BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITSPilani
K K Birla Goa Campus
Engineering Mathematics I
(MATH ZC 161)
Dr. Amit Setia (Assistant Professor)
Department of Mathematics
BITSPilani
K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Chapter 9:
Summary of last lecture
9.9 Independence of Path
9.10 Double Integral
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 3 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
9.12 Greens Theorem
9.13 Surface Integrals
9.14 Stokes Theorem
Outline of lecture 16
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
9.14 Stokes Theorem
09/10/2012 4 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
If a person walks around a simple closed curve
such that the region bounded by lies to left of it, R C
Line Integrals Along Simple
Closed Curves
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
such that the region bounded by lies to left of it,
then this is called positive direction around a simple
closed curve C
09/10/2012 5 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 6 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
the Positive and Negative directions correspond
to Counterclockwise and Clockwise directions
respec
Roughl
tiv
y,
ely.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
respectively.
09/10/2012 7 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
The divergence of a vector field F = i+ j+ k
is the scalar function
div F =
P Q R
P Q R
x y z

+ +

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Symbols and refer ,in turn, to integratio
positive
ns in the
and negative directions, respectively.
C C
x y z

09/10/2012 8 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Suppose that is a piecewise-smooth simple
closed curve bounding a simply connected region
If , , , arecontinous on ,
C
R
P Q
P Q R
y x


Greens Theorem in the
Plane
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
then
C R
y x
Q P
Pdx Qdy dA
x y

| |
+ =
|

\

09/10/2012 9 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2 2
Using Green's theorem,
evaluate ( ) (2 ) ,
where consists of the region in the first
C
x y dx y x dy
C
+

Example
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
2 3
where consists of the region in the first
quadrant that is bounded by graphs
and
C
y x y x = =
09/10/2012 10 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 11 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2
2 2
2 2
1
If ( , ) and ( , ) 2 , then 2 and 1.
( ) (2 ) ( 1 2 )
( 1 2 )
C R
x
P Q
P x y x y Q x y y x y
y x
x y dx y x dy y dA
y dydx

= = = =

+ = +
= +

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

3
0
2
( 1 2 )
= ( ) |
x
y dydx
y y
= +
+

2
3
1
0
1
6 4 3 2
0
11
= ( )
240
x
x
dx
x x x x dx

+ + =

09/10/2012 12 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

3
5
2 2
Using Green's theorem, evaluate
( 3 ) (2 ) ,
where is the circle ( 1) ( 5) 4
y
C
x y dx x e dy
C x y
+ +
+ =

Example
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
2 2
where is the circle ( 1) ( 5) 4 C x y + =
09/10/2012 13 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 14 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
3
3
5
5
Identifying ( , ) 3 and ( , ) 2 , we have
3and 2.
( 3 ) (2 ) (2 3)
y
y
P x y x y Q x y x e
P Q
y x
x y dx x e dy dA dA
= + =

= =

+ + = =

Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
( )
3
2
5
( 3 ) (2 ) (2 3)
the area of the circle of radius 2 2 4
( 3 ) (2 ) 4
C R R
R
y
C
x y dx x e dy dA dA
dA
x y dx x e dy

+ + = =
= = =
+ + =

09/10/2012 15 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

2 2
Find the work done by force F=(-16 sin )i (4 3 ) j
acting along the curve shown in the figure:
y
y x e x + + +
Work Done By Force
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 16 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2 2
F. ( 16 sin ) (4 3 )
by Green's theorem,
(6 16) .
y
C
R
W dr y x dx e x dy
W x dA
= = + + +

= +

Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
In view of the region R, the last integral is best handled
in polar co-ordinates.
3
R is defined by 0 r 1,
4 4
R


09/10/2012 17 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
3 3
1
4 4
1
3 2
0
0
4 4
3
4
(6 cos 16) (2 cos 8 ) |
(2 cos 8) 4
W r rdrd r r d
d

= + = +
= + =

Cont
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
4
(2 cos 8) 4 d

= + =

09/10/2012 18 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

1 2 3 4
Let C is the closed curve consisting of the four straight line
segments , , , shown in the figure.
Greens theorem is not applicable to the line integral
C C C C
y x
dx dy

+

Example (*); where Greens
Theorem not applicable
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
2 2 2 2
since , , , are
C
y x
dx dy
x y x y
P Q
P Q
y x

