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Chptr4PrblmSolns

This document provides solutions to problems 4.11 through 4.33 from the textbook. For problem 4.11, it calculates cancer risks from cosmic radiation exposure in Denver and at sea level. It finds the expected number of cancer deaths in Denver due to cosmic radiation. For problem 4.27, it calculates cancer risks and incremental cancers from exposure to trichloroethylene, benzene, arsenic, carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride, and PCBs in drinking water. The cancer risks are calculated using concentration, intake rates, potency factors, and the exposed population of 260 million people.

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Asifur Rahman
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89 views7 pages

Chptr4PrblmSolns

This document provides solutions to problems 4.11 through 4.33 from the textbook. For problem 4.11, it calculates cancer risks from cosmic radiation exposure in Denver and at sea level. It finds the expected number of cancer deaths in Denver due to cosmic radiation. For problem 4.27, it calculates cancer risks and incremental cancers from exposure to trichloroethylene, benzene, arsenic, carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride, and PCBs in drinking water. The cancer risks are calculated using concentration, intake rates, potency factors, and the exposed population of 260 million people.

Uploaded by

Asifur Rahman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4.1 4.10 The solutions for these problems are the solutions for problems 4.1 - 4.

10 in
the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.

4.11

a.

0.12 rem
1 cancer death
(70 yr )
Denver risk =
= 1.05 10 -3
yr
8,000
rems

0.04 rem
1 cancer death
(70 yr )
Sea level risk =
= 0.35 10 -3
yr
8,000 rems

b. Denver deaths due to cosmic radiation exposure:

0.12 rem
1 death

0.57 10 6 people
= 8.6 deaths yr

person
yr
8
,
000
rems

189 deaths

yr
deaths
Expected = 0.57 10 people
= 1,077
yr
100
,
000
people

c.

1 cancer death
Incremental risk = 10 -6 = 0.12 - 0.04 rem (N yr )

yr

8,000 rems
N=

8,000 10 -6
= 0.1 yr (Table 4.3 suggests 2 months)
0.08

d.

(300 10

0.04 rem 1 cancer death



people)
= 1,500 deaths yr
person yr 8,000 rems

4.12

Radon exposure of 1.5 piC/L equivalent to 400 mrem/yr (0.4 rem/yr):


a.

0.4 rem 1 cancer death


(300 10 6 people) = 15,000 deaths yr
person yr 8,000 rems
b.

0.4 rem 1 cancer death 70 yr


-3

Risk =

= 3.5 10 cancer death lifetime


yr 8,000 rems lifetime

4.13-4.14
The solutions for these problems are the solutions for problems 4.13 - 4.14
in the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.
4.15

Data is taken from Tables 4.9 and 4.10

a. conc =

(risk )(body wt )(lifespan ) 365 d yr

(PF)(intake rate)(freq )(duration )

(10 ) (70 kg ) 70lifeyr 365yr d


-6

b. freq =

= 4.93 10 -4 mg/m 3
3
2.9 10 kg d 20 m 250 d 25 yr

mg

d yr life
-2

(risk )(body wt )(lifespan ) 365 d yr

(PF)(intake rate)(conc)(duration )

(10 ) (70 kg ) 70lifeyr 365


yr
-7

= 25 d/yr
-4
2.9 10 kg d 20 m 4.93 10 mg 25 yr

mg
m3

d
life
-2

4.16

a.

Use Table 4.11 oral RfDs and Table 4.10 for other factors
HItotal = HIarsenic + HImethylene chloride
1 L 0.070 mg kg d 0.560 mg kg d

d
+
= 3.5
HI =

70 kg
L
L
0.0003 mg
0.060 mg

b. No, this is not a safe level, since the HI > 1.


c.

Use Table 4.9 for PFs and Table 4.10 for other factors
risk = riskarsenic + riskmethylene chloride

1 L 250 d 10 yr

d yr life 1.75 kg d 0.0700 mg 0.0075 kg d 0.560 mg




risk =
+

L
mg
L

70 yr 365 d mg

(70 kg )

life yr
risk = 1.8 10 -4

Since this risk is 10-6, it would probably not be considered


acceptable

4.17

a.
50 kg d 0.00002 mg 20 m 3 250 d 25 yr

3
d
yr
mg
m

life

risk =
= 7 10 -5

(70 kg ) 70 yr 365 d
life yr

b.

(220,000 workers ) (7 10 -5 ) = 15 workers

c. The 2006 U.S. cancer rate of 24% taken from text in Section 4.2 is the same
as the 1992 rate given in Table 4.1

(220,000 workers)(0.24) + 15 workers = 52,815 workers


d.

From Table 4.11 RfDs for both arsenic and mercury are 0.0003 mg/kgd

20 m 3

0.00002 mg + 0.0001 mg = 0.11


HI =

0.0003 mg

m3
m3

(70kg )

kg d

Since the HI is less than 1 the non-cancer hazard is acceptable, despite


there being a cancer risk greater than 10-6.

4.18 4.26 The solutions for these problems are the solutions for problems 4.15 - 4.23 in
the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.
4.27 260 million people, 2L/day, 360d/yr, 30yr, find risk and incremental cancers for,
a. trichloroethylene at 0.005 mg/L:

Risk = CDI x Potency


Risk =

2L/d x 0.005 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr 1.1x10-2


x
= 6.6x10 7
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

cancer =

260x106 people x 6.6x10 -7 cancer / person life


= 2.5 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime

b. benzene at 0.005 mg/L:

Risk =

2L/d x 0.005 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr 2.9x10 -2


x
= 1.75x10 6
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

260x106 people x 1.75x10 -6 cancer / person life


cancer =
= 6.5 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime
c. arsenic at 0.01 mg/L:
2L/d x 0.01 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr
1.75
Risk =
x
= 2.11x10 4
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

260x10 6 people x 2.11x10 -4 cancer / person life


cancer =
= 785 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime
d. carbon tetrachloride at 0.005 mg/L:
Risk =

2L/d x 0.005 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr


0.13
x
= 7.9x10 6
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

cancer =

260x106 people x 7.9x10 -6 cancer / person life


= 29 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime

e. vinyl chloride at 0.002 mg/L:


Risk =

2L/d x 0.002 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr


2.3
x
= 5.6x10 5
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

cancer =

260x106 people x 5.6x10 -5 cancer / person life


= 206 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime

f. PCBs at 0.0005 mg/L:


Risk =

2L/d x 0.0005 mg/L x 360 d/yr x 30 yr


7.7
x
= 4.6x10 5
70 kg x 365 d/yr x 70 yr
mg/kg - d

cancer =

260x106 people x 4.6x10 -5 cancer / person life


= 172 cancer/yr
70 yr/lifetime

4.28 4.33 The solutions for these problems are the solutions for problems 4.25 - 4.30 in
the 2nd edition Solutions Manual.

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