Teaching Listening & Speaking

Latricia Trites, Ph.D. Academic Advisor Fulbright Yilan Project 2008-2009

Key Questions about Listening

What are listeners doing when they listen? What factors affect good listening? What are characteristics of real life listening? What are the many things listeners listen for? What are some principles for designing listening techniques? How can listening techniques be interactive? What are some common techniques for teaching listening?

What makes listening difficult?

Clustering Redundancy Reduced forms Performance variables Colloquial language Rate of delivery Stress, rhythm, and intonation Interaction

What types of listening skills are developed?

Microskills Macroskills (see handout)

What kinds of listening skills are taught?

Reactive (listen and repeat) Intensive (listen on a focused sound) Responsive (listen and respond briefly) Selective (listen for particular items in a longer passage) Extensive (listen for interactive/responsive purposes) Interactive (listen to discuss, respond, debate)

Principles for teaching listening

Integrate listening into the course Appeal to students personal goals Use authentic language and contexts Consider how students will respond Teach listening strategies Include both bottom-up AND top-down listening

Common listening strategies

Looking for key words Looking for nonverbal cues to meaning Predicting a speakers purpose by the context Activating background knowledge Guessing at meanings Seeking clarification Listening for the gist Developing test-taking strategies for listening

Break-out Activity
With a partner/group, look at the strategies given on the handout to you. Briefly plan how you might teach these strategies to students. Report back to the whole group on at least two of the activities.

Current issues in teaching oral skills

Conversational discourse Teaching pronunciation Accuracy and fluency Affective factors Interaction effect Questions about intelligibility Questions about what is correct speech

What makes speaking difficult?

The same things that make listening difficult: Clustering Redundancy Reduced forms Performance variables Colloquial language Rate of delivery Stress, rhythm, and intonation Interaction

Types of classroom performance

Imitative (this should be limited) repetition drill Intensive practice a grammatical/phonological feature Responsive to respond to a question Transactional (dialogue) to convey information Interpersonal (dialogue) to interact socially Extensive monologue (intermediate/advanced)

Do drills have a place?

Yes, BUT.

Guidelines for Drills

Keep them short Keep them simple Keep them snappy Ensure that students know WHY they are doing the drill Limit the drill to phonological/grammatical points Ensure that they lead to a communicative goal DONT OVERUSE THEM

Principles for Teaching Speaking

Focus on fluency and accuracy (depending on objective) Use intrinsically motivating techniques Use authentic language in meaningful contexts Provide appropriate feedback and correction Optimize the natural link between listening and speaking (and other skills) Give students the opportunity to initiate oral communication. Develop speaking strategies.

Sample activities for teaching conversation

See handouts Interviews Guessing games Jigsaw tasks Ranking exercises Discussions Values clarification Problem-solving activities Role plays Simulations

Should we teach pronunciation?

According to Wong (1987), sounds are less crucial for understanding than the way they are organized (as cited in Brown, 2008, p. 339). Native speakers rely more on stress and intonation than accurate articulation of a particular sound.

Factors that affect pronunciation

Native language Age Exposure Innate phonetic ability Identity and language ego Motivation/concern for good pronunciation

When and how should I correct errors?

Global and local errors Performance slip or competence error

Common speaking strategies

Asking for clarification (what?) Asking someone to repeat something Using fillers Using conversation maintenance cues (uh-huh, right, yeah, okay, hm) Getting someones attention Using paraphrases for structures one cant produce Appealing for assistance from the interlocutor Using formulaic expressions Using mime and nonverbal expressions

Break-out Activity

References
Brown, H.D. (2007). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (3rd ed). White Plains, NY: Pearson Education. Richard-Amato, P.A. (2003). Making it happen: From interactive to participatory language teaching theory and practice (3rd ed.). White Plains, NY: Pearson Education.