t{?

tt;

russran grammar

. the tanguage works . see grammar in real contexts . reach a high level of competence

illlil"*

yourself

teacd

russian grainmar
daphne west

Launched in 1938, the teach yourself series grew rapldly in response to the ivotld's wartime

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o x 5 o

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Card Numbec

ontile.

First published in UK 2000 by Hodder Education, part of Hachette Livre UK, 338 Euston
First published in US 2000 by The McGnw-Hill Companies, Inc.

CL
GT

This edition published 2003.

The leach y0u6olf name is a registered tnade mark ol Hodder Headline. Copyright @ 2000, 2003 Daphne West

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in

Year

lmpression

number

10

20122011 201020092008

inilrodustion

I
pfcocai

lll

he Glrillic alphabet

aaQofr

2 4

T;I Ivill

O2 stress and spelling rules

m6dm u6nqar

$e noun
Its gender of nouns
nominatlve case

xm cyupcIarlrerbHoe
6par, cecprd, u6cro

meilnenuufi nqgpx
oyg6nr,0nrr4 nnm,r6
8
10

ll4 nominalive singular ll5 nominalive plural ll0 nominative plural

inegular
aGGU$aliYe

oy4*nu, ampfmr, nfictua

ropogd, gpysui, apeued

o o
o

L-J

12

clse

aruirenuui na#x
n o,rorp6 reneefeop, n 6op,tca

J+ =

lI7 accusative singular 08 accusative plunl

u6n
14

r rrrdn xlpdnur,
cryg6mor

on sHeer

16
sxdro

ll9 accusative plural

irregular

or rynin cyeexfpr, n yx6

oyg6Hroe

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32

genltlw case
10 genitive singular 11 genitive plural 12 genitive plural irregular

pq4*renuui nappx
ndcnoprcry46xra rpinna

r+ =

lplcroB

@rorpA$4x F$p6ft

datiw case
13 datMe singular

4fienuxrfi rappx
Eopucgar

lGreQ66rps

1{ dative plural
instrumental case 15 instrumental singular 16 instrumental plural prpositional Gese 17 prepositional singular 18 prepositional plural

apav oodryer orcprcu6xaN

raopfrenuui nagPx
or pa66raer @r6rpa$oN
cyn c rpu6duu

npqgn6xrui naSx
n pa66ran a

roowuqe

u
36

afixaafr

a xnaprfpax

$o noun: summary
19 nouns: six-case summarv
Mapin ga6r

$e adlec'tiue
nominat'lve case

20 adiectives: unstressed 21 adiectives: stressed; soft

@nxy ewd Cepr6n frn npmariremnoe me{irru{ui naf,px o r r6aui, udneuucai, xdnl,ri
uorqgOi u$qg,vep, nocndAnnfi
aBr66]/c

40 42

Zl

possessive adiectives

runi4pu
on

@ge

44

23 reflexive possessive

rrr6er ceob xtuiry

rc*foy.

46

d|cr casss 2f accusative singular

25 accusative plural

flpyrfe nqf,eri n wrCnurre$wyro

Eoplca

nudn
48

nrrrdrc

n+rffoue

rcrfou

n*dnSnormfisroa

50

26 genitive singular 27 genltive plural 28 dative singular 29 dative plunl 30 instrumental singular 31 instrumental plural 32 prepositional singular 33 prepositional plunal
long and short lorms

ndcnopr anrniilo<oro rypfi cra nacnoprd arrnlifiocrx rypncroo ou nmeo+in r6ueuy4p!ry

52 54

60 inegular presenttense (3) 64 reflexive verbs:

present tense

AAseTb,

raHpBdru Arn - rp.,.r, 126 128

56.
58

y Hee$qb

uu

n4d'rr x

n6uru gpysrnu

yuue6rucn

ox ng6r o re6rp c ffcoc,tu 4plrou ox rg0r e rearp c pfocmun ApysbfMx

60
62

65 aspects 66 compound future 67 simple future 68 pasttense (1): imperfective 69 past tense (2): perfective 70 verbs of molion

mc6rdnanuc6n
n 6fgy

130

pa66ran

132
134 136 138 140

uu rue6u a noeor

g6me

64 66 68

xanuf nnou6
erA6ffpdn

oli xuafr

n6auxppufu

n6nxrc r $frure$6pmu
peqopdH sarqriT

acpdadxynfna mauftry
xqg@hgni,

il4 long and short forms

&rd6xan

[|e GomparatiuB
35 long form compantive

cpasnirenrrnr crEneru
oro66nee
ox

7l

prefixed verbs of motion

urre$oru
MeHi

rufua

70 72 74

72 conditions (1): open 73 conditions (2): closed

74 the imperative

6nna acx6gr,n ns MaftBfiHa 6ctu 6fger q#Mr, noig6u a

rcrxoredrp
6cnu 6n

142 144
146 148 150

il6 shod form compantive

37 compantive: constructions

litoi rrodra nmep6ope

cr6ple

cl onnl

he supodatius
38 the superlative lhs

npeocr6ela crnem
cdttlui

ca4*recb, rcx<6n-yrcta!

$actsrMrc6x
78 80 82 84
ropqgAx

75 negatives

(1

rnxorgA

afieo
39 adverbs
(1

xap&re
) ox

76 negatirres (2)

mrc

rc cuop6 reneofuop #vercg6narr

152
154 156

6ricrp 66raer

possibility, etc. question

u0vno, ndpp, nenusi

orcr<ae6n, vro

4ll adverbs (2)

numerals 41 cardinal numenls (1) 42 cardinal numerals (2)

ox 66raer6Hcrp6e Bcex

78 indirect statement and 79 indirect commands, etc

nffir
r<ynr,rnr

qlcr*rerHttte
ognn gou, nnn rcaprilp
AByx, Tpex,
e

ot x6er, wo6u uu
mauaxy ,{r66bl une xdxercn cot6srd

rfrrt
rp6run

158 160

{3

cardinal numerals (3)

geyx

6onufu

86

fll

purpose

44 ordinal numerals 45 telling the time 46 dates 47 quantities

prcn0uns personal pronouns (1)

n6peun,

ar$fi,

88
90 92 94 96 98 100 '102 104 106 108
1 1

81 impersonal constructions conlunclions 82 conjunc'tions pruposltlons

162
164 166 n6pqg rqg, 168

gea ttac6,

nrrr rac6e, nongroporo

21-oe anp6nn 36 py6n6fi, gBdngan Mnor[EmiloB

rro, norouf rro

npqRn6nr
B, Ha, C

rcgroxx6rm
n,

E
8f

prepositions: (1) prepositions: (2)

'E

ru,

q,

40 penonal pronouns (2) 50 possessive pronouns 51 intenogative pronouns 52 demonstntive pronouns 53 determinative pronouns
S4 reflexive pronouns

uxe,

uoi ,ro?Karoi?,i? 6rorx1p6n acn ffina

sroreoi wfra?gp,
o+r

uroi

on6,

on{ uu, su,

oHfi

e, ufiqy, xag
6Kono,

85 prepositions: (3) 86 time (1)

87 time (2)

np, rc,
e

n4uo,or,

no,,{@
no

170 172
*

Sror uom6rr, a

q[66ry

cj/666rau

Ha6rofi nenpne, a uepre, rqAt BpA{r, Ap, oa, Hasdn

gfi

6ep6r c

o6(ri

@roanna@r
a

174
176

55 relative pronouns

(1 )

apar,
,{TO,

rcr6pri @raer

6on*Mqe

88 time (3) 89 miscellaneous preposilions

Bo

56 relative pronouns (2) 57 indefinite pronouns

t(TO,qei

112 114
116
'118

n6cne, c, qpe3 6es,

mGro nmaonfn
(1

q Aflq,3a, e6ire, 84 q ro, 178

180 183 185

ue$s
58 regular present tense
)

59 regular present tense (2)

fll

consonant changes

61 inegular presenttense (1) 62 inegular present tense (2)

pa66raru roaoprftrb c etu(y, n np6nb 6paru, rurt, xnacru, rgli

rrlaro,|bl

npr, nporue

verbs + prepositions

wpdlo HaKnapH6re

120 122

hling lltuiter

leyb

6xarb,Msrbnnc6ru,xor6ru'124

erercises glossary ol grammafiml

lems

NI

kachYourself Russian Grammaris a reference and a practice book in one. It is intended for learners with very little Russian, but will also be useful for anyone who feels they need more explanation and practice of basic Russian grammar. The explanations are clear and simple, and answers to the exercises are provided in the key at the
end, making it an ideal book for self-study. The left-hand page of each unit introduces and explains one particular point of grammar, which can then be practised by doing the exercises on the righthand page. At the end of most units you will find cross-references to other units on the same or related points.

CL

5 t+ T o
IT

IT

tr

How to use this book

You can either work through the book progressively, or dip into specific grammar points which you need to clarify and practise. You can select the grammar items you have found difficult while using the language, or units which supplement the material in the coursebook you are working with. You will find all the grammar points listed in the contents and/or index. There is also a glossary of grammatical terms at the end of the book. Most students of Russian find that they need lots of practice to help them master the case endings ofnouns, adjectives and pronouns, so this book gives lots of opportunity for that (and that's why each case is freated separately, singular and plural - so you canjust practise the points you feel you need to reassure yourself about). You will find it helps you to leam points of grammar if you say the examples on the lefthand pages out loud (and you can do the same with your answers to the exercises, of course). English ffanslations arefuiyen for most of the examples on the left-hand pages and for most of the material used in the exercises.

o 1+ o 5

Abbreviations
srng.

pl.
masc.

singular plural
masculine

acc.
gen. dat.

accusative

fem.
adj. nom.

feminine adjective

instr. prep.

genitive dative instrumental prepositional

nominative infin.

infinitive

l2l tl

The Gyrillic alphabet is made up of 33 letters. Here they are in

o J
t+

their printed and handwritten forms.

piccxl,Ift anoaBrir - printed AA a rnfather

pi'ccruft a"ldanfr
.&

cursive

bo
I'B
f

bn
vm

barlJK

uslt
goat

o
IT

J -r

u[,
11C

t
,I

d tn daughter
ye rnye.l-

^ F
'tf u

9a
2

2 Sr6nnu-4ucr b laser printer 3 n6sepurrfi upfnrep c Internet 4 nporparvrlvrficr d computer progrqrrnner 5 l,Inrepndr e computer p The words in the following list all sound like their English
equivalents. Fill in the missing letter from each word. (Gover up the list on the right unless you ane stuck!)

Il ltatcn the Russian words on the left with their English meaning on the right. 1 rounr(rrep a floppy disk

o
o =

EC

vo in vonder
s

)t\

in oleasure
zoo

at

J3
n14
fA il

(,lll
ee

?
IL

rnleet
nte

y rn boy

KK IJI MM

kn

u
E
.L

rtH
UO

tt J
Ir

gL

lII
PP
UC
T

, rn Dotue m tnmotor n rn novel o tn Dote (wnen stresseo; otherwise like a in sofa) D rn Deacn

,lL
1t-

.L
IL

1 rjfcr 2 cja'lnr 3 ;puauicr 4 6a_x,rtp 5 6qne_una 6 nn_nrtcr 7 upo_dccop 8 a_rpfca 9 rra6ne4x1

tourist
student

joumalist
banker

ballerina

pianist
professor
actress manaSer

10 4_rrop

doctor

T
a
u

IL 'fi,

r tn rat ,s rn,fip t'Jrtl-Ied

oo I\ snool I rn lunnv cn ln locn
ts

tt

El Look at the following details of what's on television and answer the questions:

s)

ct

a0
2lX

Vy

fl
a
.T

frra

2 On which channel

At what time is the dog show? is there a film about Hollvwood?

o r+

1q lllIII
b
bI b

uq

rntus

L
IL

cn rn cneese
sft in sfteep snsnflr .trnqllJ/r snampoo hard sign - makes a hny nause between svllables
T)

a
w
t4
.6

10.15 Marcu-uoy 10.fl) Ceroasr 10.40 Kanavr6yp. IOruopucrzrecxrfi 10.25 Cepuat <Kovuccap Pexc>
xypHaJr

ruu

11,25 Cepuat <<,{xennv eger

fo.n_ruayA>

11.30 .{or-ruoy <.f,

ra

vor

co6axa>>

12.(X)

Honocru

12.il) Ceroms

approximately lrke i rn ill solt srgn - adds a solt, gentle 'y'sound after a consonant

'

u.
6

J3

etnrct
z in rniversitv

rurc
nfl

yanyaro

n
,L

I
l0
,9,

* Do not occur at the beginning of words.

l-'-l tl

o N
o r+ d o o
q)

E The importance of the stress syllable; some spelling rules whicfi will apply to all forms of wods (e.9. nouns, adiectives, ve6s).
a Russian word has more than one syllable, it is imponant in terms of both pronunciation and grammar to know which syllable is 'stressed'. For example, in the Russian word for engineer there are three syllables: unxen6p and the accent over the relevant letter (6) shows you that the third syllable is the one to emphasize. The good news is that you never need to write the 'stress mark' in - it's just there to help you, while you're learning. In this book stress marks are always indicated, unless an exercise is based on a real advertisement or ticket, as you would not normally see them in printed materials.

If

E Here is a list of 15 of the words you have seen in stressed form so far in Units 1 and 2. Mark in their stresses and, when you have checked your answerc in the Key, practise saying
each word.
aKTprrca actress

6anepnua

ballerina
banker

6anrup
AOKTOp

doctor

xypHaJMcT
KOMrrbrorep MerreAxep

journalist
computer
manaSer

nosrrfi
IIT4AHI'0T

new

pianist
computer progr&mmer

=L C

tt g,
II

o
5
-

Of course, Russian isn't the only language where emphasis is important. In English, emphasizing the wrong part of the word can sometimes change the meaning (think of record and record), and there are many words where it would sound odd if we emphasized each syllable equally (think how we emphasize the first syllable of eve4 everything andfather and how we 'throw away'the second or the second and third). This is what happens in Russian: pronounce the stressed syllable clearly and deliberately, but skim over the others - don't give them any emphasis (much as we deal with the last syllable, the -er of ever). The stress mark is perhaps most important of all in words which feature the letter o. If the o (rccurs in a word of only one syllable, or if it is the stressed syllable in a word composed of several syllables, then it will be pronounced, like o in 'bore';

lporpaMMr4cT npoQeccop co6axa

cryAeHT TyprrcT

professor dog
student

tourist
good

xoporuo

E Vladimir has been writing a story for homework, but has made five serious spelling mistakes. Underline and explain them. (A translation of Vladimir's masterpiece.can be found in
the Key.) Bans naxoneq cnparrrnBaer Manno <f,qe co6axu? Iloueuy oHu rwotrrflT?>, Mama He orBe\raer, Baux 6epdr
cBon Knrirbr n yxo4nr K

GI

Hoc

nose

H6srrft

new

If the letter o is not sfiessed it is pronounced like the 'a' in 'sofa',

for example, xopout6 good.

fipyry, Camto.

o o

tr

Spelling rules

Remember! There are two important spelling rules in Russian: I Never write u, ro, r after r, K, x, x, q, rrr, rt1; instead write u, Never write an unstressed o after x, {, il, rL II In order to apply Rule 2 accurately, it is important to know which syllable of a word is sfressed. Unfortunately, there is no foolproof way of knowing where a word is sfressed... other than to make a point of leaming where the stress is when you fust come across the word!

Y'&

>

For change of stness, see Units 5 and 39,

E o
q)
GI

Nouns arc words which name someone or something (people, places, animals, objects, concepts). All Russian nouns have a gender.

lI Loot at the endings of the words that follow and decide on their gender; write m, x or cp (or if you prcfer to do it in Engfish: m,f, ot n) in the brackets which follow each word. I p{raro 2 reter;rtzop 3 u6pra 4 xyxw, 5 AHrrurs
( radio televisian (
stamp ( (

El Russian words are divided randomly into three groups, known as 'genders'. These groups are masculine, feminine and neuter. Russian has no direct article (the) or indirect article (c), so we have to look at the ending of each word to determine its gender.
Gender Endings Example magaTine museurn

kitchen

o 5 o. o o {r 5 o tr 5 o

England

6 nxcvv'6 letter 7 g6peno tree 8 Aorrb dnughter 9 rlapb tsar 10 rep6fi hero

)
)

) ) )

ft b Feminine a (dictionary symbol x) r rrs b Neuter o (dictionary symbol cp) e ne

(dictionary symbol

Masculine

u)

consonant xypnii:t

rvrys6fi
asrovo6rlrb

E tlatctr the words from the box to the pictures and indicate the gender (n, x, cp).

car
newspaper
week Russia

ragfra neA6nr Pocnhs .uoqL rvrdcro n6ne sA6uue

niuua pLwo co6rixa anrorvro6rlnr rounr(rrep

l6peso

dau*hter place

field
building

E So, the only ending 'shated'by more than one gender is the soft sign (r). These are the only nouns where you have to leamthe gender, but they are a small group (and three-quarters of them are feminine); often they are 'naturally' masculine or feminine - e.g. \apn (tsar) is masculine and Aoqr (daughter) is feminine.
Et It wil be helpful when you are leaming case erdings to distinguish between feminine nouns which end in s and those which end in rar as they often behave differently (and similarly for neuternouns ending in e and ue).

