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ENSAHOTEKA ATAACH 3HAI-bA KI-bMI-A JJJECTA

YpCAHHK: Ap CHew aHa IIejaKOBHh

M. COHT AATa6a H A. CaH MHryeA ApH6ac TEOAOTHJA rn

IlpesoA: CTeBaH CHHbeAHrl

CTpyMHa peAaKuHja: HH3 C. JoBax Byjwh PeueH3Hja: npo4. MHAOm BepMaHOBHb BH111H CTpy4HH CapaAHHK YHHBep3HTeTa y 6eorpaAy

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Haceof opnrHHaAa: M. Font Altaba e San Miguel Arribas, Tavole di geologla. 1%7, C. E. Giunti - Semporad Marzocco, Firenze.
3ajeAummKo H3Aawe: , ByK Kapauxh ", 6eorpaA, ,BeceAKH MacAewa", Capajeno H , MAaAHHIIITaMBa: CKa Klbara" , Aiy6&ana. 3a Hfl ,BVK Kapayeh": MOMMHAO IlonoBHh, AHpeKTop. 3FH MAaAHHCKa KH.Hra", lby6A,ana, 1970.

YBOJIHE HAJIOMEHE

FeoJlorHja je jeAHa OA HajMJIabux HayKa. OHa H3y4aBa caciaB, rpaby H nojaBe Koje HaCTajy HnH cy Ce jaBJbane Ha 3eMJbH V TOKy ,!{ylHX reoJIoEuKHX no5a. feonornja HHje H3JloBaHa HayKa H EBCB pa3BOj je TeCHO noBe3aH C pa3BHTKOM aCTpOHOMHje , (jH3HKe , XeMHJe n Snojiornje.

3eMJba je H3no)KeHa nejloBarby yHyTpamlbHx H CHOJbHHX cHJIa. [7pBe npon3na3e H3 Ibene yHyrapn.e, eHUOrene eneprHje , a .gpyre cy nocnexHua MecTa Koje 3eMJba 3ay3HMa y BacHOHH . 35or CBera iuia oHa uo) KHBJbaBa HenpeKHIwy esonyuujy. BenHKH 3Haeaj KojH reonorHja uoSHja y caepeMenOM )Kuso'ry objaun aBa ce H THMe UITO Cy MHHepaJIH, McTanH H rOpHBO OCHOBHC

HHUycrpnjcKe CHPOBHHe , a reono3H HCnHTyjy H npoHana3e nexcHIuTa THX MaTepHja.

Mouepxa reonorHja Hana3H [UHPOKY np}MeHy y rpaheBHHCKOJ HHJ]yCTpHjH , BeMMHKOM noupyvjy McTanyprHje, npepane Ha4ire H yrn,a, y pyaapcKOj TeXHHUH , HCTpa )KHBanHMa II093eMllHX CHpOBHHa HTR. 35or cBera Tora H3yvaBalbe reoJlornje no InxonaMa H Ha 4)aKYJITe-I Pima uoSHja H3y3eTaH 3Ha4aj , HapoMHTO ca cTaHOBHIHTa pa3Boja npHBpeue.

3EMJLA H BACHOHA
C1'll40HU cli ulell ca,mii,aIlaly Cyuiic. tcneT nnaHeTa, Tpuaecei jeaau CareJIHT ImaHera. XUJbale IIJIaHei OHJTa (ac I poll;7a). KO\IC Ic H McTeopuTH. C yl14aIIH Clici eM, IIa K, rlpe,iiciaBJba ;1C0 OI POMHC Mar::IHHHC cllHpa.lIIol OSJIHKa HJIH la. laKCGJe, KOjy o5pa3yjy XHJbaue MHJmHjapAH

icM:be Hponehe IIJHI jeceli y TpeHyTKy Kaaa ce 3cm,i.a HaJla'1H y Iboj. Hajy;iaibelnt_jc hike CKntnTHKe OJl CKHaTOpa IlaJlate cc Ha 22027' CeBCpIle, OauocHO jyx(He tnHpHHe n 30BV CC JICTiba H IIII<1CKa TagKa HJIH CO;ICIIII lope. MECEU MCCCU je 3Chubnll ca teallrl H Haaa3H cc Ha
npoce,niOJ yaa.beHOCTN oil 384.400 KM. lberOBa I yCrUlitt H3HOCII 3,3 (lyCrHHa Bo;te r) a CpeAlba Sp31411a KpeTali,a OKO 3C1l;be I KM:CCK. BpeMe to Koje cc MCCCII oSpire Je;laHllyi ow CBoje OCC Ta411o je TOJIHKO

3Be3Aa, a Koja Ce 3OBC M.le,mu ILrul.

( IVIIi(eIIUIIOHCKO He5CCKO TCJIO Kole le 1,250.000 Hyra Belie oa 3cMJbe. npeaCraIt:a,a C2IMO je;IHy' 3BCillyCp0,4IbCBC.IH4HHC H3MC1)1 C10 bllimijap;nl 1Be3aa. KQIHKO CC pa4\Ha ,la ltx 11Ma y M_le'IIIoM Hy.ry. ClyH4eBa cuepInja 3pa4eii a I1pOH3na31i OA 4ly3uje aTOMa

BoaoIIHKa y yC:nljyM, y3 o,troitapaijyhe CTBapaH,e eHepl Hie. 3eMJba, 'ra xnlllujaTypna nnaHera 113ry5JbeHa y HeHpel ncAlloM dopy BacHOHC. no.ce;lyje Hapo4nre ocoSHHe: y ibeooj aTyIOc(;epu ila-3a3e CC Boaa H KHCeoHHK. To je 4HHH IIOCeSHO 001Oi1HOM 3a pa3Boj ) KUB(Tla. IbeH 05n1K Httje IlpaBUnHa .100ia, y ciiapi IbeH IIonyllpe'IIIHK Hpcoa Hony KpahH je to 21 Knt 0,1 nonyllpe4HHKa eKBUIOpa; iaj IbeH IIoCe5aH 05JI1K Ha3Hati le leoug0.11.

Kao H BpeMe Koje je Mcceny norpeSHO as t)SHI)C jejiaHllyT oKO 3CM;bc. it to je 27 AaHa it 7 'iacolia. OnmTa je HpeTHOCraBKa Aa cc Meceil O,TBOjno o,l 3CMn,e Ka1a je 3eMJba firma join ycujalla TC'Hla MBCa U TO Kaaa Cc Ira 3eMn,H oSpa30Ba Ia orpoMHa nmHMa noa y I lruajeM IIpUBJIHOHC cline CyHUa.

HOPEKJIO 3EMJbE
HHrarbc nopeKJla 3cM!be H CyIi aHOr CH-

K'PETAJbE 3EMJbE
OapacaBana upHBna'IHOM CHJ1OM Ha op5riTH oxo C'y3Ula- 3emm,a Ce oKpehe o10 CHOJC oce Ca IICIOKa npeMa 3allaay TaKO as Ce

CTCMa jecre jeaaH oa Hajre)Hx it najynopHHje peHlauauux HpoSJIeMa Koclomoruje. Hpelia Jlannacouoj reopUjn ( 1796) 3excba
je Khil Cyttua. a H Ta 3ue3,-ia pe3yjTal je Kou,le1J3altHJe Je1He IJIHOBCKe C11H pantie MaInlIIC BpJIO BHCOKC reMHepaType, a xoja cc 04111 papa bap 3000 MHJIHOIia Io,ZHHa paHHje. Pa4yHa cc as je i a Mal niHa 3ay3HMana i1 0CTOp cite ,.to HellTyupBe op5me H Aa je CBOJ ?KHBOT MaI1HII)eCTOBana jeAHOJIHKUM pOTaIIHOHHM KperaibeM. lbeii UCtlrpa1HH Aeo o5pa3onao je HeKy BpCTY je3ipa om KotuACa3oBane Ma IepHje, Koja je bona oKpyJnciia pactpccHroM MalepujoM. Pacryha I tell IpH(1)yraJIHa CHma H3a3BaJla je iipolpCcttutlo o;ulajatbe racllx Maca y ofinulcy elcuaIOptljanlrux npCTeuoBa K0jII cy cc noclelleno KoH,Teir3oBaJtH o5pa3yjyhH Hnatlere. OBa reopaja yrnaBHOM 5a3Hpa Ha HcHII ruBalbuMa Xepluema y Be3H ca eBonyltnjoM Mal JIHHa a y3HMa 3a joKa3 c(j)CpOui1HH
05n11K nnatteia, leMnepaTypy CyHUa H ap. IIOClojc O3SHJbIIU npirOBOpH OBOJ ieopHjn, KojH cnpeialajy as cc oHa y HoTUyHOCTH IIpHxBa]H . H. IIIiaBHH1e , AOnpHHCJ1H Cy Aa CC nOCTaBe HOBe xHnoTe3e . no KocMorouHM TeopHjaMa 3eMJba je rlOCTeneHO npomma KpO3 racoBHTO H Te4HO cTa1be.

jeaaH iiyun oSpi ocTBapH 3a oxo 24 iaca. 3a TO BpeMe je,(aHHyT cc cMeHe 1 H H Hoh. I'lcroipCMCHo, 3eMJba Kpy)KH H oxo Cytma H OIIHCYJC y npOCTOpy OpSHry 05)1HKa CalmCC, y 411jOJ CC je, IHOJ )KH)KH Haaa3H CyHne. CpeAIba ypa:beHoCr 3cMJbe oA CytuHa H3HOCH OKO 150 MnnHOHa KHJIoMerapa. Y IOKy cuaKHx 265 jaHa, 5 4acOBa H 48 MUHYTa 3eMJba H3BptM jetjall OSHJia3aK peuonyun.jy OKO Cytlua HpOCC4HOM SpulnOM oa 29,8 KM/ceu.
Panaii y Bacuorlu y KOjoj cc 3elIJba Kpehe OKO CyHlla 30Be cc eK. tuuu l4Ka P0/10H. .1 npojeKllHja HyTaibe 3erjbe npeMa CKJInnI H9K0j paRHH cn:auuulu,:^. 3a 67' 33 ; lap

Oca OKO Koje cc 3eMJba ofiphe Hal 111 I a jc Hai H6 HMa'3a nocicjlliUy cMCH, 1JBaH ,C I0;111IUIbHX uo5a. Ta4Ke y KojHMa Ce CCKy eKBa lop It eKJrnllruKa 3oBy cc paBHOAHCBHHKe Ta4Ke Hmu eKBHHO1lHJCKe Ta4Ke; JeAHa je nponeTiba a Apyra jecerba paBHOAHCBH4Ka Ta4Ka. npeMa I OMC' na inn je Ha ceBepnoj nOmylorn3t

I 'E0.7omKI1 ATTIAC ^- 3EMJbA

3EMJIA Y BACHOHH
BcCpa I I 384 . 403 km 3 c.r i.,, Mcccu \blp^

Ico Cyunculn .wcNo \ICCCnuaC .^i ^yrua Vlc ;ciur Ypaua \i reLji^ J^utr1cpa Mccau yea

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\a;lpm.CJnaa cnapanua Marnuna

Bea-Una nnanera ynopellena Ca aeaOM Cynveeol ancoa

Puiaunja n lpaUCaallnja

$CM. LC is Mecena

Cynvanu CunaM yayrap npirale Jyanrcpa

I lolnunjp naanei unity y ouuocy na 3CM.l.nny up5nry

Meren

YHYTPAIDtb1 CRAM 3EMJhE

r2Joca,1auitbe nO3iiaBatbe ylly rpa WtbC1 cKJioiia 3CMJbC 5a3Hpa yi JiawioM Ila 111IA11PCKTHnM NlepCiwlMa KIlO thro Cy Bpe,IHociri I pau lTaiwje (3eN'in,3iHe Te)Ke) 11 Haghna iHh('11OJbHh h yny rpawtbu reO,-IOuiKH Hpouecu nopewehyjy H)eanuo Crat be h3OCTa311jCKe paBHoie )Ke .10K rpaBHTaunja Te)KH Aa r1

ycnoc'raBH . TaKO CC 5nOKOBH, oaaKwaBali HCI1peKH)HOM CpO3HJOM , y31ju)Ky. Ja OK Ce. 3oHC 0Ic) Kauaiie rHM epoj ii paHHM MaiepHjaJloo cuyhrrajy H Ira raj Ha4HH cc yelroCraBJba H3ocTa3Hjcxa paBHOTe )Ka. Haj3aa, HcnoA HCHpCKH ,j aHHX jjenoBa 3ewJbHHe Kope ca4HH,ene 3.IJr1l111 oA cuana JIe) KH HenpeKHAaH 5a-

peiba ipycii"x ianaca Kp01 5llyipawtbOCr 3etiubHHe ;ioui e. 3eNIJl,a Hit le xOMOrena: pa3nn4uTa Mepeiba oMoi y'hy'jy 1a CC yrBPAi1 ii,eua epeAtba I ycrvia Koja H3HOCH 5,5. Cpejltba rycTUHa MaIcpHjala 3eV.bune hope H3iiocii 2,6. llpcra IONIC y BchHM 1y5ii)iaMa 3cMJbuHC ynyrpaWlbociu h ocIojh Nialepuja MHOro Belie rVcrhne, Taxo Aa y je3rpy ;fOLliiac BpCJIlioCrt H3MC1)y 8 n 10.

fQjcloj.

YHYTPAIIIH->A CTPYKTYPA 3EMJbE

FeoilnH:H4xa Hcrpaxcnsawa y BC311 ca 5p3n1ION 1 Wnpeiba 1 pycllux iaJlaca KPO33eMJby o5clOAaHiiJia 'Cy rpylly owTpux HpoMeHa TC 5p3niie 1.311 ibeH gUcK0l1Ulu)/I'it(UeuI. I OBOpe 0 KOJC (j) H'3HIKHM HJ111 XCMHJCKHM npo-

AHOMAJIHJE TPABHTA1INJE
11pHB.4a4Ha chla KOJy 3eXn,a 1ic11OJbaEa Ha Iona 3oBe cc rpaBHiaituja win 3em.l HHa IC)Ka. IipcAnoC1H IC HpuBJ1a41Ie cH:ic 1111C_4 jejjHaKe Ha 41iTa Boj 3eMJaHHOj nOBpwHHH. FpaBHMelplljcKa MCpeH,a noKa'iyjv ,"ja cy' Ha pa3:w4HTHM KOII1HHeuiHMa BpCJIHOCTH N1atbC 03 TCOpHjCKHX 10 Cy (11101W. tr!(e. lleicu.Tluhiie

MCHaMa H KOJC Cy govio.Hne ; la ce npernociaBH Jja cc 3eM:6a cacTOJH OA KOHUeHTpH4HHX cj1OJCBa. Cuo!bHu cioj 3erjbe Tolle ce Kopa Hn1 In roc4) epa, Ebel oBa ,ic5JbHlla Bapilpa oA 30 'jo 60 KM , a lit paHh4CH je .Moxopohuhehu,n upeKUgo,u KojH noKa3yje Ho4eTaK CUMe. 3eMJbHHa Kopa CC CaC IOJi o j ABa cloja KOJH ce pacrio3najy 110 pa3JIH4HTHM 5p3HHaMa (5,5

IN BCJIUKH.M paBHHUaMa H Ha

oKeaailNla Mepelba 11OKa3yjy Behe BpeLHoCTH HO WTO I13HOCe reophjCKe BpeaHOCIH To Cy tio3UUIlhne anotia.luje. OBaj ce (henoMCII MO)Ke ITpOT'y ia4HTH 4HIbCIIHUOM LTO JC IIpHBH.HO Beha Maca rllaHIiHCKHX JlaHaua H Ko11THHeHara ypaBHOie)KcHa MaiboM ryCIHHOM Malepujana KOJU HX ca iHibaria. AOK je HC)JOCTaTaK Maca Ha oKeaHHMa ii y paBHnuaMa KONIneH3OBaH BehoM FYCTHHOM yHylpalnH,Hx Maicpnjana. 3itio ce .leo Ji14TOc(4epe, IipeTe)KHO Ca4I1tbCH OA I paHnl uIx C'lella naKHX H 5o1 a i liA CII.IHU1ijy'MOM (Si) u UJ1 MnilHjyMOM ( Al ). iia31IBa ridO 1 a ilOlbh CAOj IipeieACHO CiPiHH,cll 0,1 Palit lrlHl\ C icHd. I vwhax H Pot i i h\ cll.llllltljyV10Ai (Si) H VIai ue3HjyM0N1 rinta. (Mgl iia3HBa

K0jHMa ce l(O3 tbHX pacnpocrupy ceH3Mn4KH ranacH xM/cex) H TO cy: ipaiww(wu c.toj c ioj H (5asa , iuucKu ( 6,25 xM/ceK)

jjoH, a rpanuua CHMe

oupel)ena je Apy( 5p'3Hila KpCra-

I IIM 3Ha4aJlIHM npCKHAOM

Iba TpycHOr Tanaca 8 KMICCK ) Ha AYSHHH OA 1200 KM. Ha ;Iy5HHH OA 2900 KM Ha;1a3ii CC clCAehu npeKHA ( npoMCUa 5p3HHe xperaiba I pydHor ranaca Ha 13 IIMIceK ), I)1C CC 3aBpIiiaBa cJI01 OKCHj( a H cyjl (') HJa H ii04H1bC lkM:bwlo JC31 PO. h'YCTHHa 3CMn,niIOr je31 pa

TEOPHJA 0 H3OCTA3HJH I3ocTa3HJa jC H,1calHa paBHoie)Ka

I pawtbnx Maca KOJOJ rea ch 3CMJba.

1111tOCv 10, a Bepyje ce Aa ce cactojH yr;laIlHOM o,'1 rBoxct)a (Fe) xora HMa 90 opcjo, H HHKna ( Ni) xora HMa 8 O,ICTO, na ce Taj CJIOj 3OBe H HH4ie.
WTo ce 1i14e (l)h3HgKOr cratba 3CMJbHHOI iCirpa. 3501 01 POM1IHX npHTHCaKa KOJHMa JC 143J10) KCHO a KOJH cy 3 MHjiHOHa iiyia Behh 0)1 IlpuI Hcaxa tla noBpLUHHu 3cM."be, H 3501 BIic0KC rcMneparype Koja Ce Kpehe oKO 600(1('. TpePa ;1a ce cMarpa as je ouo y cueuHjaJiHoM ( iH3t14KOM craH,y Koje my

y'ily-

Mace KOHIHHCHaia cacraB.beHe o) cnaJla. pacnopebeHe cy Ha jlotbeM cjiojy KOjH ca4H}baria CHMa H y KOMC oiie, laxopchu nnHBajv HyiITa IyhH KOpeH npojiipe y gy5HIIC. Maca cna:Ia y Macy clMe ylojiHKo .yPJbe

.to3BosbaBa ua Ha KOHCTaHTHe cHJIC pearyjc Kao nilalMa a na cHJIC KOje ce 6p3o Melbajy, Kao u1TO Cy CeH3MHgKH lanacH, Kao 4Bp000 TeWIO.

\ K(t:IHKO Je Ha TOM MCCT ' y ,ieZJba H Ha raj JIa4HIi 5noxoBH cnana iex(c Aa ce ypaBHoI l' Ke.

I EOJIOIIIKII ATJIAC
YHYTPAIIIl6H CKJIOH 3EMJhE

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Y xyrpamH.M CMJIHH 3eMm.e

ON Ob)jaullbelnl ...C1a.xjexe paxxurc. nu EjpHj}

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FEOXEMHJA

OPFAHH3AU H JA MATEPHJE
BaclIOHa je ca4Hibelia OJl TOIa turn M11

ua3[IBaM0 MalepujoM. OHa je ca31talla lipeMa pa3,]HlHTHM CIatbHMa IOBC31iBatba 'ICCloua.

Ha OCHOBY CKane OSJIHKa y KOJHMa cc

jC iIa KIICeOIIIIK (0). CHAIIIIIjyyI (Si). a.nMHIHIjC\l (Al 1. Ka:aluijyM (Ca), llalpujy\I (Na) H KaJIHJYM ( K) ca4ufbaBajy 98.6 OACTO 3eMJbHHe KOpe a OA TOla KIICCOHFIK 3ay'IBMa 92 oacro 3anpeMHHe , 350r qera je

jaBii a Marepuja, noae3yjy ce elfeMeHTapHe 4eCTUIIC KOJC Je OTKpHna aTOMCKU (I)11311K;1, a 10 cy: upOworru, ue1'[upo)lu H e.rehwpourl IlOBe3IIBaH,eM ( OTolla If Heylpooa o5pasyje cc jeiipo awoma. A Kaaa cc oRHMa npHKJhy4e CJIeKI p01111 (I)opnlli pajy cc 0lflullll pa3.:luvlrrux e.u'.veuwuu.
Awo lr, Xla I epllja:1Hla 4cc I nua HIHaHpelltlo Ma;111X AHMeH31ija, ca' Hltbena je, )laKJle, OA

I oji;uumr IIa3Bao 3e:M16IlHy KOpy OhCUyoc((epo o.

