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ODY Efenses: Ap Biology Name Animals Form & Function Activity #4 Date Hour

This document summarizes the key defenses of the body against pathogens. It discusses both nonspecific defenses that provide general protection and specific defenses that target particular pathogens. Nonspecific defenses include physical barriers like skin and secretions, as well as phagocytes that engulf invaders. Specific defenses involve lymphocytes that remember specific pathogens and mount quicker responses upon reexposure. Both cell-mediated responses using T cells and antibody-mediated responses using B cells and antibodies provide targeted defense.

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419 views

ODY Efenses: Ap Biology Name Animals Form & Function Activity #4 Date Hour

This document summarizes the key defenses of the body against pathogens. It discusses both nonspecific defenses that provide general protection and specific defenses that target particular pathogens. Nonspecific defenses include physical barriers like skin and secretions, as well as phagocytes that engulf invaders. Specific defenses involve lymphocytes that remember specific pathogens and mount quicker responses upon reexposure. Both cell-mediated responses using T cells and antibody-mediated responses using B cells and antibodies provide targeted defense.

Uploaded by

ancientblackdragon
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AP BIOLOGY ANIMALS FORM & FUNCTION ACTIVITY #4

NAME DATE HOUR

BODY DEFENSES
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES Do not discriminate Present at birth Prevent approach or entry of pathogens PHYSICAL BARRIERS

Skin Creates effective barrier Multiple layers, keratin coating, Desmosomes Hairs Provide some protection against abrasion Keep hazardous materials & insects from contacting skin Secretions Oil, sweat, mucus Wash away pathogens & materials Contain chemical (lysozyme) that kills bacteria
PHAGOCYTES

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Macrhophage

Phagocytize cellular debris & invading bacteria

Target foreign compounds or pathogens coated with antibodies

Derived from monocytes Large, active phagocytes Exit circulation

NK cell (natural killer cell) Large lymphocyte Destroys abnormal cells Constantly monitors normal tissues Immunological surveillance
Animals Form & Function Activity #4 page 1

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE Mast cells & basophils release histamine Histamine increases diameter & permeability of

Mast cell

capillaries Advantages of inflammatory response D Increases blood flow D Activates phagocytes, complement, & specific defenses

ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS

Complement System 20 or more blood proteins React in chain reaction Attacks & breaks down cell walls Attracts phagocytes Stimulates inflammation

Interferons Small proteins Released by virus infected cells Causes other cells to produce chemicals that inhibit viral reproduction

SPECIFIC DEFENSES Target specific antigen Antigen = substance capable of initiating immune response Involves lymphocytes (millions of different kinds each with

different antigen receptors) Remembers antigens encountered in past Ignores normal (self) and attacks foreign (nonself)

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Provides defense against abnormal cells & pathogens inside living cells Involves T cells (lymphocytes)

Provides defense against antigens & pathogens in body fluids Involves B cells (lymphocytes)

Animals Form & Function Activity #4 page 2

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Macrophage Engulfs antigen Breaks down antigen Presents antigen on surface of cell membrane Specific T cell activated when contacts macrophage with antigen Activated T cell divides & differentiates

Cytotoxic T Cells Memory T Cells Helper T Cells Release Cell-mediated Remain in cytokines immunity reserve that Killer T cells Activated stimulate Track down & with 2nd immune attack exposure to response & bacteria, antigen coordinates fungi, protists, specific & foreign tissue nonspecific Responsible response for rejection of transplanted tissue

Suppressor T Cells Depresses response of other T & B cells Take longer to activate Act after initial response

Animals Form & Function Activity #4 page 3

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

B cell could be activated by direct contact with antigen

Helper T cell activates specific B cell by secreting cytokines Activated B cell divides & differentiates

Plasma cells Produce antibodies

Memory B cells Held in reserve nd Activated with 2 exposure to antigen

Antibodies bind to antigen Antigen-antibody complex engulfed & destroyed by phagocytes

Animals Form & Function Activity #4 page 4

ANTIBODY STRUCTURE

Antigen binding site

Antigen binding site

Structure 2 parallel polypeptides o 2 heavy chains (red) o 2 light chains (blue) Each chain has o Constant segment (dark color) o Variable segment (light color) that varies depending on targeted antigen

Action Do not target whole antigen Targets portion of antigen called antigenic determinant site Complete antigen must have 2 antigenic determinate sites one for each arm

Animals Form & Function Activity #4 page 5

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