6et

g
ry.WB

-UE
E ttrere is one 'rogue' word in each of the following gender lists. Which wolds are in the wrong lists and wlfclr list should they be in?
nfcnopr wsswtt ue4ecrEl
6uotrorus,

6#

There are a few exceptions to these pattems. The following nouns are masculine (because of their meaning):

nilna daddy uncle . The diminutive form of men's first names have feminine endings (e.g. AnercArUP 4 C6ma). . Nouns ending in -Mr are neuter (Bp6M s,, time);r6$e is masculine. lApas

g64yurxa

grandfather

MVXqlIHa mAil

MXCP

4Oryrvr6rr drcwnent rrorenep

vecq month s,ir:la vi,sa n44 guide

(nronm Wngrnst

um6na ra3era aerua1ld4at declaratiort

twrae orur6 windn4, mgineer Mocro place biobgy trourrMiurre rchool enpmr ercW netvswryr Nlerfi meto
rmcuvr6
letter

[f L-J o s
5 o 3 :t q)
II II

Cases shorv the rcles that nouns play in a sentence. Thele are six cases in Russian and the endings of nouns change accolding to their case. The nominative case shows us who or what is performing the action of a verb (the subiect); singular means there's only one actor/subject.

E toot at the English sentences that follow and underline the subject of each sentence.

ttre nominative

case of a noun is the form you find in a

dictionary, vocabulary or glossary. csn4hnue

(q) appointment, date The endings for each gender are: masculine: consonant,
feminine:
neuter:

rog (u) year rur6na (x) school

ft,

2 Viktor always stays at home on a Friday evening. 3 Is Olga a journalist? 4 Where is the dog? 5 Does the student know the new teacher? E Look at the Russian sentences that follow and underline the
subiect of each sentence (translations of these sentences are given in the Key):

ffiMoscow

is the capital of Russia.

My husband works in the centre of town.

a, fr, vlfl, b

o, e, rle

ttre nominative case 'names' the person or the thing doing the
Verb Meanino
The

action of the verb (the subject).

Subject Crya6sr Onrra

t+

qurier
pa66raer

sudent is readins

1 Co66ra np6er n capf. 2 Tefup 6uenr rpacrinrrfi. 3 Kora6 na.ruH6ercs ronq6pr? 4 fae uof xnfra?

ffir, Oltruno Bna.nriuup or.qux6er s Anre.

o
c2.
GT

OIpa is workinp
The letter is lying (on the table)

flrcru6

nexrtr (na crond)

5 Mofi crrn 6seHr xop6uruft $yr6omicr. E Gomplete the following sentenoes with the appropriate
nominative singular noun, using the English sentences as a guide. B ceMb qacoB. The concertbegins (Konq6pr uasusiLercfl. B ceMb .racor) at seven o'clock. "altunilercfl, ne 6venr r.nrrep,6cuas. The lecture is notvery interesting. 2 K coxa-n6ruro Urfortmately this place is rntftee. cso66.ryo.

5
-

El Since there are no words for the or a inRussian, a noun in the nominative case can mean either:

uecq

(rnr)

a monlh or thc

nonth

:lae4cecrp,h

(x)

a nurse or

tlv nurse

ffi 1

oxu6 (cp) a window or the window

5ro-ne

qr -

E Since there is no present tense of the verb 'to be' in Russian, the nominative case will appear with no apparent verb.
Subiect
Eoptlc
Me,qcecrpd

No verb'to be' c[ya6rr

Meaning

Boris(isa)sndent
(The) nurse (is) very kind (The) lzner (is) interexting

.Ilrr6errnrfoyuo Thcsmdentisreadingabookon 3 plrysics. $fisme. 4 cpr6rpur re.uenrisop. Grandfather is watching TV q6poro cr6ur. 5 The car is (costs) eryensive, 6 fle nax6turcs-3 Where is (situnted) the sndiwn?

6'rerb a66pac
nnrep'6cnoe

flucru6

El Russian word order is very flexible, so the subject is not always at the beginning of a sentence or phrase. The word order may be
the sarne as English: The lecture begins at seven o'clack. Jl6rqls nav;ataherc . B ceMb qac6s. or the subject may appear later in the phrase (without affecting the
meaning): B ce ar qac6s Hasuuilercs r6xnns..

tlol
L-J

o (tl

lf you want to talk about mole than one subiect, you use the plural. In Russian therc arc different forms of the plural, depending on the gender of tfie noun.

El Regular masculine nouns end in either a consonant, -fi or -r. The plural ending depends on which of these three kinds of noun you are using: Toaconsonant,addrr:

I tn the following sentences which nouns are in the plural form? Underline them. (Translations of these aentences are glven in the KeyJ I E6rnure ncer6 Brfo<rop mb6ur qurfrr rag6rrr.
2 M6pru 46poro cr6fir. 3 f ne gniro, rAe rounrrbreprr.

5 o 5 qt =.
tf
-l

cryg6ur + sryA6urhr students Remove fi,then add u: vry:6ft '+ vrys6r museurns Remove r, then add u: asroluo6liJn"r asroN4o6rhsur cars
'+ arrpricu

4
5

Ea, s qdcro crvrorp(r runo$rfrnrvrrr. .f, se uonuudto, rorervrj' on crvr6rpur renecepud"rrr. Matctr up each noun with a suitable plural ending.

negutar feminine nouns end in either -a, -fl) -nfl or r. The plural ending depends on which of these four kinds of noun you are dealing with:

ff

ronu6pr + br

ronq6prrr

-bI

-n -a

-9 appointment engineer month

Removea,addrr:
Remove

axrpfica
lgieli{lls

4addu: u:

crdnlllas
ABepb

Remover, add

+ nea6rm + cr6nrun + 1p6pl

actresses
weelcs

statians daors

p.
tr
st
-

NB For plurals of feminine nouns which end in -a, remember: never write u afterr, K, x, x, {, u, rr1. So, forexample, rrnira + tcrlin.m boola.
Regular neuter nouns end in either -o, -e or -ne. The plural ending depends on which of these three kinds of noun you are dealing with: places Remove o, add Remove e, add s.q6ro,re s4hrolrs. buildings

| 6a:tqina ballerina 6 csulilxr,re 2 xypnauicr joumalist 7 unxenfip 3 co6rixa dog E vrecn1 'planc 9 6ynirxa 4 carvronr 5 ucr6pru story 10 mrcru6
E

bottlc letter

a: .a:

rvr6cro + uecr6 +

stress in some regular nouns changes in the nominative plural, as you can see in the word u6cro. This can happen in all genders.

ll

ttre

2 rvrfun.rm boy 3 .q6nyruKa girl 4 LDarcrftra man 5 r6uxa cat

I x6nu+ura womlm

Wrlte Ure plural form of the following nouns.

6 n6Iua,+ (x) horse 7 u6pe set 8 .4eKrap6lryIf, (canency) declarmion

9
10

sn{lmzie rep6fi

building
hero

For example: Masculine: crot(table) Feminine: wph f6ane)

rfopu Neuter: olgL6 (window) + 6rna

-r

+ ctorgr

crapftc (oldmm) +ctapluai pyr<6 (hanL arm)+plwr

cwtPd Gister) r''l6pe (sea)

Dictionaries usually indicate any movement the Russian-English section and the best thing is to look out for this when you first come across a word (and firy to leam it by saying both singular and plural out loud). El Some regular nouns 'lose' a vowel from their last syllable in all forrns except nominative singular. (Vowels which disappear in this way are called 'fleeting vowels'.) Some common ones are: or6q 61{*r ffathcrs); rondp'+ xorpdr (carpets); q6pronr'-+ q6prnn (churclrcs).

+ oirrpbl + vtopf of sffess in

2 Onfi 6epj'r nnreprrrb. 3 Osf mb6rr xorvrnr(rrepu.

E Uatch the sentences on the left with the appropriate nominative plural noun phrase on the right. I Onrra n Brftrrop nrpriror s r6nruc. a Onf xypnamicrrr

b Onf uporparvrlvrfcrr,I c Otlhrensncfcrrr

>

For spelling rules, see Unit 2.

t-'4

tl o)

o
o 3
IT

Some rrcuns do notwork in thewrydescrilred in Unit5. Fortmately' foregulardural nouns in Russianft into corwenientgrcupo.

El One group of irregular masculine nouns all behave in the same way. Instead of ending in rr or u they must end in a stressed 6 (or, in the case
of y.uirem, a stressed f). Here are the most comrnon nouns which behave in this way: hotel rcotns 6,qpec ..+ aI.frc| addresses

66per '+ 6eper6 banks/shores 6crpor r6.rep '+ re.repii evenings/partiesn6cuopr

n6r'rep "r uouepi +

rJra3

+ roPoAd AoM '+ gou6

r6Po4

+ rtmzi eves
tovwts houses

+ ocrpoB6 islands "r rauopr6 passports u6esa -t noesAd traiw

npo$6ccop

Translate the following irregular nominative plurat wolds into Russian. brothers 6 eyes 2 names 7 trees 3 children 8 friends 4 mothers 9 people 5 addresses 10 towns

ll

fCpoccrOpa

A6rrop+ goxrop6

g =l

Jrec +

doctors

ne

,6

forests

rP{xroP -+ rPaxroP6 tr.rctors ydrem -r ywmenf teachcrs + IBer6 colours

npo$eccopti professors

Try not to confuse the last word on this list with the plural noun qserdl
(flowers, singular: qser6x). Gl R semnO group of rnasculirp nouns takes ttre norninative plual ading + witctr.g lewes Jllcr 6par + 6firtlfl. brothers

+.

-rr:

p. c
q)
I -t

Apyr -r 4pysrf fnends cbIH + crnorri sozs

cryn

+ c*ws

clrairs

El e tfrird group of masculine nouns ends in the singular in -al*ln or -rulrH. To make the nominative plural of these nouns, simply remove -un and add -e:
anrrmqrinrun

anrrulsdue Englishmm rpaxaatnts

rpdx.galfLe citizen

Feminine and neutr nouns have very few inegular"s. The most cortmon
lotees

arc:

GT

6
C I ql
-

(x) .+ 46.repn daughters xon6tro (cp) a ro#ml (x) + na6repn mothers rureu6 (cp) +nn6w't )Wh nperrar (cp) + ElWMIe:flL timcs yxo (cp) g6pero 16p;+ gepdnrt trees f6noxo (cp) - i6loxu fitas (cp) + nven6 rutrnes
.qo'rb

varr

shoulders ears apples

The good news is that some neuter nouns do not change at all in the plural, so the following are both the singular and the plural forms:

flo reprurd"nu 2 lvdorc than one train 3 Lots offorests 4 Plural ofteacher 5 More than one son 6 Undergroundrailway(s) 7 Radio(s) 8 More than one colour 9 Times
flo ropnsonr6rm

**

6lop6 office vrvrp6 mettv sfcrur whislE mdawhno piano pilwo radio rarp6 cafe
tre

raxc,h

taxi

Note that all these 'indeclinable'words (i.e. words that do not change) have been borrowed by Russian from westem European languages.

2 4 5

Scottish drink in singular or plural More than one top university teacher Not sisters, but... More than one house

El

nouns for 'children'and 'people'are the most sfrikingly inegular

of all:

pe6xor '-r

46tn children

qe.nos6r

+ nbAll

people

>

For change of stress, see Units 5 and 39.

FA
{

L_J

o
qt

The accusative case is used for the direct obiect of a sentence. The direct obiect is the person or thing that has an action done

ll

Underline the object noun in each of the following

shoes.

to it.
El Most sentences include the formula
Subject (person 61 thing performing an action) + Verb (action performed) + Object (person or thing that has action done to it) Subiect Anna Eopric
Verb

sentences.

1 I often watch the television.

ffianways buy comfortable

Obiect

Meanino

o o c o qI

Mu
case

cnr6rpnr wrr6er cnjruaeu

renerrisop Anna is watching television ras6ry Boris is read.ing the newspaper

pdAno
We

are listening to the radio

2 Pass the water, please. 3 Have you seen the cat anywhere? 4 I've never visited the Kremlin. 5 He bought the least expensive watch available. E Match the two halves of each sentence, then find the
English translation below.

El In tne singular, masculine nouns only change in the accusative

if they are animate (i.e. a person or an animal). All inanimate

+.
II

GT

o o 5
C
-

nouns (i.e. things) remain the same as in the nominative: Xopour6, a nosrrr,rf xypnr{-n. OK, I'U tal<e the magazine. If masculine singular nouns :!re animate (i.e. a person or an animal), their endings in the accusative are formed as follows: cty,{6nra To a consonant, add cry,46nr Remove fi, then add rep6s y.rrirern "+ yvfirerx Remove r, then add

1 .f, npe4uoqurflro rpfsnxy 2 fl gnfuo er6 cecrpj, 3 BH srirure anr6ry nanpfno 4 fl xotf rpurnacrirr 5 Mu yx6 sndevr vre4cecrpj'

a no er6 6pina s He gr6rc. b Anrc u Baxhvra c utpau6. d n ne rno6rub xfvrnro.

e
u n6ury nar6no?

+ a: r: rep6fi + r:

3
4 5

2 I want to invite Anya andVadim.

We already know the nurse and the doctor. I prefer physics and I donl like chemistry. Do you (can you) see the chemist's on the right and the post ffice on the left?

l<now his sister but

I donl know his brother

BH sn6ere

Eopfca? Mn

Do you lcnow

Boris?

uiAr,nra y'rrire.na

x6xArrfi ,qenr.

We see the teacher every day.

q) -

El ttre overwhelmingeajority of neuter nouns are inanirnate, and they do not change in the accusative case: fftacrrvr6 unrep6cnoe? fiilftre vrne rurcrvr6, nox6nyficra, Is the letter interesting? Give mc the letter, please. A common animate neuter noun is rMII6 (when it means person,notface); its animate accusative is rnrrl6.
Feminine singular nouns always change in the accusative case, whether animate or inanimate, except for soft-sign nouns (e.g. 4yept door). Accusative endings of feminine nouns are formed as

put the following words into the accusative Gase.

ffinuxen6p I aoqr (x)

ranxes6pa daughter grandmother mother uncle aunt

ll

follows:

y: Remove x, add rc:

Remove a, add

+ arrprlcy seA6.nc + ueA6.rno Soft sign stays the same: ABepb + gr6pr Bu gnfere Tarrfny? Do you lvtow Tatyana?
axrpfca

6 cron 7 n6le 8 orrpfirxa 9 n6ruaar (x)

10 6par

2 666yrna 3 uarr (x) 4 nflls 5 16rr

table
field
postcard
horse

brother

> For change of stlss, see Units

5 and 39.

tl

l16

L_J

o @
o o c o q) o
C
s)
-

lf a plural noun is tfie obiect in a phrase or sontence its endings must cfiange. The endings depend on wheffter tre noun is animate (a percon or an animal) or inanimate (a thing).

E ttre good news is that if a noun is inanimate, the ending for the accusative plural is exactly the same as the ending for the nominative plural. This applies to all three genders.
Subject
Verb

ll Underline the plural nouns in the following sentences which would need to be in the inanimate accusative in Russian and circle those which should be in the animate accusative, ffi ftave you ever seen these@-st6?3'and these plays before? 1 We always like to watch the boats and the seagulls when we are by
2 I forgot to buy tickets for the concert. 3 Please send the customers and their purchases to the cash desk. 4 Do you prefer to read books or newspapers? 5 She says she's going to get two dogs.
E Write sentences saying what you want to buy, adding the correct accusative plural ending to each singular noun (they're all inanimate). W 6nn6r (ticket) + flxoq! rynfrr 6un6rn I rerbQ6u
the sea.

q)

Object

Meaning

Anna Eopfc

cu6rpur
qITTAET

Sf.tnurr
ras6ru
OKHA

Anna watches films

Boris reads newspapers

We

Mu
El tf

MOEM

are cleaning the windows

+.

a noun is anirnaoe, then its ending must change. The anirnate accusative plural and the genitive plural are the only cases where the endings are different for the three gen{ers. So, the bad news is that there are quite a few endings to learn for the animate

accusative, but the good news is that by the time you get to you will already know the endings of the genitive plural!

Unit

11

p.

Masculine animate accusative plural: To a consonant, add os cryAdnr

2 z4iffime 3 6yrfima

Remove ft, then add rep6ft rep6en Remove l, then add nnc6rem (writer) nnc6renefi Care is needed if the masculine singular nominative ends in x, q, rrr, q. ffit does, add eft, not oB: e.g. spau (doctor) spaq6fi.

es eft

(hero) + + r +

CTYAEIITOB

4 n6ne 5 rvr6pxa E Write sentences

animate).

saying who you know, adding the conect accusative plural ending to each singular noun (tlrey'rc all

Feminine animate accusative plural: Remove a, add nothing arrpric Remove n, add r: cSus (dormouse) -+ cortb For nouns ending in ur, remove r, add ft: Mapfix Mapfifi Remove r. add efi: n6ura.& (horse) noura.{6fi Care is needed with feminine nouns ending in a. If you are left with a cluster of consonants when you have removed the -a you usually need to insert the vowel o, e or (very occasionally) e. Thrce common examples you might find in the animate accusative are: 46rylxa M6poK, cecrp6 + cecrdp 46ryurer, u6pxa Brl sn6ere erux gdaylrex? Do you know these girls? Her, no s sH6ro ux cecrp. No, but I know their sisters.

ll

arrpfca

2 4

ffi rypficr + I unxeu6p

uegcecrpf
danep,ima

-f, sn6rc

rypfcror

3 $yr6omtcr 5 rpau E expAln

Ef There are very few neuter animate nouns. A common one is .nuq6 (when itmeans person).T\e animate accusative plural is formed simply by removing the last letter.