OCIIOBIla JCilIHlHUa CHIN CHJIIIKa Ia. a C:1MHM THM H caCraBa 3embuHe Kopf, je[SiO,]

JE,aHOF JE31 PA, Hocuolla HporoHa ca 110(11118111fM IIaCnCK Ip11CaIbCM H IleyrpOHa Koji] HeMa HHKaKHO HaclleKrpllcatbe, H 1 PYHE EJ!EKTPOHA HeraruBHOr HaeJIeKTpHcalba, Koji] cc o5phy oxo jellpa BeoMa rIC,-]uKIIM 5p311Ha.ma np11 'Iemy cc Kpchy 110 oitpcl) eHHM op5ulallIIHM nyrawama.
CIpyKTypa aroMa M0)Ke cc, y H3BeCHOM cMncJly. y'Ilope,UT11 ca HCKOM BpCTOM MHKpOC'KOHCKOI cyu4aHOr cucreMa ca4HH,eHOI o;l tiempanoor cyllua (jC3rpo aroma) H

II:IC i a_Hly cje;HllbaLlalbex 4c 1 Hp11 [01-2 it [ Si I Y Te I paepapcxom pacuopeiy. Ta Jcunnnla. 1.111 CnexICHlaplla ClIOBa icIIIII.;mahC cc y1.1aHHo\( ca ,Al, Fe. Mg, Ca. N. K 11 ca H,O o5palyje pa-me BpCie CHJIHKala. Kopa le y ocHoau ca'nW,eua oA cunHKa ra, y 'u1jem cac iaBy 3ua1110 IlpcoBJla,laHa a:IA'VIIIIIHjyM,

f EOXEMHJCKH [jUKJIYC MarepHjanu KOjH ca4HtbaIlajy nlrroc4epy

Kpehy ce H Melbajy no oipeheHOM uux,IH4KOM cHCTeMy. CTCHe H HCy caBpWeHO CiaSuJrlle Bch cy noillo)KIIe -Icjc i BHMa (1 npOMeIIaMa KaKo ([) H'3H4KHM TaKO H XeX11ljCKH\l. Koje H3ylaBajy TeyTOHHKa H reoxeMHja. LliiKnyc CHOJbHHX reonollIKHX jCjCIaBa ca IlpOUeCHMa epO3HJc, OAIIO1UClba (TpaHenopla) MaTepuja:la H rano) Keila. Kao H UHKJIyC yuyrparur6Hx ICOJIOWKHX Jlejcrala ca [I 0iiecHMa MeraMopc[)o3e, OpOreHe3e, ]I;IylOHH3Ma H ByJIKaHUINIa, flpeicrabbajy ,lBa reoxeMrljcxa uHKnyca KOJH Cc 30By CIIOJbHII H yHYTpaWIbH LIUKnyc. TeoxeMHjcxH oHKnyC J . CAHOr eneMeHTa jeCIC CKyn Kperalba TOr e;IeMeIlra xojH cc ocTBapy-je y 3exJbHH0j Kopu. rl3y'IaBalbe reOXCMHjCKOI IIHKJYCa eneMeHara NMa BCHKy Ba)KHOCr 3a y1I03HaBatbe ]eoxcMujcxe HcropHje cuaxol eneMeH ra. TaKO Y TOKy reOxeMHjcKOr uHKnyca yI;ba it culHUUjyMa MoicCMo peh11 Aa cc cxelbyjy SHoxeMUJa 11 I eoxeMltja. Ha Ay5H11H ucnO;l 700 KM ulrneia Aa jc Moryhe Aa 3eMalbcKH eneMeHTH Hocrxruy HOTnyliy TepMO4HHaMH4Ky H xeMHjcKy paBHOre)Ky. H calla 3eMJba y ueJIHHH l e acH Aa CBOJCM eROJIyuujoM nOCTHClie y ueJIHHH lepMOAHHaMH4KY H I eoxeMUJCKy' pa BHO react'.

oil II.Iauela (eneKi p0HU Koj11 ce o5phy oxo je3lpa),

CBH 10 cala 11031fa TH encmeti 1, KOJHX 1(-via OKO 100, ca4HrbeHU cy Oil BOAOHHKOBOI

aTOMa, '1HjeM cc je3rpy Ilocrcnelso Aollajy HporouH H IleyrpooH, y3 onroeapajyhc noBehafbe Spoja CJICK IpOHa. pacllopel) CHHX Ha upaBtl :r[I 10011111 Ila clIOjCBe '111jll CC 5poj KpchC o;I jeiall Ao ceAaxi. A Iomi cneMenara cjeoolhaBajy cc MebycoPHO ca'lurbaaaJyhu MoncKy-IC u jcilltbdtba; .1uurepu,ru cy, raKO. IIpHpOAHajeAUtbewa KPHCra.TIiCCrpyKType. Haj3a;T, cjcAHlbalalbeM BHWC MHHepana HacTajy cweue KOje oSpa3yjy 3eu:huur rop r.
I Coxe\ 1Hja, HOBa \111jcKC e:Ie\le11Te Hay'Ka Hacrana y'cKO\I 3eMa:hcapa: llbox xeMHJe H reOJlorije , 113y4aBa XeKO(H ca'nrbaBajy

cKy Mareplljy. IbeHO pacupocrupalbe, KOMSHHoHalbe H KpeTalbe 11 y KpajIboj A HIIHJII IbIIXOBO reOXCMIIJCKO IIOHaWalbe Kao a 3aKOHC Ha KOjuha cc TO 3acHHBa.

HpCMa pe3yJrraT llMa I coxeMHJCKHX aHa;I1,13a xIlJba11e MHHepana H CTeHa yTHpbelio

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MnHepailrroa Ha3HBaMo eBa Hpupo;HIJ rena xoja HMajy oipel)eH xeMNjCKH caciais. 4rije cy eneMetrapHe 4ee]HUe (aTOMH, jollll it MO-7CKy.lri) CHCTemaTCKH pacnopef)clic \ npocropy " Koja npcicraBJbajy ieo 4Bpci Hx MaTepnja:la 3eMJbnHe Kope. Muriepann cc Moiy nojaBn,HBaTII Kao 5e- airop(//Ho ium Kao leo105n1141a milca McTpHJCKa terra (KouKe, OKTaeipt, npl43MC n ;rpyrti nonacipH) y Behehi "'m Ma16cvl ciene"y npaBHnna. Y TOM Tipyrom cny'Iaj) MHHepajrH TaKBOI OSnNKa 3oBy cc KpUCIUa./U. Y o5a cny4aja ma repuja Koja cagarbaria MHHepale caciaroaeHa je of eneMelara KojH
cy pacuopeI eHH reOMCTpHjCKU H 4HJn ce o6nnK pacnope;ua HellpeKU;rno noHaBJba: 3at,HC'p(1J]? ('1' Ca4UPoeltu O(f KpUC1Ua.laCIUC' nlaUUC'pll/e.

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Mehyje im rpar yryTpauirbe KpHcI a.4He crpyKType Koja noceiyjy Mafia 3piHia Conti. Y KpIICIil:ly Ha CJIHUU 6,1 Ilana3n\lo, HallpOIHB, CncrCHIC cuMerpuje KOJH peryiUHIy yltylpalUrbH pacuopei na cc 3aTO jacHo (litre IiOHpIlIUHe, porlbeBH H HBl11LC IH, INC. [flit IriCKpajlto Mafia KOIiKia JOlla x Iop.t 11 IIl I I\lljyMa (.gy)KHHe cipaunue 5.6,2910'' cm) Iola tic re eJ1eNleHTe CHMerpnje Koill cc Ililla fie H KOi KpYHHOl KpriCrana o5JIHKJ KOUKC.

Kpncranacia MaIepuja pacuonair(c orpaH114eHriM 5pojeM eureMeHara cHXlerptije. OH11 cc cBOie Ha oce CUMeiUpu%e ((5uHepHa u.lu CJmowwa, iUCpuepH(( U,rl( iUpu/OHCKa, KhalUeplreplla u.Hl meurpamucKa u ceuepla u.lu -TeKcalupa), pahuu cuv1elUpu/e u i4eit pe cualewpuje. CKyn OBHX eneMCHaia KojH cc Hana3e y IICKOM Kpucrany oipet)yje clench c"meTpHje TOt KpNCTaJIa.
Kao mTO CMO BHien31, CBaKH KpHCraiI MHHepaaa IMa oipet)eHH Spgj cTpaHa. nBHua it poribeBa KojH cy paCnOpCI)eHH npeMa IIoce5H0I cnMeTpujH KpNCTaJIa H Ha Taj Ha, HH HaCTa1y Ma16e HJ]H BHme HpaBHJIHH Kpucuia.IHe (pop:ue. HO.IHCiPH K(IJH Cc 3oBy

EncMal rrl KpHCTa,lac ie Ma repnje uoce)Iyjy noce5He eneMeUTe cHMerpuje KojH pClynnuly MecTa eneMeHrapHNx 4ecTuua, anti Ti! Iloce6mi encmetim c"mcrpnja y IICKU\l c-Ty'lajeBNMa Mory ua cc yo4c cuon,a. nok y JgpyFmm He Mery. Koi Kprcrana nocxtaipamo oce H paBHH cHMerprlje KOjn Oil013i1pajy HCKOM reoMerpujeKOM I1o.3neipy.vlC1yTNM KOi mace Mnriepajra OHH CC lie roof )

Kprieiaulre (1)opxle Hill] Bpcre cuMeiprlje \IO)KCMO pacnopeaHTH, nper<1a CBOjCTBHMa crlxierpnja, y ceiaxr* BCnHKHx I pyna Koje Ce ita3"Bajy crcTexlHMa KpHcra:In3auHje. To Cv lUecep(rdfU, NeKC(amia.iHU, luempaiona-mu. alpunona.VHU, poMhu4HU, NOHOKJ UHU'KU H rupUI:1111U(41:U Cuculc11. CBaKl CHcreM uMa KaprlKTeprrCTH`rHy KOMSHHauujy eneMeHaIa eHMeTpHje Koje Mopajy 611TH 3aciynJbeHe y CBnM KpHCranliUM (I)opmama AOT114HOF cHcIera. TaKO Je KapaxTCpHCIi14Ha CHMeTpHJa KOi TeCCpa.11101 CHCTeMa KOMSHHaI(Hja FOCIOBC 4elupn TepHepHe oce: KO;T iclparoHaJIHOr KBalCpHCplra OCiI: KOi xeKCarOHanHOr ceHepHa oca ; KOi TpHI OHa:IHOF Teplieplla oca; KO-1 pOMSH'HO1 H MOIIOKniiHti4KOF SnHepHa oca. KOi TpNKJinHn4KOr CncrcMa He IIOCTOJH IIHKUKBa KapaKTeptICTH'tHa CrMeTpHJa.

yo4HTH. Alit SH 5Hno jacHnje norneiaj/o jeiaH np"Mep:

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joH Harpujyxla oKpy)KeH ca HICCT joHa xnopa H o5pa 1110, CBaxn jolt xnopa oxpyx(en je ca IIrec-i JOHa HaTpNJyMa.
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pitlsnlt CHMeTpHje liln UeHTpe eHMeTpHje.

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1. MHHEPAJIH Off[ KOJHX CY CALHH-IEHE CTEHE

Keap11 . KBap[I JC MHIICpa.I KOj11 CC naj'ICIruhe CyCpCI1C 11 Will je Ha-IpaeiipoclpaIbCilNjIl Y 3e11J6IlII0j Kopu. Oil jC OCHO81111 C.'IexIeiiaT epyrT[11311X. CC,RHMCHTHHX H VIC' 1a%iop(()HHX C'ICHa (KpuC Ia.3acT11 wKplci,III). Hpucyiall je y Haj'Ielllhe KOa py7IIIIN +Ihl1a Kao janoBuHa. aim it cam mowe :fit ICIU KBapua 3eneHH I (nu Khupl{ 11 KBaplr , NICCII Upa3PM ( Hajla311illic y pI;K9(vN 1118IIjuapCKgj Koa 31111KCIIIn 1OF11 ). 101(11 1/C (KO ca A;IHa. ' IHCT MHHepan 6e3KOJ11 je Ka0

60ja11 H n0InyHO upoBHUaH . MO)Ke 0,1 IlpuHC9HCTOhe HpIlMUrH paiJH ' illre Sole 1Ia 'laK II KpucTanH (l;hapls (I.( Pwb(K). CIaK,IIICT 11.111 HOC 11111-I Ca N1C1 IIP0311paH , I ICII POBHaaH KBapua 11Majy

o6pa3yjc 0511,IHC )KHnC y KojIIMa CC /101 v Hahll Haj.lehiIIIH Kp11CTaa11 roI M1111Cpaaa JCaaH TaxaB npl1Mep IlNIaMo y HahopHMa A.mla. r,e Ce Ha,1aIC rpyne H ;ipy3e H3Banpea1-10 - ICIIIIX KpnCra.3a. IIi 3B.IliuX (I.lll('Fil h /Oipll , H pl,quu(UU Khapl(.
KpticlanHHle y pIt3Jw4Hi11K1 Kpucu(a.ua(v (Cl) IIODUall,Uji}/a (1311 pHlaiillJa Ma oh11 HKa) I pIIIOHCKOr CHCICM1I, 010 3aBUCH Oil MCCI u Ilala)Kelha. 3aKO CC o511'IaH KBaP11 n01 ill I VIC y 061111KV IIp113Me "Jill xCl(cill-olul-Ttic inn ulplM 11nc. Rapiijautija lop/K01 Kpuc1ao(u II ulllahuiw 113pa3H1o IpHIOHCKOI 06-IHKa. KIIO IIp)1 INiC 3iIBPwCIIC Ii bOCIiiIMil jCJI110I 1i-311 IBa yapyxceiia poM5oe,lpa, je K0a KBapIIOB11X KpHCTana H3 CeH rorxapaa. Kp11CTaJIH KBapua CC y uajBChCM Ppojy cny'Iajeea nojaB byjy, 'IeCTO H Ka1ta u3rne%.IaJY FIPOCIFI. Kao S:IH3aHUH. KOJ KOJHX Cy n0je,luH11 Kp1ICran11 reCHO C1e1111IbC1114 lipoJ1opOM je1HOI y ,}pyr11. Jby5H'IaCTH BaplijeTeI KBaplta ULWIUI((3{( HJI:13I1 CC y 6pa311JIy it lbCIOBH 'iHCI H IIpIlVlep0H BeoMa cy IteIICHH Y H1-I11y'Crp11JH H1IKHra. T11n?'iHH Cy BapHJe-

Cjaj, 0111N4KH Cy

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y upaBUy 1y )i(e oce 1O511j0j)' HaC. ICKIpliCaile uue3oe , zeK1T1pUl4uu4eu 350r 'iera je Ibel0Ba npiLMCHII y e=1eK IpOHHUH 11 Koa anapa Ia IIa ). i I pa36VK BeOMa palllIIpeHa. XC MI1jCKU CIIC I Ills KBapua je '111C' T CllAUUlIjy,Vi-OKCH ; i (SIO, ), HOHexa; C.1 upHMecaxa HCVHC10511 He'lHClohe . (KOH). KoJC My lain hojy. KapaKIepHCTU'IHy 311 XCNIUJCK11 CICTaB ,3OT1[Hiic Halpuia ra ( f)nyOpHa KHCCJIUIIa (HF) a Hpii Ion;;beIby Kan11jyN - x111jpOKCIi1

Y HptipOAH ce Hana3e H pa3He BPCTe KBapua MHKPOKpHCraiiHe cipylcType , 011 KOJHX HCKe 11Majy BeJ111xy BpeAHOCT Y HHJIyCTpHJH. Hajno3HaTHjc Cy Ka, IlleyoH , axau(, DUUKe H Kapueo:t ( oBaj I10CneJllbll KaJla ce xcapti

)LOSHja )KapKO I3PBCHy Sojy H BeoMa je -ipa-

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MIIHE PAJIN KOJH CAgHIHABAJY CTEHE

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caApace Belle KOJIH4HHe HaTpnjy Ma O5114HO

canp>tce H KAISi3O . 42IaHOBC pa3JI11KyjCMO 110 KOJIH4111111 a:15H i cxc H a11opTHTCKe

KoMHOneHTe Kojy carapace. To cy 5e35ojHH HJIH 5eiii MHHepaJIH, cTaKJIaCTor cjaja. nojilBJbyjy CC YBCK KaO HO.4HCHHTCTCKH 6JIH3a11U11 Koje je JIaKO Y04HTH non MHKpOCKOIIOM (5J1113aHuH 110 aJ15HTCKOM 3aKOHy). 3a n,lalHOKni1CC KapaKTepnCTN4 Ha je 3OHapHa 3pnacra cTpyKTypa. JINCKyHN . JluiCKyHH Cy MHHepaJIH Koju KpHC"IaJIHirly no MOHOK3tHHH4HOM CHCICMy y 05n11KY HCCy,LOXCKCaIOIIanHHX 11.T04111(a, Koje cy KapaK Iepnc 11141le 110 BPJIO naKoj u CaBPUIHOJ 5a3HOj HCn bHBOCI H On H3BaHpeAHO TaHKHX JbyclnHl3a BeJIlIKe eJ1aC1H4HOCI H. Ta CBOjcrea Kao H Bp'Io cna5a HpOBOnJ6HBOCT TOnjOTe, a Hap04H l O CJ7CKTpH11HTeTa, noIIpHHeJla Cy na CC JIHCKYHH ynOTpe5JbaBajy Kao H'3OJIaiopl. XeMHJCKH Cy BpJIO pa3JIH411TH. OIII1iie y3CB. 01111 Cy aHYMOCHJiHKi1TH ca CaJ1pJKajCM XHApOKcHna 11 aJIKaJIHJa. AJIKa-iHje MOry SHIN K, Na, Pb, Cz H Li. IMHoin carapace nyop. Alto CanpNCc Fe, Mg H Mn oHna Cy KecieH,acrH no Hpne 5oje. HHa4c Cy 5e350JHH, SeJIH HJIH )KyhicacTN. OIIlHgKH Cy JIBOOCIIH HeraTHBHH. Bpcre Koje carapace I BoIKbe eHa)KHO Cy nOJIHXpOH4He. JIHCKYHH Cy OCHOBHC KOMIIOHCHTe Me"raMOp([)HHX Cieua. I IajBa)KIIHje BPCTe nrlc Kyna jecy MyCKOBIIT H SHOTIIT. ) V('Kobuw je Kaiii jyMCKH JIHCKyH, Cleo je will 5e35ojaH 11 4CCTO c npHMecoM pa3llHX TOHOBa, a01H HHKana TaHHHX. HpeMa CBeTJIOCHOM H3BOPy je IIp0BHnaH, 5HCep1101 cjaja H SJlare IIHnJbHBOCI H. buowuut je MarHe3HJClcH JIHCKYH ca npHMcCaMa I Bo)Kha. 11PH je. HHa4C CA114all MyCKoBHTy, pa3.inKyje cc OA Ibera yBeK Bp:10 TaMHHM TOHOBHMa, na w HPHOM SojOM Kao H CHa*HHM nOJIHKp0H3M0M KOjH CC KPchc o:I S:IeoIJIX TOHOBa n0 HenpolupioeTH. QNpOKee"N . --- HHpoKCeHH ca4HFbaBajy nocCSHy rpyny MHHepana KOJH Cy Y IIOrJleny KPHCTa.11H3aIIHje BPJ1O CpOAHH. Haj4ell1he KPHCTaJIHrlly MOHOKJIHHH4HO, i0CTa 4eCIO pOM5H4H0 H BPHO PCTKO TPHKJIHuuluo. KapaKTepuCT114HH Cy no HenJbHBOCTH rlapanejHoj BepTKKaJHHM IIJhOCHHMa nPH3MC KOJC CC, Kao m TpaI0BH npH3MarH4He Her1JLHBOCTH, 3aKnanajy CKOPO non r1paBHM yrJiOM. HHpOKCeHH Cy HO XeMHJCKOM CaCTaBy BPJIO pa3nu4HTH.

Kapncba)la). uena ce y npaBHy niiHaKoHAa H KJIHHouHHaKOHAa, KPT IC. TBp,loha my JC 6.

1-eroBH TOHOBH cc Kpehy OA 5C35OJHHX

It HpOBHAll11X Kilo BO;Ta AO NInC41IO 5e:le t")oje. Moi y 511 rH upBCHKaCTH . 5ojc Mcca, xyhKaCTH H 3eneHKaCTH a y o5a c;Iyvaja H Henpo311pHH . HOIiCKH SHCTpH KpnCTa -lH nOKa3yjy Ha HJ6ocHHMa MOApIIKaci cjaj na 1 aKBe KpHCT "aJ1C 3OBeMO Mece ieb Kamen. OIITH4KH Cy JLBOOCHH HeiaTHBHH.

Mehy MOHOKJIHHCKHM (flenncnaTHMa MOry Cc HOMCHyTH joIH: 1) obuvnu q)eAgcuaud 4Hja 5oja BapHpa OA HpBeHC Ao 5enc, Henpo3HpaH je OCHM KaAa cc nojal3n,yjC y TaHKHM nnO4HHaMa . npC;ICTaBJ6a Haj4CHihu
BapnjereT : 2) agy.iap (KAISI,O8), ciaKnaciol je H3rnena. KapaKTCpHClH4all jC 110 Hcey;lOpoMSHOM xa6HTycy. Haheu je y cieHaMa HHCKOI CrenCHa MCTaMop(')r13Ma it HapO'HTO je KapaKTepicTH4aH y 1epluljap11HM JIC) KHII1 THMa iiiaTa H cpe5pa; 3) tallgtnn (Na. KAISi,OA) KojH cc nojaBJbyje y M-T.1bHM BYJIKa1ICKHM CTeHaMa H HaJ1a3H cc y ry(kHaMa ;IH4HHC By'JIKau11Ta . C anp)KH BCJIHKC KOHa l pijyMa. np03Hpa11 jC H HMa

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(KAISi,OO), Bpilo

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111)01snAail H Rene je 5ojc. cMaTpa ce lipal olleHH%1 KaMeHOM Belie BPCauocrH. Mel)y ILCIOBHM BapMjeTeTHMa ipeba Ae cc 110bICIIC c'Mapa(q IlHTeH3HBHO 3CJICHe Soje if uKhcr:Maplal )kyle, MOpCK03Cnclle Hn31 IInaBC SoIC 411jH npUMepUH Mory Aa 5y'Ay 11 JU7 1 Ill KI ICIIIKIl.

