Isentropic Flow

Gas Dynamics

Agenda
Introduction Derivation Stagnation properties IF in a converging and converging-diverging nozzle Application

Gas Dynamics

Introduction
Consider a gas in horizontal sealed cylinder with a piston at one end. The gas expands outwards moving the piston and performing work. The walls of the piston are insulated and no heat transfer takes place. Is this an isentropic process? q=0 PT

Gas Dynamics

The mathematical relationships between pressure, density, and temperature are known as the isentropic flow relations.

Introduction
Examples of isentropic flows: Jet or rocket nozzles, diffusers Airfoils

Isentropic core flow

But in reality there is no real flow is entirely isentropic!!

Gas Dynamics

Derivation
For isentropic flow:
T2 P2 = T1 P 1
1 1

V V M= = a RT

2 = 1

And: So:

a = RT P2 T2 a = = T1 a 1 P
2 2 2 1 1

2 = 1

Applying energy eqn to get relation between T & M:

V12 V22 c pT1 + = c pT2 + 2 2
Gas Dynamics

2 T2 1 + (V1 2c pT1 ) = T1 1 + (V22 2c pT2 )

Derivation
But:
V 2 R 1 2 V2 = M = 2c pT 2RT 2 cp P2 T2 a = = T1 a 1 P
2 2 2 1 1

cont.

And:
2 = 1
1

So:
1 2 M1 T2 2 = T1 1 + 1 M 2 2 2 1+
Gas Dynamics

1 2 P2 1 + 2 M 2 = 1 P 2 1 1 + M1 2

1 2 1+ M2 2 2 = 1 1 + 1 M 2 1 2

1 1

Derivation
To find relation between A & M:
1 A1V1 = 2 A2V2 A2 1 V1 = A1 2 V2

cont.

M 1 RT1 A2 1 = A1 2 M 2 RT2
+1 2 ( 1)

Using relation -M and T-M

A2 M 1 K 2 = A1 M 2 K1
1 1

K2 M1 K 2 = K M 2 K1 1

1 2

+1 2 ( 1)

1 2 1+ M2 M1 2 = 1 M 2 1+ M 12 2

Where:
K = 1+
Gas Dynamics

1 2 M 2

Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow

Control Volume

Gas Dynamics

Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow

Continuity

Momentum

Gas Dynamics

Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow

First Law of Thermodynamics

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Gas Dynamics

Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow

Equation of State

Property Relations

Gas Dynamics

Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas Area Variation

Basic Equations for Isentropic Flow

Gas Dynamics

Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas Area Variation

Isentropic Flow

Gas Dynamics

Stagnation Conditions
Total (Stagnation) conditions :
A point (or points) in the flow where V = 0.
Fluid element adiabatically slow down

A flow impinges on a solid object

Gas Dynamics

Stagnation Conditions (cont.)

From Energy Equation and the first law of thermodynamics Total enthalpy = Static enthalpy + Kinetic energy (per unit mass)

Steady and adiabatic flow h0 = const (h01 = h02) Steady, inviscid, adiabatic flow T0 = const Isentropic flow P0 = const and 0 = const (Slow down adiabatically and reversibly) For a calorically perfect gas , h0 = CPT0 or h = CP T
Gas Dynamics

Stagnation Properties
Stagnation condition is a condition that would exist if the flow at any point was isentropically brought to or come from rest (V =M= 0).

Stagnation values: T0 1 2 = 1 + M T 2
P0 1 2 = 1 + M P 2 0 1 2 = 1+ M 2
Gas Dynamics

V =M =0 P = P0
1

T = T0 = 0

1 1

Stagnation Properties
Examples
0 1 Stagnation point is point 0. 2

cont.

V =M =0 P = P0 T = T0 = 0

Gas Dynamics

Stagnation point is inside the chamber.

Isentropic Relations in Tabular Form

Example: M
0.50 0.50 2.40 2.40 2.15200 17.08589 7.59373 1.50000 2.63671
1 2

T0/T
1.05000

P0/P

0/

a0/a

A/A*

1.18621

1.12973

1.02470

1.33984 36.74650

T0 1 2 = 1 + M T 2 P0 1 2 = 1+ M P 2
Gas Dynamics

a0 1 2 = 1 + M a 2

0 1 2 = 1 + M 2

1 1

A 1 2 1 2 = + M * A M 2 +1 +1

+1 2 ( 1)

Pitot Probe Measurement for Compressible Flow:

V=0

Incompressible flow (Bernoulli eqn):

P0 P =

1 V 2 2
1

V=

2(P0 P )

Compressible flow:
P0 1 2 = 1 + M P 2

P0
1 2 P0 M= 1 P 1 1 2 P0 P V = + 1 1 a 1 P

Gas Dynamics

Example (Compressible pitot tube)

Given: Air at u = 750 fts , Mercury manometer which reads a change in height of 8 inches. Find: Static pressure of air in psia Assume: Ideal gas behavior for air
Gas Dynamics

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Analysis:
First consider the manometer which is governed by fluid statics. In fluid statics, there is no motion, thus there are no viscous forces or fluid inertia; one thus has a balance between surface and body forces. Consider the linear momentum equation:

Gas Dynamics

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Critical Conditions:
Critical condition is a condition that would exist if the flow was isentropically accelerated or decelerated until M = 1. M*=1 1 T*, P*, *, A*, a* =
T* 2 1 2 = + M T + 1 + 1 P* 2 1 2 = + M P +1 +1 * 2 1 2 = + M +1 +1 a* 2 1 2 = + M a + 1 + 1
1

2 A* 1 2 =M + M A + 1 + 1
7 6 5 4

( +1) 2 ( 1)

A/A*

3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3

Mach number

1 1

M<1

M>1

1 2

Gas Dynamics

A=A* M=1

Homeworks
1. Calculate the Mach number of two aircraft both travelling with an airspeed of 300m/s. One is traveling at sea level (T=250C); the other at an altitude of 11km (T=-160C.) 2. A perfect gas with = 1.4 is traveling at Mach 3 with a static temperature of 250K, a static pressure of 101kPa, and a static density of 1.4077kg/m3. Determine the stagnation temperature, pressure, and density values. 3. An aircraft is flying at 80m/s at sea level where the temperature is 200C, density is 1.225kg/m3 and pressure is 1030.1mbar. Assuming R=287 J/kgK what Mach number is the aircraft flying? Air stagnates near the leading edge. Assuming isentropic compressible flow calculate the stagnation pressure. Assuming incompressible flow, use Bernoullis equation to calculate the stagnation pressure. What is the error in assuming incompressible flow at this Mach number?
Gas Dynamics