2 vysrrrinr 3 l6Axa

who or what you'le photographing by putting each slngular noun in tlre accusative plural (animate gr inanimate?). ffi co66p (cathedraD+ .f OororpaQripyro co66f,u xop6na cow

musician boat
shop

5 nrfqa

lr'araz'fo.

bird

> For formation of irregular animate accusative

plural see Unit 9; for genitive plural nouns see Unit 11.

I 6.1
L_J

o (0
q,

Some nouns do not work in the way described in Unit 8. Fortunately, irregular accusative plural nouns fit into convenient gloups CIust like irregular nominative plural nouns).

o o C a q)
'+
II

E Nouns which have irregular endings still follow the same pattem for the accusative plural outlined in Unit 8: if a noun is inanimate, the ending for the accusative plural is exactly the same as the ending for the nominative plural. OH sH6er nce agpec6. Bu rynfiru crftlr,n? He lmows all the addresses Did you buy the chairs?
Animate nouns which have an irregular nominative plural ending in a stressed 6 take -6n in the accusative plural: yx6 stt6ro upoSeccop6n. The irregular nominative plural yrure.rrf

E rcf about people's preferences by putting the nouns given below into the accusative plural: ffiffi necl6crpoB -f rlro srr nrb6ure 66.nrrue, rcc6 fitru
ocrpor6?

2 n6eza/rp6rrop 3 cry.n/qrer 4 4ou/r6pog

E Utatctr the turo halves of each sentence, then find the English translation in the sentences that follow.

.q6peao/66per

fl

becomes yunrelliflir.

E If animate nouns have an irregular nominative plural ending in -u, then the accusative plural ending is either -res (if the
nominative plural is stressed on the stem) or 6ft (if the nominative plural is stressed on the end):
Nominative singular 6par brothcr Nominative olural Accusative plural

2 Btt utftgewr 3 fiaa ncrp6uur 4 Her, s He gn6ro 5 Ou6 v6cro nprrnattircr

Ou yx6 sniier

a axrnnq6R b yvr,rrurdfi.

u aeponoprj'.

c apya6fi a pecrop6u.

d 6p6rren Btag,huupa. e er6 cHnos6ft nwp6?

p.
C
II

6pfnst rcm pI. stressed on stem

Apwbt rcnL pL
stressed on en4

6pirueu
Apyren
CbIHOBEI,I

Nr$ Irtend
CbIH JO"

cBIIIOSbt t Om- pL SteSSed On end

2 She ofteninvitesfriends to the restaurant. 3 Did you see his sons yesterday? 4 He already lotows the teachers. 5 The guide met the Englishmen at the airport. E Boris and Elena complete a questionnaire

No,

I donl lcttow Vladimirb brothers.

about their visit to

g
GT

For animate nouns whose nominative singutar ends in -ruur, this is what happens:
Nominative singular
AHHII;IqAHI,IH

ll

Nominative plural
AIITIIIqAHC

Accusative plural
ATTJIITqAII

England. They have made a list of what they have liked most (r'1and what trey have liked least (l). Gomplete the account of their visit by giving the accusative plural in Russian of their flkes and dislikes (reminder 66rnme = fltonei umme = less).

./

d
C
-

rpaxAaHr{H

rpaxAarre

rpiixaau

towns
houses

trains
evenings

El ttre accusative plural of the irregular feminine nouns vrarr and

IOqb are:
Nominative sinoular
AOqb MATb

people hotel rooms *

q) -

Nominative olural A6sepr

MaTepr.r

Accusative olural
gocepeft rvratep6[

Mu rypricrur s AHrJMn. 9ro urr uu ruo6firu u6nrure?

lno6fitur 66rnrue?

rlro

El ena finally, the accusative plural for 'children' and 'people' comes from their sfrikingly different nominative plural form:
Nominative sinoular
pe6enox

Mu

ruo6firru 66rnue

Nominative plural
ACTI'
JIIOAI,I

Accusative plural
,IIETCI,I

Mu rno6frrll uxrrue

qenos6r

JIIOAC}I

> For formation of irregular nominative plural, see Unit 6. For animate accusative plural of rcgular nouns, see Unit 8.

l20

tl J

The genitive case is the Russian way of saying 'of', so it Indlcates possession and is also used whep talking about

quantltles.

o
II

GT

o o

E ttre principal meaning of the genitive case is of,bat it is also used with quantities (e.9. a lot, a bottle, not any, and after the numerals 2,3 and 4): 3ro rdcnopr It is the passport ofthe student ( the student's pas sport ). 3Aecr uer rene$6na. Here there is rw (not any) telcphone,

cry46ura.

ll tn the following sentences which nouns would be in the genitive in Russian? Underline them. ffi]i Have you seen Olga's book? L There isn't any cheese in the fridge. 2 I'd like half a kilo of ham, please. 3 Rome is the capital of ltaly. 4 The tourist's passport is on the floor. 5 Igor's e-mail address is on this piece of paper.
El toof at the drawings and then make up sentences to describe who owns what:

= 1+

9.

There are two possible endings for the genitive singular of masculine nouns: either -a or -r. To a consonant, add a: runuoIr64 -+ nay1on1*a Remove fi,then add s: Cepr6ft -) Cepr6x Remove r, then add.f,: I{ropr t Vlropn Bor 6yrdrrxa lluv'olailAa. Here is a bottle of lemonade. fae uragxir Cepr6x? Where is Sergei's jacket? Ceprdfi 6par Vbopr.. Sergei is lgor's brother

ffi
--r

6"rnra/6ar6x

3ro 6ar6x 6.nrrn.

I EoP'itc/co66xa
2 Augpflir/aBrorao6frb
3 Anna/renerf6n

There are two possible endings for the genitive singular

of

GT

C
-

feminine nouns: either -rr or -u. Remove a,

Remove n. Remove r, add

q) -

addrr: addn: r,r: [6irre, uoxifficra,

6yniuucy noroi.

Poccfir ..*
cnerp6m

nogi

soAdr

4 l4ropr/p6sno

-+

Poccfu
cnexp6nn

Give me a bonle of water; please.

Mocrn6 cromirla Poccfiu. Moscow is thc capital of Russia.

Remember: never write rr after r, K, x, )K, q, III, u (e.g. r6nrxa -+ x6ruru ofthe cat). NB vrarr and.qoqr have irregular genitive singular forms: u6repra

and 46vepu.
There are two possible endings for the genitive singular of neuier nouns: either -a or -fl. Remove o. add a: vr6cra Remove e, add x: sA6nue sI;Lnus

4 flfqxa 5 Eyrdmca

E Gomplete the phrases by putting the word in brackets into the genitive singular. (suu6) a bottle of wine I Eyr(rmca (cnp) 2 flormnl6 half a kilo of cheese (rup6) a jar/tin of caviar 3 E6sxa

ffi

f$fi) (s6ara)

packet of tea a bottle of vodl<a

a

Il

u6cro + -) n6.ne +

t6lg.

Neuter words which end in -rvrx have the inegular ending -MeHrr: np6rvrr "r sp6MeHu, ,hvrs. + thvrenu. 3.uecr ner u6cra. Thereb no room (not atry place) here. Y uenf ner np6uenu! I have no (not any) time!

E *re restaurant has run out of evefihing - thenwaiter is cxplaining what isn't on the menu. Gomplete his Stdtements by putting the wold in brackets into the genitive singular. lffi xypriqa + V nac ner rypfqn. We havenl got any chicken. I V nac ller-(neruund). We hnvenl got any ham. 2 Y nac Her-(nfro). We havenl got any beer. 3 V nac Irer_(xle6). We haven't got any bread. 4 Y nac lrer_(ronfguna). We hqvenl got arry beet 5 V nac ller-(ruoxol6a). We havenl got any chocolate.

> For use of genitive case with prepositions, see Units 8if, &,85, 88, 89, for use of genitive singular with numerals, see Units 41 and 45, for use of genitive with
comparatives, see Unit 37.

,a L_J
.{

The genitive plural has different endings for each gendea You need this case if you want to say, for example, 'a blg gtoup of

tourists'.
There are three endings for the genitive plurat of masculine nouns: -oa, -eB, -efi. NB If a masculine word ends in x, {, ur, uL add eft, not oB: e.g.

lI Underline the wolds in the following sentences which are in the genitive plural. ffi Or KyrrfrJr un6ro cygeHripog. He bought a lot of souvenirs. I B r;ricce uu6ro tvrdmwmos. There are many boys in the
2 Bor goryrw6nrrr
class.

ccl
II II

ttox (lodfe) "+ nox6fi.

Nominative

cryg6nron. Here are the students'

documents.

o = + o E.
C
T

rvpricr
TDAMBA}I

singular burt$
TTATN

Genitive plural

rypricros
TDAMBAEB

3 On aar rrre un6ro xnur. 4 Y le'ac ner nriceu. 5 florucun6 novrng6pon,

nox6rryftcra. nouns.

He gave me a lot of books. We have no letters. Half a kilo of tomatoes, please.

uoprQem briefcase

noptQ6reft

El G:ve the genitive plural of the following nominative singular El There are four endings for the genitive plural of feminine nouns: remove a and add nothing, or remove r or r and add, -r, -fi or -efi.
Nominative
IU(OJIA He.4errt

singular
school week

Genitive plural
III(OJI
HeAeJrb

cr6nur.r
,ryepb

sturton
door

sr6uqr.ri
.@eptr

I qac 2 pexh 3 vrys6fi 4 ranq6p 5.qnepr (x)

E

ffiffi

cjvra + cfiuox
hour

river
museum

dancer

r'r6pe nriur 9 rep6fi

6
7 8
10

rocrrinrqa

sea

hotel
rurnny hero

door

crporirern

builder

qT

Complete the shopping list by putting th6 word in brackets

NB If the feminine word ends in -a and when you remove it you are left with a consonant 'cluster' (i.e. more than one), it is sometimes necessary to insert either o, or e (e if the 'cluster' you are left with is xK, qK, urr). E.g.:
Nominative

Into the genitive plural. I no.mrur6

singular
stamp

Genitive plural
Ivt6pox

2 xop66xa 3 xop66ra 4 n6.rxa 5 rposgr

(anemcfn) (rorQ6ra) (cnfivra)

(cnrap6ra)
(6an6n)

half a kilo of oranges. a box of sweets a box of matches. a packet of cigarenes. a bunch ofbananas.

u6pra

E There are two endings for the genitive plural of neuter nouns: the word ends in o remove it otherwise add fi:
Nominative
MECTO NOJIE

if

put the words in column A into the genitive pluraln then match them up with the words in column B in order to produce the meaning in column G. ffi e nfrnqur B rplnna C a group of boys + rpinna

singular
place

Genitive plural
MECT IIOJICI{

rr{6nrqraros

A
u6nrqm 4oryu6ur u6pra
Bparl
HCT

rpj'nna

sEllLlane

freM

building

suhnulr

rpjnna us6ro
nd.rKa

NB If the neuter word ends in -o and when you remove it you are left with a consonant 'cluster' (i.e. more than one), it is sometimes
necessary to insert either o or e. TWo very common examples are

I t

a group ofboys

lots ofstations
there are no stanps

2 abunch ofroses 4 a group ofdoctors 5 abmdk of

documents

p6ra cr6Hrllrs

6yx6r

oxy6 (window)

6rou and rulcru6 (ktter)

ufcerra (notice that

here the e replaces

r).

tr4

tl

There are a number of very common nouns which have irregular forms in the genitive plural.

E You are showing your holiday photographs. Explain what they are of by putting each noun into the genitive plural.

N
GI
IT II

E ttre important thing is to know which nouns have irregular nominative plurals, because their genitive plural forms will be
based on this.

ffi Wyr..+ Bor $ororp6r$uu apy:6fi. Here fiends. I 6par 6 awrwrti,;r'uls'

2 46peuo

are photographs

of

p.
tr
-T

o = + o

El ttris is what happens to masculine nouns in the genitive plural: if the nominative plural ends in stessed 5, then the genitive plural ending is 6n (so not strikingly irregular, just be aware of the
stressed ending).

4
5

pe66nor znesg|

7 cwY 8 Ao.Il 9 rpax4anrin

r6po4

10 mrcr

If the nominative plural ends in: . rs and the word is stressed on the stem, the genitive plural

. .

ending is -ren sffessed r.f, then the genitive plural ending is -6fi -H, then the genitive plural ending is... nothing!

E f you want to buy quantities of things, you'll need the genitive plural. Make sentences by using the following words (NB a mixture of rcgular and irregular).
a lot of sweets.

Nominative

sinqular
town

Nominative

plural

r6poa

ropoa6

Genitive plural ropoA6s

cryJr Apyr
E

gL -

crltwn chair .qpysrf friend anrrurq6nnn Englishman anrrm.I6ue

crj.nen
lpya6fi anrrurqin

ffi ron06ra + fl xouf xynfiru un6ro ron$6r. I cry.n ch.air 2 anelrscrhtt orange postcard 3 orprdrrra 4 6nyzxa blouse
5 ronr6pr 6 p!'ura
envelope

Iwant to buy

There are very few irregular genitive plural endings for feminine nouns. The most common are the words for mother and daughter:

7
8

cynerurhp Aorvr

pen souvenir
house

t9
GT

Aorrb + gouep6fi I\B Some feminine nouns with a 'cluster of consonants' before their ending form their genitive plural by inserting the letter e: sserA6 (star1 + snr4, cecqlf (sister) + cectep, ceprri (ear-ring)

Marb -+ vrarep6fi

9 i6loxo l0 nucru6

apple Ietter

cepcr

E ttre following words are in the genitive plural. Put them into the nominative singular (NB another mixture of regular and lnegular).

tr
-

ql -

Nttrough a number of common neuter nouns have irregular nominative plural forms, only a few have irregular genitive plurals, e.g.:

np6rra (time)

,rtus

(name)

+ npevrn jxo + raun

(ear) + yurdfi

ffi a.qpec6s + 6Apec 1 micrres 2 l.r'arepflir 3 rocrfsnq 4 aHrm\6n

5 rfororp6tfrft 6 yrudft 7 6!rcx 8 anrouo6ri.nefi 9 npevrn

t"

El And finally, the genitive plural for 'children' and 'people'comes from their strikingly different nominative plural form:
Nominative singular Nominative Plural
.IIETII JlrOAr4

Genitive plural

pe6nor .reros6x

aer6fi
nro.q6i

l0 ruoa6fi

NB After a numeral the genitive plural of 'Ieros6r is .renon6r (5 relon6x, 5 people).

> For irregular

nominative plurals, see Unit 6.

f-r6l

L-J

The principal meaning of the dative case is to ot for. lt ls used for the indirect obiect (the person or thing that ls shown' told etc. something). The dative case also follows some common verbs, e.g. nomor6ru (to help), sEoxfrr (to rlng).

Il Wtrictr of the words in the following passage are in the dative singular? Underline them. W Oua :sonrir uFxen6py x6xauft gey;. She rings the
engineer every day.

(.)

El ttre dative case is needed for the indirect object of a sentence:

Subject

CL

g)
II

Indiresf qliect + Verb + Object + Vadim gave abunchof roses -' toKatya il4., ^^19^ C^f r<*' j-,p Barriv Aan 6il;;;; %)

t+

lt Af

Eopfc nrarorg6 ne novror6er Apiry, Bfrropy. Ectny Bfrropa upo6n6vra, on ssoHrtr rre fml trtrc. Ehan rub6rar novror6rr n.neufnnmy. Boris never helps (his) friend. If Vktor has a problem, he
rings (his) aunt or uncle. (His) uncle likes to help (his)
nephew).

fal

o
2.
= GT

There are two endings for the dative singular of masculine nouns: -v and -ro.
Nominative sinqular Dative sinqular

6oar
Cepr6ft

brother
Sergei

6p|ry
Cepr6ro

E Wtro gave what to whom? Make sentences using the words given (the direct objects - the presents - have already been put into the accusative case for you; the meaning of your completed sentence is on the right).
ffiffi eepr6fi/pfuxy/Exfina
Sergei gave a pen to Elena.

yrrirertr

teacher

yvfrerno

Cepr6fi sanpjvry En6ne.

El There arc two endings for the dative singular of feminine nouns: -e
and -u.
Nominative singular sister cecTpa Dative singular cecrp6

Etftraa/nocwh/Ceprflir

En6ua Aatfit socx,h Cepr6rc.