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MCCTY O H HMa rOBOpH 35017 HaHXOBC CJIH4HOCTH ca KaJ1HHTOM. ApaloHut[ l, HajTI]I1H4HHJH npCACTaBHHK Apyre H3OMOp(lHe rpyne Kapbouara, HaJIa3H Ce y aMOp ( ^HHM MacaMa H npeACTaBJba MHHepan OA Kora cy Ca9HHCHH CTanarTHTH H CTanaFMHTH , y 3paKaCTHM H 4)H5pO3HHM at peraTHMa H Y BHAy CHTHHjHX H KpyllHHJHX JIO11THua C,IH4HHX rpawKy ( I palllelbaK). Cyn$2TH . jc MHHepaul Gopufu (BaSO4) JeAHIIH

130M IPHPOAHOM cTatby ca4HrbaBajy rnaBHe McTaiiHgHe MHHepanc. Aim Te MHHepane y npHpOAH npaTe H MHHepanH KOJH Cy 110 XeMHJCKOM cac aBy COJH, Kap5OHaTH. Cy;l4)aTH H XaJ]OreHHAH. Y le)KH WTnMa MCI.1-1114HHX MHHepana Tit MHHepanH, 3aJeAtlo ca bCJBPe)HHM cTeHaMa, ca4H}baBajy jco jie-

McHw ra Koja cc He HcKopuruhaBajy y npOUecy A05Hjarba McTana, na cc 3OBY MUUepa.1U juaobune HJH xpahe ja.iobuua. To He 3Ha4H Ila HeKH MHHepanH , KOJH y pyJHHHHMa MeTana npeacraBJbajy janoBHHy, He MOFY HMaIH CKOHOMCKH 3Ha9aj. TaKBH MHHepanH Kaaa ohpa3yjy COI ICTBCHa nex(H WTa, Kao ()nyOpH1 , v1epMep, SapuI. npeaCTaBJbajy KopI1c11y P)'ay.
Kapboxarx . -- KapSoHaTH Cy MHHepaJIH nn09acTOr u3rneja 5e3 oapebeHe 5OjC. MOIY SHTH 5eJIH HJIH naKO OSOjeHH. H lV-

OBC I IOTK:Iace KO)H Ce HaJla3H cwpOH14 U/W1lwa .nt ca lHlbaBa (SrSO4) H jeaHy 143o-

mj.ej1Io ca McTaJIH411HM C\Jl(j)HAHMa Kao janoauua. Ca Uuf.le3uluo.f (PbSO4),

MoP(pHy rpyny. CrpoHUUjaIIH 1 cc jaBJxa, Maaa He 4eCTO, y McTa-loHoc lIHVI N( HJIaMa, AOK iC aHIJIe3HT THnU4aH MHllepa -I XCMHJCKHX rpaucrpopMauuja, Kao into CMO -ro pCK.1H KOA MHHepana OJ1oBa. Ljcna Ta rpyna xpuciaJ]HIHe no pOM5HIHOM CHCTCMy. 6apuw cc JaBJba y neoMa JIe11HM KpHCTaJ ]HMa KO)H cy 5oraTH y xoMSHHaHHjaMa IIJbOCHH , y HeeaCTOM OSJIHKY H y KapaKTepHCTH4HHM arpeI arHMa KOjH nu4e Ha KH Hry. 6apHT je jaxo pacHpOCTpaH , eH; Hana3H Cc Y KOMnaKTHHM MacaMa Koje CC nOHeKaj H CKOHOMCKH HCKO-

3CB axo caap)Ke KohanT (Co) HnH SaKap (Cu). I JIaBHH 4naHOBH Te Knace o5pa3yjy JIBe H3OMOp()HC rpyne. 3a npBy Ipylly KapaKTepHCTH4HH cy: Ku l1(Ulu )CaCO3). gonoMuru (CaCO3Mg(03), Malxe3Uw (Mg('O3), retUWCOHUlu (PbCO3), cugepuur (FeCO3), guja.J0111w (MHCO3), cc)rpoKo6a;rw (('0('O,). Tit MHHepanH KOJH cc Moly MewaTH y CBHM IIpolloplHJaMa nojaB:byjy ce y o6J1HKV ,'tO5po pa3BHjeHHX KpHci aJla poMSoeaapcKo[ cHCTeMa y obuIHxy cKaneIIeolapa, pOM5OeAapa HJIH KOM6HIIal1HJC JCJIHHX H apyr'HX.
Ka:u)uia. Haj FHnh4HHJH npeaCTaBHnK llpBC H30Mop4)He rpyne. Hana3H CC Y BeoMa JlCHHM xpHCTanHMa BpJJO SoraTHM KoMSHHaunjaMa IIJ6OCHH ( KOHCTaTOBaHO je npexo xHJbaay KOM5HHaitHJa ). JaBJba Cc y o6JIHKy 5nH3aHaHa pa3HHX oSJIHKa. Be35ojaH je a Kaja je I ycr flaj4ewhe je 5eo HJIH pa3JH4HT0 ohojCH CTpaHHM npHMecaMa. CTaKnaCTe JC cjajHOCTH, KapaKTePHCTHIHe Kauja KanHHHHIHe y ohnIKy Kyne . KaJ1II.HT Je BeoMa parllHpCll MHHepan. Ca4111baBa CeJHMeHTaJHe CTC-

puulhaaajy , xao H y ca6HjeHHM u rpyMeHaCTHM HacularaMa.

Xanoreueju . naMa jecre Je;THHH MHHepa.n OBe (CaF2). L1ajaBJbyjc Ipylle Koju cc Hana3H y t,1cTaloHOCHH.M NcHqb:tyopuw

cc y caapuleuuM KPHCTaJHMa Koju ciiaaajy y TecepauHrl CHCTeM , CKOpO yBCK y KOMKpHCTanH-5JIHSHHauIIjH KOHKC 11 OKTaeapa H,'IH poMSoAO;leKaejpa . 14ecTO Cc Hana3e 'laHHH HaCTauH npoaHparbeM aBejy KO11KH jejue y apyry; uojaBJbyje cc H y aMOp4)HOM crawy a H y 3pUaCTHM arperaTHMa. Ljena Ce caBpluCHO no rJbOCHHMa KOHKe. PeTKO je 5e35ojaH, 05H4HO je Jby6u4aCT, 3eneH, HpBeH , MOAap, )KyT, cMeh, 5eo, na 4aK H HPH Kao 1Ir ro je cnylaj ca $JIyOpu rliMa y 5JIH3HHH paJr10aK I HBHHX ne)KHwTa. HeKH Cy KpHd I anH OPOBHa1IH a HeKH caMO np03pa4HH; 4)JlyopeclleHTaH je; 3hor IberOBe Mane AHcnep3Hje ynorpehfbasa cc y HpOH3BOa1bH 05jeKTHBa 3a MHKpocKon . (DJIYOPHT je pawHpCH no UCJIOj 3eMJbH, O5HMHO ce Hana3H y KoJIH'lHHaMa Koje cc Mory HcxopwnhaBaTH H TO y XHaPOTCPMaJlHHM xcHJlaMa Malle reMnepa type ]cao H y MCTanoHOCHHM )KHnaMa . Tpeha HOMeHYTH BenH4aHCTBeHe Kpl1C1ane H3 KaMSepneHAa ( BenHKa BpHTaHHja) H KpHCTaJIC Hal)eHe y a -4ncKHM BeHHHMa.

He Koje noxpHBajy BenHKa npOCTpaHCIBa 3eMJFHHe Kope.

3a apyry 113oMOp(IHy I py11y KPC4rbaxa xapaK-rCPHCTH4HH cy apatuUluu (CaCO3 1.
hulueputu (Ba(O, ), 4 upont ujanuut ( Sr(03 ) H 1lep.V('uw ( PbCO3 ). TH MHHepanH KpHCTanHWy no pOM5114HOM cucle\1V, KpHCTanH Cy ylnaalloM 5J1H)KIieHH (SuH laHHH). nonpH-

CepHJa

FEOJIOIIIKH ATJIAC
MHHEPAJIOFHJA
0
MHHEPAJIII JAJIOBHHE

RpoJ 7

Kpucl adu , Io.loVa11 ua

w2I ue till

Kpucla , i .anuuia p OOJHKV cl: a.ieuuc,lpa

F\a!luul, aapujeiel

laauu uoiau;leux cuaI

Apaeuuxl 1pal mini ( uluulapuanu alperat)

IU.IVOpui ( oniae spec.. upucraJI ) ua upxera . n naapua

bap., (ai pet al 4 9a1V INIFNI I')

3. J[PArO KAMEIKE
CUHHeJI . -- CIIHHCn jc 3aBpn1HH MnHepan jeAHe H3oMopne rpyne Mullepana CIIHHeJa . Kao XCMHJCKa (4opMVJla MONK' :1a ce y3Me H3pa l Mg.AI2O4 HaKo Mg ,iL),Kc ,qa 5yAe ACAHMH'HO HAH IOTIIYHO 3aMCIbCH ca Fe, Mn, Zn HJIH Cr. KpHcl i.iHI11C 110 TecepaJIHOM CHCT'eMy, y ,Ia.111M a: HI ;1o5po pa 3BHjCIIHM Kp11C l;(: 11101. cliOpo yBeK y OSJIMKy OKTaeAapa. nOHCK:IA kill poM5o11oacKaeAap H. Hajpcl)e. Kilo KOI1K:1. I l(laLJbyje Ce CKOpO Y CBHM 5ojaMa, aJlll IlajIelnhe je upBCH. OI pe5 My je 6eo, cjajHOCT CTaK,iaCTa, MO)Ke 511TH 11pOBHAaH HAH nornyHo Heup03pa4aH. Mcpui npeucTaBJbajy BeoMa ueH,eHO Apal o K;(]lelbe, Kao HITO cy ^TaKBH KOjH CC Wily (L(r41((e OKO HAM I40000an. KopyHA KpHCTaJIHwe 110

KopyHA.

1 p111 OllaJIHOM CHCTcNly* Y KpHCTaAMMa IlpllmiaTH4KOr OPJIHKa, fOHCKilLI 3iiaTHC Ben11411IIC, ca 5HIIHpaMHAaMa HJIH pOM50CIPHNE.

XpH3o6epHJI . XpH3o6ep11Il KpHCTaJI:IHllle 110 pOM5H IHOM CHCTeMy, n0JaBJbyJC

Ce PeTKO y jeAHOCTaBHHM O5nMuHMa Beh O6H4HO y KOMnAHKOBaHHM 5JIH3auuHMa: no ABC jeAHOCTaBHe 110 jeAHOJ nJKOCHH MHAHB11Aye 5JIH3He cc pOM5N4He npH3MC; HO

110 xeMHjcKOM cacraBy KopyHA Je AI2O3, CKOPO je 4HCr, pCIKO jc 5c35ojaii, Mo)Ke 511 ill cMeb, n,y5H4acr . cHB. i Kyi, upBeH y pa3nH4HTHM HHjaHcaMa ; 5ojc Cy 4ecro 3OHa.1110 pacnOpCl] CIIC 35Or IIpHMeca Apyrnx MHIICpana. Mort' SHTH 11p03pa4HH H Ilenpo3pa41w. Ca r,10 BapHjeTeTe KOjH cc OJIJIllKyjy npoBHAHOH1hy mace. H, Y3 TO. HornyHOM 5e35ojHOUlhy HAM 4HCTOM oApCI)eHOM 6oJOM, 3OBeMO UACMPHUIUU KOpVHg H OHM rlpeACTaBJbajy AparO KaMeD c. HaJCKynIOUeHHJH Cy I lB. ucLU04)ha4KU caqupu a3ypHonnane 5oje H ucLuo4Ma4KU py,5un. nen upBCHM KaMeH IIOTIIyHO npOBHAahI.
TNpKN3. THpKH3 je xHApaTMCaHH a:IyMHHHjeB 4loc4IaT ca SaKpoM H I B0)Kl eM Kao npHMecaMa. IlojaBJbyje ce Kao 3rpyIIIaHH reA ** HJIH Y MHKpOCKOHCKH CHTIIHM KPHCTaJl MMa TPHK ,IHIIH4KOr CMCTCMa. On-

so

TPH TaKBa 5J1H3aHUa 5nH3He cc Meby co5oM nplBHAHO, o5pa3yjyhH cno)Keny 5JIH3Hy rpyny CnM4Hy 5HHHpaMHAH. TaMI103CJICHH BapHJCTeT xpu3o6epHna 30Be cc a.aexcaHgpulu.

Ho XeMI1JCKoM Cacraay XpH305ep1TA je 6epHJIHjy'M-anyMHBaT, Bc(AIO2). Boje je 3encllxacio)KyTe go CMapan;woleneHe, noHeKaA ca ianacaCTHM pe4i1CKCOM KOJH nOAceha Ha Ma4Hje 0411, y 4HCTOM CTalby je npoBHAaH HHagc np03pa9aH . 1 11CTH 11pH-

wre y3eB ro je Ilenpo3Hpal1 MMllepan, a Hocraje HpOBHABH TCK KaAa ce HpeTBOpH y npax (eJleMeuTapllH KpHCTan). He5eCKOII-IaBC je HAM 3eJCHe 5oie ja5yKe; NMa ciiab BonrraHH cjaj, a orpe5 My je 5eo.

4. MHHEPAJIH CEJJ,HMEHTHHX JIE)KHIIITA

ANaTNT . AnaTHT KpHCTaJ1H1ne 110 XCKCaI o11an11oM cHcreMy a nojaBJbyjc cc v KPHCTaJIHMa BpJlo pa3JH4HTHX BCJIH4HHa. Y I HCHYTH KpHCTa 1H HMBJy IIpH3MaTH4HH Xa6HTyC ( 05JIHK ), AOK Cy KPMCTaAH KOJH ce Hana3e y nyKOTHIIaMa rpaHHTa (Anna) neBaCTOr O5JIH1(a. OA nOTIYHO 5e35ojHMX BapHjeTeTa go MyTHO IreHP03mpHMx, anaTw1 MO)KC HMaTH Hajpa3HOBpCHHje Soje, Met)y KojnMa Tpe6a nojByhH 3eneHOacyhxacry H 'Ieneuoa3ypHy. oba BapHjeTeTa ynoT'pe6lbaBajy cc 3a HaKHT. AuaTHr je BeoMa pacnpoC'Tpalbell Meby JC)KHHrrHMa pa3n114HTOi nopeK;Ia, a Ba)KHO je KaKO C reonowxor TaKO 11 C TCXHM4KOI I71eAHnjra Aa JC OH 1naBHa MHHCpaJIHa CHp0BHIIa 3a AOSHJaH,e 4Ioc4lopHe KHCCAHHe. IlojaBJbyje Ce y JIBa BapHjeTeTa: Kao aUUWUUI y O5AHKY KP14CTana H Kao joy (p1104 y aMOp4HIO-KOJIOHJIIIOM KpHnTO*) Y HawOi nlrrepaI ypH He Hl2Haja ce rpwoua,nw
,-cm Kpc l aml na tije. Toe y vac obahK xeKcaroHanlloi CHC i eWL **) remI 1e KOMIIaKIHa MC!IalHHCKA Maca-

MCpHOM (HeBHAJbHBa 3pHa) H 3eMJbaCTOM 05n11KV. 6OKCHT. r^ -- U0KCHT je MHHepaA KOjH

HaCTaje IIyJIBePH3aIIHJOM ( pacnaAan,eM) (PCJACnara H (peJAcnaToHAa MCA HapO9HTHM yc:IOBHMa CpeAHHe, a caCTaBn,eH je 0;1 CMewc anyMHHHjeBHX OKCMAa H XHApaTa , KOJH CC eMalpajy Kao HoCe6He BPCTe MHHepana 0,1 npe pcnai"BHo Mann ro;HHa. To je JCAHHa C11POBHHa 3a McTailyprljy anyMHIIHjylla, HajO5HnIIHJa y 3CM!b1)10j KOpH. CaCTaB 5OKCNTa, AanaC Beh Ta4HO II03HaT jeCTC: xugpa-

piuAuu4, A120, 31120, gujaeuop, A1203 H2OH 24yMO1e,I, AI20a n I O.

r-

r-

r-

TEOJJOUIKLI ATJIAC MHHEPAJIOFHJA

HJIEMEHHTI7 MHHEPAJIH H ('E,4NMEHTHA J1E)KHWTA

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16

QQ rp)O

(lualc.I ua na.uwly

Kup} w l

I npeal Fpxc l a.l amuxla Iluupl mnla

..Ica.Hlul. uuKcnl:1

r:lllll.ll II IA 'II.'I.all lap 11 11m I I

5. MHHEPAJIH COHNX JIE)KFIIIITA

XCMHJCKH TaJ103H (COMM MHHepaJIH) 41opMHpanH CY Cc 3a BPCMC CYBHX H TOHJIHX xJIHMaTCKHx nepHOAa HcnapaBal-beM BeJ1HKHX Maca MOpCKC BoAe xoje Cy Stine oAce4000 0;1 MOpa H 3aOCTaJIe ;ly50KO Ha KOIITH11CIIIHMa yCncj eporeHHX HAM TpaHCrpCCHOHHX

INa2B4O7 . I0H2O), /CO .Wt h/11 11 l (Ca2B60,1 511,0). Kepuuuu (Na2B40,.41 120) u bapur(1uu IMg6B 14 . 026C!2)
i4) JIexcHWTa NNTpaTa . CJIOJCBH IIHTpaTa HBCTaJIH Cy HcnapaealbeM Jelepa 'IHje cy Bone caap)Ka;le Ta j eAHH,elba.

rl_

nojaBa. To je HcTH npouec KOJH cc J1aHac 0JtBHja y conanaMa, BeJ1HKHM BewTa4KHM je3epHMa cnane Bone, H3 KOJHX ce no5Hja Hajaehu aeo Conti 3a KyxHlby. CenapauHja KoMnolleHaTa pacrrsopeHHx y cnau0j BOAR oc3Bapyje cc calla 110 ce5H, 3501 IbHXOBC HejejHBKe pacTBOpJbMBOCTH. FlocToje TPH 0IIIlITe BPCTe COHHX ne)KHwTa: KanxjyMCKa, SopaTCKa H HHTpaTCKa.
a) KarlxjyMCNa aeicH1UTa. Ka.IMjy'MCKa ne)KHwra cacraBJbeHa Cy oi1 cmiii Kole CC I1pBe TaJlo)Ke, lid Cy OHa m HaCTaJia 11:1 IiO4eTKy' ucriapaBalba. Ha nPBOM NieCly IO jC K:UIUHjyAI C\A((I:II V B11;1y 111Uell

Jejulo neilcunn"e uiiipaTa Koje ca.lp)icl Ka lU/ebr waaurupy (K NO3) . a Koje ce HCKOpwHhaBa, Hana3H cc y 4Hney y nycrIlbaMa A I aKaMa, TapanaKa H AHra4)arocTa. a xoja

ca'wlbaBajy je)la H uojac KOJH C C uporexce IlapaneJiHO c AHAHMa, Ayr 600 a w HPOK 0,1 20 1 n o 150 KM. MarcpHjan KOJH canp)KH 25- --30 OACTO 4HCTe HIaii HT pe 3oBe cc Kanu 'Ie it CJIOjCBH KO JH c c H a ,,ia3 e u a IIOBpInNHH Ka lui4epac. N 3rnejja ra cy i s n C)KHlri is y liC t o Ca B ynKa HCKHM CT e H a Ma Koje cc npoi e)Ky l opHa11M nJI a TOl1M a.
KyxNwcia co. - Ky'xlIH.cKaco(NaCI) je Bch uuMCHyi MHHepan , KPHCTanHwe no

I(aSO4.2H20)u cai.rugpuura(CaSO4)-3aTHM K i'.l'Uih(KO co (tiaCi) H. KitO IIocilc;llba ()1a 3a, upH Hcnapelby. Tano)KHne Cy ce KaJllljyMOBC H Mai HCTHJyMOBC COJIH: (K('I) HKapilalulu (ui lhui (MgCI2. KC) . 61120),

ICCCp1JIII0M CHCTeMy y KOUKe H pCIKO y oKlaeipe. HojaBJbyje cc y 3pHaCTHM H (')H5pO3HHM arperaTHMa H TBOpeBHHaMa KOje OSpalyjy CTanaKTHTH. 'F)e35oja" je, no Mo1+Ce cc HojaBHTH H UpBeH NAM x(YT 35or OKcnna rBO)ICl)a KOjH CJAP) ICH H , H3y3CTH0 y rlnaBuj, 3501 npexo5pojHHx aTOMa Harpnja pacHopeb)eHHx y pewerKH xpncrana. Jlaxo cc Uena napane.HO nlboCHHMa KOUKe. BpJO je paCTBOpJbHB y BORN, Me1yTHM, IberOBa paC-IB0pJbHBOC'1 cc He Melba 3HaTHO npoMeHOM TeMneparype. To je MHHepan HajwHpe nO3H/r H ynolpe5JbaBaH. Aa 5H cc OSe35e1Hno nocenoBalbe cones, 35or [belie SHTHe Ba)KHOCTH , apaH )KHpaHH

IIIVICulall y'BCK Ca KYXH1bCKOM co.by. Coca ne)Kl13H I a cy ca441lbeHa on Cnojcoa y O5JIHKy co4HBa pa3Jw4HTe Ae5JbHHe xoja cc Kpehe OA HeKOJIHKO CaHTHMerpa ao 40 Meiapa. Y BCJIHKHM COHHM nC)KHWTHMa Hana3c cc i55petobu coau", y 0SJI14KY Kyrlone, ca ocHOBaMa y,1Y6HIiH, 31 IbC9CIIH It KOjH cc npolc)Ky HIIBIIIIIe. 3501 IIJIaCTHgHOCTH MHHepaila TaKBH SpcrOBH Cy ca4HH,eHH OA xoMOI'elc

dace. JCaaH OA npuMepa Te IlojaBe je unaluHia cones" KOn Kapnoue y IllnaunJH.

0) JIeNCxurTa SopaTa . - HajBeha Ko:w4lwa SopaTa, ICOjU Cc rlana3e y iipHpo.tll. IIaCTana Cy Tano)KerbeM H3 CnaHHX jetepa. 14 MHIICpanH Otte nOTKnace Ha.Ta is CC \ paHHJe OIIHCaHHM Sa3eHHMa KanHJYMOBCKHX ie)KHHria. IIacnare OA cKOHOMCKOi illa9aja HP0H3B0n Cy TanoX(elba Ha oSanaMa H Ha Illy Je3epa Kao wTO cy CHpilec, OBeHC H BopaKC je3epa y KanH4)opHHjH. Met)y nplMCPHMa Hacnara SopaTa, Koje cy HaCTane HO I fYHHNI HCnapclbeM Jelepa HaJn03HaTHje je Hajia3HwTe y AOJHHH CMpTH Y KaJIH410PHHJH, 4Hja cy ne)KHllITa HCKopHlllhaBaHa y TOKY MHOIHX rOAHHa H TeK y HajHOBHje BpeMC (ianywreHa. Hacnare 5opaTa IrOCTOje H y 1IHney, y bOJIHBHJH H y AplcHTHHH. FJIaBHII NIHHCpan41 KOJH CC Hilna3e y THM nex(HwTHMa jecy: SopaKC'

Cy MHOFH Tpr0Ba4KH CIIOpa3yMH Ila cy 4aK H BOIIeHH paTOBH . Y cpenlbeM BCKY. Y tlajBeheM ;lent' eaponCKHX 3eMaJba, 3501 ctJlll cc Iiuje npelano HH OA yriberaBarba 11H 0,1 llu5yna. rxnc. - rInc (CaSO4. 2H2O) je

MHHepa:l MOHOKJIHHH4KOr CHCreMa KpHCTa.H3auHjc. iiojaBJbyje cc y Kpuc-iasluMa pa3nH4NTHX ohnHKa . TaSsH4aCTHM HJH ScO , yrnaBHOM npH3MaTH'HHM, 4ec i 0 SJIH)KH Co4HBaCTHM ,

IbeHHM Y 05JIHKY Bpxa Koniba . 5e35ojaH je nOKa '3yje Ha HCKHM nibocHHMa ceile4)aCTy CjajHOCT a Ha npyrHM CTaKJIaCTy.

franc je MCKaHH MHHepan Mo)Ke cc orpebCTH H IIOKTOM. JeaaH BapI11eTCT rHnca ynorpe5: baBa cc Kao opHaMeHTHH MarepujaJi u (a H3paAy BajapCKHX MHHHJaTypa a.tafiacOie p.

