDIX
lhis whole dark, lawless chapler of OUT history behind us like
a bad dream. If we stir among its hatreds, we shall bring upon
ourselves something of its evil spirit and risk infectioo from its
miumas. I therefore say with my colleague, lei bygones be by.
gones. Let us do nothiog about the so-called grudge informers.
Whal they did do WIS neither lawful nor contrary 10 law, fO!" they
lived, not under a regime of law, but under one of anarchy and
terror."
THIRD DEPUfY. "I have a profound suspicion of any lind of
reasoning thai proceeds by an 'either-or' allemative. I do DOt
think we need to assume either, 00 the one band, that in some
manner lhe whole of the Purple Shin regime was outside the
realm of law, or. on the other, Ihal all of its doings are entitled
to full credence as the acts of a lawful govemmcnt. My two col
leagues have unwillingly delivered powerful arguments against
lhnc uJrcme assumptions by demoll$lfalina thai boI.h of them
lead to the same absurd conc:lusion, I conclusion that is ethieally
and politically impossible. If one reflects aboullhe maUer withoul
emotion it becomes clear that we did DOt have during the Purple
Shin regime I 'war of all against all.' Under the surface much
of what we call normal human life wt'nt on-mllTiages were con-
tracted, goods were sold, will, were dralled aDd executed. This
life was attended by the IISUai dislocations-automObile acci-
deniS, bankruptcies, unwitnessed wills, defamatory misprintl in
the newspapen. MIlCh of this normal life and most of these equal-
ly normal dislocatioos of it were unaffected by the Purple Sbirt
ideology. The legal questions thai arose in this area were handled
by the oouns much 1$ they had been formerly and much IS they
arc being handled today. It would invile an intolerable chlO5 if
we were to declare everythinJ thai happened under the Purple
Shins to be witoout legal basis. On the other hand, we cenainly
ClnIIOI say thai the murders committed in lhe streets by membera
of the pany acling under ordcra from the Headman were lawful
simply because the pany had achieved control of the govelllfDCnt
and its chief had become Presidenl of the Republic. U we must
,.
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THE GRUDGE INFORMER
condemn the criminal acts of the party and ill; membeR, it would
seem absurd 10 uphold every act which happened 10 be canalized
through lhc apparatus of a aovemment that had become. in cffed,
the aller ego of the Purple Shirt Party. We must thetcrOfe, in this
situation, as in most human affain. discriminate. Where the
Purple Shirt philo5Ophy intruded itself and perverted the ad-
ministration of justice from ill; normal aims and UloCS, there we
mUSl interfere. Among thC5C perveRions of justice 1would count,
fO example, the cue of a man who was in love with another
1IWl', wife and hrought about the death of the husband by in-
forming against him for a wholly trivial olfell5C, that is, for not
reporting a loss of his identification papeR wilhin live days. This
iDfOfDler was murderer under the Crirnina1 Code which wu
ill effea at the lime of his 1<:1 and whid! the Purple Shim had
not repealed. He encompassed the dealh of nne who 5Inod in the
way of his illicit pas&ioos and ulilizcd lbe courts for the realization
of his murderous intent. He knew thai the coum were themselves
!he pliant instrumenll; of whatever policy the Purp1e Shim might
for !he momenl consklcr expedient. There are other cases that
are equaUy clear. I admit that there are also lOme that are Ins
clear. We shall be embarrassed, for example. by the cases of mere
busybodies who reported to the authorities everything that looked
suspect. Some of these pcnolD acted not from desire to get rid of
those they accused., but wilb a desire to curry favor with the party,
10 divert $uspkioos (perhaps ill-founded) raised against them-
selves. or through sheer officiou5llcss. I don't know how these
cases lhould be handled, and make no recommendation with
rcpl'd 10 them. But the fact that these troublesome cases exist
sbouId IlOl deler us from .aing at once in the cases that are dear,
of which there ate far too many 10 permit us 10 disregard them."
FOtmlll DEPUTY. ~ U k e my colleague I too diSll1lS1 'either-or'
rcuooiog, but I think we need to re1lcc;t more than he has aboul
when we are headed. This proposal 10 pick and cboose among
the acts of the deposed regime is thoroughly objectionable. It is,
in fact, Purple Shinism itself, pure and simple. We like this law,
,.
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
APPENDIX
so let us enforce it. We like this judgment, let it stand. This law