He gave a book to Svetlana. The daughter gave perfume to (her) mothe6, He gave flowers to the nurse. Anya gave Andrei a motorbike. She gave the letter to the

c
I

Elena gave socl<s to Sergei.

I Oulrnftry/Cserrilua 2 flouv/pyx,h/vrars

q)
-

K6rs.
Mapfr

Katya

K6rc
MapuTn

Maria

Onlqaerrir

5 Os6/rucsrvr6/4rap6rrop E

Ans/uoroquxn/

/uegcecrpb Angplir

The two most common irregular dative feminine forms are for mother md daughter: Marb + uirepu and Aoqr + 46'repn.

I\B E

director

There are two endings for the dative singular of neuter nouns: -y and -ro.
Nominative singular window oxn6 Dative singular

doctor 2 xypnatucr journalist 3 I,Iropr (rra) Igor 4 u6.rre field

npa.r

put the following words into the dative singulan

oruj'
vr6pro sA6uruo
as

fnuua

street

10 cnexp6ar (x) r mother-in-law

6 Vlratlas, 7 35fl. 8 rjxnr 9 rmcdrets

haly
Zoya kitchen

writer

u6pe
sA6Ht,re

sea

Complete the passage by putting the words in brackets into

building

the dative singular.

NB The neuter words np6Irar and rivrs form their dative singular follows: rp6vrr + sp6NIeHu; fiv's. + rtvreura.

Baafill ssoHrir
xaxArrfr Aerrb

(uarr), 4'tac6. OH .r6cro gsonrir (KoucraurfH) u (Aur6n).

B
'

(Tarrfna)

(6par), (spyr),

> For use of dative case with prepositions,

impersonal verbs, see Unit 81.

see Units &5

and 89; for use of dative with expressions of possibility' impossibility and necessity, see Unit 77; for use of dative with

f*l tl
J

5
CL

lf the indirect obiect of a sentence is plural then its ending must change to the dative plural; it must also change to the dative if the noun follows those verbs which always take the dative (e.9. nomor6ru, to help,3eoxftu, to ring and

gunU sentences from the three Russian wolds given in each

line. The third

to put it into the dative plural.

wod is in the nominative singular - you will

need

coe6rroaaru, to advise).
El rne dative plural endings for nouns are the same for all genders. There are two possible endings (-ar"r, or -ru) and to determine which one should be used, look at the last letter of the nominative
singular.

ql

d.

p.
C
q)

E tne ending for dative plural nouns ending in a consonant, -a or -o in the nominative singular is -avr. Add this ending to nouns ending in a consonant; to nouns ending in -a or -o, remove the last letter of the nominative singular, then add -au, for example: cnoprcvrdn + Bpa.r con6ryer cnoprcu6nau. The doctor advises

{ffi

Sa6irura/roxQ6ru/pe6nor

*&

Ea6juxa 4atn rou$6ru

.IICT'M

I Kaccrtpua/cgiLuy/rcIm1nr

2 YqeuvKrir/xniu.lu/ywhretn
3
Me4cecrp6/

cecrp6 + Bpar con6ryer cEcrpavr.

the spoftsmen.
The brother
advises (his) sisters.

Et fne ending for dative plural nouns which end in anything else in the nominative singular (i.e. -it, -b, -fl, -vts, -e, -ue) is -sN{. Remove the last letter of the nominative singular and add -lvt, for example: IIpeguA6Hr AaJr rep6xrra The presi.dent gave medals to the h.eroes. rraea6nu. The banker advises the Earrfp coudryer crporirern

4 fna/6un|ru/awtmsh:amn 5
E
On/to4ilpxn/gpyzsir

rcxdpcrno/ narpr6sr

The cashier gives change to the customers. The pupils give the booilcs xq ltxs teachers. The nurse gives medicine to the

patients.
The guide gives the tickets to the Englishmen. He gives presents to (his)friends.

rep6fi + + ll

I rpaunilfi tram 2 afipeto tree

crporirenxv.
plural from the nominative plural:
Nominative sinqular Nominative plural

builders.

Nouns which have irregular nominative plurals form their dative

Dative plural

3 xaprina picture 8 sg6nne building 4 xy46xnur artist 9 -n6uraqn (x) horse 5 crrn son 10 o$nur6Hrra waitress E trlatcn the phrases on the left with those on the right so that
they accord with the English translations which follow.

GVe the dative plural of the following nouns. postman 6 7 npero4ar6re;n teachcr (in highzr education)

noqrarn6u

Apyr pe6nor
ITEIOBCI(

,qpygrf l.d.rv
:mbnn

Apygrfu
A6rrrra

nrbaru

The words gour, np6r'ra and fNas form their dative plurals as follows: Aorrb "t 4ovepirra, ap6ua '+ spetvreHil\d, th\,rfl

2 Ilpo.qbcep :aonfr 3 Bpau uor"ror6er 4 flporparvrrvrricr uovrorier

5
Cexperapr conery6r
The

Munrtcrprr con6ryror

a arrpav 4 b u6ne4xepau *
c III{CATEJI'M d NAIII{CETAM
C NOJMTIIKAM

fitvres6M.

>

For use of dative case with prepositions, see Units 85 and 89, for use of dative with expressions of possibiliU, impossibility and necessity see Unit 77,lor use of dative with impersonal verbs, see Unit 81, for iregular nominative plurals, see Unit 6.

I 2 3 4 5

producer rings the actors.

The secretary advises the managers. The ministers ad.vise the politicinns

The cofttputer progranuner helps the writers The doctor helps the patients.

l30 tl

(tl

J
-t

The instrumental case is used to descrlbe tfro mcane by whlch an action is performed (l writewith a prlnl. h la abo urcd for the complement of a verb (l wor* as a dorf;oil, In aomo tme phrases, for nouns following some rcillexlve vctto and wlth

certain prepositions.
principal meaning of this case is 'by/with' to explain how an action is achicved. The words underlined below would be put into
the insfiumental case: Ivan went to Moscow W tLain. He took photos with his camera.

ll Underline the nouns in the following passage which you would need to put into the instrumental case in Russian. In the evening I am go;ing by train with Elena to Vloor's. Vktor worlcs in Novgorod as an architect. Vlctor's interested in sport. In the summc6, he plays tennis with Sasha twice a
week.

E ttre

5 o t+
tr

3 o 5 t+
P,

including 'with'means 'accompanied by' (e.g. 'tea with lemon', 'I'm going with my sister'), then the preposition c must be used before the noun in the instrumental: e.g. 'fl. 6gy t Jl6naos n6esAov c cecrp6ft' I'm going to Inndonwith my sister. Note that the vowel o is sometimes added to the preposition c when it is followed by a word which starts with a cluster of consonants, e.g. co snul'I6HRer{ with attention.
hlB

If

a phrase

E Xere is the same passage in Russian. Gomplete it by pufting the words ih brackets into the instrumental singular. (r6er4) c _ B6ueporra r 6Ay _ (E-ireua) r Bfrropy. Bfxrop pa66raer r Hdnropoge, (apxr.rr6xrop). Bfrrop nnrepeclierc.e (cn6pr). oH rrpder s r6Huuc c (Cdna) gna pilza r ne46.ruo. E Eactr customer in the restaurant wants something slightly different. Make up their rcquests by giving the instrumental of the following wolds. ffi p"c .+ MHe, uox6nyftcra, p:i;r6y c pricou. For me, please, fish with rice.

El ttre instrumental case is used when a verb is followed by a 'complement' (which gives more information about the subject of a sentence). For example: Ivan worlu as a photogfipher.. El

tte

insftumental enfling is found in time phrases relating to in

2 canir

o
II

seasons and parts of the day, e.g.:

r6rovr

survr6ft in winter

sumtner frporvr

in/during the morning

r6uepou in/d.uring the evening

I xne6 bread salad 3 xaprdrura potuto ffi c6xap'+ Mse, noxd"ryftcra, uaft c cixapovr. Forme,
milk
Icrnon

please, tea with sugar

= GT

c
I

C-ommon reflexive verts follorred by ffre instrurnenal ue 3umlnaarhcfl (n be fusy, occtrpy orcselfl ad mrepocorSrrcr (n be intercsted in): ort rurreecj'srct pncondruena, lw is innesrcdin dratving.

ll

4 uo.uox6
5 6
nralr6s
ueq6nre

biscuit

q,
-

El no fonn the instrumental case: Masculine nouns ending in a consonant add

-orvr,

otherwise

B6sepoM, remove the last letter and add -eu: s6,uep (evening) rpalrs6eM, yurirenr "+ yurirenevr. Remember rparr,rndfi that you can't have unstressed o after x, q, Irr, q, q! So

E Wtro is going to the cinema with whom? Gomplete the details by putting the names in brackets into the instrumental case:

instrumental of nayx (husban$

ufxerr,r.

Feminine nouns: remove last letter and add -oft to words which end in -a; add -eft to words ending in -r or -ns,.lf a word ends in -p, don't remove it, just add -ro. Eg: sm:lr;h (winter) + snlr6fi, Arrrnm + Anrmlefi, 6cens (aatwnn) + 6cenrro. (NB uarr + r'r6reprro, Aorrb + g6veprro). Remember that you can't have unsfiessed o after x, q, IrI, rq, q! So insrumental of

2 npo<!6ccop 3 Mapfin 4 apyr 5 K6rs

ffiffi Eoprtc + Mrr rArvr e reirp c Bopricorvr. I l,Iropr (rvr)

words: just add -rvr! j'rpo (mOming) --+ frpovr, sAiiHue ' Neuter + gA6Hreru (l\B rpdrvrr -+ sp6Meselvl).

lltlr;ua

jrrnqeft'

>

For use of instrumental case with prcpositions, see Unit 8f.

I-q tl .I

The instrumental plural endings are needed if a plural instrument is being described, or a plural noun Ls following the

ll

prepositions, or a verb which requircs the instrumental. plural endings for nouns are the same for all genders. There are two possible endings (-avru or -run) and to determine which one should be used, look at the last letter of the
nominative singular.

put the following words into the instrumental plural. ffiffi vrarasfru (shop) + warazirnavrn

o)
II

E ttre insffumental

2 zgdr;ue building 3 upe4vr6r subject 4 rllzchretn writer 5 orrpdrrue discovery

I anr6ra

chemist's

l0 rouur(rrep computer

6 g6pero tree 7 apyr friend 8 ercxfpcufl, excursion 9 Ao.m daughter

= o + C

E nre ending for insftumental plural nouns ending in a consonant, -a or -o in the nominative singular is -aull. Add this ending to nouns ending in a consonant. To nouns ending in -a or -o, remove the last letter of the nominative singular, then add -anan, for
example:

E Who is interested in whafil Make sentences by putting the singular noun into the instrumental plural: ffi Cepr6fi/rnrira (book) + Cepr6ft unrepecfercr rnriraura.

rpu6 (mushroom)+ cyn c rpu6fuvrra

soupwithnwshtooms
(i.e, nushrcomsoup) to be interested in stamps to be

2 Banenrfn/$uttrrv,

Vlpina/cuvrQ6nun

(symphony)

3 o + =

rra6pra

(starnp) + IlnTepeconhrscg,

nucrvr6

(letter)

uaprarvrr

4 lurapircr/rurfipa 5 Crytlar/nucflretn

3 Apxr.rr6rrop/orn6

(fitm)
(window)

(writer)

Guitar)

"+ saHr4N{6rtcs nricrMaNdrr

k$ywithletten

g
I' r
I

El ttre ending for instrumental plural nouns which end in anything else in the nominative singular (i.e. -fi, -b, -fl, -ns, -e, -ue) is -xvru.
Remove the last letter of the nominative singular and add -nvrn, for example: He is going to the rocrr (guest) + On 6ger n r6arp tlaatre with gucsts c rocrfvlr.

E Complete the menu by putting the words in brackets into the instrumental plural.

cYn c

(rpu6)

-f cyn c rpn66vru mushroom

MEHIO

soup

tr
q)

I cyr.c
2

E Nouns which have irregular nominative plurals fonn their instrumental plural from the nominative plural (but the choice is still only between the endings -aMII, or -nun), for example:
Nominative singular
so6Ms

Nominative plural
nnervrewd

lnstrumental plural
rneuenduw
ropog6rvrn

6eQcrp6ranon beefstroganoff onoul6r'rn chicken with vegetables (op6x) walnut cake (Spyrr) ice-cream withfruits uop6xenoe c _
rfpuqa c ropr c

(oryp6q) cucumber salad canfr c pfi6a c x6penoft rapr6mrofi fishwithfried potato

(novrna6p)

tomato soup

16pog Apyr
cTyJr

ropogd
Apysbir

jxo

crfrna yrfil

gpysriur crj'rnruu
yru6un

NB The following are exceptions and do not end in -aiuu, or -tMu: g6uepu 4ouepruf Ao
pe66nor
116r,n

AETbMtr

sero16r

n6rcft

rnoAluri

>

For uses of instrumental case, see Unit 15, for further uses with prepositions, see Units 84,88,89, for inegular

nominaWe plurals, see Unit 6.

t*l tl
J
{

The prepositional case has no 'meaning' of its own. As its name suggests it is used in phrases which indicate position and specifically with the prepositions a (in, atl and xa lon, atl.

E Uafe up sentences

El There is one regular ending for masculine nouns: -e.

Nom. sing. Prep. sing. Example Meaning

I'

fruc
uys6fi
CTOJI

66ne
uyaee
CTOJIE

.fI oa66raro s 66rce.

Iwo*

in an office.

2 apxur6xrop/Y/sg6,,, e 3 vopix/na/u6pe 4 o<bnuarirn / Y/ g"top[n 5 caa6swrr../s/c,a"z

ffi yurirern/mx6xa I rpau/Yl6olm;wilgra

explaining who works where.

V.rfreJG pa66raer s ux5re. tlu dactorworlcs inthc hospital

the the the the

architectworl<s inthe building sailorworl<s at sea waiter worl6 in thc restauranl gardenerworlcs inthe garden

Ou pa66raer n uy:6e. Krdrra na sron6.

He worl<s in a musetrn
Thc bookis ontl,e toble. -ra.

tt o
II I

= ty

E Uate up sentences exptaining where things are. ffiffi cfrnrralsa/nor + C!'vma na nonj'. The bag is on the floor

El There are two regular endings for feminine nouns: -e and

Nom. sinq.
TOCTI,IH}IqA

2 srtsa/slndcnopr

cauonr/r/aSponopr

o + 6' 5 gt
(2.

Prep. sing.

Example

Meaning
He lives in avillage.

rocfl{rruqe
Aep6sHe

fl, pa66raro s rocrfiul,Iqe. I work in a hotel.

On mmdr n gepdrue. 5. >r,w! s AHrrllrII.
YtrP'DKIIHI,IE B TETPAAI,I.

3 u$6a/n/nxa$ 4 rounrrtrrep/na/crot 5 Maapfia/s/Vlcnhnun E

2 6acc5itn

The 'plane is at the airpon The visa is in the passport The fur coat is in the capboard The computer is on the table Madrid is in Spain

4epuu Arrrruu

rerpiigr
NB Mother

Arnrunr rerp6pg

I live in England.
The exercise is in thz exercise book.

put the following words into the prepositional case.

rvr6cro

place
swimming pool

-Marb'+
Prep. sing.
IIlICbME
NOJIE

rra6repra and

daughter- Aoqb

g6.repu.

(u) 4 ta6oparopun
3 asroMo6ritrc 5 na 6 uys6ft 7 rpav.nflit 8 n6.rra

car
laboratory
rce

There are fwo regular endings for neuter nounsr -e and -lr.
Example Meaning
TLu news is in the letter The tent is in the fieW.

museum

Nom. sing.
TII4CbMO IIOJIE

= GI

H6socm s rfi.Icrlvl6. fla-n6rxa s n6re.

u(puc B 3AaHrM.

l0

9 rjxna
u6ne

tram post ffice kitchen

field

C
-

sAd;fine

sAAwfrr

Tlu ffice is in the buil.ding. and name

q) -

I\B Iregular forms for time (fuelrn).

rlp6v,t (np6vrenu)

- itl'ls

ll
-f.

Some masculine nouns have the irregular prepositional ending The most common of these are:

3 O0nqu6Hr n na6oparopuu? c Her, ouf a 6yr6re 4 Arrp n 6r[uce? d Her, on na cra4ra6ne 5 Cnoprcu6u na rjxne? e Her, on n pdcrop6ne

Uatclr each question with an appropriate answer. P6sH r rura$f? a Her, onf t caa! Co66xa n ynr,raepcur6re? b Her, on n re6rpe

aeponopr (airport)

+ asponoprj' nol (floor)

+ nonf

66pet (bank, shore)+

toA

*(Fleeting vowels.)

$tear) Qce) tec (forest)

trEt

6eperj' -l roAf '+ rnAfx + necf

+ caqf (snow) + cseri' lron (corner) + yrnix

cag (garden) cner
llgrxa$ (cupboard)

-t rura$f

> For fleeting vowels, see Unit 5. For other prepositions used with prcpositional case, see Unit 89, for rcstrictions on use of e, see Unlt 8tl.

o tt ly tt o
II

t-*l tl J

The prcpositional plural endings arc needed if a plural noun is foflowing the prepositions e Un, atl or xa (on, at).