1111

11

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TEOJIOIIIKII ATJIAC MHHEPAJIOI'HJA

IIYIHEPAJIN COHHX AEti K11IIITA
,nH .Jl:nu+p11 u^l '^)

1 pllj

Allxn.lp11 I x I'xIa ICKN II CCrK bacena KailNjyMCKNx nearrtta C yprjaKapaoaa y Ilhlaaxjn

Ileipo. icl

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Kynona COIN (excma) Ca KalloINm U ; 1 OIn N;IpNIO

y..

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ENCOMNI ( IOpna CO). a.LKNaCI aapajeirl

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IIJIEMEHHTI'I METAJIH. flJleMeHHTH Mcla .TH KpUCTaJIHWy no recepaJIHOM CHCICMY, y 05JIHKy oxracapa. KOUKe H p0Nt5o) o)1eKaeJ1pa. C'V II TCIIIKii. MCKaHH Cy, na HM cc 3aTO uMajy HHTelr3HBHy CjajHOCT. porn,enu KpHCTana 5p3o Hcxa5ajy , )KIUIaBH 3.wlun ( Au), 11nN911c je )Ky're boje Ha;la3it CC Y ABe BpCre .7CNCHIIITa: pry1Hl4KO 11101440 HaJIa3H cc y )KHLtaMa yTUCHYTHM y rpaHHTCKC CTCHC H y npll rH, 11 KBapua N 3111 WWOHOCHII ul'(UK - KOHUeH1 ' paf1Hle 9eCTHUe 31ata KOIC IIpe,IeJIe F AC JC CIIoee peKe ca rpa1IHTHHX n'IaHHHa H TaJIo)KC lajeaHO ca neCKOM y HH)Ke I pyja Hoge CJIabHja . Meby iiew ivI1 I HMa ja8,"ha Cc y oSJIHKy oKTae,-pa: HOUexaA v 05JI11Ky AoaeKaeapa a perKO y o5JtHKy KOUKC. KpiCTaJIH cy CaBpIIleHH H BpfIO npaRIfn11N, Ca ao6po pa'3BHjeHHM CBHM IIJbOCIIHMa H jaBJbajy Cc nojCAHHa9HO, aJIH MOI Y SHTH Ae(^opMHCaHH, HetlpaBHJIHN ca TpaIOBHMa pan(IBOCLH. H ca 3ao5JbeHHM whOCHHMa. JIaKC je H caBputeHe OKTaeuapCKe IiCUJbHBOCFH, 11110 Cc 3HaTH0 HcKopHnlhaBa

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bopa cc caCTOJH Oa aBa aeaa: KOHKaBaH (VIHYT) Him cuHK,iuHa.la H KOHBeKCaH (111Ciiyn4eH) HJIH auulUKauna,ia; JHIIHje KOjC CC pOTex:Y ;IvuI( I IaI Behe 11=11i I IaiMa H.C BIICIIIIC Pope 3OBy Cc wapnupu aHTHK:IHHaJIe HJIH

FeocHHKJIHHane cc (popMHpajy yaeK Y oEnaCTHMa y KOIHMa 1C 3CMJbUHa Kopa HeCra5H-9Ha, a Ha;Ia3H CC HIMCIy ;lBB Cla511nHa H OTUOpHa MacaBa KOJH Te)KC ;ta CC npHSRH)KC jeaaH IlpyioM. TaKO cy HupHHeju n5101 Je,uBe reoCHHK:IHHane H3 ,IoFa eoitetia, Koja cc LlopMHpaJ1a H3Meby ai3e BHCOpaBHH UellTpaime WnaIICKe H UeHTpaiiHOI nnaToa y c1paHUycKOj. CMBlbelbe noapnlliHe I COCHIrxnu Haste, Kao nociiemiua oporeHn4Kol nparrHCKa, je BpJIO BesHKO. TaKO IC reoCHHKnHHana OA KOje Cy HaCTasH A:inH. a Isola cc IIpOCTHpa la na I2_00 KM. HoCIC HaPHpatba cMatbeHa Ila 150 KM. Feo:1o3H cy carnaclla ja Cy y3poK HaPHpaIba Ina JlaTepaiIHH npHrncrlH, aii cc aUC'KyCHje Bo.ie o y3POKY H HopeKny IHX npHrHcaKa. Oaarne cy ItacTalre pa3nnvHTe opo1 CH ICKC l eopHJe. O:I cBHX je HajnHllle ycnexa HMa.Ta TeopHja o nyhaimb.1' K0Hluuuenaula Kojy je pal uo

CHIIKnHHane; PO4He. HarHyTe paBaH KOJC Ca4HH,aBajy IOBPWHHy Pope 30By cc POKOBH Will KpHna; paBaH y KOJOJ Cc HBna3e nlapHHpH

CBHX cnojeBa 3oBe cc ocua uobpluuua pope; npeceK ocHe nOBpWHHe Pope H XOpH3OHIanne HOBpWHHe 3oBe cc oca hope, npaBau npy)Kalba oce Pope 3oBe cc upahut4 i5ope. hope cc npe,rXCTaBJbajy TpaHCBep3anIIIIM npeceKOM neprleHaHxynapHHM Ha OCily

pallaH. TpaHCBep la.] kill npeceiw onto) yhyjx. ii cc o:Tpene pa Ille BPCTC 5opa.
Hpenta noiloacajy oche paetiH 5opa MO)Ke PH I ii _reupahua (cuileulpuvua) 11JIH Fora (ucuwetupuwua). Kaua je ocHa paBaH y npH5nr1;KHO XOpH3OIiTanU0M noiloxcajy Ha3HBaMo je
110.1ctno bopa. KOa ycnpaBHHX H KocHx 5opa yBeK cy MnaaH cnojeBH H3Hajt CTapHjHx, KO,q Ilonernux 5opa Ha aclbeM HJIH npeBPHYTOM

A:i4 pc;t Bei eHep 1910. i oiHHe. Ho BereHepoBOj TCOpHJH npeTnOCTaB.T,a CC ;ta C)' V II04CI Ky KOHT'HHCHTH SHAH 3511JCHH y jeaaH JCJLHHH OI'pOMHH KOHTHHeHar HJ1H. KaKO ra je ayrop Teopaje Ha3BaO natllCa, K0jH cc KaCHHJe pacuenHO Ha PnoKOBe, XOJH cy cc, nnHBajyha Ira CHMH jeuHHM [OTpeCOM oaBOjHnH H nOMCpHiH Ka 3ana,ty H IlpeMa CKBa(Opy. HpunHKOM KpeTalba aMepu4Kor 1(01 1 UItellia I lpeMa 3aIia,ty, Ibel OBa Ilpealha ilOBpWHlla IIpHiHC1HBa:1a JC CIIMY Ca ;jHa HauHi111IKa, Ila cc O;1 CH.-IC IlaI nplt l Tim) C IBOpi10 I HraHrCKH nnaHHHCKH naHaU KOJH cc npOTCxie oa AJbaCKe ;lo AHTapKTHxa. Ha cJlll'raH Ha4HH, yaaJhaBarbeM KOHTHHeHTaJIHHX PsoKOBa npeMa eKBaTOpy, HBCTano je HaPHpatbe reOCNHKJIHHa:ia, na Cy CC TaKO C I BO-

KpHJIy cTapuja cJOjCBH Hanale cc H3Haa, .I:Iah ix. Fpyiia 5opa 4nja Cy KpHna Hapanenna H Ho;Uc;lllaKO Hal Hyra ca'uwaBajy uaOK.lwle rope.
Karla cnna Koja HaPHpa cnojeae ;1ejctnyje HaJBehoM ja4HHOM y je;LHOM npaBuy. 5opa he PHTH noTHCKHBBHa y TOM npaBUy Taro as hC CC jeIHO KpHJIO H3Ay)KHTH H paCTe3aTH CBe jOK Cc He paCKHHe, lia TaKO Hacraje cpyuleua bopu.
AKO cc Jai I'1CHOMeH nOjaBH KOJI Beh lojici Jic Pope, IIOHeKaa cc aecH as rOpH.C Kpl1JIO Py;te IIOTHCHYTO TaKBOM cHaloM ;ta kI11 Ill IIpCKO ;IOIbCI 11 IIl)MCpa CC H sO IIC-IHKHX y,rta:beHOCTH u3Han 3HaTllo XI'Iall1IX CC,II1MCHi Ill1X (^OptaIHlja, Ii1KO HaCI(Ije )ltlI,uoi.(' ilopa. Axo ep03Hja palopH 061IHK 5opa, H:H1 aK0 Cy OHe 1 aKO Be.ulKe as cc He MOI y OPyXBaTHTH Ha1IHM BHj1HHM no.rbeM, IbHXOBo nocTojatbe M0)KCMO as y04HMO axo ollpeaHMO npaBau npyx(atba cirojeBa m IbHxoBy 1111K.luHai4ujy - yrao KOJH 3aKnana JIHHHja MaKCHMaJIHOr HarHla csiojeBa KOjH 7e)Ke OKOMHTO Ha npanau Pope ca xopH3oHTann

pH.ie opor'eHe3e TepiiHjepa o;T XH;xta.laja. upcnta AniiHMa, CBC ;to a(jpa4Koi Ainaca. I'11rne;ta sot je H3PHJalbe KOH r1HCHa Ta
H3a3BasO IlpoMeHy riosto)ia)a IIOJIOBa H CK-

Baropa Ha 3eMJbH. To o5jalnH aBa nocioja-

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HOM paBHt1, Ha TaKO pcxoHC7pyHnlCMO (5opc, yKiby'IUBw I t H OHe Koje Cy HO In yHO 35pHCaIle ep03HjOM. UHHcaun IIOCTy'IIaK o5aB.ba cc rCOJIOWKOM 5VCO:IOM Kola pi1CnOJIa)KC Ma-111K1 RlICKOvI ct Mepelbe y'1.na HHKJHIHalrnje.

y ICCHOM i10A14py HJIH MCI)y IbuNIa IIOCTOJH nyKOTHIIa BChC H:111 Malbe LLIHpHIIC. Koff HPBHX CBaKO noMepatlc HMa 3a Ilociiejanlly CHa)KHO Metyco5Ho Tpelbe rOBpWHHa paceJIHHC Koje HX yl,Ia`la I axo as A05iljy THHLI'IHy CIPVK IY'py Koja CC 30Be olaeya.lo pace-aate, wTo ioKa3yje noCTojalbe veCTHX TeKTOHCKHX HoKpera. Y OTBOpeHHM pace uniaMa reKTOHCKI3 noKpe7H Cc y'TBpf)y'jy 110 TONIC I1ITO Ce y IbHMa HaJIa3H 3OHil CNIpBn,eHHx CIClla, KOJC Cy IOKO\ 1 KaCl1IiJCI Bpc\1CIla ue.meI11It-

TEKTO IlCKA PACE.,l11HA

AHHaMnK,I 3cvIJbuue Kope Mo)Ke as HMa 3a HOC; ICAlllI\ C 1 pyKIypue : 1C(1)OpMaUlljC IHna naSHpatha. Kaaa cy curse Koje aejCFByly y 3eMJbl1H0j xopH npeIe)Kuo BepTHxa11IHe H Ka;1a CC npel)e ipallnua ejlacTngHOC TH CTeHa IOjaBJbyjy cc
IIyKOTIIHe 'Hja je nocneAHUa upeMeW rave H noMeparbe c;lojcua yrJraBHOM y BCpT11KaJ1IIOM CMHCJIy, a 9Hja Be-IIH 'lnlla 3aHHCH oe1 rlyxorHHe. Taj rim noNicpau a 30Be cc pace:tuna. Pace litHa je. rJaK-IC. Ily'KOTHHa 17C)KHWTa CTCIIe y 3er cbHHOj KOpH , KO,T KOJC CC

plliC \11111Cp11a1311\I C'y'l1C7;I1lll 11 l\BI IIC1aI/I)KCnlt\I IIi BOAC Koja jC np1,I Llua-la: 10 jC 1,pul p,lreuaa'. PaCC:w/IC cc 'ICCro paCllO3-

Hajy Ila 'ICpeHV 110 KaO 3HA CI MIbM JIHIHHaMa H ORITpHM HepaBHHIIaMa . aim, noIICKaA, Cpo3Llja NIo)KC IIOTIIyHO A.a nOpaBHil repel! H raaa paCe;IliHa MOxce ja CC Ilpeno3Ha caNlo no ,HCKOIITWIyHICly (npeKnay) ee,3HMelITHHx cnojcna ca oaroBapajyhmrt H OWTpHM 11111 OJIOWKLIM HaBujauujaMa Ha o5e Crpallc nyKOTHHe HJIH aKo IIOCTOJH Kplll HJIH orncaaJlo paceJlHHe. HoMepalba HJIH ynerHyha Mory cc jaB.r aTH ,VNC je,-Hc 1430JIOBaHe HM L Taxo je ricllpec"Ja Ba,uec y pyvja orpaHH4eHOr JIBC\aa npoBHnunjll paceJluHe 17AH, 1111K, V KOM111CKCy 0A JIBe H-IH BuWe Pace-

jaB.bajy HOMepaiba Mace napane-iwo ca panHit IIpe.IOMa. I1YKOTHHa HO`IHH ,C y'LIaRHOM HCTe-iaH,CM C:IOjeBa xoJH Cy HO, [Bill HyTH ollTepehewy CRC aOTJIe AOK Ce HC IIpCI)C I paHHHa eJ1aCrH9IIOCTII (KOJa jC 11OCTaa 11C.ILIKn KaKO CVIo RHAC: W KO;1 Ha6Hpalba ) H uoC)e a0 Ta4Ke .IoMa.

Pacenwle cc nojann,yjy KO a CBHX T HH O Ba CTeHa a nn Cc Haj naK we p a c 1103H ajy KOa coAHMeuT11Hx jCAHOr (bopMaunja , HOWTO nOMeparba Ila

FiapCC. IOHH U01eKJIa y.-iei albeM BCJIHKOI noAnapanelnln\l pa-

aena C J lojeBa y oIlrocy Hpe KH Aa xolrrnnywrcI c.iojeBa Ha

HaMa ny' KOI line.

ipyr ll

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CC:IHIIaMa. aellpecHje KOJC Cy IIOICK_C O;1 ABC paCe. IHHe HJIH 0A KOMIIJICKCIIC ipyne

Pahan pace,luue JCCTC noBpwHHa IIYKOTHHe )IV)K Koje CC IIOMCpajy IIpeKHHVTH ,-te.-iOBH 3cXJblHe Kope: .iunuja pare.tune jc nHHHja Ilpecexa paBHn pacenwle H XOp1130HTaJIHe paH13H. Pace - IH1IC Cv I IVK OI IHIC III KI1111X CC paCKHHyTH Ae:101111 HOM11'Iy. Cny'IIlrajyy Hdlll 111,KA C'KoK je Rep IimajIHa ynaJbeuocT H1Mel)y _W I c_loja HCIC CTapOCTH 11 HCICH JIHTOJIOIIIK01 C.IOIa. HOBpwnua rIYKOIIIHe Koja JC OCJIO-

pacenuHa, 3oey cc LueKluoucKU pohobu, Kao into ey 1icupeciije Ebpa H Pajue. Koje cc rpiHh119C Cl ChIe11H'IaCI HM paCCJlnlla Ma.
MaCHBH HJIH B11COpaHHH - 'IHJC JC y'/1l l1 lalbe IIOCJIC,LI111a ClIV111Ialbil CIIO.bHHX JIC!IOHa IIpH

BLIWC narepapIIHX pace,auua 3oRy cc weKIMIUCKe bucopclhnu LiJIH LueKuiOHCKU sopcla. IIInaHCK1 11 (bpauuyCKa BIICOpahaH rH11HVHn Cy tipUMepH TaKBOr TeKTOHCKOr noMepaLha.
Cl :iuja it H03Haaabbe pac:e!IIIHa 0,1 lie:niKOr jC HitiepCCa 3a FCOaol Illy JCP IC nopeK.lo HaJBeheI bpoja ) KII'MMIX McTaa U'IHHX MHIIc'pa_la y Belli Ca THNI THEOM gU ('.wKal(uJ(I Y 3eNlrbinloj xopH . Y p)!aapcrny je 1lo3HaBalbC p1CC-I1llia HCOIIXOJIHO IIOWTO Cy 4CC10 ,KII IC II III ,+ihIIIC \ C I HapLI IIOC IC:1111111 CHTCMII pace llllla KojH 1IX HCIIpellJIHhe. Hll!Il 1. Ilpll 11C . I IIKII\I I pal)CHWIcNll I pa,IORH\la. Kau 111111 IC Iiua113albe MOCTOHI, TYHC; Ia. 5pa11a HT)1., Cl BCCHO H3y'na Ra Ih C I C KTO HC KIIX II yo111111C r BeJIIIKH VRCCH H 035LI:h11H ICO IOWKHX \'CJIOHa ICpClla HCOIIXOJIHO IC :GI 511 cc H35ci.IH HpoMawaju. n

50tClla nocnc CHywTalba cynporuor .CIla Tna 3OBC CC lug UJ'KOa(Illie, ropIbH ACO KOjH je OCTao H31Ia l CnyI11TeHOr TepCHa 3oBC CC Kpob.
Hpema no.loacajy paBHH nyxoTHHe NloaCCMO pa3:IL1KOBaTH bepwuk'a. Inc pac'e_ lulu' It llallll'tae' Kalla JC IIOMCpaH,C Bepr HKaJIHO

pare. tune, KaJ1a je noMCpafbC KOCO. HarHyIC pacelln HC Mory 5H III /icpila.OH' pace.lune Ka,ta Je I1yKOrUlla Hal IlyTa IIpCMa 3HAy 11.111 IaaflepNe pare.ialle aKo is nVKOTHHa HalHVla I IpcLta KpOBY. Pace_UHe Mory 511TH ialahopelle HJIH oiubopeInt' IlpeMa TOMe as Jut cy crpaHe IIy KO I II IC

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Celli MLi4Ka KOJIe5atba HnH TpycOBH (110nylapHO 3eMJbol pee) jecy IIOTpeCH 3eMJblHe xope KapaKICPlICrn4Hll HO Kparxoxl Tpajalby n BCJHKOmi nHTCH3HTC'ry', LI, BPJIO 4CCTO, 110 pa3apa)yheM e(beKI }'. KOJH y' Fi3BeCHHM Cny'4ajeBLlMa HMa KaTaC l poc)aJlHe pa3MCpe. Karla T.10 lie JtpX[H cen3MOrpa(p yupialta 11paBy nHHHjy. aim 'HM HacTaHe no,rpec JIHHHja nocTaje TanacacTa. Ta TaJlacacTa

.wHHja y1PTaHa Ha naIHpy 3oBe cc cella11OIpaif.