+
+ +



not continous at origin.
09/10/2012 19 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 20 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Greens theorem can also be extended into a Region R with holes
i.e.
a region bounded between two or more piece-wise
smooth simple closed curves.
Region with holes
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
In figure we have shown a region R bounded by curve C
that
1 2
1 2
consists of simple closed curves , ,
that is
C C
C C UC =
09/10/2012 21 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 22 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1
2
1 2
The curve C is positively oriented,since if we traverse C in
counterclockwise and C in clockwise direction,the region R
is always to left.By Applying greens theorem to , we obtain R R
Q P | |

Q P Q P
dA dA dA
| | | |
= +
| |

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
R
Q P
x y
| |

|

\

1 2
1 2
=
R R
C C
C
Q P Q P
dA dA dA
x y x y
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy
Pdx Qdy
| | | |
= +
| |

\ \
= + + +
+

09/10/2012 23 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

1 2
2 2 2 2
Evaluate , where C=C UC is the
boundary of the shaded region R shown in
C
y x
dx dy
x y x y

+
+ +

Example
(Region with a hole)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 24 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( , ) , ( , ) , and
,
( ) ( )
y x
P x y Q x y
x y x y
P y x Q y x
y x x y x y
y x y x y x

= =
+ +

= =
+ +
(

Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( )
= 0
C R
y x y x y x
dx dy dA
x y x y x y x y
(

+ =
(
+ + + +


09/10/2012 25 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1 2
Suppose C &C are 2 non-intersecting piecewise smooth
simple closed path that have the same counterclockwise
orientation. Suppose further that P and Q have continuous
first partial derivatives such that
P Q
Consequence of last
example
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

1 2
1 2
1 2
in the region R bounded between ,
Then 0

C C
C C
P Q
C C
y x
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy

=

+ + + =
+ = +




09/10/2012 26 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 27 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
1 2 3 4
One method of evaluating the integral is to write
and then evaluate integrals
on the line segments on
C C C C C
= + + +

Example (*) Revisited
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
1 2 3 4
on the line segments on
, , , , C C C C
09/10/2012 28 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
Alternatively ,if we note that circle C'=
entirely lies within C then we have
in R
( )
x y
P y x Q
y x x y
+

= =
+
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
'
using cos sin , 0 2 for C'
C C
y x y x
dx dy dx dy
x y x y x y x y
x t and y t

+ = +
+ + + +
= =

09/10/2012 29 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
[ ]
2
2 2 2 2
0
2
2 2
sin ( sin ) cos (cos )
(sin ) (cos )
C
y x
dx dy t t t t dt
x y x y
t t dt

+ = +
+ +
(
= +

Example Revisited
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
0
2 2 2 2
2
2
C
y x
dx dy
x y x y

+ =
+ +

9.13 Surface Integrals
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9.13 Surface Integrals
09/10/2012 31 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2
In the x-y plane,the length of an arc of the graph
of y=f(x) from to is given by
1
b
a
x a x b
dy
s dx
dx
= =
| |
= +
|
\

Surface Area
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Let be a function for which , are continous on a closed
region . Then the area of the sur
a
x y
f f f
R
\
[ ]
2
2
face over R is given by
( ) 1 ( , ) ( , )
x y
R
A s f x y f x y dA
(
= + +

09/10/2012 32 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
Find the surface area of the portion of sphere
that is above the xy-plane and within the cylinder
0
x y z a
x y b
b a
+ + =
+ =
< <
Surface Area
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 33 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
[ ]
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
If we define ( , ) by ( , ) , then
and
and so 1+ ( , ) ( , )
x y
x y
z f x y f x y a x y
x y
f f
a x y a x y
a
f x y f x y
= =

= =

(
+ =


Surface Area
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
[ ]
2 2 2
2 2 2
and so 1+ ( , ) ( , )
hence A(S)= , converting to polar co-ordinates
x y
R
f x y f x y
a x y
a
dA
a x y
(
+ =

09/10/2012 34 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

2 1
2 2
2
0 0
2 2
( ) a ( )
2 ( )
b
A S a r rdrd
a a a b

=
=

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
2 2
2 ( ) a a a b =
09/10/2012 35 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
[ ]
2
2
1+ ( , ) ( , )
is the differential surface area.
x y
dS f x y f x y dA
(
= +

Differential Surface Area
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
We will use it in the discussion that follows.
09/10/2012 36 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
* * *
Let G be a function of three variables defined over a region
of space containing the surface .
then the surface integral of over S is given by
( , , ) lim ( , , )
n
S
G
G x y z dS G x y z S =