E tte prepositional plural endings for nouns are the same for all genders. There are two possible endings (-ax or -rx) and to determine which one should be used, look at the last letter of the nominative singular.
Ef ttre ending for prepositional plural nouns ending in a consonant, -a or -o in the nominative singular is: -ax. Add this ending to nouns ending in a consonant. To nouns ending in -a or -o, remove the last letter of the nominative singular, then add -ax, for example: pecrop6n + Onri o66Aarot n pecrop6nax. They have lunch in

2
5

4 c'rpand

3 qenrp

put the following nouns into the prepositional plural: 6 napQrorra6pnr perfurwslry 4ep6rna village r6poa town 7 nopr$6rn (u) biefcase
centre

u6cro

country place

10 cryr
--+

8 n6ne 9 n6rvrep

field
hotel room

chair

El Uafe sentences from the words that follow.

Typricrrr orquxitorhurrx nnfxax. Tourtsts rest onbeaches.

ffi

Typricru or4rrxiror na

o + 6' 5
9L

rnaprfipa -+

vr6cro + OHri cn4in wa Nreffiix y oxn6. Thgy are sitting in

seats by the whdow.

onf xunj,r

n xnaprfpax

. f

i#"#tlr"rr.

.4'

ending for prepositional plural nouns which end in anything -fi, -'b, 'fl, 'vlfl, -e, -ne) is -rx' Remove the last letter of the nominative singular and add --ax, for
else in the nominative singular (i.e.

E ttre

I
2

flpoaasqtil pa66raror/r"raragriu

Shop assistants work

Stu.dents

example:

T' T tr
qT

prepositional plural from the nominative plural (but the choice is still only between the endings -ru(, or -m), e.g.:
Nominative singular r6po.q Nominative Prepositional plural plural

B Drivers are waiting in asroN,Io6lirtx. (their)cars. cr6nqus '+ flaccaxripbl xAyr Ha Passengers wait at stations. cr6uqusx. ll Nouns which have irregular nominative plurals form their
asroMo6riJn "+ Bo,ufireru xAyr

Crygfiffiu luarct /ynnrepcur6r

in shops. sndy at

3 @6pvrepu pa6orator/$6pua 4 X,hl.zit:lru pa66rawr / tralopar6pur. 5 V.rnrerii pa66raror/urr6na

universities.

Farmers work onfarms.

Chemists work

in laboratories.
Teachers work in schnols.

E Gomplete the passage about tourists below by putting the words in brackeb into the prepositional plural. Use the English translation which follows to help you.
Typfcrrr xuoyr n (rocrfnuqa) r.r r (r6unnnr). Orni npon64rr neror6poe ap6rvra
B

ropoa6

ropoAax

Apyf
pe66nor

lpvssf
AETII

lpygrfx
a6rsx

(rvrys6ft), B

(co66p) u x xonqf Arrr,

(ynuneprvriir).

(ranep64,
B

cryn
qCJIOBEK

cr!tlr.t
JIIO.QI

crfmrx
nrbnsx

ueror6poe
(cdyr'a) n s
spe[4eHdx,

npdrvrrB_(rny6),r

Ouf r6xe npon6grr

(pecropin).

The words Marb, Aoqb, np6vrr and firnrx form their dative plurals

follows: uarr +uarepftr, Ao.tb +AOq, fr(, ,invlg l nleniiX.

as

nSur +

Tourists live in hotels an"d on campsites. They spend a certain amount of time in museums, galleries, cathedrals and, towards the end of the day, in departrnznt stores. They also spend a certain amount of time in clubs, saunas and
restqurQnts.

>

For other prapositions used wih prcpositional case, see Unit 89, for restrictions on use of E, see Unit 83, for irregular nominative durals, see Unit 6.

B J
(o

The function of each of the six cases is summarized in this unit. The first trick is to know when which case is needed. The second is to know the endings well enough so that you can use the ranges of cases you might need in any ono sentence. The six cases are as follows.

E tvtatctr the phrases on the left with those on the right, then find the matching English translation. 1 B 6$nce uu6ro a rpav6fi 2 B 6omwhqe us6ro b axrpon 3 B ur6ne uu6ro c npo$6ccopon

El Nominative shows

us wha or what is

peforming tlrc action of a

o g = o o
It
II

:'

verb. Remember thst nouns are listed in dictionaries in their

4 B ynrrepcrar6re vrn6ro 5 B redrpe un6ro

d rovrnrrbrepon
e vq[Tener4

Mapriq gar 6yrrilmy nu:r'it Cepr6ro. Maria gives the bottle of wine to Sergei. Et Accusativ e shows us the person or thing that has an action done to it (the direct object). Also used after certain prepositionsMapria 4a6r 6yrrimy nun6 Cepr6ro. Maria gives the bottle of wine to Sergei.

rnminntiv e singular form.

2 There are lots ofprofessors at the university. 3 There are lots of computers in the ffice. 4 There are lots ofteachers in the school. 5 There are lots ofdoctors in the hospital.

There are lots ofactors in the theatre.

I 2

El

toof

at the list of words a-e in Exercise 1 again. Which case are they all in? Now put each of them back into the nominative singular.

o qt o o o c 3 3 g)

x I

E Genitive is the Russi.anway of saying 'of ', so it indicates possession and is also usedwhen talking about quantities (also used afier certain prepositions and somctimzs with the
comparative):

El Underline the words in the following sentences which are in the accusative case (animate and inanimate).

Maprir 4ar 6yrrirncy snsh Cepr6rc. Maria gives the bottle of wine to Sergei.
Dative shows us the indirect obiect of a sentence or phrase (the person or thing that is shown, told etc, somethinil. Its basic meaning is 'to', for'(also used after certainprepositions andverbs). Mzpirx gar 6yrrilnry nnnd Cepr6ro. Maria gives the bottle of wine to Sergei.

2 Brr xorfre

ffi ,g mo6mb cropr n naj'sbrry. I like sport and music. I Bopric znder 6pira Vlshna. Boris krtows lvan's brother
crraorp6rr re.nerrisop? Doyouwanttowatch
television?

3 0r'6, rynrina crftrcr.. She bought the chairs. 4 Bfrrop ynf4e.ir Apys6fi n re6rpe. Vktor saw (his) friends
5 Mu sara36rn rfpuqy
the theatre.

at

c plicorra. Weorderedchicl<cnwithrice.

Ef Instrumental is used to descibe the means by which an actipn is performed (eg 'by train', 'with a pen'), to describe accompanying circumstances (e.g. 'tea with lemon'with the preposition c), for the complement of a verb and after certain
reflexive verbs.

2 Mu xnsdvr B

E Complete the following sentences by putting the word in brackets into the appropriate case (if the word in brackets is plural, you will need to put it into a plural case form). (a6peno). I Cepr6ft mb6ur

Cepr6fi no6*rr 6sgurr n6esaoM. Sergei likes to travel W train. Mne canir c norralu6paur,I, nox6rryftcra. Tbmato saladfor mc,
please.

Prepositional: this case has no 'meaning' of its own; it is used in phrases which indicate position and specifically with the prepositions n (iu at) and na(on, at). Mapfx xyurina 6ynilnry nriHa s cynepM6prere. Marta bought
the bottle of wine at the suiermarket.

3 6rnra Auna 4 fl suilro 5 ,f, ruo6rub 6sAr.rru 6 On cvr6rpur rfrnlru c _

Anna pa66raer (6orrrnriqa).

(r6po.q).

(crya6nru).

lnaariu)
(n6es4) c

(raprfna).

(6par).

(apysr:i).

(uegcecrpf) n

> For nominative

case endings, Units 4' 5, 6, accusative

Unib 7, 8, 9, genitive Units 10, 11,12, dative Units 13, 14,

instrumental Units 15,16, prepositional Units 17, 18.

tl

L___J

t-*l

o
q)
hr

An adjective describes a noun (e.9. shows the colour, the size, the moo$. In Russian an adjective must agree with its noun, i.e. a masculine adjective with a masculine noun. Adjectives with unstressed endings are the most common type in Russian. El Adiectives are made up of a 'stem' and an 'ending' (the 'ending' is the last two letters). The adjectives dealt with in this unit all have
stressed stems (and, therefore, unstessed endings). There are different endings for masculine, feminine and neuter singular, but the nominative plural ending is the sarne for all genders. Dictionaries always give the masculine singular nominative form of the adjective and it is this forrn which tells us what sort of adjective it is (unstressed, stressed or soft).

E Ctroose the appropriate adjectives from the box to describe each person - give the adjectives appropriate endings.

srrc6rrft uinenrrnfi crp6frnrrfi tall small slim

r6rcrrrfi
fat

o.

o o t+
II

xeHIrIuHa,

o a
tl

E ttre ending for masculine unstressed adjectives is -rrft: n6nrrfi renenrisop, nan television. Some masculine unstressed adjectives end in -nfi, rather than -rrfi because the last letter of their 'stem' is r, K, x, x, q, rrr, ur (first spelling rule). TWo of the most cornmon are the adjectives meaning small and good: :lrLimeanrrul udrnrurm,
small boy;xop6uruft xypniin, good magazine. NB Although some nouns with masculine meanings have feminine endings (e.g. vryxrrina (man), 46gyurra (grandfather)) adjectives used to describe them must be masculine: cr6puft gflaytnxa, old grandfather.

][/{V'(!IrrHA. rnan

I
2

)r(eEIrIaHa wom,an

5 o t+ d a o o

My)KqnHa man

E fne ending for feminine unstressed adjectives is -ar (easy to remember, because feminine nouns usually end in -a or -r): n6nax rocrrinuqa, new hotel, crbpali rlixna, old kitchen.
ending for neuter unstressed adjectives is -oe (easy to remember, because neuter nouns usually end in -o or -e): n6noe oxn6, new window. Some neuter unstressed adjectives end in -ee, not -oe, because of the second spelling rule, which does not allow an unstressed o to appear after x, {, rrl, q: cn6xee rlfigo, fresh egg, xop6ruee u6cro, good place.

El trtatctr the phrases on the left with those on the right, using the English translation as a guide. I xop6ruax a n6rquu a good opera

E ttre

2 3 4 5

nurep6cnrre \aocrdscroe

u6nenrrrfi crjunnfi

b c d e

Qurnu
6uepa

interesting lectures
the Moscow metro

uerp6 re6rp

a small theatre a boring film

[,

CL

E fne adjectives in brackets are in the masculine singular form. Make them 'agree'with their noun (e.9. make sure you put a feminine adjective ending on the adiective if it is describing a feminine noun).

El fne ending for all nominative plurat adjectives of all genders is -rre. However, if the last letter of an adjective's 's!em' is r, K, x, x, q, rrr, rq, then the ending must be -ne (in accordance with the first spelling rule): n6nue rerenrisoprr, new televisions, critpue xjxnu, ol.d kitchens, xop6rune uecr6, good places.

ffi I
2
3

4
5

(nrfcnuft) r6prrr delicious cakes + nrfcn&er6pru (rpacfnuft) nx6na a beautiful school (xrrufi) oxn6 ayellow window (cn6xufi) uonor6 fresh milk (xop6urraft) xypyatrhcr a good journalist (a66Pufi) jrrPo good morning

> For For spelling nrles, see Unit 2, for stressed and soft adjectives, see Unit 21,lor possessive adjectives, see Unit 22, for adjectival cases other than the nominative, see Units 24-30.

tr) tl
ST

N J

The most common kind of adjectives are thoso whose stems are unstrssed (see Unit 20). In this unit we meet stressed adjectives - adjectives whose endings are stressed. Soft adjectives are a third, relatively small, group of adjectives; their endings ane composed only of 'soft' vowele (nh, na, ee, ne).

E A stressed adjective can be identified by looking at the mascutne singular nominative forrn - it will end in -oft: vroro.q6ft
Qyr6ouicr, E ttre feminine form of
a young football player
a stressed adjective is exactly the same as

E Underline the soft adjectives in the following sentences (not all the adjectives in the sentences are soft!). fl.'aurilrc nnrep6uryro I'm rea.ding an interesting jrrpennroro ras6ry. morning papen 2 }Irhxlr.xs, n6nra 6seur The bottom bunk is very y4o6nar.. comfortable. 3 Bor cthus,s, rlrnss Here's a dark blue summer skirt. 4 Cocd4effi gov The neighbouring house is very

CL hr

o o
IT

that of an unstressed adjective arcrpfica, a young actress.

- it will

end in -ar:

vroroAfr

5 Bor s6rrparunxa rporpdwra.

critprlft'

66ra. 6uenr

old.

Here's tomorrow's programme.

+.

CL ul

o o o r+ d o o o o o

both to the masculine singular and to the neuter singular: Eornur6fi re6rp, Bolshoi Theatre, 6ormu6e oxu5, a big window.

form of a stressed adjective is exacfly the same as - it will end in -oe: uonoA6e 46pero, ayoung tree. I\B The Russian word for blg is 6onrur6fi. Because the ending is sfiessed the letter n canbe followed by the letter 6 - this applies
that of an unstressed adjective

E ttre neuter

El ln the following exercise there is a mixture of stressed and soft adjectives. Make them agree with their nouns.

2 (nocn64nnfi)_ 3 (noror6aHr,rfi) _ 4 (vronoa6fi)

5 6

(nnox6ft)

nor6aa
46peno

ocrau6sra the last (bus) stop no46pxu New Year presents

g,q6nr.re

bad weather

_ (6o.rnur6fi)
(x6pun)
noc"ndgnrr nnoxrie

rrra36

a youns tee hazel eyes a big building

plural stressed adjectives in the nominative end in -ue, whatever the gender of the noun they are describing: uoloAdre n(l4u, young people. If the adjective's stem ends in r, K, x, x, q, IrI, Irr, then the ending must be -ue (in accordance with the first spelling

E tvtatctr the phrases on the left with those on the right, using the English translation as a guide. --

2 sec6nuee
3 5

a !'rpo b x6ruqlura
e crdnur,rc

the last station a spring morning

rule): apyrfe mbgu, other people.

4 6ornurfie

El There are only about 40 soft adjectives. You can recognize them because their masculine singular will end in -Hufi: uocn6Annft

sduyxnrr

c npo6n6uu d n6socru

bad nans big problems

a marriedwoman

anr66yc, the last bus. T\e feminine ending for a soft adjective is

-r't;

the neuter ending is -ee and the plural is -ne: neudpur.r

E Translate the following phrases into Russian (all the vocabulary is in this unit). 2 other theatres 3 a summer progritrnme 4 a bad morning 5 the last problem

taz6ra, evening paper sliluHee !'rpo, a winter morning, uocn6Anrae n6nocrn, the latest news.
Most soft adjectives are connecled with time and seasons,
as

a young actress

in the

last examples. Others indicate location (e.9. A6"mnuit Bocr6x the Far East\ and two indicate colour:
hazel eyes awJvy blue sffi NB x6pnft is the only soft adjective whose stem does not end in n. cuEnv..rIuBaH

r6pne r.nasd

> For explanation of role of adjective in a sentence and of stems and endings, see Unit fr,lor spelling rules, see Unit 2, for possessive adjectives, see Unit Zilor adjectival cases other than the nominative, see Units 24-30.

trl tl N N

The possessive adjectives (my,your etc.) indicate possession or a relationship; for example rBof Aoill' your house, Mofi rere' my aunt, Sro rso6 nrcum6? ls this your letterQ

ll Ctrange the English adiectives or pronouns given into their corresponding Russian forms. ffiffi ttZyl co66ra a cas! + Moi co66ra s ca.{i'. My dog is in
the garden.

I'

o o o o a o o
II

E Possessive adjectives indicating my, your, our etc. must agree in number, gender and case with the noun they quahfy, rather than with the possessor: <<3ro uof cecrp6,> ronoprir Eoptic. 'This is my sister' says Boris. These are the forms for the nominative singular and plural.
Masculine
my (mine) yow(s\, belonging to
our(s)
MOII

1 Bor (our)6unr's. 5 (Their'l qn 6sem 6orbur6fr. 2 |o" $our(tumal))yinsfl 6 (My)6it6yxa xrlBer B Kriese. 3 (His) cec'rpd npz64vr sdarpa- 7 Sour(trfamal)) crrn - cry46rr? 4 l(yaargih 0,ozr(infonnal)) 8 3ro (her)>rypwirr,nntur (theirs)? 6par? 9 (Our) Apyr B Moclod

Feminine

Neuter
MOe
TBOC

Plural
MOII

rroi
rsoJi n6ura
n6ura

ra
ntt

TBOI,I

rnof
EAIIII{

HAIII Bam

HAIIE

yow(s), belonging to

s6ile

BAIIIII

2 3 4
1

E tUatch the phrases on the right and the left, using the English translations as a guide. 1 On6 ne 3nder, a rAe rrx rocTr,rHaqa. Mu ue 3n6evr, b rae s6rrJll rsrfrrn.

su6ror, 5 Trr ne ss6eun,

Oufi ne

Bu se gr6ere,

c rae ed KJrroq. d rAe n6rua co66ra. e rAe rnoe nracrvr6.

sdrrre rvr6cro? Is this your seat?