CBaKH not nyli ceHlMorpaM LIMB VBCK 4CTHpH (pa3e on- KOJHX cBaKa npencTaB:ba 110

HavKa Koja L13y lava rpycone, lblixoBe nojane y reol pa(I)cKoM cmwcJly, ylecrauocT H ycnoee y KOjIlMa HaClajy 30BC Cc ((11311O3Onlja.
1ioKa3arlo je Aa je Henocpe:IHH y3pOK 3eM:bo I peca H3HeHaJ]HO HopeMeheFbe Maca, yrnaBHOM y TCKTOHCKH HeCTa6uJHH,M 3o11aMa. Yllyr piIllllbll IIOKpcTu, Hacranli KaO 110CnCALIua ICKTOHCKe HecTa6HnHOCI'H, IIpOy'3-

jenny Bpcry yaacloIIHnx Tanaca (on yKynHO 4CIHpH). Te BpCTe Tanaca, xoje Ca4Hlbanajy (T)ale, cy cne;tehe: 1) Clplivl,Ipim Ia:lacri P KojH cc Kpchy no npaBOj JHHHJH KP03 yHVTpaluibOcT 3eM:be IIpOCe4HOM 5p3HHOM on 6 KMIceKyHni,
2) LCKyIInapHH ralacli S KOJH CJIeJtc HCTH nyr Kao it npeTXOnHH anal cc Kpchy Malboxi 5p3HHOM: 3) IIOBpnwHCxH Tanacl L KojH cc wupe IIOBPu1HHOM 3eMJbe 5p3HHOml on 4-5 KM CCKyHLH; 4) HaKHanuH iaJIaCH Mane cHare.
S

pOKyjy BHSpauuje KOje CC wHpe OKO ue:Ie 3eM-7 Kao ('CU3.1IUIKU u4aAa(14. Ta4Ka y Kojoj noicpeTH Xiaca Hacrajy 30Be Ce wapuwwe tuppea Him xuuolle1(ulap. OAaTne cc Tanacu nwpe y o5aHKy KoauelllpHIHHx tlonpinmia .TOFITH cBe AOK lie nOAHpHy nOBPW11Hy 3eMJbe. Ta Ta4Ka, Koja je yjenHO u Ta4Ka IIOBPnIHHe Haj6nHJica a(apHIHTy, 301)C cc eum4en lap. HOTpec KOJH cc AoronHO y xuuouewrpy HPOH3BOJ_ H1 ;UBe BpcTe Tanaca upwuapne HnH ,umcu 0I3)ULul.ule (Tanacu P ) It ceK1ugapue HnH ulpancbepcaaue (Tanacu S) 411je je BH5pauliOHo KPCTaibe HopManHO Ha npanau pacnpocTHpawa. Karla in Ta.:iacn 1OCTHrily 3eMn,uuy HoBpwiiuy, c'rnapa cc HoBa BpCTa Tanaca: uobpIl(UUCKU uianacu (TanaCH T) KOJH 4CCTO OCTajy %5CACNceHH Ha Tepeuy y' o5-luKy' Ta.nacacTli\ OSnHKa iintl 50pa 3eMJbC.
KapaKTepliCrnKC cell3MH4KIIX ia.laca KaO II lia4H11 lblXOBOI paC11pOCTHpaH>a MOlaO JC Aa cc H3y,iaiia 3axna.byjyhH anapaTHMa KojH perucrpyjy ceHSMlUIxe Bn6parwHje a KOjnI cc 30By ceuliIorpa(()u. Oc1IOBa ceHlxorpa(I)a je KJIaTHO . OHO ocuHnnpa yTOAHKO CnOpHjc YKOJ111KO je Beha lberoBa ay>fcjHa. Karla cc 3arpeCe TJ1O. KJIaT)10 '3501 CBOJC HHCpIIHJC

Tanaca H Moly Cc on6uIH on noapuiuue Kope Alta HJIH TPH nyra (ro cy pp OLHOCHO PPP ranacu) ape HO WTO CTHrHy ao ceH3MO.TOnIKC CM1111Uc. HCTa IIOlaBa IIpaTH H S Tanace (Ta,Iac1I SS HJw SSS nnauyi OLHOCHO I3H1I I o i5ujeHH). HajjacHHjri cen3MOrpaMH Moiy cc Ao6HIII axo cc 3eMJ1 oTpec AewaBa Ha ynaJbeHOCTH On 5000 no 10.000 KM on npHjeMHe clamule. I10311ajyhm Bpcmie io_iacKa pa3J1HIHTHx Tanaca Kojil cy y6ene)KeHH Ha cew3MorpaMy. Kao H ibnxoBy 5p3uuy Hlilperba, Moiyhe je IlpopaIyHaTH, 110 IIPOCTHM (I)OpMyJIaMa, yna.T,eHOCT XHI1OUeHTPa H MCCTO )Kapuwra. aySHHa acapuwra MoBcc Aa 5yae H no 700 KM. Ha OCHOBH 113ygaBalba 3CMJb0Tpeca H reorpa(I)cKHx MCCra I Lilt cc 0HH nojae:byjy. Moryhe je HecyMrbHBO yrBpnuIu lKHX0By Be3y Ca opOrelieTIl1KIM IIOJaBaMa.
TaKO Cy yIBpfjeae H onpeljerie Ipaulnuc ,(Bejy BCJIHKHX CCHIMH'KHX 3OHa H 1lpKlAlu01401IU4Ka H AtequuIepancxa HJ111 0.lUCKO-_VUuaAajcKa. IblxOBe rpaHliue uonynapajy cc Ca BCAHKIIM na114aHL4M H-laHHHaMa, HacranHM ua5HpalbeM y ,2o5a Tepwijepa. Y o5a.H1M nojaceBHMa 3erlJbOTpece Haj9enlhe npaTe rHrauITCKH Tanacti iia3nauH uoalpecu ifopa. 4Hju je pa3opull e(4exar crpaXOBHIO BenHKH. Tn ianaCH Hacrajy ycnea BeJIIIKHX y':IerHy'ha OKeaHa Koja H3a3llBajy HeIOCPCAHO noBnageibe BoneHHx Maca Iloc,le Hera AOJla3H no HaBa.le MOPCKC Bone, 1aKo3BaHC ula:iacne U.7U:H('.

He AOSHja onMax ocuHilauilje Beh cc nonawa Kao (I)HKCHa Ta4Ka upeMa KOjOj MO)KCMO Aa y7 BpanMO Be,I114 HHy ' nOKpCTa 3Cn'IJbHHe KO-

pe. Xopt 3olrraJlno Kna I HO KO_je LIMa bootie liHepuHjailHe oco6uae iauac je 4ewhe y yrio IpCSli.
CeH3MH4xa KpClalba ce perHClpyjy Ha HOKpC1HOj uan1pHOj rpaun WHJbKOM (nepOM Ca SoJoxi) HAH CHOnoM CBeTJIOCTll MaIepHjaJ IHO Be3aHHM 3a KnaTUO, KOJaU ySCne)KaBa aMHJ1HTy'T ie Zia (I)OTO-oceTJbHBy' TpaKy.

(epHja

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15.930 km.

BYJIKAHCKE HOJABE
BynKaHH Cy npnpo:inn anaparn Kp03 KOJC I13511jtljY 113 yuy'Tpallll-bOCT1 3eM:bHHe KOpC pacrOrJbeHe Marepuje Koje cc Kaaa cc 143JI13jy Ila FIOBpWHHy. Ha3HBajy iahrr. HyTenH Hnil KaHa.nf H35HjaFba JIaBe jecy ay'SoKe IIYKOT HrnHe y 3CxUbHH0j KOpH KOje u0Be3yjy Mal MarCxa 01IbHHI1a ca 3erUbHHOM noBpulHHOM. By'nKBHH3aYI, C)np0THO OHOMe 111T0 Cc 4BpCTH HpOH3BO)H . 4BpCII! BynKaHCKU IIpOH3B0AH Cy 11 no Be-m 11111111 H 110 caciaBV pa3.Tn911III, 10 CY llpellpeKC Ira IIYTY H MaiepHja;1 0,1 KOIa je ca'Hlbena Saha ByJIKaHa 11:11, naK , ieriOB11 JIaBe, KOJa JC IIpHJIIIKOM eKcnno3Hje SHna o;!Sa9CHa na BerIHKe B41CHHe ua cc CTBp)11y'na y Ba3;1yxy. HpH;luKoM H35auuBalba .naBe cr'Bapajy cc nonre no.nypaC'T011n,CHC Mace KOJe Cc 3OBy a0.115e. hr.7KUHCn(' Ilenco, KOIH je y'c111 ibell, Mo)Ke as cacrgje cc oa H2O . ('02. (0. N, H, CH,.

MCra,TIInX XJIOpll;l:i y raC'OBHTOM Cran,y. Cy'MrIOpHHx raCOBa HTa . T)olln0 cy HCKH 0,1 I lfx racOBa 3anaJbnBH , 'leCTO CC BHa11 KaKO I!3:la3e 113 KpaTepa y 05J1HKy Or poMHHX rlnaMCHIIX jc311Ka.

pannje BepoBa_lo neMa HuxaKBe BC3C ca yHyrpallllbONl 3OHOM 3ex1n,HHe KyrrC, Beh je ;101a})aj JIOKaJIHOr KapaKTepa, peJIaTHB110 Mane ay6HHe: By1KaHCxa 01IiAIwra cy pacuopet)eHa na Jly5nnH o,a 20 H 40 KM.
) 1 y'SOKa TCKT OH HK7, Ca FbCIIIaM O1pOMI111M IIOMepalbHMa 5JIOKOBa n3a3liBa TOf!biH,C creHa 3501 Tpewa. npH HeMy cc MexaHHHKa CHeprH)a upeiBapa y repMHLIKy, 'IHja je IIocJIe1HHa pa3B0j MarMaTCKHX OI H,HWTa O.1 KO,JIIX UOCTajy By'JIKallil. YOwnTe y3eB, By'1Ka11 Ce CBCTOjH OA KOH11H1IO1 5p,]a. hl'.7KUll('K'C 1,1Ge, ca OlBOpOMI KJ)UlUep(i KOjH ce HeHOCKauai KPO3 KOJ11 CC

byae pa3nculeH Beip0BnMa Ha orpoMna ();ICI ojar,a. Oh.raisu UeUe.IO MOIy 511TU Hapo'11110 KaTaCTpo(lanl!H; TaKaB HaIler uenena

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BVnmaHCKe SoNSe 11 BVJIKaIICKH nelleO. BYJIKa11cKn KOnYC je nocneAHua epynnKje 11011110 HaCraje HocrelleHHM Ira!OMII.TaBaH,eM naBe H eKCnno311B11Hx MaiepHja. Epyrluuja HaroBenllaBa 11113 llpeTXO;IHHX uojaBa xoje cc CacrOje y 110,rlc'HOj ipMJbaBHHH , fOTpec11Ma TJIa. H3511jalby racoBa Hiles (UyMapona. OBe nOjaBC CC npOrpCCHBHO yBChaaajy Cite rJOK He HaCryuH npaBa epynulja. KOja 'lcc,ro Iro1HIbe CrpawHOM eKC1In0311joM, IIPOH3BC,ICIIOM jaKHM npITUCKOM raCOBa 11 BOaene nape 11 H35Hja1-beM JIaBe. HpunuKOM By.lKaHCKHx epynluHja Ha IIOI3p11111lry 113511jajy IpH BpCre npo113H0;la: raCOBII I II, 9BpCTH 11 T CHH11. FacoBM i l l BVJIKaHCKH flpOHiBOJIH. (43Snjan,e raCOB HTHX By.3KaIlCKHX II p0113BO;Ia V 05.3HKy OrpOMHHX CIYSOBa ,uIMa, KOjIl %101y' is AOCFHFHY BHC11Hy' 0,11 HeKOJIHKo KILnoKferapa. flonexaJ raCOBH (l opMnpajy HeHp0311pne, rycTe o5naxe. KOjH cc CIIynTTaj) 11113 50KOBC By;1KaHa BC.111K0M 5p3HHOM. ,JOK CC IbuxOBa reMlleparypa Kpehe oKO 100" C. Tu obnaun KOjH CC 3oBy haO pe-

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BOBa 5p30 CC CIBpJHe I1 ((^opMHpa HBpcry Kopy- a!ut IJIaBHa Maca jour ;1yFO ocraje reHHa. OBaKO 5p3o xnal)eH,e -iaBe HMa Kao HOC.IeJHUY crapalbe y!yipanlwe Ko.TH'n1Hc J1aee (,,SJIoKllpaHa .1 aBa").
,L pyre KapaKIepHcTHKa oxBpulhanalba C.IHBa JIUBe jecie Ilpn3MaTCKa CTpyKTypa. oHa cc nojaBJby'je y Ibeuoj yny'Tpaiiilbocrn Kao UOCJ1e;jHlla KOHTpaKuije (nOBehari NI HyTpawFhll IIpHTHcaK 3501 5p30r CHOJbHOI

a .a(al_ia OAHOCC C'BC Inl IIIT I HaHby Ha uyry. hacim ciySOBu 11)111 Baipella Marla

x:ial)elba) ITpH xnabelhy. Te npH3Me cy yBeK VIpaFlHe (llopMa;me) Ha npaeau cnHBa it 0,I Ibnx cc (hopNnpajy T3B. 6asa.110/lU C1U1'nnhll Kao wTO Cy CTy50BH y uehmm (NnHra:1 y IIIKUFCKOj 1111 Crenennlie ,WB013a )' NpCKOj wrO jc y cTBapn oSa.THa repaca cacral;beHa oA npeKo 40.000 ycupaBHnx 5a3aJITHHX 11p1r3MH.

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11peoa KapaKTepHCTHKBMa epyiiitnje, npHpOAH BaTpeHe Marcie H Bpc'TH H35aieHe JIaBe pa3JINKyjeM0 4eil1pH Bpc1C BynKaHa: Hc,IaHaCKH, xaBajCKH, By-"IKaHOnowKH H neneaiiCKH*. 14claH ; 1,cKH THH. lcnaHACKH THII JC KapaKTepFICTN4aH 3a TIB. u KOUIUHCKe U3.lllhe KOJII ce ofJIHKyje TNMe IIITO naBa HCTN4C MHpFO KPO3 Ay5OKy IlyKOTHHy' 3CMJbHHC KOpe, npH 4eMy ce He (flopMHpa npaBa ByJIKaHCKa Kylla Beh HH3 MarbHx Koje CC tieCTO N Ile BHAC H3 IIyKOTHHe. OBaJ THII By.IKaHa ;jo5uo

pa35Hja CC H y3 ryciC H3.HBe naBC 11 OlpoMHHX KOJIH4HHa nencJla, H35aUyjy CC H Ka-

wacTe 5OM5e H TCWKU SJOKOBH CrCHa HerprHyTHx oj baie Kyne. ;la*a OBHx BynKaHa. I1aKO BHCK03Ha CiBapa npaBe peKe. Epyllullja By-Walla Kj1aKaTOa, 1833. 1t1-n1-

He y CyH,gcKOM KaHany. pa,iopHna je JIBe I pcfuiHe ocTpBa. Epynumja Be3yBa 79. i o;Hnlc 5una jc npaBa ByJIKallorpa(j)cKa. BynxarioI pa(4)CKH By :IKaHH Cy o ET Ha H BYJIKaHH Ha KaHapCKHM OCTpBHMa.
HeJleaHCKH 1111. Ile;leallcKH (11111 IlenewKH) too je y CTBapH CneIIlljanUH 05JIHK By,]KaHO:IOUIKOr THna. KapaK TepFCIH4aH je H OH 110 CliaNCHHM CKCIUJ103HjaMa, no ieOSHtIHO BHCKO3HOJ naBH, CKOPO CTBP-IHyIOJ Beh npU H3na3y, H 110 (^OpMHpalby nnaMeHe Mal Lie, HeO51i4HO ry'CTe it 11CIIpO3HpHe. Kao N 110 OrpOMHHMI KOnHlHHaMa neiieaa KOJH CC 88-6x0 H[Ii IIa,3Hlle BynKaHa HCOSHtHOM 5pliii III.

je IIMe no Hc_iaHAy i ae cc Hajtewhc jaBJbajy oBaKBe epynunje. 03.4HBH BynKaHa JIaKH. Hop.. H35Hja_1y o-3 105 Kpaiepa caeplllello IlopaauarHx ,Iy)K jeAHe HyKOTHHe ,lyie 24 KM.
XaBajCKH 11111111. XaBaJCKH THn BynKaHi

no5no je time no petty By:IKaua na XaBajcKIo i ocTpBHMa Koja Cy cBa BVJIKancKOF IIOpeKJIa. Epynuaje Tor THna BynKaHa cy MHp11C it 1 lIxe, naBa jC Beoma Te4Ha, 5am.1vi o01 cacTaBa 5e3 BaTpeHe Marne. eKCnno3Nja, By'JIKancKHx 5oM511 H 1'1pyrHx o5JIHKa H35auHIiawa. Maylia Jloa H Mayiia Kea, rnaBlin BV:IKaHH Ha XaBajHMa. HHCY HIMCHHJH Ila41111 epylluHje 3a MHaeiilijyMe CBOT IIOCTOjaH a.
OBH BVJIKaIIH, CIIOJbHHM H317-4c/OM JH4e Ha n:bOCHaTy Kyll, BeoMa S,IaCHx IIaJluua. KpaTcp Bynxana KuJiaMa (XaBajll) HpetniHKa 0;1 ow 5 KM :1!411 Ha je3epo Ily'iiO TC411C naHC. 3a oBaKBe B)'nKal[C TIHH'IHO je cTBapalbc ByJIKaocKOr ciaKna, 3BaHOr (le;leoh weluup.

OBaj lull BynKaHa Ao5Ho je HMe n0 By:IK1111V MoHT 1leJie Ha OCTpBy MapTHHHK na KOMe cc 1902. roAHHC oA Ho-lyoxnal)eHe naBe Ili0pMHpana Hacnara Bucoxa 400 Merapa, Koja je, 3aTHM pa3operia je/HOM eKCnn0lujoM. Bar pea Marna Koja je noKybana 113 JCAHOF SotiHOr OTBOpa pa30pHJla jC rpa1 H 3a Mawc oA je/HOT NIHHYTa y511na 128.000 CraHOBHHKa. Apyre KynC Qq BHCKO3HC JIaBe llropMHpane ey CC npHJ1HKOM epy'lunja 1929. H 1930. FO1HHe.

BYJIKAHCKE MAHH(DECTAI(HJE
Ilocne epynuuje BvJKaHH H35allyjy join Ayro racoBe H BoaeHy oapy y OS.IHKy cry5a ;ulMa: TO CC 3OBC (/)l'lIapO:70.
Ilpella XexllljcKOM cacIany (3yMaponc ',toI\ OnIN xnopaclc. xnopxn;IpaTile, xnopu.1IIC, aMOHHja4He. cyJl(1xHApaTHC H KapSOHcKC. Koje cc iecIO CMen,yjy Kao .0! jC ii':IKe11 Kolncl'3alop.

TO je IIOKpHBa4 Jraae y oPnNKy iiayxoBe nipe)Ke. IlpH5.4Ha(llo cHaKe oCMe r-o;u+iC iaBa Cc H3JINje H3 KpaTepa CBe qo MOp3. OBaKHHM epyTlwijaMa cTBopCI IC cy orpOM lie Pa13a:ine iaCnaiC y ACKaUv. Ha HCTO4IIO\I I-peiuiaH,gy H Jlp.
B),i1KaH0.lowKH [Nn. BY. I Kaoo-rio llKII I nii je KapaKTepICTH4aI1 no epynuiljanla of pOMH11 pa3Mepa, ca CTpaXOBHIHM CKCnno311jaMa 35or rewKOr O11Bajalba naBt 0;:1

racoaa o BO11cHe nape. Ka/lore (Kyne) cy Mane it BpJlo Hellpabnnlrc. OHH By',HKaHH HMajy c.aojehwur Will ueuHObuulr Krur, (IIOpM11paHy IIOBpCMCliHri epy'IIIlI11a is :IaBC tt ncnena. 35or excll:IO3Hja cc oiBapa JeiuaH Hnlt BHUC Kpa"lepa, ten Oil naBe Ha Kpaiepy
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epo3Hje, orBapajyhH y C HIIKOM nervy c1CHe nyieBe 3a np0aa3 BOrIC Koja je r!IaIliIH areHC epo3HJe . Kaa je KJIlMa Ily'CT11IbCKa 11111 IL1aHHHCKa . q)H3HIKa epo3Hja je y3pOK Hajuehel ;tea npoMewl Koje cc Mory B11aCI if.
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He BoilaMa Koje cc yllijajy (H11cpH iTpllpajy). PacTBOpCHC KoMnOHC Hie CTena KO)e TaKBC Boac OuHCCy, uCjCTBYJY Ha ;Ipy're MIHCpane 11 oMOl yhy'jy as HJ4e 90 cepuje XCM11JCKHX peaKlwja Koje .3OBOae ;to ci apal- ba MHHepaJla Ki10 11110 je R.-IOBa4a 11JW cy HepaCi BOp:bn011 Koli II : ICKCHII X11npOKCH ; 111 aJly'x1HH11jyMa JAI) 11 rBo)KtJa (Fe). Tpajatbe OBOt KOM 11.111 KOB:11or MexaH IIIMa 3a BLCU on ilK-

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,Iyxa TeMnepaType ou 210K*), ta 5" cc y IOKy' KacHHj is 50 KM noBehana raKO ua ce Kpchc ou 275 uo 325K. TOK cpeuiba TeMncpaiypa n3HOC11 325K. To je T3B. TOIJH Ilojac. Hoene TOr nojaca CBe uo 80 KM HOHoBO cne)H xnamIiH nojac cc HBJHH)KOM i em nepa ypoM al Moc(pepe o7 oK0 190K. jour YBCK yHyiap jOHOC(pepe. Y jonoc(j)epM cc KacHHje TerilepaTypa nporpecHBHO noBehaia TaKO ;1a Ha 400 KM aOCTm)Kc 2500"K.
Mafia je cacraB Ba3Ay'xa npaKTH'1llo KOHcTaHTaH noc3 oje Mane HpOMCHe KOje, He MCH,ajyhrl SHTHO npoccx, Hmlajy Heo5N9Ho BenHKH 3Ha'iaj 3a ()H3H4Ke nojaBe H 3a e(#)eKTe Koje MOry ja H3a3oBy. 1't3Meby 15 H 50 KM BNCHHC yJTpa-:by5N4aCTO 3pa4eibc CyHua aKT11 BHpa Monexyne KHCeOHHKa KOjH pearyjy THMC 11110 II 0H3BOAe 03011 y BeoMa Ma.IFM KOJIligiHaMa , peua 0.001 OHCTO, aJIN H Tit Tana KOJIH'iHIla aiicop5yjc cKOpo CBC y;I I pa-JbySu IaCTe 3paKe, ocraBibajyhn canto TOJ1Hxo KOiHKO JC )lOBOn,HO ua ySHja 1111Kp06C H IIOHpHH 4OBeKOBy xo)Ky. To ancopSoBaibe, Kole IIOCTH)KC CBOJ MaKCHMaJ]HH HHTCII30Ter

Ha BHCHII1I oA oxo 50 KM, BepOBa 1110 je pa3nor uoBNHieiba Tenlnepaiype Ba3uyxa y TOj 3011". H04CM OH 60--80 KM racuM MOJICKynN CC, 3501 J1 JCTBa CyII4eBHX H KOCMH4KHX

3paKOBa, pa35Hjajy H ocnoSol)aBajy BTOMC Kojl cc )le.3oM jOIiH'3yjy. ATMOC'DEI'CKA JHHAMl4KA

FaCIIN oMora4 KOjn oKpy)ICyje 3eM.by HNJe Ca4HIbCn 0p KOHHeHTpH9HHX Caojeia Ba31LyXa pa3JIH4IITHx ryCTnua y cialby MnpoBalba, Beh npeTICTaBJba JICO n.IaHere y KoMe TepMH9KH yCJIOBH HacranM JIej . CTBOM CyHlla ilMajy HajiehH elfiexaT. Ba3Jlyx, Kao cnleHla I aCOBa HMa MaKCHMajHe yCJIoBe rloKpeT'bHBOCTH; OH He CJIeAH KpyTO 3cMJb1IHo p0-

Koje Cc npoci M pe culpalla ) c(fwepa cite no 6070 KM BHCHHe.