we don't like, therefore it never was a law 0'1 all. This govern-
menial aet we disapprove, let it be deemed a nullity. If we pro-
cet'd this way, we take toward the laws and acts of the Purple
Shirt government precisely the unprincipled attitude lhey took
toward the laws and acts of the government they supplanted. We
shall have chaos, with every judge and every prosecuting attomc:y
a law unto himself. Instead of ending the abuses of the Purple
Shirt repml, my colleague's proposal would perpetuate them.
There is only one way of dealing with this problem that is com-
patible with our philosophy of law and government and that is
to deal with it by duly enacted law, I mean, by a special statute
directed toward it. Let us study this whole problem of the grudge
informer, get all the relevant facts. and draft a comprehensive
law dealing with it. We shan not then be twisting old laws to pur-
poses for which Ihey were never intended. We shall furthermore
provide penalties appropriate 10 the offense: ."d not Ifur every
informer as a murderer simply because the one he informed
against was ultimately necuted. I admit that we shall encounter
some difficult ptoblems of draftsmanship. Among other things,
we shall have 10 assign a definite legal meaning to 'grudge' and
that will not be easy. We should not be deterred by these diffi-
culties. however, from adopting the only course that wi11 lead
us out of a condition of lawless, personal rule."
fifTH DEPtrTY. '" find a considerable irony in the last propoul.
It speaks of pUlling a definite end to the abuses of the Purple
Shinism, yet it plopOlCS to do this by resorting 10 one of the most
hated devices of the Purple Shin regime, the ell post facto criminal
statute. My colleague dreads the confusion that will resull if we
attempt without a stalUte to undo and redress 'wrong' acts of the
departed order, while we uphold and enforce its 'right' acts. Yet
he seems not to realize thaI his proposed statute is a w!lolly
specious cure for Ihis uncenainly. It is easy 10 make a plausible
argument for an undrafted statute; we all agree it would be nice
to have things down in black and white on paper. BUI just what
,.
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
THE GRUDGE INFOAMEIl
would this statute provide? One of my oolleagues speaks of some-
one who had failed for live days to report a loss of his identifica-
tion papers. My colleague implies that the judicial sentence im-
posed for that offen$CI, namely death, was so utterly disproponion-
ate as to be dearly wrong. But we must remember thai at that
lime the underground movement against the Purple Shirts was
mounting in intensity and that the Purple Shirts were being ha-
rassed oonstantly by people with false identification papen. From
their point of view lhey had a real problem, and the only ob)ce-
lion we can make to their solution of it (other than the fact that
Ilo"e didn't Wlllt them to wive it) was that they acted with some-
what more rigor than the occasion seemed to demand. How will
my colleague deal with this case in his statute, and with all of
its cousins and second cousins? Will he deny the existence of any
need for law and order under the Purple Shin regime? I will not
go funher into the difficulties involved in drahing this proposed
statute, since they are evident enough to anyone who reftects. J
shall instead tum to my own solution. It bas been said on very
respectable authority that the main purpose of the criminal 1.'1'
is to give an outlet to the human instinct for revenge. There llI"e
tima, and I believe lIIis is one of them, when we should allow
that iru;tinet to express itself directly without the intervention of
forms of law. This matter of the grudge informers is already in
process of straightening it$CIlf out. One reads almost every day
that a former lackey of the Purple Shirt regime has met bis just
reward in some ungulll"ded spot. The people are quietly handling
this thing in their own way and if we leave them alone, and in-
struct our public prosecutors to do tbe same, there will soon be
no problem left for us to solve. There will be some disorders, of
oourse, and a few innocent heads will be broken. But our govern-
ment .n<! our legal system will not be involved in the alJair and
we shall not find ourselves hopelessly bogged down in an attempt
to unscramble all the deeds and misdeeds of the Purple Shirts."
As Minimr of Justice which of these recommendations would
you tdopt?

C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m
C
l
i
c
k

t
o

b
u
y

N
O
W
! P
D
F
-
X
C
hange V
ie
w
e
r
w
w
w
. d
o
cu-trac
k
.
c
o
m