3ro

q)
CL br

Possessive adjectives indicating his/hers, theirs arc invariable

(i.e. never change):

3ro e u6cro? Is this her seat?

2 We donl lcnow where our dog is. 3 You donl know where your books are. 4 They donl Imow where their hotel is. 5 You donl know where your letter is.
E pitt in the gaps by giving the appropriate form of the possessive adjective in order to complete the conversation.

She doesnl lcnow where her key is.

o o + o o
II

3to ux vr6cro?
Is this their seat?
belonging to

on-t

belonging to
e

ou6+

belonging to

ou6r

belonging to

orui-r

er6

er6

IU

2 A rze (my) _ 3 Bor

Aa, Bor

34p6ncrryfire.

3ro

(1tour)
x.rnoq?

6aftx? nicnopr u
nirca? (nry) nilcnopr.

gtour) rsrnu.

Bac ecrb

(my) wftzan

English. Bfrrop ysiryet apya6fi r re6rpe, Vihor saw (his) frtends at the theatre. In particular, Russian tends not to use possessive adjectives when referring to parts ofthe body: V rvreni 6onin ronos6.

El

Possessive adjectives are used less frequently in Russian than

in

My head aches.

E Gomplete these sentences using the appropriate possessive adjective. owrp6. On ue sniier, q4e er6 cecrp6. ffiffi On ne snier, rAe o He doesnl lotow where his sister is. ' | fl. ne sn6ro, r.qe co66ra. 2 Mu ne gn6eu, r.qe Apy3bf. 3 Bu ne 3n6ere, r4e xapangdnr? 4 Tu ne snielrr, r4e 6un6ru? 5 Onn re sn6ror, r,4e nacuopr6.

> For reflexive possessive, see Unit 23, for possessive pronouns, see Unit 50. For use of reflexive pnonoun oe6f,, see Unit 54.

l-*l tl

o)

Reflexive possessives indicate possession by the subject of the nearest verb and it can mean my own, your own, hislher own, our own, their own. The reflexive possessive in Russian is caofi (masculine form; feminine ceof, neuter ceo6). El Rs far as r, Tbr, Mbr, Bbr are concemed, caofi is m alternative to vrofi, TBoft, Haur, naur (and is in fact more common in conversational Russian, especially as an alternative to rnofi). So, if you want to say I am rea.ding my magazine, you can say either

E Underline the words in the following passage whele it would be appropriate to use the rcflexive possessive (hint: therc arc five). Inst year we set off on holiday in our car Unfortunately lvan
lost his passport before we reached our destination. My n help himfind it. Nikoloi is avery impatient person and soon lost his patience with lvan. Whilst they were arguing, I looked in his suitcase andfound that his passport was right at the bottom. How I love my brothers!

brothcr Nikolai, trted

a = o o C' o o o o a a o o
II

qur6ro vroft xypu6n or.f, qur6ro cnoft xypnii"r

fl

El Csofi is not an alternative to er6, e, ux. If you want to say his, het their, you must work out whether you mean his own, her own,
their own or not (i.e. you must work out whether you mean that the subject of the verb is the owner). For example:

El Complete the fotlowing phrases by choosing the appropriate wold from the box. You will need to use one of the wolds in the
box twice.

x.

Anna n An4pefi mb6sr csofi caA means that the garden in

question belongs to Anna and Andrei: They love their (own) garden. AsHa Anqpeft rub6rr ux caA means that Anna and Andrei love a garden - but it belongs to someone else. They love their (friends', daughter's etc.) garden.

I _

2
3

Koncranrrin qnrder
rnicrvra.

cecrpd pa66raer H6nropoge.

Her sister worl<s in Novgorod. Konstantin is reading his (own) letters. My brother likes his own bicycle. Ourfriends hnve boaght their own house. Their granny has lost her (own) letter
CBOII

6pfr
serocrtrr6,4.

rno6nr

4
5

Apy3bs KyrrrrJ[r
AOM.

666yrura nncrvr6.

norepfra

ee nX MOI{ HaIIIR CBO CBOIII

E Cnoft must indicate possession by the subject of the verb; it cannotjust describe the subject ofthe verb. To describe the subject of the verb, you must use vrofi, rrofi, er6, e6, xam, Baru, .ux: Er6 a6ru roropfr no-pj'ccru. His children speak
Russian.

ll

E T|anslate the following phrases into Russian (possessive or reflexive possessive?). I Theii house is in the town. 2 T\ey like their house. 3 We like your house (fonnal). 4 Their mother likes our house. 5 Ivan's house? I like his house!

Sometimes you need both an ordinary possessive and a reflexive

possessive in one sentence:

Er6 Ao.n ne 6qenr mb6ur caoft 6Suc. His daughter doesn't really like her office. In this sentence cs6ft is needed in the second part ofthe sentence to indicate that the daughter doesn't like her own office Qtossession by the subject of mb6ur). In the first part of the sentence the word 'his' is describing the subject of the verb and therefore the reflexive
possessive cannot be used.

>

For possessive adjectives, see Unit 22.

t-*-l

tl

An adjective must always agree with the noun it is describing. So, if the noun is in the accusative case, the adjective also must be in the accusative case.

5
ql

E If an adjective is describing a masculine or a neuter inanimate noun this is not a problem: the ending is just the stlme as it is in the
nominative singular:

Underline all the adjectives which are in the accusative case in the passage. A translation is given to help you. B.rep6 rvrrr 6drma n r6poge. B pecrop6ne nru nri4e.rn n6ruero Apirra, VIsLHa, On yx6 cA6na.n crori norfnru.

ll

On uorasSr navr csofi H6srrfi cnrirep, goporfie Axrincrr

n runr6pnufi nngx6r.
Yesterday we were in town. In the restaurant we saw our friend, Ivan. He had already done his shopping. He showed us his new sweatet expensive jeans and stylishjacket.

o o C a q) o

A uulfito nnrep6cnrrfi xypn6;t I am reading an interesting newspaper

El

an adjective is describing a masculine animate noun (e.g.

tpau, doctor), the ending of the adjective must change; there are two possible endings, -ero for soft and possessive adjectives and for unsffessed adjectives whose stem ends in x, q, Irr, rrl or q;
otherwise. use -oro:

Explain what Anya has bought by putting the phrases in the

xop6ruufi H6srrft Bparr +.f sH6Io xop6urero H6soro npau6

F+ II

rnofi 4p6nnuft

I lmow a good nau doctor -r-f sHfro rsoer6 Ap6ruero npat6 I know vour ancient doctor

9.
:'
GT
I

In the unlikely event of a neuter noun being animate, the adjective which describes it takes the same endings as a masculine adjective, for example siixuoe fir\6, VIP (very important person).

following list into the accusative case: xpac,hsar,6nysa)Anx rynfna ffi,A,xx rynrila rpacfnyro 6rygy. Anya bought a beautiful blouse. I 6onrru6s co66ra big dog 2 n6sHfi aus6H new sofa 3 nymficruft rp6.mm fluffi rabbit 4 4epeniunufi cro.n wooden table 5 u6soe orH6 new window

Brr sHiere Sroro sfxHoro rnu6?

Do you htow this very important person? El Adjectives describing feminine nouns always change in the accusative, whether the noun they are describing is animate (e.g. axrp,hca, actress) or inanimate (e.g. xnaprfipe,flat). The four possible endings are -ylo, -rolo, -y or -Io.
Type of

6 rrj'cnufi ropr 7 nw<6puaxro6ra 8 uurep6cuax rnfira 9 ryn6rnnuft rocrrirvr l0 cinss 6p6urra

delicious cake stylish skirt interesting book swimming costume dark blue brooch

c
-

expnin who Viktor met at Konstantin's yesterday evening.

Put each phrase into the accusative case. Buepd n6uepou Bfirrop 6rrn y Koncranrrina. Tavr on
BCTpeTr,rJr...

I uori cecrpd
adjective
unstessed stssed soft

Nominative Animate accusative singular singular

u6nax
rvronoA6c

Example

2 v'o:r.ogoft npot[6ccop
3 .qp6sHr,rfi nrac6reru

my sister young professor

n6syro

-f

rno6mb u6ryro ruapnipy.

4 uurep6cuat axrp,hca
5

.f, rtro6rb rvroao,qiro arrptcy. gp6rmoro

-f, mo6rub,qlt'rnoro

cxj'rnufi xypnarnicr

ancient writer interesting actres.s boring journalisf t

,up6rurr

xnaprfpy.
lnssessive

rnoh
HAIU

rrorb
Hdrry

-fl mo6mb rroro ruapnlpy. On n66rrr srfury maprfpy.

>

For nominative singular adjectives, see Units N,21,22,8, for accusative singular nouns, see Unit 7.

EI tl
GT

o)

An adjective must always agree with tfie noun it is describing; if the noun is in the genitive singular, so must the adiective describing it. There are special genitive singular adiective endings for each gender.

E Underline all the genitive singular adjectives in the following passage. A translation is given to help you.
Hiuta ur6.na laax6Aurcs. ne4a;rer6 or rpacfroro nipra. Har6so or u5ruefi urr6ru ecrr 6onrnr6x anrfxa, r4e pa66raer r'rarr vroer6 Aptra, Vlsdua. ,{pyr uo6fi cecrprir r6xe pa66raer s 5rofi 6ornur6fi anr6re. Our school is situated not far from a beautiful pqrk Tb the left of our school there is a big chemist's, where the mother of
my

E Tne endings for masculine and neuter adjectives are the same: either -oro or -ero (if you know the accusative adjective endings, you'll recognize that these are the s:rme as the masculine singular
animate accusative). All unstressed adjectives take the ending -oro unless their stem ends in x, q, Iu, q, q (spelling rule number 2), in which case the ending is -ero: nicnopr anurificroro (xop6ruero) arrepa, the English (good) actor's passport; ne4anex6 or u6nerrroro n6nt, notfarfrom the smallfield. All stressed adjectives take the ending -oro: 4np6rrop Eornu6ro Tefrpa, the director of the Bolshoi theatre. All soft adjectives take the ending -ero: qen6 cfinero Ansbna,

o = + o
-l

friend lvan worlcs.

The

frtend of my sister also worl<s in

this big chemist's.

II

9.
GI

. . .

5
-

the price ofthe darkblue sofo. All possessive adjectives take the ending -ero: HeAirrleK6 or u6ruero g46nus, notfarfrom our building.

E fne words Ir,m6ro (a lot, much) and ufuio (little, few) are both followed by the genitive case. Explain what you have a lot of and what you're short of by putting the following phrases into the genitive singular. ffiffi csdxuft /c:d;tp + V uenri uiino cB6xero cdIpa. I have little fresh cheese.

q) -

El an adjective is describing a feminine noun which is in the genitive singular, then the adjective should end either in -ofi or -efi. All unstressed adjectives take the ending -ofi unless their stem ends in x, q, IIr, lq, q (spelling rule number 2), in which case the ending is -efi: nicnopr aurmiftcroft (xop6mefi) arrpficrr, the English ( good) actress' passport. All stressed adjectives take the ending -ofi: gup6rrop 6ormu6fi roun6uuu, the director of the big company. All soft adjectives take the ending-eft: qen6 cfireft py66rurra, the price of the dark blue shirt. All possessive adjectives take the ending -efi: Aovr uo6fi cecrpir, the house of my sisten

s6Ara Russianvodka nun6 Frenchwine laillo/xurilficxufi puc Chinese rice 4 rvrn6ro,/nrfcuwft, ca:-lr|r delicious salad 5 :lr'a:l'o/cslxa.fl ror6acd fresh sausage
2 3
lr;hlo/pfccras
rvmoro/$panqfscroe

. . .

El toof at the pictures and make sentences to explain who owns what: srrc6ra.fl crp6ftnat
MaJreHbKar crapafl.

x6nquna
M'UIEHbKIIII

666vmra

'i)
.'S

TOJICTbITI MyXqI,IHa

tl

ffi&
ffi 5ro xp6rum 1 5ro co66ra 2 3ro r6ura
> For spelling
rules, see Unit 2, for different categories of adiective, see Units 2(}, for genitive singular of nouns, see Unit 10, for prepositions taking the genitive case, see Units 83,84, 85, 88, 89.

u6
cT

ud"neurxoft

Lpoir 666yrura.

r---t
tl

tl

N
{

An adiective must ahrays agree with the noun it is describing; if the noun is in the geniWe plural, so must Ule adiective describing it. Thele arc only two genitive plural adiective endings (rrespective of gonder).

Using the expressions nan6so

uaqpdro or (to the right ofl make up sentences by giving the

genitive plural of each phrase. ffiffi Han6no or./uo.noA6fi cnoprcu6n + Hal6no or vro.noAt'rx cnoprcu6uos. To the lefi of the young sportsrnen. I to the left of lypens.e.fl. ra36ra morning paper 2 to the right of lnfitn nenoclurdg our bicycle

or (to the teft on and

El fne nvo possible endings for genitive plural adjectives are -blx and -ux (which are actually the same endings used for the animate accusative plural of adjectives). These endings apply to all three
genders.

GT
II

o
= 1+ II

E Stressed and unstressed adjectives always take the ending -rrx, unless their stem ends in r, K, x, x, q, ru, q (spelling rule 1).
-ru uacnopr6 uoaoAdrx rypfcrou
Examples of the ending
the passports of the young tourists

3 4
5

to the right oflgopor6r expensive skirt to the left of lgepenfnnufi wooden chair to the left of lorp6rvnoe eg6nne huge building

rb6xa cryn

tt
c
T
I

E gxpAin which groups are visiting the museum today by using the genitive plural in the following phrases. ffi rpjmra/vro:lro16fr. Na6rn.rur e rpjnna uonoAirx
MiUIbtII'KOB

rnrirn conpevr6snrrx nnc6renei

the books of the modem writers
rf

ororp6r[r.rr lrnoctpinurrx ryp6ptor

photo graphs of foreign resons

2 rss6crrbrfi/npat 3 n6suir/crya6nr 4 uoxnn6fi/qenon6r

q
(spelling rule 1)

ur atshncxufi,/ rypitcr

halian tourist
famous doctor
new student

5 cepreaxuir/ucr6pw.

elderly person serious historian

ST

The genitive plural adjective ending is -rx if: the adjective's stem ends in r, K, x, x, q, Iu, the adjective is soft (e.g. cintvtrt dark blue) the adjective is possessive (e.g. vtofi)

. . .

Examples of the ending -tlr The adjective's stem ends in r, K, x, nacnopri anrmifi cxror typlic-ron passports of English tourists The adjective is soft: rurtrn gp,onux nnc6T eteir
books of the ancient writers

x, tI, rrl, III:

E Uatcn the two hatves of each sentence, using the English translation as a guideline: I Y npdna vrn6ro a nurep6cnux cryg6nroa 2 V upo$6ccopa run6ro b criprrx ruur 3 V rarcficra uu6ro c ooJlbllbrx rrauuerrToB 4 Y 6anxrtpa rvnr6ro d n6srrx anrouo6ri.nefi 5 Y 6a6mor6rapa vrn6ro e cepresnrrx npo6n6vr 6 V tf6pr"repa un6ro 7 Y npezug1nra un6ro 8 V uosraJn6na rran6ro

rsxeJrrrx uricevr

rpacfrrrx rop6r

h avrepmfncrux 46ruapon
t

The adjective is possessive:

photo graph s of

r[ororpfu[tm n6uuu,qpys6ft o ur fri e nd s

I The doctor has many sick patients. 2 The professor has many interesting students. 3 The taxi driver has many new cars. 4 The banker has many American dollars. 5 The librarian has many old boolcs. 6 The fanner has many beautifuI cows. 7 The president has many sertous problems. 8 The postrnan has many heavy letters.

For spelling rules, see Unit 2, for different categories of adjective see Units 20, for genitive plural of nouns' see Units 11 and 12,tor prepositions taking ttre genitive case, see Units 83,84, 85,88' 89.

>

t*l tl
q)

Arr adiective must always agree with the noun it is describing; if the noun is in the dative singular, so must the adiective descdbing

it

N
+.

There arc special dative singular adjective endings for each gender.

El

an adjective is describing a masculine noun which is in the

cr6povry nourarn6ny. Every day lvan helps the old postman.

E Uafe sentences explaining who lvan helps every day. ffi crfpufi uosraJr6H + KixAufi pLenr VInL;a rlouor6er
L plccxuir cryA6nr
6otnu1s. crapjurxa
Russian student

CL

dative singular, then the adjective should end either in -ovry or -euy. . All unstressed adjectives take the ending -ovry unless their stem ends in x, q, rrr, q, q (spelling rule number 2), in which case the ending is -evry: lM Aat u6cnopr anrmfolcrouy (xop6urerray) arrpy, the guide gave thc passport to the English (good) aaor . All stressed adjectives take the ending -ouy: On uogsoHlir rraolog6vy gup6rropy, he rang the young director . All soft adjectives take the ending -evty: On uossoHlitr

2 4
5 3

np6xnufi u6negxep
nfl:lua

vatt

sick old lady former nutnager our mother

young pianist

nronoa6fi nuanrtc'r

(2.

np6xueuy 4xp6xropy, he rang the former director All possessive adjectives take the ending -evy: On nosgoHlirl rraoerrrj' 6par!, hc rang my brother
an adjective is describing a feminine noun which is in the dative

El Wtro is walking towards what? Make up sentences from the information given. ffinErrlua/ruur6pnrrfi uarasr.in + En6na uAr x urur6pnorray uarasriny. Elena is walking towards a stylish shop. I Taruilaa/xpacrkyar. xaprrina beautiful picture

5
GT

E lf

sing'ular, then the adjective should end either in -ofi or -efi. All unstressed adjectives take the ending -ofi unless their stem ends

. . . .