TeMnepaTypa TOE 1O.Lpy4ja noKaiyje H3HeHat) yjyhe HenpaBH .411ocrH . Y rpollod(L)epll cc rcnlneparypa yMan , yje 3a OKo 6"(' Ha CBaKH KM BNCHHC CBC 10 Tpon0iiay3e, r)IC cc Hana3e BeoMa pacxiial)eHn CJIOJCBH Ba'3-

THpaH,C Bch 110Th yTHHajeM Tor pOIHpaH,a it Cant noune)KC nOKpeTHMa KojH cy pe3ynTaT yTilllaja MHOri1X it pa3HOJIUKHX (flaKTOpa. Ai iooc(hepcxe nojaBC KOjC cc uoral)ajy y TpOnocOeplI H Koje IejCTByjy HenocpejHo Ha IIOBpWHHY nna11CIC 30By ce.ulelue0p0.l0taK(' UOJUbe.
*) KCno,,HtBH CTCIIeHII (K) H3pa)KanaJ1' anCOJIy3Hy TCM

nepa ryp) Ha. npeMa roMe, 3a 0C

eKHnxa.'leuar Tewie-

panlx y Ke-mnuoouM CTCne1111T111 je +237K lantn]yrTra r e>me paiypa -laspiaBalba none). Taco je 37C pasno 310K a 40C nnruxapa 233K

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OCHOBHH y3potu arMoc (4epcKe AHHaMHKC jecy pa3J1H4HTO 3alpeBarbe Ba3Ayxa H 3eMJbHHa pOTaUHJa . Koje npOy3pOKyjy Kpy)ceiba BeJIHKHX Maca Ba3Ji yxa OR KOJnX cc pa3BHjajy hetUpOhu, na cc Meruajy XnaaaH H I'OrulH Ba3Ayx '3aclhcH BOAeHOM napoM yc-

BHCOKOF npHTHCKa H BChC rycTHHC y KOjHMa cc, MOrnO 5H cc peho. Ba3Ayx HarOMHnaBa (uJuuut4uK.4ouu HJ1H aFWut44Ka0Ua.4Ue 0O.IUC-

iou), m Apyra, HHCKOI npHTHCKa H y KojHMa H3rjlejla ,' la cc Hana3H MaH,C Ba3Ayxa HO Y IIpBHM ( 14uKAODU HJIH t.(uK.iofa.ale ob,ia(-iUu). Pa3iHKC y npHTHCUHMa yCJIOBJbYJy H oApeIY.Iy Kpcratbe Ba3Ayxa, WTO cc ocTBapyje y cnHpanaMa, nona3ehH H3 OSnacTH BHCOKOF F I P HI HCKa rpe Bna/la neno BpCMe Ka oS J IaC'TH-

Jleu era HaCTajy obnauu H. KaO KpajH,a nocneanua. Kulua. AKO 5H HOCTOjao canto npBH 0A Ta ABa HaBeAeHa y3poKa ( pa3Jl rnTO 3arpeBalbe),
Ba3,UYX 5H cc 3ai pcbao y 5JH3HHH eKBa ropa c TCH ,aeHUHjoM Aa cc rteH,e a Ha 11010BHMa pacXnabuBao C TCHAeHUHJOM Aa Cc CI3yCTH. 35or pa3 i ice y I'VCTHIIH a THMe H npHTHCKa H3Meijy Ta ABa cJly'Iaja, HaCTanO 5H nOMepatbe TOfJOi Ba3Ayxa y BHCOKHM CJ1OJCBHMa ipofnoc(p epe ca CKBaTOpa Ka no,loBHMa. a xaaTHor Ba3Ayxa y HH)CHM CJlOjeBHMa ca noJIOBa Ka CKBaTOpy. Ho, noWTO 3eMJl, a poTHpa , To he Ba3Ayx y ropH,HM cnojcBHMa CKpeTaTH IlpeMa HCTOKy (aHum u tic ' alau) ajiH Hehe , i]OCTHhH nolapHe OSnaCTH : 35or CKpeTalba rbHBarba 05HMa H 350r cManapa ieJla: Ba3Ayx je llpH-

Ma HHCKOr npHTHCKa The cc AenlaBajy onyjc. uaaarHHe H, yORInle , ;IOllle BpeMe.

HojaHa UHKJIOHaJIHHX H aIITHUHKJiOHaJlIIHX OSnacTH nocneAHlla JC paliHJC olnHcaHHX nojaBa. Karla cc re o5.riaCTH o;ipeje, yupTaBajy CC Y MCI eOpOJlOIIlKC KapTe H allaJlH30M TaKO npeActaBJbeHe CHTyalIHje pacnoAene II HTHCaKa Xtory cc oApeTH rH upaBUH BerpoBa y oTpebeHHM iotlaMa, tbHxoBa ja4HHa H AHeBHC KJIHMaTCKC npOMeHe. Te o5naCTHje MOryhC 0ApCAHTH jeTHOapeMeiHM MepctbeM aTMoc(j)epcxor npHTHCKa Ha pa3HHM Ta4KaMa 3eMJbHHe nOBpWHHC H H3Bna4elbeM U306apa HCTHX RpHTHcaKa . nHHHja Koje cuajajy Ta4Ke I HKJ10HanHe H aHTHUHK-

cHJbeH Aa cc Bch OKO ceRepHC OAHOCHO jyacHe UIHPHHC oA 35' cnyurra H Bpaha nptt 3CMJhHHOj IIOBpIHHHH Ka eKBaTOpy ( uacaulu). orora nyTa y3 CKpeTarbe Ka 3anaJly . Ba3Ayx ca IIOJOBa KOjU CC npH 3CMJbH KpChC Ka eKBa TOpy 6HBa npHCHJbelI CBC Behei (WHpeuC 350r o5HMa ynopeTHHKa ) Aa cc nelbe

noHanHe o5naCTH ayioMaTCKH ocTajy y UCHTpHMa cepHje H3o5apa KOHIICHlpH41IHX 1ICnpaBHJIHHX KpHBHX nHHHja 4Hja cc 5poj-

4ana BPCAHOCT npHTHCKa yMaibyje OAHOCIIO noBehaBa npeMa ueHTpy.

npe 35 ceeepHe O,gnocHO jy)KHe WHpHHe H raKo npcl)c y lupKyntuo.rapuo Kpy)Kerbe. YcJ1CA IOXIeHyTa ABa rnaBHa y3poKa IIHpKynauHjc Ba3Ayxa y npeneny no;lona jaB;bajy cc uo-tcrp)( u uculo4 )lu hetuup H 3auuy )lu heulap. 350r raKBC pacnoaele Maca Ba3Ayxa (4opMHpahe cc 30Ha BHC O KOF HPHTHCKa y 5nH3HII11 IlonapHnX Kpyl OBa a HHCKOI Y 5nH3HHH rloBpa iUHKa. TpchH 4HHHlau xOJH AejCTBYje Ha lHpKy:Ialwjy y ai Moc (t)cpn jCCTc pa iJIH4H TH HHTCir3HTel pacxnat) HBaH , a KOIIHeHHX H BOAeHHX

Ob.ial4u cc o5pa3yjy KoHAelr3oHaH,eM aiMoc4iepcxe BojcHe nape (KaAa cc oxna)iH) SHno y HoAeHe KaIJbHue npe4HnKa pc;Ta 0.01 NIM, SaJIO y oO,IHrcy Xtainx Kpncraiuha neua. ,L a 5" cC olso pecHno HeouxojHo je npHCyciBo MajiHx 3pHalla npawnne Kgja cc Ty nojaB.eyjy Kao KoHAeH3auHOHa je,irpa. T;IKBHX ManHX 3pHaua npawuuc HMa y AOHo'bHOj KOJIH'HHH A0 4 KM BHCHHC HO Ha BehHM HHcHHaMa HeCTajy . To je painor WTo y CTpaTOC( j;)epH HeMa o5,iaKa.
05naiu1 ca RajjaBHHaMa (PopMHpajy cc 3aCHheHOr KaAa cc Maca Tonnoi Ba3)lyxa,

No

Maca. Ta nojasa H3a3HBa cl Bapau-.c cepnja no,upy4ja BHcoKor H HHC KO[ IpHTHCKa WTO H3a3HBa AHCBHC ( Blip. icae( utpa_i) H nepitOAH4He ( Hnp. .iil ou I'll ) BerpoBe . HajH03HaTHjH cy MOHCy1IH KojH AyBajy 6 MccCUH ca Konlra npeMa Mopy H Apyrnx 6 MeceuH ca Mopa HpeMa KOHHy. Ontu ra uHpKy'nauHja y a rMocOIep1, 4njy cMO exeMy yalpaBO BHAeJlH, cTBapa noJipy'ja

BOACHOM napoM, Kpehe Kpo3 aTMOC(hepy o5palyjyhH H HaHbe Ha Ha Taj Ha4HH CBOM nyTy ulou:IU (ppOHM, Ha Macy XJIailHOr

Ba3Ayxa. Ha CJIH4aH Ha4Hl1 cc (^opMHpa jeAaH BHCOK H rjCT CJIOj ohiiaxa xa)la je Maca XJIaJIHOr Ba3Ayxa FOM. (x.iagnu (/)pOWu) H3Ha;l 3o He ronjlor Ba3Jlyxa KojH je 3acHhCaa Bna-

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Yrajb cc nojaBJbyje H3Me1)y Ce13HMeu IHNX (I)opMauHja KUO HCJIHKH CnOJ NJIN KUO Maca y OSJIHKY CJIOja. OH je iiaCTao TpaHC(I)OpMauHjoM 511:b1ti1X OCTaTaKa KOJH Cy 3aCYTN 3CMJboM H laK o H35erJ1N J1a Syay UOTIIyHO pa3OpcHH. (L)OCH:HH yi it. I, Mo)KC SN 111: mpecew, iu1IIUUI HIiH .NpKU la ,b, KUMeI ( U 11.11 14,(11314 r4U.a

Ba H,NxoBy Ka iopH4Hy Mob xoja je Beha HO KOn Yr.ba. Ilopexno yrn,a je HecyMlbHBO SHJI,HO. OH je HaCTao yipOWKOM OrpOMHNX KOJN4HHa SHJbaKa Koje cy cc pa3BHjane y HeorpaHH4eHHM KOJIH4NHaMa y HOJCJIHHHM oSJIaCTNMa 3eMJbe ca4HwallajyhH BeoMa ryCTe 11lyMe y nCPHOJIH KapSoHa epe riaJ1eo30111(a . AT Moc(Iepa je Tana SNna BeoMa 5oraia ylJbeHnNOKCHaOM )(02) 11130 JC O%IOryhHllo HHrCH3HBHHJY (j)yIIKUNJy xnopo(MHna na CTOra H IICO5114ali pa3BO) 511:bliof CBeTa y HapO41f 10 TOIIJIOJ H BJla)KHOJ KJIHMH . OBC OrpOMliC yr7,OIIOClIe WyMe SHJIe cy IIOCTC'nCIIO 3acHnane CCJIHMeIITHMa H TaKO IIOJlBpr Ny 1C 3a pee reouowxHx epa. nepHo,1 H enoxa Set Ba3nyxa, uejcTBy H3BecHHx SaKieplija. XeMHJCKH IlpOUeC Kap6oHH(1HKBUHJC HaCiajao je nocne noTanalba SHJbaKa y Bo.C MO4BapHHx wyMa H O11BHJao cc KP03 HeKy Bpciy aHaepo5He (5e3 I1 HCYCTBa Ba3)4yXa) (fiepMeHTauHjc 4Nja je IlocnejnHUa ry5NTaK

it aimipUISum . Te BpCTe yrJba pa3nuKyjy Cc y Cy1111' HHH no creneHy ocTBapeue Tpanc4lopMaHHje H IIpOLLCHTy ylJbeHHKa KOJH canp)(e.
1 pecetu je HajMnabII (I)0CH1HH yI a.b, y Cy111THHH TO Cy JOlll HC;toBO;bHO Tpauclj)opMHPatrH SNJLHH oeTaLLH . CaCTOJH CC Olt ItpHKac'IC nO CBeTJION1yTe Ma IepHje, nMa H3rnen

cyni)epa. caapH(H HYHO ocra I axa bwba Koje join Wtjc Kap6OH1,13OBarlo . mopMNpa Ce H calla y mpei ewumuiulla HJIH y Sapyiii TNWIMa rae cc pa3Bnia)y BeJIHKe KOJIL14HHe MaxOHNHe H npYlNX HO;ICHHX 6umalca KOje (bopMHpaJy upa Be IInO Hehe IlaWtba KC.
J/IIInUUi 11.111 tlpKU I'Ua.3. JC KO', llaK 3 llll)N 0;1 rpeCCTa. Sole Je KecTCH,aCre NnH UPHC, CaIyBao je C l pyK I ypy KOH03OH Ka. A(Itlenu H.'11114pllU 'la ,b JC UpH. KOMIIaK 1 aH. cjajHOCTH eiaKiiacTe. CMOJIaCTe HJ1H MacHC; x011 lbera je 30W .Obpo o4yBana Cr3YKIypa SNJba, yl: IaBHOM IlOTH4C 113 naneo 'ioKKa am cc MOI y Hahn H HBCnaI C 113 Me303OHKa IIa it KCI10 loll Ka. .-1111ap(a(ma )C KaMCHH yl a.b, TBpa, KOMIIaK IaH . JIOMH CC LliKOJ, KUCTo , CTBKJIaCre je cjajlloci%ca IIpC11u3oM y McTanlty. IIOTHVe N 3 I IaJlco 30NKa. Ali Ipaiwi H KaMeHH yiaul Cy Haj5ola I HjH YIJbCUIIKOM H NCI1apibHBHM cacrojunMa a HMa)Y H HajBehy Ka.3opH'llly BpeaHoci.. I1nrIIN I it rpcccl Cy cN po Ma1111311 yrbC1111KOM 11 IlMajy Ma.iy KaaopH9Hy Hpe'uHOC1. YIJbeIINK HMa KanOpHgHy Moh o;l 7861) KanopUJa a 411CIll BOJ101413K 34190 Ka:1oplja; IIpcMa TOMC. Y KOUHKO jeUHO FOPHHO liMa Behy KOJIH4H11Y HOJIOHHKa yIOuHKO JC IbCI OB KBan11TCi Soubit . BHCOKrt IlpouenaI Bo;LOIIHKa y rC IHHM H raCOBHTHM I OPHBHMa o6jallllbaSn:baxa . 41111111 N Cy yi JiaBHOM 1101 CKJ1H 113 epc Me3o30NKa HJIII

BonoHHxa , KHceoHNKa H I(enyno3e. MeTaHa H y1JbCH-aHOKCNna H. 3501 TOra. o5orahnl,albc YI 1.euHK0b1. IIaCTynno jC MOMCHT y KOMC JC (I)epMCHTautja npecrana 350r nojane 3eMIHIX KuCeJiUlla xoje Cy CIBOpNJIe all rNCC1Ir{14Ky' CpCAIIHY- IlpcMa IOMe. CTCneH Kap50HH(I)IlxauHJe HC laBucH 011 CTaPOCTH JICNCHIIITa Bch oa BpeMeHa Kana je HaCTana Ta amilCCllTH41(a ( Ila'la . llpoueC KapSOHNfllileaunje ;1o10.N 110 ci Bapalba jemic cyucIaHUHje )KC:Ia111H03H01 N3r.TCna 501 aTe 3eMni1M KNCe:11111aMa (yiJ o-XYMyCHa) KOIa Ca'n116aBa OcIIOBHy'' cyncrallUljy YrJba. MHxpoCKOnCxa crynHja yi:ba oMoryhiyje ;La cc yO4N cepllja BCOMa MaJINX SNJbHHX 0CIalaKa MCby KOJNMa c)' cc motile HneHIH(IwKOBaTH H (I)OCHJIHC 6aKleplije, KOJC bH MOI JIC SNTN Y3p04HH1111 (I)OCN.1N3aI1NJe.

IIpeMa ICOJIOWKHM yc.IOHHMa ne/(NWTa yrJba cc .CAC Ha aIIaoxluone it (I.loxluone. Y CnojeBHMa ayioxioHllx yr:beua Moryhe je YOMNTH noBpeMeHO paHHjil BCPlMKanHn IIouoa(a) CTil5il. 4a HJIN IbnXOBC KOpe tc y C1MOM ne)KHImy. 3501 ylaCTO111IHX lalpllaBalba HIyMa nojaB -byje cc HNwe cJloiciia 1110C il:1HOr yrJba KOJN Jle)KC JC gHH 113Han :Ipyr itx jJ111 paCTaBJlCHN ApyVHM CCAnMeH111NM CIOicHHMa. xao imp. y SaceHy KaMCllor yrJba y (I)panuycxoj.

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YCJ1OBH Imo;t KOJHMa CC Hana3H Iialtrla o,1pCI)CHH Cy IeKTOHCKOM IIpHpO.J.OM H CrpyKlypoM crela Koje je cagp)Ke. CJIOJCBH y KOIHMa JIC)KH yi imuOM Cy rImuliaCI H H 3OBy cc 34utuuque cuwue. A;IH HalfTa yrJlaBll0M TC)ICH Aa HCIIYPH H3 MaTHg1IHX CTeHa H Jla CC yultje y o),mA the nopo311e cTe11e- Kao I11T0 cy new4ap11, npti 4CMy cc Hal oMH;iaBa y co4rIHadI HM iotiaMa y Ko_jHMa Ce ogo340 upeMa rope pacnopeiyjy Boga, Half Ta it rac. Aa 5H cc Jle)KHw is Ca4yHano Heo11XoJltlo je ga 5yge lawrHheHO HCI1pOUYCHHM CJIOjeRHMa Hnola'e KOJH CIIpe4aBajy Ibelly OKCHga1lHJY H pacna,latHe. TNHHMHO Jlex(Hwie Ha(lIre Je aHTHKJIHhuaJiHO, n011110 CC OHa noCraBJba y npe.UClly aHT19KJINHHJIHOI wapuinpa nop03HIlX CIOJCBa HJIH Kou3epBaUHOHHX CJIojeBa.

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la upegc-iaBJba jenny og
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enepruje

CaCTOJH cc oil MewaBHHe 4HpCTHX, TC'4IiHX H racoBH 'rHX yIJbO- BOgOHHKa . Ha(PTa cc MO)Ke nojaBlrl H y pet of 11 I ywhoj KOH'3HCIcIIIIHjN 1-1170 3aBHC31 0:1 101a ;la Alt y H,oj IIpcoBnabyJy `IHpCTN HJIH Ie41n1 N IaC oBN1H Cuei OJUH. (DPHKlIH0HOM 1ec-iHJIa IIHJONt Ila(l)IC MOry CC 1105HTH MHOIH HHAYCTpHJCKH 11pOH313OAH (naKa yJba, 'Ie111Ka yJba, 5eH3H11, Ba3emHH, rlapa(PHH, amKOxon, rac, yn,e 3a JIo)KeH,e , aCh)aJIT. 50Je, CMOJIC. CHHTeT114Ka ryMa, rlnaciiomime MarepiJC. K03MeTlIgKa cpegCrBa, (papMal1CyTCKH npOH3BOAN HIJI.). I IajBaacHHJc IIH Ialbe KOjC jC oT Kpuhe Ha(l)IC HaMCI liy'n0 Ieo.no3NMa, SNno je H,eUO hope Kilo H Sou aIC I BO IbeIlHX :ICACNIIITa. AaIIaC' cc CMa T pa 10111 yBeK as je Ha(pTa opt allCKOI nOpCKaa H ga JC Hac aiia TpaHC(fIOpMHCaH,CM BeJIHKHX KOJIHgUHa 5HJbHNX H )KNBO1 HIbCKNX OCIa I aKZI, KOJII Cy '1101 ,111 J3a CC IIp0113Begy caMO y MOpCKOJ CPCAHHH a 4Ilja pa3HOBpCHOCI H 5oraTCTB0 npefalHJla3e CllaKy Malllry. Aauac Ce npeTnoclaaJba as cy CNPOBHHC 3a C'IBapalbe 11a(k)IC 5HJIH nJIaI1KI01ICK11 OpraUFI IM11 KOJH Cy NCUIHCJIN y MOPY 11. MHKpO(^JIOpa H MH)CpO(llayllil, KOJH Cy CC y cIICUHIa)IHIIN1 101101 pa(CKHM yc-;IOHHMa HaroMHna J IH y 01pOMHHM KOa114liHaMa Ha AHV oKealICKHX cC;IHMeHaTa. Tcoprja o NoclauKy HaqITC y narynaMa it it Fa IlpeBnaKa o )jawlbaba ga je OKCalCKa Bo a 5oiala IInaHICIOHCKHM opiaHH3MHMa HCNpeKHJmuO nponUpa:la y Jlal yHe H 3aJIHBC ;Ie.IIMHgHO 3a IBOpCHe npeB ,TaKaMa . Fl:IaHKI OIICKH Opt auH IMH , Npena3ChH 113 CnaHHIc Bo;te y MaH,c cnaHy Bogy 6p'3o cy yNwpa:IH it IaKO CT BOpH:IN IICKY BpC"ly IlCIIPCKNAHe KN-

NCTpa*HBatbC Ha4)le je KOMnnHKouaHo. CKYIIO H CIIOpO. IIpu TOMC CC KOPHCTH ICO:IOwKHM H JIOIIYHCKHM ICO(f)H3HMKHM MCTO,-laMa Kole Tpe5a ga 05e'15ege Ma1CCHMaJllly BepoBairiohy ycnexa npH SyNletby. Aaiiac, iaxaafbyjy'hlt HanperKy Hayxe it TaxHOuKe. 20 to 25 Dacia 5vwcwa cy ycncwlla 110K cc our npe 10 1o,THHa raj npoucuaT KPCrao Caxo OKO 5 olCTO. TeXIuu14KHM YcaHplllatiaIbeM gauac cc nocim,,io 5yH1eu,C go 7001) McTapa )ly6HHe. OCHNI Iola pa'3BHJ10 cc 3HaTHO H 5yIIIetbC Tepetlil 110,4 MOpeM. I I epcueKI HBe CKCI IJI0U l a1111IC Ha(f TC Ca I CpeHa IIO;I MOpeM Cy Bp;I0 BejIHKe 001111(1 cc pa'yHa Aa cc Ha ICpeFIHMa noKpHHeHHM MOPCM Hana3H gHa iiyia BCha pe3epila HalimiC IICFO y Haila'iu111THMa Ila K(1111 HHCIITNMa. Hajua)KHHJa ne)KH1nTa HaltITe Ilanaie CC Ha

(peglbeXu HCIOKy'. 3aiHM y CCaepHoj AMCpNIIN y CAA. Y JyawHoj AMePHI&H cy HaJ3ua4ajwtja ne)KHIHra y BeHeuyCJI a y EBpourl y CCCP 11 y PyMyunjIl.