Surface Integral
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
* * *
|| || 0
1
( , , ) lim ( , , )
k k k k
p
k
S
G x y z dS G x y z S

=
=

09/10/2012 37 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

[ ]
2
2
If , , , are continous throughout a region containing
( , , )
( , , ( , )) 1+ ( , ) ( , )
x y
S
G f f f S
G x y z dS
G x y f x y f x y f x y dA
=
(
+

Method of Evaluation
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
[ ]
2
2
( , , ( , )) 1+ ( , ) ( , )
x y
R
G x y f x y f x y f x y dA
(
+

09/10/2012 38 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
[ ] [ ]
2 2
If ( , ) is the equation of a surface that projects
onto a region of the xz-plane,then
( , , ) ( , ( , ), ) 1+ ( , ) ( , )
x z
S R
y g x z S
R
G x y z dS G x g x z z g x z g x z dA
=
= +

Projection of S into other
planes
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Similarly,
if x ( , ) is the equation of a surface th h y z S =
[ ]
2
2
at projects
onto a region of the yz-plane,then
( , , ) ( ( , ), , ) 1+ ( , ) ( , )
y z
S R
R
G x y z dS G h y z y z h y z h y z dA ( = +

09/10/2012 39 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Suppose (x,y,z) represents the density of a surface at any
point,or mass per unit surface area;
then the mass m of the surface is
m= (x,y,z)dS

Mass of a Surface
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
m= (x,y,z)
S
dS

09/10/2012 40 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)

2 2
Find the mass of the surface of the paraboloid z=1+
in the first octant for 1 z 5 if the density at a point
on the surface is directly proportional to its distance from
the plane
x y
P
xy
+

Mass of a Surface
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 41 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 42 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2 2
2 2 2 2
/ 2 2
( , , ) & 1
(1 ) 1 4 4
changing to polar co-ordinates
S S
x y z kz z x y
m kzdS k x y x y dA

= = + +
= = + + + +

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

/ 2 2
2 2
0 0
m=k (1 ) 1 4
by doing integration with byparts we get
30.16
r r rdrd
m k

+ +
=

09/10/2012 43 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2
2
Evaluate , where S is that portion of the cylinder
y=2 1 in the first octant bounded by 0, 2, 4
8
S
xz dS
x x x z
z
+ = = =
=

Evaluating a Surface
Integral
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 44 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2 8
2 2 2 2
0 4
2
2 1/ 2
0
( , ) 2 1, sin 1 16
448
= (1 16 )
3
=1627.3
S
g x z x ce xz dS xz x dzdx
x x dx
= + = +
+

solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
=1627.3
09/10/2012 45 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
A smooth surface S is orientsble if there exists a continous
unit normal vector function defined at (x,y,z) each point
on the surface.
The vector field (x,y,z) is called the orientation of S.
n
n
Orientable Surfaces
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
(x,y,z n ) & (x,y,z) can be unit normal to surface S at (x,y,z)
an oriented surface has two orientations.

n
09/10/2012 46 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
A surface defined by z=f(x,y) has an upward orientation
when the unit normals are directly upwards
i.e
It has a downward orientation
whe
an
n t
. have posit
he unit norma
ive k components
ls are direc
d
tly upwards
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
when the unit normals are directly upwards
i.e. have negative k components
09/10/2012 47 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
If a smooth surface S is defined by g(x,y,z)=0,
then
=
|| ||
g
g

n
Orientable Surfaces cont..
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
|| ||
where is the gradient of g
g
g g g
g i j k
x y z

= + +

09/10/2012 48 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
The total volume of fluid passing through S per unit time is
called flux of F through S and is given by
flux= ( )
S
dS

F n i
Definition: Flux through
surface
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 49 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Let (x,y,z)=zj+zk represent the flow of a liquid .
Find the flux of F through the surface S given by that
portion of plane 6 3 2 in the first octant orient
upward.
z x y =
F
Example
(Flux through a surface):
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 50 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( , , ) 3 2 6, we see that a unit normal
with a positive k component is
3 2 1
n= i+ j k
|| ||
14 14 14
1
hence flux= ( . ) 3
g x y z x y z
g
g
F n dS zdS
= + +

= +

=

Solution
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
1
hence flux= ( . ) 3
14
with R the projection of the surface onto the
xy-plane

S S
F n dS zdS =


09/10/2012 51 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
2 3 3 / 2
1
flux= 3(6 2 2 ) 14
14
3 (6 3 2 ) 18
R
x
x y dA
x y dydx