3 Batfiu/6ornur6fi

Aropu/

apln,ufl,fl,

sdsa
r"rocr

ancient vase big bridge

c
q,
I

in x,

e,

r,

5 lI6selr/H6yat ta6opar5put

Ans/cocl.qnufi Aov

neighbouing house new laboratory

rr1,

ending is -efi: fia4 ,qa"n n6cnopr an:mfoicrofi (xop6uefi) arctpirc,e, the guide gave the passport to the English (good) actress. All shessed adjectives take the ending -ofi: On nossotrlir vroloA6fi aur.rm.l6nre, He rang the young Englishwoman. All soft adjectives take the ending-efi: On uogsoHlir np6xnefi

Gpelling rule number 2), in which case the

El toof at the pictures and make sentences to explain who is giving what to whom.
Lr6nenrras r6urra

6omur6q co66ra
flyrxrrcThrrr KpoJrrrK

ywirernnuqe, He rang thz former teacher All possessive adjectives take the ending -efi: On nossoHfr vo6fi cecrp6, He rang my sister

E If an adjective is describing a neuter noun which is in the dative singular, then the adjective should end either in -6uy or -evry (ust like masculine adjectives). In the examples below the preposition r towards/to the house of (which must always be followed by the dative case) is used. . All unstessed adjectives take the ending -ouy unless their stem ends in x, q, IIr, rq, q (spelling rule number 2), in which case the ending is -evry: r n6norrry (xop6Iuerury) s46nraro, towards thc na'v (nice) building. . All stressed adjectives take the ending -6vry: x 6ornln6vry oxnf, towards the big window. . All soft adjectives take the ending -eMy: K coce4nevy zgflr*no,

ff2

ft#

sa6yrura ralr vropx6nxy nyurrcToMy

KpoJMKy.

towards the neighbouring building

X6nuprna 4adr ron$6ry Myxu,haa 4ar prir6y

All

possessive adjectives take the ending -eMy: K towards my seat (place) .

uoeuf vr6cry,

> For spelling rules, see Unit 2,tor dilft*ent categories of adjective, see Units 2G, for dative singular of nouns, see Unit 13, for prepositions witr the dative case, see Unils 85 and 89.

F] tl
g)
CL

N (0
di
I

An adjective must always agree with the noun lt is describing; if the noun is in the dative plural, so must the adjective describing it. There are only two dative plural adjective endings $nespective of gender). two possible endings for dative plural adjectives are -brM and -uvr. These endings are used for all three genders.

E Explain who sends a letter to whom by matching the two halves of each sentence, using the English translation as a
guideline.

E fne

E Stressed and unstressed adjectives always take the ending -rrvr (unless their stem ends in r, K, x, x, q, rrr, ur (spelling rule 1)).
Examples of the ending -uwr
rr,rA AaEr

I npau uriruer nucrrra6 a unocrp6nnrrvr nomirurapr 2 upoS6ccop nfurer nracrvr6 b 6ornr*itvt naqu6nrau 3 gnp[xp nriruer nucru6 c noreHIlldJnrrrru rrm6nrau 4 xypuarhcr nriurer nncrrvr6 d neufnrrvr cryA6urar'r 5 6amfp uriruer nracrrurd e ugsdcrHbrvr uyrrrxinravr
2 The professor writes a letter to the la4t students. 3 The conductor writes a letter to the famous musicians. 4 The joumalist writes a letter to the foreign politicians. 5 The banlcer writes a letter to potential customers. E Uafe sentences explaining who you intend to buy
presents for.

The doctor writes a letter to the sick patients.

6nn6rrr uono4drv rypfcrau

axrprlcarvr

the guide gives the tickets to the young tourists

I'

rz4 u6cro nouor6er nnocrp6nnrru

the guide ofien helps foreign actresses

$or6rpa$ no4x64ur x sennrru non{v

the photographer is

c
g)

walking towards the green fiel.ds

. . .

El ttre dative plural adjective ending is

-r.na

the adjective's stem ends in r, K, x, x, q, rrr, the adjective is soft (e.g. cfil*mfr, dark blue) the adjective is possessive (e.g. vrofi)

ifr

(spelling rule 1)

ffi rvrofi Apyr + fl,xou! xyufirr no46prn uofvt gpysrivr. your d.aughter I rnof Ao.{r ourteacher 2 r;a;lt yurirern young dog 3 r'ronoA6s co66ra 4 nplxruir A{p6rrop fonner director Russian stu.dent 5 pj'ccxnfi cryAeHr
El Complete the sentences by putting the adjective in brackets into the dative plural. (6orru6ft cron). I Or[urprrlnr uo.4r64m r
(csoft pe6Hor).

Examples of the ending -uM

r, K, x, x, q, rrr, uI: rnA Aar 6un6rrr anrmldicruu rypfcrarr,r the guide gives the tickets to the English tuurtsfi
The adjective's stem ends in The adjective is soft: vrr no,4x6gr.ru x coc6lgrur,r Aorr6rra we are approaching the neighbouring houses The adjective is possessive:

2 Apxur6rrop uo,4r6.ryrr r 3 TalvilaLa no,er6.urr x 4 Kins. uo.er6.ryr r 5 Vlsir uo.ur6.rytr r

(udnerrroe oxrr6). (n6srtr;6$uc).

(cripue Appbi).

vrr nouor6eu n6urzu Apysrfira

we are helping

ourfriends

> For spelling rules, see Unit 2, for different categories of adiective, see Units 20, for dative plural of nouns, see Unit 14,tor prepositions with the dative case, see Units 85, 86, 89.

f-i6ol tl

ll
II

q)

o
5 o + t

An adiective must always agree with the noun it is describing; if you put the noun in the instrumental singular, you must put the adiective describing it in the instrumental singular too. Therc are special instrumental singular adjective endings for each
.

Il How are things done? Gomplete the sentence by putting the adjective in brackets into the instrumental singular (remember: because you are describing the 'instrument by which an action is performed'you don't need the preposition c). I A 6gy 2 Arlmllj'
3 5
H6ao

gender.

El ttre endings for masculine and neuter adjectives are the same:
either -uvr or -uM:

urnr

(p6urud) n6esAorvr. I travel by thc early train. (gemuar)pfmoft. Iwrttewithachcappen nocj'gy (ropfrax) soa6fi. It is necessary

All unstressed and sfressed adjectives take the ending -rrpr unless their stem ends in r, K, x, x, q, IIL q Gpe[ing rule number 1), in which case the ending is -na: nocerq6rr uyr6ft c uo.no4dnvr mocrpdrnrrrvr (arrmfficrna) rypricrou, to visit thc museum
with a young foreign ( English) touist. All stressed adjectives take the ending -bIM: c r"ro.noAt'tIvr rypfcrorvr, with a young tuurtst. All soft adjectives take the ending -IiM: c np6xnnvr 4rap6rroporra, with the former director All possessive adjectives take the ending -nrr: c vrorivr

to do the washing up with hot water (r"roft) rruo.r6la. I openthe .{ orrpur6ro door with my key. (rr6sHft) yr(rrorvr. He irons the On ruilaur

4nepr py6iirury

3 o
g)

. . .

shirt with the new iron

E Uafe sentences explaining who wants to go to the theatre with whom (remember: because you al describing 'in the company of'you do need the preposition c). ffiffi 36tl"6nufi gpyr + 36r x6qer nofirri n re6rp c n6sbrur
ApyroM. Zoyawants to go to the theatre with (her) new boltfriend.

T r+

nucru6rr, with my letter

noun which is in the instrumental singular, then the adjective should end either in -oft or -efi (ust like the instrumental singular noun ending). All unstressed adjectives take the ending -oft unless their stem ends in x, q, rrr, rq, q (spelling rule number 2), in which case the ending is -efi: $lurru c xop6uefi anrmiftcxofr, arrpficofr, thc film with the good English actess. All stressed adjectives take the ending -ofi: ou pa66raer c vronoA6fi anrmrq6nroit, he worlcs with ayowtg Englishwoman. All soft adjectives take the ending-eft: on pa66raer c npdxnefi y.rrire.mnnqefr' he works with aforrner teacher All possessive adjectives take the ending -eft: os pa66raer c vrodfi cecrp6fr, he worlcs with my sister

E ff an adjective is describing a feminine

- 2. ( = GT

. . . .

2 I4nLn/ aw rirftcruft rypf cr 3 Xypnamficr/rsn6crrrrfi nornirur 4 Esrfllanft/uof cecrpil 5 Myx/rraoroil{."x xerl6

Bpau/rpacriear ue4cecrpii

Doctor/beautiful nurse Ivan/English tourist

Joumalist/fwrwus politbinn Evgeny/my sister

Husband/young wife

C I
-

E gxpnin what kind of sandwiches you want by putting each phrase into the instrumental singular. ffi $pannfscrnfi crrp +,fl xoqi' 6yrep6p6g c $pannf:crnvr cirporvr. I want a sandwichwith French cheese. I cndxas, serqund fresh ham

qt

2 rouunar pdr6a
3 4 E

smokedfish
green cucurnber expensive mayonnaise

gennufi oryp6q gopor6fi lrafiou6s

gxpnin what you want to drink with your sandrFh by putting the phrase in brackets into the instrumental singular. (xon6.rproe rvronor6) coffeewithcoldmilk 1 K6$e c _ (cs6xrd nnu6s) teawithfresh lemon 2 Hait co

> For spelling rules, see Unit 2, for different categories of adjective, see Units N-3,lor instrumental singular of nounsn see Unit 15, for prcpositions with the instrumental case,
see Units 84,88,89.

162

tl (i) J
= o +
-T

An adjective must always agree with the noun it is describing; if the noun has to be in the instrumental plural, so must the adjective describing it. There are only two instrumental plural adjective endings (irrespective of gender). El ttre two possible endings for instrumental plural adjectives are -uvra and -uuu. These endings are used for all three genders.

I cat6r c 2 cyn co

E Wnatt on the menu? Match the two halves of each phrasen using the English translation as a guideline.

4 vrop6xenoe

3 rfpuqa c

El Stressed and unstressed adjectives always take the ending -rruu (unless their stem ends in r, K, x, x, q, Irr, Ir1 (speiling rule 1)).
Examples of the ending -unrn

cs6xur\al,I ononl6ulr urarnf ncrravrra nourag6paura c Italian tomato salad Freshvegetable soup Chicken with Russian mushrooms Ice crearn with delicious apricots

a b c d

pfccrzuu rpm6itl.au nxj'cnuuu a6purc6cavru

3 o
I

rrg

n uy:6e c voroArirvrn ryprlcraun

the guide is at the museum with the young tourists

rnA uoceulder re6rp c r,ruocr"pdunrruu axrpficauu

the guide visits the theatre with foreign actresses

cexperdpr somr c
the secretary came in with funportant letters

E Explain who Ateksandr was at the theatre with on the different days of the week. Put the words in brackets into the instrumental plural. I B noseA6rnru,rr A-rrerc6n4p 6rur s redrpe c (H6pHfi.qpyr). 2 Bo nr6pum A.nerc6n4p 6rrlr s redrpe c

E ttre instumental plural adjective ending is -urvru if: F+ = . the adjective's stem ends in r, K, x, x, q, ru, rq (spelling rule l) g)

3 B cp6ay A.nercdnap

(Qpauqfscrrft rocrr).

p.

. .

the adjective is soft (e,9. ctiruufi, dark blue) the adjective is possessive (e.g. ruofi)

6rllr s re6rpe c (s6xgbri rrm6sr). 4 B uern6pr A.nercSu4p 6rrr n re6rpe c

Examples ol the ending -urr,nr The adjective's stem ends in

q)

r, x, x, x, q, rrr, rq: ru4 a vys6e c aurrniicxrun rypfcranau

6rrr n re6rpe c (pfccrrui crj'aenr). 6 B cy666ry A-nexc6ngp 6ur n redrpe co (cr6pufi nencnon6p). 7 B nocrpec6nre A-rrercingp 6rr.n s re6rpe c
(nan 6par).

(vrono.q6ft pe6enor). 5 B nfruruty A-rrercfn4p

the guide is in the ttuseurn with the English tourists

The adjective is soft:

on pa66raer c up6xunnrr nonlrmalvrn he worlcs withfonner

The adjective is possessive:

E Wtro is busy with what? Give the Russian for the phrases in brackets in older to complete each sentence. (new dances) + ffiffi Eaneprtta gannufuercs Eaneprlna san[Mdercx n6nrrvru r6nqarrar,r.
't

urr orgrrxdeu c ndnruvrr.r 4py:rfulr

we are on holiday with our friends

ffuc6rern ganr,rla6ercs
Bpau ranuvr6ercr

> For spelling rules, see Unit 2, for different categories of adiective, see Units 20, for instrumental plural of nouns, see Unit 16, for prepositions with the instn"lmental case,
see Units 84 and 89.

3 Ilpor[6ccop gaHnru6ercs

(interesting books). (sick patients). (new students).

(good newspapers). (Russian computers).

4
5

Xypnardcr ganuvrdercr flporparuufcr 3anr4Meercs.

tEI
L__J

(.)

Arr adjective must always agree with the noun it is describing; if you put the noun in the prepositional singular, you must put the adjective describing it in the ptepositional singular too. Thele are

special prepositional singular adjective endings for each gender.

ll Gomplete the phrases by choosing the appropriate ending from the box below: ffi npau pa66raer r u6n_ 6omunfqe + Bpaq pa66raer
s n6sofi 6olrnfue.

f an adjective is dascribing

a masculine

noun which is in the

T'

d E o o .+ rl o 5 q)
II I

prepositional singular, then the adjective should end either in -orr or -eu: All unstressed adjectives ake the ending -ou unless their stem ends in x,tl, IrI, rrl, u (spelling rule number 2), in which case the ending is -eu: n H6soM (xop6ureu) pecropiiue, in a new (good)

. . . .

-oM -eM -olt

-ew

E66yIura

xrsr r cr6p _ A6rvre.

restaurctnt,

2 3
4

36x xr,rsr

All

stressed adjectives take the ending

-oM: B Bornnr6pr Teirpe,

in tlrc Bolshoi Thcatre.

take the ending-eu: s cfiHelu ulu.4xax6, in a dnrk blue jacl<et. All possessive adjectives take the ending M or -r'r: s MoeIvI (rrorvr, crovt, u6ruer"r, niirneu) E6vie, in my (youf oneb own, ourt your) house.

Cserr6na

_ rnaprripe. ancient flat. xlmer n ufun r6poge. Svetlana lives in a

gp6nn

Granny lives in an old house. hya lives in an

All soft adjectives

Anap6ft xlmr Cfuta xuser n

r xpacrtr_ xop6rrr

noisy town. g6penne. Andrei lives in a beautifuI village. r6po4e. Sas.hn lives in a
mce lown.

an adjective is describing a feminine noun which is in the prepositional singnrlar, then the adjective should end either in -ofi or +ft. All unshessed adjectives take the ending -oft unless their stem ends

. . . .

in x, {, u,

9.
GT

5
-

C I

trI, Gpefling nrle number 2), in which case the ending is -efi: s u6noft (xop6nefi) rocrlforuqe, in anew (good) hotel. All sfressed adjectives take the ending -oft: n 6ornur6ft rocrrirnnle, in a big hntel. All soft adjectives take the ending-eft: s cimefr py66txe, in a dnrk bluc shirt. All possessive adjectives take the ending -efi: s lvIo6ft rnaprripe,

4 MoA rrr pa66raer 5 Mofi rvryx pa66raer

My My My My My

El Wno works where? Match the two halves of the sentences, using the English translation as a guide. I Moft 6par pa66raer a s 6orbru6fi 6o-nrnfue 2 Mofr gflgn pa66raer b r rpacfnov n6pre 3 Mof xen6 pa66raer c s r,rdJrerbrofi anr6re

d g cocdAservr eA6nnu e s xop6ruefi nrr6ne

innryflat
an adjective is describing a neuter noun which is in the prepositional sing'ular, then the adjective should end either in -oM or

brother worlcs at a good school. uncle worlcs in a big hospital. wife worlcs in the neighbouring building. aunt worlcs in a srnall chernistb. husbandworl<s in a beautiful park.

q)

El

-evr (ust like masculine adjectives). All unsfiessed adjectives take the ending -ou unless their stem ends in x, tL ru, rq, q (spelling rule number 2), in which case the ending is -evr: s u:irermorvr n6ne, inthe smallfield. All stressed adjectives ake the ending -oM: B 6ornur6pr grhnnu,

. . . .