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Tcoplje o nocTaHKy 3e a i,e iru Jleaa ;1a HMajy jeaau 3ajeu"HIKH eJleMenar, a TO JC jja je Hama unaHera Hpoulna je;uiy (4a3y y KOJOJ jC 5NJ1a y TC4HOM CTatby . CHe iloctasKC O (,H3H4KOM caCTaBy CneMeHaTa Oa KOJHX jc 3eMJba Ca4HIbeHa cneKyilaTHBHOr cy Kap:IKrepa H lajHa Kola OSaBHja nocraHaK ciiana (ClfoJbHH oMoi a4 ' 3eMJbHHe Kyine npeIc)cHO cac1aH.hen 0 ; 1 CNJlHUHjyMa H anyMHHHjyMa ) H lberoBO OTBajatbe Oa clMe, Moryhe je npe pellIH I H Hen" i HBalbHMa Y KOCMOCy

Kao KpajlbH UHJb HMa peKOHCTpyKllujy 3eMJ6HHe noupIIIHHC y pa'iHHM epaMa H Ha cHaKOM Nicely . IICTOpujCKa 1'coilor uja ce y'3HaTHOM 05HMy 5a3Hpa Ha CTparHipa O HJH.

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llpexaM5pnjcxa epa obyxsara nepHO1 He1 opuje 3eribe KOJH 11peTXOTH CpH crnapaiba npsnx crena Koje caapx(e aOBOJbHO ca4yBane opiaHH3Me as 6m IbrixoBa crpyKTypa Morna SHIn onHcaHa. Iberia ioplba Ipaunua OapebcHa JC cnojeBHMa y KOJHMa ce Haila'3e HajcTapHjH rf)oCHJIH ij. uoibei KaMSpnjyMa.' npse enoxe uaileo30jcKe epC. 4Hja ciapoci JIOCTH)KC 600 MHJiiioua rOJiHHa. I4aKO npexaMSpujcKH repenu tic caap)Ke (k)OCHAC, O4NGICaHO je. 5ap JICJIHMH4HO. -1a
cy noclojana ) KHBa SHha . Kao aoKa-3 -re TBpaH,e Jecue (#) opMnpalbe KpC4IbaKa H yi JbCHHKOBHX jeauweiba la 4Hje uocrojawe je BC3aHa HCKJby4HBO aKTNBHOCI )KHBHX OplaHH3aMa . a OCHM Lola . npsa )KHBa SHha IlaJIe030HKa TpHJIOSHTH . npeaCl auJbajy Bch l^

uero uocMaipatbHMa Ha 3eMJbn, jep je Maio sepoBaTHO Ta heMO OTKPHTH npae CTeHe OA KOJHX je 5HJIa ca4HIbeua 3CMJ MHa xopa.
O,3 TpeHYTKa Kaaa cc nojamma Boaa Ha 3cMJbH, Mo)KeMO cMa-rpaTH as je IlocrojaJla iieKa Kopa H as cy Ha [by aeJ10HaJic MHOre nojase Koje ca4Wbaiiajy jeaati IIWKJ1yC ca i pu OCHOBHC (fta3e o K0jIlMa je itch roBopeno. To cy: epo3llja, cc;uHMen rauuja oporeHe3a . OBaj IIHKJfyc he ce noHaBJbaTH y

HeoMa pa3JIH4HTHM rt)OpMaMa H y pa3nH4HTHM nepiioaa Ma eBOJ1yltsje ' nnaHeTe, npH ` 1CMy' Cy ocl aiiH TparoBH lberOBOf ; teaOBalba. ('Be npOMCHe Koje je Iiperpnena 3eMn,HHa Kopa npeJ1CraBJbajy H,elly He] OpHJy KOJy 113y'(aBa uCluopu/('Ka Ie9.lol1Qa. II pBH IIpOSJICM KO)H cc nocTaHJha. HCTOp11jCKOj ICOJlorlij14 jecIC oapel) HHalbe BpeMcHa nocrauxa pa3J1H4HTnx C'TcHa Koje cc iiajla3e y 3eMJbHHOJ KOPH H lbHXOBO XpOHOJIOWKO KJlacu (t) Humpalhc . CeTtime FHe Hac:lal C (k)OPMHPaHC Cy 0;1 Mai-epujaila KOJH IC KapaKlepHCTH4aH is enoxe H 3OHe ceaH'eHTaHHjc, IIITO je Hpe;IMCr H3y4aBaiha:ruu4oloulKe 3f('lu(q('. Met)yrHM, Hajaehr 5poj nix I COnoWKHX IpopMaHNja caap )KH OC3 aTKe 5N:I,a H )KHBOTHtba ((PO('u.lu) KOJH Cy iiopeljaHN 110 jeTHoj eBOJ1y HBHOJ CKann . 4NMe cc 5aBr1 iiajIeoHTOJlol nja, rpana HCTOpHJCKC reOnoI uje, na cc iaj Ha4H11 H3ygaBalba 'loBc ua.le'outuo a oWKa Melt qa. THM MC I OJtaMa. MOi he je OJIPCJIHTH pe;tocae;l crHapatba C 10leBa a All rOJIOWKO - IIaJleOHTono1IlKN CKyn KapaKTepHC ' I'HKa JCJIHOI HJIH BHWC CJIO ) eaa 30tic cc TaTKe (tlar(u /a. A aKO CTCIte He Ca1IP)KC 00 Mopa cc iipuSchn $H)KHIiHX SHha ,

penaTHBHO pa3BHjene opraHH3MC. Moa(c cc,aaKne, ' rpHpaHTH as jC nojaHa )KHHHX SHha Ha 3cM : bu HaCTana 3a BpeMe npcKaMSpujCKe Cpc.
CMarpa cc as CC ClapoCT HajpahWjnx (popMaunja Kpehe oa 2500 -- 3000 MHJIHOHa I OauHa H ;la je Hajc'rapuja epa lpajaja Iidi IIyTa 1Ya(c Oa CHHX KaCHnJHX epa '3ajc,ano. lio. 0 TOj CpH Bpno cc Mano 3Ha. MciaMop(j)H3aM JC CKOpO fOIJIyHO H3Me11HO llpeKaMSpujcKe repene H ocraBHo HCYBHMC maim nHanltuja 5opa , HCpaHHHHa N r1OCTojaibc HHTPy3HBHHX rpaHHla na 5n CC MOrne paljaCHHTn IIOJaBe y THM BpcMCHHMa. Y TOj CpH Morna cy cc pa3a3Ha I H TPH opoIeHCrCKH ItHKnyca , aim ca3HaHa Koja 0 TOMC HMaMO TaKO Cy HeilpCHn3Ha,xa, ocnaH,ajyhu CC Ha I1ajlloBHja HC rpa x (HHalba, caJ1aIIIH,a CxeMa Mopa as npClpliH OIpoMHe H3MCIIC. I lajcrapnja oporeuc la o5yxria inna je C'eBCplly AMepoKy , Fpcniiatm H IIIKOICKy. I1ocJle TC nepioac ((Ipx(I/('KU uepuoga) Haciaje aJIroHK"jcKa nepllt) Ia Koja o5yxBaia BHIII l.C TepeHe IlpeKaMSpHjcKC epe n y KojNMa cc Hana3e 1pat 01(11 (^ ocllna. Y lbOj cy cc jariuna

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3114KHM MCIOaaMa 3a yTBpr) NBalbe XpOHonoruje a to cy npou'IHOaH ac3Hllrerpannje ypana ( pailuoaKTHBHO 0 )1060).

C'lupaunapa(puja je I paua FCOJIOIIIKHX HayKa Koja uly4aBa HclopHjy c_Iojena. H,HxOBy CTapoci. I10pCKno, rpaHCOOpXnuoije. ac(I)op-

y5npalba y o5nacin je3epa Xjypoiia y CA,j (oxo 800 MnnnoHa roanua ) H ;1aJbe CBC 90 (PHHCKe rlpeKO IIIKOTCKe H CKaHaHHaBHJC.

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Nana je u Maepal.pa aeh KOKCOIIK9aaa0C SCM.KKKC cope ae _m xcuo. I IINI^(, OO in Koja je , IUIac 6x11a on Caciaaxx IeO a1wc^cpe y oo.mK) Oapa, KOK I C H euxaaa ce x OO in m ain jxua Ma II.

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Ilaj3a;1. noclleAiba oporeHe3a npeKaMSpnjCKC CpC ua3BaHa je ai ( u%1UKlga1la.

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Y Kal (5pujrslr, HpBOj ncpHo;Ht naneorouKa. crape nnal(tlopMe npeKpliBajy cc KOHTHHCHTanHHM J1CrpH1H4KHM (t)opMannlaMa,

je ABa rlpexaMbpnjexa SnoKa KoninHeHaTa if (popMnpao je npBC CBpOHCKe TCpeHe npc 320 MHJIHHa roumia. OrpaHH4CH CaMO Ha cCBCpHy lolly. 'Ii. nauau cc HporC3ao 11o CTapor CeBepHoaTnaHICKOF KOH1n11e11Ta a O,'1 A3Hje 5H0 je pa'1;1BojeH Ypa:lclco-TjanIIIaHCKOM reOCHHKJIHHaJ1oM.
KOH THHeT ( t)opMHpaH KpajeM CHIIYpCKC nepHOAC , 5NO je nOKpHBCH 3a BpeMC gebona cc nojaBJbyjy KOHHCHHM HJIH naryHapIIHM AeTpHTH9KHM (t)opMaIlijaMa Meby KojHMa npBe Bac KyiiapHe 5HJhKe Ha AHY CI apHX TpCCeTnurra, a H04HH y Jla cc nojaIJbyjy H rraHpa in H )IpYI C 5HJbKC KOjC Cy AO)KHBCJIC lipxyHall pa'3Boja y Kap5ohuCKOj nepnoim flat yHe IIacGbaaajy pn5e-oKnoHlba4e ( astrocoderma) H :IBonuxannue (diploe) a oA 31 naBKapa UHHOBCKHpaKOBn ( gigantostraca ).1lpHKpa1y rot I1epuoAa IlojaBJhyjy cc H IIpBe aM(fHhuje. Jy)I(HO OA KoHTHHCHTa Hana3H cc je;tall oKeao y 4HJHM Ay6HHaMa ne)KH EBpona H PYCKa Ilnar(popMa. MopcKa (haylla cc oboI aTHna' 6paxnotio; tn ;to) ( uBJbaaajy MaxcnMa:IHy paw'nalbeHOCI no BpcraMa, Meby rnaaouocHMa (cephalopoda) naJ1a3HMO npBc u.aorrume. a OCTpBa CC IJpCKpHBajy KopanHHM CnpyioBHMa. Toje ncpuoita npHBHJUHO1 TCK1OHCKO1 MHpoBat ba, Koja je (HJla IIpcKHHyia canto ca JIBa reOJlolliKa Jtorabaja MChyCO5H0 noBe3aiia: 110jaBa q uHanU (c'Ke CUIKAUrru,re [PC M

J1OK CC Y MOPCKHM o6nac iHMa aKYMY11HPajY CJIO)CBH KOJH CaJ1P)KC HajCTapH)c (t)OCnnc KOjH c c mm y HJICH I H 4 )HKOBa TH (pa;IHo lapHje,

6paxnnone. 3i;ianKap n1a.). Y 3aBplIHoM ACny Te nepHOJte Ilana3e Cc i par OBH i nC4CpCKHx rBopeBnlia 111ro- yKa'lyjc Ha 3axtlaheme.
MapHHCKe ( t)allHje KaMSpHJyMa BOAC 110pexn0 oil Mopa Koja cy nnaBHJla BChe IIOBpwHHe caJlawlbHx KoHriHenaia . To ce BHJtH no BeoMa pacupoclpalbeHOj MOpCK0j 05aJIHoj H naryHCKoj (layHH Koja je npeKpHna nnaHJheHe nJlaT(t)opMe m lMMC oIapaKTepHCana cepnje KaM6pHJCKHX ce:utmetiaTa. 'tit ctayoa cacTojana cc y npBOM pc;ty Oil wpu.tot5 iUa npaheliux OpiaHHIMHMa ca KpC4-

IN

Iba4KOM JbylII IYPOM 0171 KOjHX jC (j)opM llpa lla JC)IIa Hpcia rpeficua ( archcocyalus ), bpaxllono;HlMa, HIKOJbKaMa ( lamellihranchiata ) H lip.w IIPHMH I HBHHM ny)KeHHM :I (gastropoda). Il ly3eB KH4MCIhaKa , y To) IICpHO; IH hujic Cy IIpHCyTHe CBC BPCTe MOPCKHX ) KHBOI 111ba KOje IIOCTOJC H )tallac.

OCHM BeoMa OIPa11H4CHHX o5JIacin. KaM6PHJCKC HaCJlal C HaCTaBJbajy CHJIY' PCK[ CCAHMCHTH . KOJH Cy HMan} BCJIHKH 3Ha4aj 7a K1IJICJIOHCKY o6iiaci H Mope MccoIco*. nJIYPCKC Haciiai e Caitp)Ke KapaK ' repHCTH411C Ipauuw.i111Ue. MOpcKa y CBC KOMIIJIexcHHJOJ l.labo41OCHJIC 3a to Mope (haylla Ce IIOJaBJhyJC 6o !,0ev(urlsu3ur

280 MHJIHOHa ronnia it xepuuueKe opoleuele npC 260 MHJIHOHa Iowa.

OKean, y KOMe Cy I OCIIOAaPHJIe pHSC IlpeII:IaBHO jC KOHTHHCH IallHe HOBpuIIHHe die ,,to 111x0 ICKe H Ha Jyiy ao a(t)pH4KC 1111aT(t)OPMe. T a HIIHa3 ija MOpa MO)KC CC YIIOPCAHTH ca CH4HHM H3 nepHOile KaM5pHjyMa. H Ca OHOM , MIIOIO KaCHHJC . y KPCAH. CKOpO Y HCTOM nepHoay H3pothaBa H3 OKCaHCKHX lty5HHa jeitaH BCJIHKH IIJIa1IHHCKH Jlallall KOJH ca4nlhana KOCTYP cpc;llhe EBepolle: TO je xepuHHcKa oporeHC3a Koja ocTaBJha H3Meby Ce6c H CCBCPHHX KO1Ha BCJIHKy MOPCKY Aenpeci>jy H Koja je uonyHHna HOJIaKO beewi/w ic'h'l' 101VHV. aHaC OCTBTaK IC OpOreHe-3C BHCopaBAH, 4H11C Ill iapitliaj1A, Belli paJJHa Ap;1eHH. C{enwe IcldHHHe H MaCHBH C IIOJbHHx Anlla.

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4)OpMH , TaKO CHJIypcKH CCAHMCIITN 05Hiiyjy ( echionodermata ), Hotul4llela (cephalopoda), urpu. InfiuuluMa, Kojn cy lapa JIOC'7HIJln BpxyHan clior pa3Boja. Cpc;tuHoxl nepHo;le citaypa uojaBIt yjy cc m HajClapHJH KH9MCIbalIH pHSC Ca OKJIOn0M oK.IO(abag e HJIH o( lapal(O(Jep%lu. Ila KpaJY IC HCpHOJle, Ha pa9yll CcBePHOCBpOncKC ICoCHIIKJIHHaJe H34H)Ke Ce, Kao roC;iej.tHUa KOJ('yUl(r'Ke opoler (eie. Mohan IIJIaHHHCKH JlaHalr 4HJC OCTaTKC Hula3HMO it YwHaC y CKaHAHHaBCKHM ICIalti111aMa if IIIKO I CKOM ,.S(1j.1('Hgy . KasiCAolucKH IIJIUII1111C KH Jlallall BC'Iao

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of Bc,ixro CpeaolcMHo M ope role Ce npy*a,lo OA McxCH lkoI Tanxaa ( Ca;IaHlIACI -) CHe ao ocTpea Cyxncxoi apxnncnara ( CaaaHHbCI ) H on,BajaJlO Kohl HHCHTC Ha CCHCpHC H A'*HC.

;tyryje 3a caoje clBapaH,e A3HjH Beh HMa aYTOXTOHO nopeKJlo o;t npe 260 MHJHOHa roAnlla n oil caMol 11040 I Ka on1Bojena je ojt
A3HJC ypaJICKOM CHHKnHHanoM , H fiche ce c so

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MC3O3OHKa HaCTyna Kao nepHO ; t peilaTHBHor CMr1pHBBHa ca OpOFCHCTCKe Ta9Ke 1neAHwTa. Taj MHp onaKinao je 6p3H pa3BOj )KHBOTa Ha KOI1Hy AOK je CejIHMCilTauHja y MOpHMa HaCTaBJbeHa H Aambe, IipeKHRaHa IIOBpeMCHHM TpaHCrpecujaMa H perpecnjaMa. MCT) yTHM, Taj MHp 5Ho je caMO HpHBHAaH, noWTO cy cc y HeKHM rlpe.TeiiHMa 3eMJbe H3AN1JlH HMI1OT HTHH nnaHHHCKH BeHaH, Kao

jyhu Ha Kolrrulleilly naryue, oKpyxceHe 01poMlnnl HlyMama. ije cy neuu)o;teH;tpon, oIHHOBC 'Ka ndlipaT. UHHOBCKI paCTOB11l1 ( a(IUISeIAJCS ) H IIPBC rHMHOCIIepMe nocla)ic pCuouna (1lnopa, Ho y ona)iaiby; To jC nepuoaa uoh,iagerba iopa. Bennxu SaceHH yrmba EHrnecxe. XonaH:THje, cDpaHUycxe H up. (^opMnpalllt cy y TOJ UCpHOAH y KOJOJ Cy KOHrHHCHiaJIHH ceAHMeHTu, ca BenNKHM KOJ]H9NHBMa OCTaTaKa Hac;larauu IHraHTCKOI 5HJba , ociaiiH y ABa BcnHKa SaceHa : 11111)0. f(KU H ,IUM/lUIKU y yHyTpa1111boCTH

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KoriHa . 3 a BpCMe lc nCpHOAe. I1o3HaTe Kao Kapo00, )KHBOIHtbCKH CBCT UC( JHHITHBHO Cc YIBPAHO Ha KOHTHHeHTHMa : HojaBHJ]H cy CC peiUiHJIN ( IMH3aBUH) , LIPB11 KHgMelballn KOJH Cy HOCHJIH jaja Ha 3eMJbn ; 31 naBKapu N HHcexTH KojHMa cy 05HJ1OBaJIC KapSoHCKe illy-

UITO je TO 5Ho cnytiaj y TOKy jype H pee ca Auguaa . Ha noupy9jy EBpone 4lopMNpaHa je reocHHKnnnana ( CpeAlbeeBponcKO MOPC H jy )KHO-TCTHC) , Kao yBOA 3a cTBapalbe BenHKHX nnaHHHCKHX BeHaua y KCHO3OHKy.
V )KHBOTH}b CKOM CBCTy Me303oHKa AoMHHNpajy peu.1U ;1U, KOJH nulHBajy y MOpHMa Kao HXTHocaypyCH , HJIH Kao QHHocaypycH

C7

Koju cy xo4aJ] N no 3eM1bu , HJIH Cy 9aK MOrJIu Aa JCTe Kao uTepocaypycH. HTNue cy cc HojaBHne OKO Kpaja jype , a npe H>Nx cHCapH, IOWTO Cy y Cpealboj jype HaheHH 3y6H 3a Koje cc ca curypiiowhy Mo)xe TBpAIITH Aa npHna4ajy cucapuMa , HO ynpKOC ToMe, cBe Ao Kpaja eOUeHa, y Cneaehoj epH, OHH Cy y nopetjerby ca penTuuiu a BeoMa cnabo pa3BujeHH . OBa epa je o5cne>t ( eHa MaxcuManHHM pa3BOjeM rnaBOHoro - ue(^anOHOAa: aMOHuu.(u n ;ie,ie.AiiiU (0U HcnyrbaBajy Mopa. 1ITO Cc TNVe SHJbHOr cBeTa, Me303OHK je epa qeTHuapa )IOK CC rpatOBN aHKOTHneaoHHX 5HJbaxa He uajla3e CBC a0 fl09CTKa xpeJle. Y Tpnjacy EBpona je HMana Cxopo NCTH H3ljCA Kao y UeBOHy: SHna je cBepeua Ha ibeHy ceBepuy nOJ10BHliy aOK CC jy)KHO oA Konua Hpoc 'rupao ay6OKll OKeaH TpH IIyTa BChH 0A CpeuO3eMHOr Mopa a Ha 9HJeM JIHY he cc pa3BHTH KacliHje AnnCKH BeHau. Ha nogeFKy jype Hacraje naraua m HeupeKHAHa TpaHcrpecuja Mopa Koja jc npenJlaBHJia Uculy EBpony ocHM CKafi4HHaBCKHx H KanenoHCKHx BpneTH , aOK je ueHTpanua o5naCT SHJia peuyuupaHa canto Ita TpH oeeha OCTpBa: TO jC iujacKa u lpaneipecuia. AoK je ATnaHTCKH ot(eall 3a BpeMe naneo3oHKa 5H0 CBeAeH canto Ha WeroB ueHTpanriH Aeo, ea BenNKHM KOIITHHCHTOM Ha CeBepHOM ACJly, ,ia BpeMe jype off cc wnpH Ha ceBep H npoAHpe Ha iaj KOHTHHeH 'I Taxo Aa Ao ' iupe cBe l40 HCT04HOr Rena AaHawfber . JIaMaHnla m CeBepHe I4pCKe . 011 TO] MOMet u ra Ha Haaanbe CBpOHCKC 3anajHe o5ane cy Ha ATJ]aHTHKY.
R

Me nolenH cy na ocBajajy Ba3ayx. KpajeM cpeatber icapSoHa ueHTpanna EBpona cnojujia cc ca CeBepHOM MaJHIM oporeHeTCKHM noTHCxHBarbeM wTO jC YCJIOBHJIO cTBapalbe (^pauuycKo-SeJlrnjcKo-BecT(paJlcKOr 5acena.
KapSoH CC 3aKJby'yje HenoeoJbHHM yCiOBHMa 3a iiiyMe 350r Sera HHTeH3HBHOCT pa3Boja BereTauuje onajla, KJ MMa nociaje ow-

i pnja. HoBehaea cc ep03nja H 3acuilajy cc je3epa H Mo9Bape 3aocTajle nocne perpeCHJC Mopa.
Haaeo3OHK Cc 3aepnlaaa nepnoaoM uepo y KDjoj je uaCTaBJbeHo H3uH3aFbe xepuujaHcKe reocHHxnHHane H xpo3 IIepM cc HacTaBJba (iIopMHpaI6e XepcNHCKor nnaIiu11CK01 BeHua KOJH je y TOJ itepHOAN Ae(b HHHTHBHO ( pOpMHpaH. Y TOE nepHOAH nO9eJ10 je l13.aH3arbe )/pancKo- TjaHwaHCKe [eOCHHKHHHane na je Hogeji0 Be3nBaH,e eBpOnCKOr H aTHjCKOr KOnrla; Ta nojaBa nogena je npe 200 MHJIHOHa I OAHHa, KpaJeM nepMa, H 0A Taua je eBpoa.1 HjCKH 5JIOK OCTaO Cje)11H,eH CBe AO HawHX Aalla. AoK Cy CC HOMCHyTH ICOJIOII]KH aoiat aji

sp

04BHjanH y ceBepHoj Eeponu , y ceBepoaTnaHCKOM SJOKy HacTane cy ena)KHe OpOICHC3e, npHbnH)KHO oA Kpaja KapboHa , CTBapaIbCM AneulalilKor iinaHHHCKOr naHUa, AOK je Ha jyx(Hoj xeMHcrjepn nOCTojao orpo aH KOHTHHeHT KOJH je oSyXBaTao A fipHKy, HHaNJCKH oKeaH . I4HAOHe3Hjy , AycTpanujy n ueo Bpa3HJIHje KOJH Cc Y HCTOpHjcKOj reonorHjH 30Be FoHABaHa.