= =

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
0 0
3 (6 3 2 ) 18 x y dydx = =

09/10/2012 52 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
9.13 Stokes Theorem
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
9.13 Stokes Theorem
09/10/2012 53 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Vector form of Greens
Theorem
( ) ( )
If , , is a 2-dimensional
vector field,
C R
Q P
Pdx Qdy dA
x y
P x y i Q x y j
| |
+ =
|

\
= +

F

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

09/10/2012 54 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
vector field,
then
C R
Q P
curl k
x y
d curl k dA
| |
=
|

\
=

F
F r F i i

9.14.1 Stokes Theorem

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Let S be a piecewise-smooth orientable surface
bounded by a piecewise-smooth simple closed curve C.
Let F , , =P , , + , , , ,
be a vector field for which P, Q and R are continuous and
x y z x y z i x y z Q j R x y z k +
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 55 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
have conti
( ) ( )
nuous first order partial derivatives in a region
of 3-space containing S.
If C is traversed in the positive direction,
then
C C S
d ds curl dS = =

F r F T F n i i i

Remarks
1. Projection of C onto xy-plane form boundary of region
2. Positive orientation of C is in accordance with right-hand rule.
R
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 56 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Example
2
Let S be the part of the cylinder 1- for 0 1,
2 2. Verify stokes' theorem for the vector field
.
Assume S is oriented upward.
z x x
y
F xyi yzj xzk
=

= + +
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 57 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Assume S is oriented upward.
Solution
2
Let S be the part of the cylinder 1- for 0 1,
2 2. Verify stokes' theorem for the vector field
z x x
y
xyi yzj xzk
i j k
=

= + + F
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 58 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
i j k
curl yi z j x k
x y z
xy yz xz

= =

F
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 59 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
4
if g , , 1 0 defines the cylinder,
then the upper normal is
2
=
4 1
2
1
S S R
xy x
dS
x
x y z z x
g xi k
g
x
curl dS xy x dA
= + =
+
=

+
= =

+

n
F n i
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 60 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
[ ]
1 2
0 2
2
2
4
2 2
( , , ( , )) 1+ ( , ) (
(
,
1
, , )
)
S S R
x y
S
R
x
G x y z dS
xy x dydx
G x y f x y f x y f x y dA

+
= =
=
( +

1 2 3 4
Line integral:
: 1, 0, 0, 0 On C
C C C C C
x z dx dz
= + + +
= = = =

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 61 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
1 1 1
1
: 1, 0, 0, 0 On C
0 0
C C C
x z dx dz
d ydx
d y dx y
= = = =
=
= = =

F r
F r
i
i

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 4
On C : 2, 1 , 0, 2
2 2 1 0 1 2
11
2 2 2
y z x dy dz xdx
d xydx yzdy xzdz
xdx x x x xdx
d x x x dx
= = = =
= + +
= + +
= + =

F r
F r
i
i

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 62 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
1 1
1
1
3
4
2 4
On C :
2 2 2
15
Similarl
On C :
y,
0
2
C C
C
C
d x x x dx
d
d
= + =
=
=

F r
F r
F r
i
i
i

1 2 3 4
11 19
0 0 2
15 15
C C C C C
d d d d d = + + +
= + =

F r F r F r F r F r i i i i i

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 63 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
15 15
hence
. . stokes' theorem is verified.
C S
d curl dS
i e
=

F r F n i i

Test for a conservative

vector field
is conservative vector field curl 0 = F F
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 64 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
Example
1
2 2
Evaluate
where C is the trace of the cylinder 1
C
zdx xdy ydz
x y
+ +
+ =

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 65 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
where C is the trace of the cylinder 1
in the plane y+z=2.
Orient C counterclockwise as viewed from above.
x y + =
Solution
If z i x j y k
i j k
= + +

= = + +
F
F
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 66 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
curl i j k
x y z
z x y

= = + +

F
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
09/10/2012 67 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
( )
( ) ( )
1
if g , , 2 0 defines the plane,
then the upper normal is
=
2
2
C S S
x y z y z
g j k
g
j k
d curl dS i j k dS
= + =
+
=

+ | |
= = + +
|
\


n
F r F n i i

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

09/10/2012 68 Engineering Mathematics I (MATH ZC 161)
[ ]
2
2
2 2 2
( , , ( , )) 1+ ( , ) ( , )
2
( , , )
S R
x y
R
S
dA
G x y f x y f x y f x y dA
dS
G x y z dS
= = =
=
(
+

Thanks
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Thanks