Taxo je H CeBepno Mope, Koje je SNno Hen

CepHja r-

TEOJIOIIIKI'I ATJIAC
GM

ME3O3UNK

IlejcaA y aefu1o1Ny. flpu iehyje cc npcna. ^a,^auamc pro i Naa y hmuuuoj'pay uN

I Icpuoic

-0 3.... Ca IWANM IIajKapa hY cpHci NuiINf IIW peu1N.1Naa

11o3HaTO y naJleoioHKy HCKpcno y jypH. EBpolla je Beh ca rpHjaca ;IobHna upnbnHNCHo CBOj caaaWlbH 06JIIIK y OAHOCy Ha rpH BCnHKa Mopa xoja KBace IbeHe oba:le: ATJIaHrilK. CeBepHo Mope H Cpenoieollo mope. llaJ3aA, Ha Kpajy Te nepHOne Hacraje BenHKa perpecHja Mopa Koja ocnobaI a IIeHTpaJiHoeBpOrlCxy nnai(ftopMy H oMoryhyje na 13pOHH Haw KOHTHHCHT y CBOM AaHauiH,eM OSnIIKy, H3y'3eB jy)KHO 0A an11Ic Kor BCHIIa.
MC1)YTHM Ta EBpona HHje Ae(J) HIIHTHBIIa: buhe IIOHOBO IIOTOIIJ ,eHa 3a BpCMC BC.IHKC,

lope osi

ArnairluKa H OClaO Y CK;IOIIY

1(0111131 KOje je IIPCKO 3eMJboy3a KOA Kanea P11-10 CllojeHO C EnIJCCKOM.

llocJle KparKOi nepHopa 3acroje, 3a BpeMe OnnroueHa ornogena je Haj Ba 'icHHja (^a-ia anlcKe oporene3e 4opMHpan ,eM Anna. HeBPeMeHO Kao nocnennna reKTOHCKHX HopeMehaja uCHrpannH ne0 KOHTHHe11Til cc cnycI HO H oMoryhHo HaBany CeBepnol Mopa Koje ra je paCKOMaaano; aJ1H KOIIT HIIC'llT Cc AC(f)HHHTHBHO KOHCOJIHJIOBBO MohnHM llJlaHHHCKHM BeHneM KOJH CC noJaBHO Ha Ibel o- BOM jyx(HOM neny. Mana je y 3oM MOMCHIy 5110 OA Toi Bellua OABOJCII JCA.HHM MOPCKHM Paceuol. Orul 0ICHCKa rpaHCrpecnja je

ipancipecllje y KpenH. a WTO nollnbC Bch y aolhoj KpCJlH 11 nporpCCHBHO obyxnaia CKOpO hell KOIITHIIC11T KOjH ocTaje CBeneH cam10 Ha ccpHjy ocipBa it on Kora je ocTao 1101 IIYHO Ball Mopa canto H,eH CeBepIH ,ico.
y IOM nepnony cnojeu ca A3HjOM. Mopa KOJa cy loKpIJIa E.Bpolly HHCy ;JY601(a 11 Bell OKO KpUJU Kpej[e CBPOIICK11 KOHTHHCHT 110HOBO IlipoIhalla H y3HMa OSJIHK KOJH Je HMaO y jypi.

KpaTKOI BCKa, H BCh KpajeM Te Hepilone i

Is pony H3poIbaBa, ocnobaI)ajyhH cc jeauoM la CBarna HCIIpCK11 ;IHHX nnaB .bCtb l MOpeM, jep je oA Ho9elKa Me303OHKa BHWC nyra biiria CBCneHa Ha CKyll OCTpBU. Y MHOUeHy, KaJia je y3AH3albe Anna noclHr.'10 CBOJ MaKCHManlul HHBO , Anlln cy ocTann o)jBOjeHH OA KOHTHHenla SC'. (blIIUJC' K0.11 upua.1UCKO:II geupecujoAi y KOjoj cy cc aKyMy71Ip.u1H UPO113BOJIH cpo IHje liltIICKHX - usiaHH0

KEHO30HK
KCHO3OHK je epa KOja Ho4itax ripe 70

Ha H O6pa3OBa .1H IICTpHI H4HC CCAHMCIIIc. C pcn03eMno mope HMaJIo je cKopo cHoj AaHaWFbH 0651111(, aJiH Cy Ha H, erOBOM HCT04- so HoM llcIly jOW 6UJIC HOJI BO11OM npocI pallc OSnaCIH KOJC cy CC KaCHHJC H3ABOJH:Ie H CBCJIC Ha Kac1IHJcxo H UpHO Mope. Oil IOLICTKa MIOIICIIU H 3a BPCMC IC CnOXC Y 113 ueHTpaJIHC

M1IJIHOHa roAHHa a KapaKlepuCIH4aH Je [to BCnHKOM pa3BOly cucapa. PCIITHJIH KOJH Cy 6H.IH y Melolol1Ky anCOJIyrIlH rocnoAapH 3eMJhe CKOPO Cy 1101 IIyHO H1114e3JIH , 0)j H,HX Cy ocraJlll CaMO HCKH IIpHMCpIIH Ma.4HX JlHMCIr3HjU II IIpC ) KHHCJIH CBC AO Ilawux Aalla. 3a BpeMe Kole AenH Kpeny on eouena, Bepoaaruo jc Aa Cy IMCNIAe OrpoMHC KnHMaTCKC npoNCHc Ha 3cMbHHoj nOBpwHIIH. Hrro le H3a3Ba;lo H3yMHpalhe THX BC411KHX )KHBOT11H,ajep HHCy MOI JIC Jla ce IlpnnarClne HOBHM YCJ1OBH Ma. EBpOIIC KH KOHTHIICHT KOi11 je H-lPOHHO 113 MOPS OKO Kpaja Kpeae . , ICJIHMIl'lH0 jC no6aceH CeBepHor HOBO yrolryo ycnei3 Mane e0LLe ICKC rpallcIpecHje Koja Je HoBehana Mopa, MaSa HHjC ycflena Aa Ilo Iowl Oc I aT KC XepUHjaHCK1IX nnaIIHHa Koje cy IIenHJle ceBepHe OSJIBCTH nogena je 0,:1 jy)KHHX . Y i}01hCM COUCHY yCJ1CA, Koje je (311070 OpOIe l('7O

Kojoj cc mope IOBna4HA0

EBpone, HacTanaje jeAHa Malba TpaucrpecHja Koja je nponpna y J1oJI"Hy POHC H. npoApewu I y AycI pn.jy (l)opMnpana McIJyannCKn M bac'eH KOA be4a. Tpeba cil4eKaTH Kpaj MHOuCHCKC elloxe Ha Jia cc aJIHCKn BeHau CHOJH c EBpOIIOM. Il pnaiIIICKH bacen HCHylhell je npBO neLl14apOM MopCK01 IIOpeK: la, a KaC- so IIHjC JC3CPCKHM H Hajian. 110HHM OpOICHCICKHM IIOTHCKOM Apyl-a 4)a3a aJWCKC opo-

IcH3e. Koja je $opMHpana nOBe hope, noTIIyHO JC H IPOHHO H3 Mopa H TaKO cy AJIIIn WAO Hoc I x.111 JY)KHH PaIICM CB p011CKOI 1(011 I HHeH-

Haclao IIHpHHeJCK0 - IIp0BaHCaJICKH BeHau KojH je, noWTO cc H3AHrao y ceBepHOnNpHHCjC'KOM 3anuBy , noTHC11YO BOAC Ka ATJIaHTHMa . C ;lpyre cTpane Cpej103eMH0r Mopa H3AHrao ce arJIaH ICKII BeHau. To oporelleTCKO nOT HCKIlBalhC I1OAHI510 le HCTOBpCMCIIO H IIIpHCKH 5aCCH KOjI JC H3J1B0JH0 CeBepHO

Ia. JJ.lUOl4cli. CIIOXa MIICTOAOII Ta O XHIIapiOHa

HHje AOHCila 6HTHe IIPOMCIIC I.BporIH, calla r Beh KoHconHAoBaHOj. YTBpi eHo je na je Ta

enoxa Tpajana 12 MHJWOHa roAHHa, 3a Koje BpCMC je EBpona npcrpnena canto Mauve HaBaJIe Mopa , Koje cc ybp3o 3aTHM Bpaha;Io Ha paHHJH HHBO.

qW

41

TEOJIOIIIKJI ATJIAC
KEH030Nh

^alnuKa . Cucapu cy lam-am acnuue pealNne

u epuon KeuOlOKK8 a KeKH uajKapaazepucruvaujn cucepa dw

KBAPTEP HJIH HEO3OHK* HJIH AHTPOHO3OHK

KBapTep je xapaKTepuCrn4all no roMe I11T0 cc Ha 3eMmH )KHBOTa nojaBnO 4oBeK . YCJIOBII IIpIMHTHBHOr

u mcIlTaJiHu pa3BOj

4OBeKa OCTajy o6awijenn Ay5OKOM TajHOM. Cauannbn 4OBCK rpe5a na ce orpaHHlH Ha

Ca3HaH,e na je euonyunja uoBena no nojaBe HHTeJIHI CUT1101 5Hha. Ta pa3MaTpalla yJla3e y JoMen naneou ronornje 4ouexa HJIH, onWIUje y3Cro, y CBO.ayTUBHy naneoHI-0110rujy a o5e npupouHe HayKe Cy 5JIH)Ke 5HOJI01 Hill no I eoJlol HjH. Haj3HalajHHja nojasa y KBaprepy je xnaHCH,e IIJIaHeTe Ha CJIH4aH Ha4llll Kao WTO Jc
TO 6HJIO y ropweM xaMSpHjyMy m nepMy. Y Be3H ca TOM HOjaBOM KBapTep cc Mo)Ke nOJICnUTH Ha npel :4auUJaJlHO, r71auHJaJIHO H 110cr1naunjanHo ao5a.

TepllcIH4HH cy 3a KJIHMy KaKBa je aaHac y CeIerany. HajcTapHje xaMeHO opyl ^ e KOjC je no Cana npoHal)eHo upunana roM upBOM HH'reprnaunjanuoM nosy H cMarpa ce na je TO nCJIO MaYCPCKO[ 40BeKa Tj. ATJIanTponyca (on Kola Cy Hal)eHe caMO BpJIO npHMHTHBHe BHJIHue xon Mayepa y 3ananHoj HeMa ixoj H Kon Opana y AJra<Hpy). IIopen oBHx npe3xoaHHKa 4o6exa Will upoiuoaulupouyca cpehe cc KOrHeHa (^ayHa tonne K.4rinle on xojc cV uajonwrujH npHMepll CJIOII (elephos antiyuus.) H Hocopoi (rhinoceras werckii).
IiOHOBO HacTaje 3a.xJH11)HBaFbe YCJICA Kola cc nojaun,YJy MopeHC I lilla P11C. a npBlt apKIH4xH nHHFBHH nojaBJbyje cc y UeIITpaJlltoj EBporIn. HpoMeHa KnHMe 5Hna je raKo rpy5a ua je epoucxa 4)ayua TOHJIC KJIHMC 3aMcH,eHa (t)ayHoM THHH4HOM 3a nollapHe 05naCTH, a 4HiH CV Hp11MCPH MaMyl, nnaKaBH

KBapTep je rloleo ca perpectjom Mopa urro je o3HagaBaJno Kpaj nnnoueHa. Hwie3ao je xnnapuou a nojaBnnn Cy CC cnOll, KOw. I OBC'C H KaMnna . HCTOBPCMCHO Cc IIojaBJbyjy 4OBCKOJIHKH MaJMyHH . H perJlauHjaJIHo Mope jC y Pct pccHjH y OAF[ocy na MOPC 113 nnnoueHa 11 caupx(H MOPCKY TowIOBO)HY (J)ayHy Koja cc Mario pa3nnxyje on caaawl,e y CpenO3eMHOM Mopy. KJIHMaTCKH yCJIOBH ocrajH Cy HCTH xao y nnHOUCHy.
f I pBO 3axJlal)elbe HaCraje Ha H04eTKy CpenH,er rlJlencTOlle Ha wTO je MOInO na ce yTBP11H no nPHCYCTBy CeBePHHX Mekywaua y MopHMa Ha IIIHpHHaMa Cpeno3eMHor Mopa H no CHna)KCFby annCKHx I ne4epa KOjH cy CnyCrHJIH MOPCHC Ha3BaHC Munyep-runts. To npHo 3aJIeI)HBaF6e 5HJ1O je IIpeKHHYTO JCaHHM IIOBHWCH,CM TeMneparype. Tonjbelbe nena H3a3-

HOCOpOF H CeBCpHH jencH. Y TOM Hepnony )KHBeoje HeahncpTana H. H OHOBHO noBehaH,e TeMnepaType H3a3Bano je ronJbeFbe nena H rpaHCrpectjy Mopa xojc je IIoIIJlaBnSIO XoaHnujy H HC104Hy HpyCKy. llocu+i.ralsuja.+ua uepuoya 11)111 xo.Ioueu Iloleo je HCCTaHKOM nena y EBponH, HO KnHMa je H nopen rota 5Hna manna, KapaKTCPHCTH4Ha je no 06HJIHHM CHeroBHMa H HpICyCTBy CCBCPHOI jcnena y Cpe)03eMJby. KaclHje, noHOBHO 11oBehalbe reMneparype c rBOpHno je yCJIoBe 3a nojasy wyma H 4layHe Tnh,HgHe 3a 11aiawFl a noba. 3a Bpeme Te nepuone yTBpbeHo je nocrgjawe xawo cauujenca 4uja nojaBa naua npe 50.000 ronHHa. CCJ[HMeHTH KBBPTCPa KOJH 05e35e[)yjy
IIJiOJIHOCT HawHx )IOJIHHa, H KOjH IIOTH4y On ep03Hje BenHKHX KeH03ojCKHX nnauWHa nerve

Bano je H3BeCHY TpaHCrpecujy Mopa a ceaHMCHTH Ha Cpeao3emjby 3a TO uo5a KapaK-

cc Ha a,ivbuja;We u gwtybuja.iue npema Tome na Jill je Tano)KCrbe SHJIO y rJ1aUHjaJIHO HJIH nocTrnauHjaJIHo no5a.
Y 3aKJby4Ky Mo)KeMo na TBPJIHMO na noCJlenH,e npoMeHe xoje cy cc onurpane y KBapTepy HHCY OCCTHO pa3JIH4HTe on caaawH,llX, xun,any ronlHa je 5e311a4ajHH nennh reonOwKOr BpeMella.

Y aawo) nnrepa , Vpn Knaprep je erioxa KenoaoIKa Inprix ,. ripen.).

M 42

ja

Pr'

FEOJIOIIIKH ATJIAC
fipoj

KBAPTEP
C

N uune* 3eM.b

Is xp-NC ne^7exm noia HxapICpa

Ilepno.ie KHapiepa H HCKH thU HHH HajnapaIR pHCIH4xxjH 4ACHAH CHCapa

r
CAAP)KA3 3EMJbA 14 BACHOHA . . . . . A/1 Kpeiaibe 3eM.be MecelL HopeKno 3e iJbe YHYTPAWFbH CKJIOH 3EMJbE . . A/2 AIIoMaJIHJe rpaBHTawije Teopnja 0 H3ocia3HJn Hy I pa 1111ba CTpyKTypa 3CMJbC rEOXEMHJA . . . . . . . A/3 OpraHn3auuja MaTepHja
reOXeMHJCKH LLHKJIyC

HJIYTOHCKE CTEHE . . . . . B/4

FJIa BHe nnyTOIiCxe CTeHe

1 p auHTH ,
HCPHAOTH cnjeHH I H, aHOPHTII , 1

a5p11

)KH4HE CTEHE

. . . . . . . B/5

rnaBHe ) KHgHe cTeHe Hop4uHpn , allnnTH, nerMaTHTH, naM-

npoip HpH MAFMATH3AM . . . . . . . B/6 BYJIKAHCKE CTEHE . . . . . B/7 1"naBHe BynKaucxe cTeHe PHOJIHTH , BYJIKaHCKa CT a KJI a, ipaXHTH , aH1e3n'rH, 6a3aJITH, JIHMSypI nTH, aHja6a3H , CCpnCHTHiiH

6f I MHHEPAJIOTHJA . . . . 111 ra je 'ro MHHepan MHHEPAJIH OA KOJHX CY CA/2 4 HFbEHE CTEHE . . . . . KBapu
XenACnarn, JIHCKy11H, HnpoKCeHH 6/3 AMtJIn6onn, O_ IHBHH - TypMa_lnn, bepnn, rpaHarn n ipyrn cnnnKaTH 6A MHHEPAJIH METAJIOHOCHHX CJIOJEBA . . . . . . . . . 6/5
MCTaJIH9HH MHIIepa.9H

-I

FEOAHHAMHKA . . . . . . . YHYTPAWIbA rEOAHHAMHKA

/I

TEKTOHCKE HOJABE OporeHercKe Teopuje TeKTOHCKO Ha5Hpawe . . . . . r/2 TeKTOHCKa pacennHa . . . . . F/3

CEH3M H 4KE HOJABE . . . . . F/4

BYJIKAHCKE HOJABE . . . . .
raCOBHTH , 9BpCCH,Te9nn npOH3BOAH

MHHCpanH rBO)Kba
MHHepanH SaKpa MnHepanH UHHKa , OJIOBa H ACHBC . . MHHepa,ii janoBIlue, Kap50Harn, cyn(^aTH, Xanoreui on

F/4

6/6 6/7

TnnoBH ByJiKana

. . . . . . .

r/5 rl6
n

By.rIKaHCKC MaIIHL)eCTaLjHje

APATO KAMEE6E . . . . . . . ... Cnn1ICn, xpH3o5epnn. KopyHp, THpKH3

MHHEPAJIH CEAHMEHTHHX JIE)KHWTA . . . . . . . . . 6/8

Ana-rni H 5OKCHT

MHHEPAJIH COHHX JIE)KHWTA 6/9 KannjyMcxa ne)KHnuTa , Jle)KUlura 50paTa , KyX HIb cxe COJH H KpeJte . . 1;;9 EJIEMEHTH . . . . . . . LAO O HneMeHi1TH M e ' aJIH, Cy MH OP, :jHJaMaHT H rpa4LHT

Er3OAHHAMHKA . . . . . . .. I UtfKnyc 3eMaJbCKe epo3Hje MeieoponoLUKO pa3apalbe creHa TpancnopT MaTepujana . . . . . A2 B o ja Kao I ' COJIOWKH 9n1LHnai . . . A3 H On3eMHe BOJje . . . . . . . A/4 OBAJIHA EPO3HJA HAM ABPA3HJA . . . . . . . . . . . A,> Bpcre obana OKEAHOTPAr6HJA
PCJbed) MOPCKOr Jjna AHHaMHKa Mopa . . . . . . .

. . . . . . AI6

'
f1

HETPOTPM1 HJA . . . . . . . W l [Hia je creHa KnacnL)HKaunja cTeHa

HeTporeHH MHHCpanH CTpyKTypa CTeHa

METEOPOJ1OrHJA . . . . . . TT/ I Cac'ran a TM oc4)epc AIMOC(^epcKa AHHaMUKa . . . . B!2 rOPHBA . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

El I

reoMornja yrJba

CEAHMEHTHE CTEHE . . . .
rnaBHe CCJ[ HMCHTHC CTeHe Pacua4He CTeHe, peTpHTH4He cTeHe, Kpe9HbaL1H

B/2

reojiornja Ha$Te

E- 2
)K/I )K, 2
)K/3

HCTOPHJCKA FEOJIOTHJA . . HpeKaMSpHJCKa epa

Haneo3onK . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Me303OHK KeHO30nK n030HK

METAMOP D HE CTEHE

. . . . B'3

rnaBHe McTa Mopc ue CTeHe 1Ha1CeBL1. MaI'Ma" I LLT 41 . MHKaRIHCTl1. MepMepH , KBapuH " rH, CKJIOIHTH

./4
)f(/5

KBapTep HJIH He03OHK HJIH aHTpO. . . . . . . . . .

SK

ED

BHBAHOTEKA ATAACH 3HAI-bA 1. OnuiTa 6HOAorHja 2. AHaTOMHja qOBeKa 3. tR3HKa 4. AcTpoxoMHja 5. MHHepanorHja 6. FeonorHja

7. XeMHja
8. BoTaHHKa 9. AHaTOMHja >KHBOTHtba 10. '3o0Aorija KHLIMefbaKa

H3AaBagKo npeAy3ehe , ByK Kapai.nth", BeorpaA, KpameBHha MapKa 9