2 Kpircnat ffu6ulaAr 3 upnufi noprr[6m 4 xrrrag 66ra 5 crinee n66o

E put the phrases that 1 senEnrrft napx

follow into the prepositional singular. green park

Red Square

black biefcase

yellow skirt blue skv

inthe big building.

All soft adjectives

dark blue sofa.

take the ending-ervr: na

crfueu 4m,flne, on the

All possessive adjectives in our building.

take the ending -evr: a n6rueu 3!;enna,

> For spelling rules, see Unit 2, for different categories of adjective, see Units 2n04,lor prepositional singular of nouns, see unit 17, tor rT$,Hl"" trepositional case,

iTIitJ$.

f-66-]

L-J

q) q)

f' t9 I'
II

An adjective must always agree with the noun it is describing; if the noun has to be in the prepositional plural, so must the adjective describing it. There are only two prepositional plural adiective endings (irrcspective of gender). El frc two possible endings for prepositional plural adjectives are -ux and -ux (i.e. just like the endings for genitive plural adjectives). These endings are used for all three genders.

E 1

Describe where and how you spent your holidays by matching

up the two halves of each sentence. Use the English translations as a guide.

El Stressed and unstressed adjectives always take the ending -rrx (unless their stem ends in r, K, x, x, q, IIr, tq (Spe[ing Rule 1)).
Examples of the ending -utx

2 :.'ast Aflratm uorliuxn 3 urr o66tann 4 vru cuorp6rur xaprriurr 5 vrrr nlflna:l,u
6 vrr

rrarr nexdrru

7 vtrr ruirur rorr6finn 8 rrasr cnj'urarm rouqdprrr

urphwt s r6nHuc

a s cfHux 6acc6ftnax b na x0nrrrx nrrfxax c Ha rpeKp6urrrx x6prax d s 6oJcurfx rrays6xx e o xop6runx pecrop6nax

g a ruur6pnrrx uaragrinax h n upufrnux6ilpax

6ornnrrx ronq6prnrx sdnax

o o + 6'
tr
-

raprrinu s 6orbmlix nrrep6cnux uys6ex

the pictures are in

big interesting museutns

a r,rnocrpinnrrx rur6nax
in

foreign schools

n sixnrrx uricruax in important letters

We lay on yellow beaches. We did shopping in stylish shops. We had lunch in good restaurants. We looked at pictures in big museums. We swam in blue pools.
We

played tennis on splendid courts. halls.

We drar* cocktails in pkasant bars. We listened to concerts in big concert

= P. E' I

. . .

Et ttre prepositional plural adjective ending is -rax if: the adjective's stem ends in r, K, x, x, q, IrI, u (spelling rule the adjective is soft (e.g. crtnufi, dark blue) the adjective is possessive (eg uoft)
Examples of the ending -ux The adjective's stem ends in

l)

r,

K, x,

x, q, m, uI:

2 plccxwit r6pog 3 norn6fi rny6 4 uocn64nufi aar66yc 5 sbrc6roe ,46peno

E put the following phrases anto the prepositional plural. 1 rpacfiaoe sA6uue beautiful building
Russian town night club last bus

tall tree

s aHudficrrD( rocrrtnlrqax
in English hotels The adjective is soft:

0)

E euiH sentences from the following vocabutary using the prepositional plural.

n j'rpenuux rag6tax in the moming papers

The adjective is possessive:

ffi Onrtlor gwxinr / il npnlnnufi/ xyp6pr -r Onf orgux6ror npr,r.firnrrx ryp6prax. They holiday (rest) in pleasant resorts. I On/pa66rarc/na/uryvwrtrr/ He works in rwisy factories.
norcfnxu/n/ She does her shofpipg in gopor6ft/uara3,hn expensive slnps. M:*./wrrilrs H6socrn/s/ We read tltc news in tlw eveningrc#:pam/rasfra Wpers. Bst/o66ta;:,/s/vr6$rcHbwfrr/ You hsve lunch in small pecrop6n restaaranfs.
rest in beautiful parlrs.
saB6,q

2 On6/46tnrr 3 4
5

g s6urrx nouepilx
in our hotel rooms

Onflor.+urfru /ilxpaoiresrilr/ fhcy

napK

>

For spelling nrles, see Unit 2, for different categories of adjective see Units 2(}, for prepositional plural of nouns, see Unit 18, for prepositions with the prcpositional case, see Units 8{},87, 89.

trt tl
(.)
I

5
q)

Most Russian adjectives have two sorts of ending: the long form (discussed in Units'203) and the short form. The short form exists in the nominative case only (when you ar talking about the subject of the sentence) and is usually found at the end of a phrase or sentence. lt is much less common than the long form.

I m tne following English passage underline the adjectives which are in the'short' (predicative) position (clue: there are
five).
Svetlana wallcs into the house and notices that all the doors qnd windows are open. The new curtains are blowing about in the wind. The doot howevetr is shut. On the table a cat lies, howling. It is clearly glad to see her She is furtous when she realizes that her son has gone out without feeding the cat. 'He is so unreliable!'she thinlcs.

o
= GT

E tne long form is used 'attributively' - i.e. in front of a noun: Irlss6crHrrfi arrep xuner s Mocra6. The famous actor lives in Moscow. The short form is used 'predicatively' - i.e. after the noun: Kmivrar cyp6a, The climate is harsh. In modern conversational Russian, the long form is very often used everywhere and the short form hardly ever. However, sometimes the short form must be used in order to convey the correct
message.

El ttre adjectives in brackets are in the masculine singular long form. Put them into the short form. naor r6rura

ffi
I

My 9at is hungry.

CL @

El Strort forms
adjective.
Long form

are formed by shortening the long form of the

5
o 3 o

Masculine short form

Feminine short form

Neuter short form

Plural(all
genders)

2 Er6 asrorvro6frn (n6rufi). His car is new. (saop6srrfi). Oar children are well. 3 H6rur A6ru _ (orxpdrruft). All the windows are open. 4 Bce 6xua _
5

3ro

u6cro

(cso66,qnHft). This seatisfree.

K6Iua

(sri'crbrfi).

The porridge is delicious.

rpacrinufi

rpacriu

rpacfna

rpacrino

xpacriru

El Uatctr the two halves of each sentence, using the English translations as a guide.

rfr =

For some adjectives, this will mean that a 'cluster of consonants' (i.e. more than one) is left together at the end of the masculine short form, and the vowel e (or sometimes o or ) has to be inserted, for example: fies6crnrrft, famous, well known - 3ror rfam ra3n6cten, This fact is well known.
Some Russian adjectives have no short form (e.g. colour, nationality, substance - wooden, metal - ordinal numerals,Ttrsf,

2 Kax xopour6! K6rr 3 Kar xarn! Bpav 4 On npz6xan? Mu

5

Kar xaar!

Pecrop6n

a cor.ndcna b p6au

c oxpfira
d sarpfir e s6Hrr

X6ro4no, nororwj'rrro ABepb

What a shame! The restaurant is closed. How nice! Katya agrees (is in agreement). What a shame! The doctor is busy.

second etc. and soft adjectives). But NB, the adjective pal,@lad, happy) exists only in the short form.

He has arrived? We are glad. It's cold because the door is open.

ll ff *re adjective comes before the noun or needs to be in a case other than the nominative, you must use the long form. Otherwise, in most instances you may use either the long or the short form' So 'the town is beautiful'could be either: f6pog rpacfnuft or f6po4 rpacrin. However, there are some adjectives when you should always use the short form in the 'predicative' (i.e. after the noun) position, because to use the long form would imply something different (e.g. the adjective for 'ilI'in the long form implies chronically sick, as opposed to the short form, which is used when you want to indicate 'not too well at the moment'). For example: 6ornn6ft, i// (short form: 66nen, 6omn6, 66nrno, 6orbsl;I); zfunrrntit, occupied (short form: zh*tr,3anxri, zfluxto, s6nmu); cno664nufi , free, vacant (short form: ceo66AeH, cso66Ana,
cso66AHo, cno66ann).

1 Which is ttre only on" yoo would never see in theloag form? 2 Work out what the masculine singular long forrns would be of the
other adjectives in the list.

!l

Loof again at the adjectives a-e in Exelcise 3.

FI tl

q)
(Jl

lf we say that something is 'more interesting' or 'less interesting', we are using the comparative. El In English we can form the comparative by using the words more
and /ess, or if the English adjective is very short, we can add -er to the end of the adjective (it is cheaper). Russian uses the words 66nee (mare) or u6nee (less) in front of the long form of the adjecti-ve. This is called the compound comparative. El ttre words 66nee and Nr6see never change (i.e. in their endings) but the long adjective which follows them must agree with the

Underline the adjectives in this passage for which you would need the compound comparative. Gircle the ones which have their own long form comparative in Russian. My younger siste4 Masha, really likes shopping. Yesterday she bought a bigger bag, a naner can a rnore expensive radio, q more interesting book and a smnller mobile telephone.

ll

GT

o 5 o 3 o o 3
g)

Complete a translation of this passage giving the Russian

for the adiective in brackets.

adjective it is describing:

3ro

66nee (vr6nee) rnrepecurri

This is a more (less) interesting

town.
She lives in a more (less)

{r

r6po.q.

Mof Stounger) cecrp6, Mirua, 6venr mb6ur g6narr norlinxr,r. B.rep6 onh xynina (bigger) cj'ury, (newer)
ABTOMOOI,IJIb,

On6 xuset s 66ree (r'r6uee) rurep6cnou r6po4e.

interesting town.

(more exp ensive) phpno, (rnore interesting) rnfry

n (smalkr) c6ronuft renerf6n.

E Some adjectives do not form compound comparatives'They have a long form comparative of their own. Here are the frst four:
Long form

E Pair up the words on tfre left and the right using the English translations as a guide:

6om;rlftir

bis

adiective

Long form comparative

66rnurnd OttB the

stress is on the stem!),

bigger

xop6umfi sood nnox6ir bad

laLrcwrrfr small rra6nuullfi.

lesser smaller ntarnvft, better xf[nttft, worse

t' q)
d,

The adjectives for old andyoung cannot form compound comparatives if you are talking about animate nouns or groups they have their own long forrn comparative.
crdpsrh old
llo:lrog6fr, young

cr6putrft

older, senior

Mof cr6pruar cecrp6.

My older sisten

10 66rnurar
1

3 66ree npnfrrrrfi 4 rvrdnee nnrep6croe 5 sfisruuft 6 4iq-u" 7 xlgntss 8 rvr6ree xpacrttan 9 66;ree urj'rrauaa
younger son elder daughter a rnore pleasant hause a less interesting letter a lower (bottom) mark better idea worse situation a less beautiful picture a tnore noisy (noisier) group a bigger school

I ul6arurft 2 crilpuw

a nucru6 b ux6s c cnrydqr.r d rux6na e rpyrna

i j

g h

xapr*na
cbrH

6an
Aorvr

losb

ir,rn6mnrd younger

Mniinuld xlacc.
The

janior class.

2 3 4
3 6

You ca& however, say ero 66nee cr6poe s46trlite, it is an older building.

The adjectives for high and low cannot form compound comparatives if you are using them in the sense which means
s

up e ri.o

and infe ri o r :

rlrltc6wrfr. high

n{rcnuft

supertor; higher

sdrcuee o6parou6nNe hisher education

Hfisfiturir

7 8 9
10

't

whsxrd. Inw

urisrrruft inferior; Iower

6ar

lower (bottom) mark You can, however, say

5ro 66nee nrrc6xoe lg6nrae, it is a taller

building.

>

For short form comparatives see Unit 36; for constructions

with the comParative, see Unit 37.

F4 tl
(.)

o)

o Ir J o o 3 o o 3
qt
1.+ II

lf you are using a comparative adiective 'predicatively' - i.e. after the noun it is describing (the book is morc interestingl, then you can use the short form comparative. This sort of comparative can only be used to mean more . . . $ntercsting, beautiful elc.l E ttre first really important thing to remember is that you can only use the short form comparative when the person or thing you are describing is in the nominative case. E fne short comparative is formed by adding the ending -ee to the stem of the adjective. This ending is the same for all genders and is invariable (it never changes):
the house is more pleasant the dog is more beautiful co6flxa rpacfnee the letter is more interesting nncrvr6 unrep6cnee qserfi nperp6cnee the J'l.owers are more splendid Note that it is more common to use this form of the comparative when you are saying A=B (the ftsws=pleasanr) than it would be to say AoM 66nee npufrunft.
AOM npuffTHee

E h which

of the following sentences would you be able to

use the short form comparative in Russian? My brother is cleverer This bookis less boring.

I 2
3

8 We have received a more important 9 This letter is shorten lA This radio is more expensive.

5 Do you know where the more comfortable 6 It is simpler 7 It is further to Moscow.

letter.

His caris cheapen

We have

bought a newer c&r

chair is?

{r =

E Now complete the Russian vensions of these sentences by giving the appropriate comparative form of the adjectives in brackets:

E Some very coflrmon adjectives make their comparative short forrr irregularly. Here are some common ones:
ne&r

high

loud
hot

tt q)

far -+ 4enr6nne cheap Aenrdnrrfi expensive, dear aopor6fi -r gop6xe roP6rrrfi "+ rop6.Ie shor"t vriiresrrnft a vr6nrrue small a uo.n6xe vronoA6ft younS + nrixe urisrufi low + xj'xe unox6fi bad + up6rqe upocr6ft simple + cripue crLputft old + rriure rrhv'uttrt quiet + r6mqe 16ncrrri fat + .4[vrue xop6uruft good qicrufi + 'r6rqe frequent
E Some adjectives have no short forrn comparative: adjectives of colour, of substance (e.g. wooden, silk). > For nominative case, see Units 4-6, for long form comparative, see Unit 35, for constructions with the comParative, see Unit 37.

6nrtzwdr + 6mixe srrc6rI.rft -+ st'Iue + rp6Nlle rp6vrrnfi + x6pqe xfipxufr + 46.rnrue Aatlxvfi.

10 3ro pflnuo _ E toof at the two pictures

1 Mofi 6par 2 ?ra xwhra 3 Ero vrarufna 4 Mu ryuf.rm 5 pu ue sn6ere, rge 6 3ro 7 ,I[o Mocrsdr 8 D,fu uonyrfirul 9 3ro nucrvr6 _

(funufi).
(crfunuft).
(aeurnuft). (n6uuft) govr.

(y466uqft) cryn? (npocr6ft).

(.qarEruft).

(s6xnrrft) nncrrra6. (xop6rxufi).

(aopor6ft).
and then answer the questions.

r4BAH

I Kro r6mue?
2

t
S

BAAtrTM
s

Kro

rvron6xe?

l-'4

tl
{

q)

In English we form the second part of the comparative by using the word than (he has a mote beautiful car than youl- ln Russian this part of the sentence is formed either by using the word qem lthanl or by using the genitive.
When we are using the long form comparative in Russian, we qevr: must form the second part of the comparative by using the word V nero 66nee rpacfsrrfi asroMo6ri.nr, ueu y nac. He has a more beautiful car thnn you.

E Matcn tne phrases on the left with those on the right, using the English translations as a guide: 1 Er6 co66ra Heuocr'fu[Hee a HAIIICTO

T' qt

o o 3
q)

2 3lor c6rosrrft t"n"66" 66rnrue 3 I,Ix ca.q xpacrtaee 4 Bfurc uucrvr6 uurep6cnee 5 Mori u46u nj'uure

b
c

MOEI{

BAIIIUX
TBOEIO
MOCTO

d
e

The word 'IeM must also be used if the words ero, e6, ux feature in the second part of the comParison: 3ro 66nee rpacfintrfi anrouo6f.rn, ueu er6' It's a more beautiful car than his.

2 This mobile phone is bigger thanyours. 3 Their garden is more beautiful than ours. 4 Your letter is more interesting than mine.
with Earru6ro and the genitive of comparison to build sentences from the following words. Use the English translation as a guide. ffiffi Ba.qrivrlcrfupuir/Vlydn + Batirll' naun6ro crdprue
I4sAHa. Vadim is much older thqn lvan.

His dog is naughtier than mine.

El ff

you are using the short form of the comparative, there are two

ways in which you can deal with the second part of your comparison (than . ..). Either use qeM:

5 My ideas are better than yours. E Sig differences! Use the comparative

Mofi

aorur upr,rfrnee, 'reM

is

rsoft.

r+ II

pleasanter than Yours. Or use the genitive of the second part of your comparison:

My house

Moft aovr upr,rfrnee rnoer6.

My house
is

o o o = o +
tl

pleasanter th.an yours.

| 6wra/x66psttrr/l4p,ima 2 Anapftrr/cepresnufi/ cecrpi

Olga is much kinder than

linq.

Andrei is much more serious

El tf you want to 'intensify' your comparative (it is much more

interesting), simply add the words rop6sAo or salau6ro: Mofi Aovr ropiln,qo npllfnree rsoer6. My house is much pleasanter than yours.

3ra rufra naprn6ro

uureP6cuee. This book is much more interesting

Koncranrfn than Konstantin. 3 On/sneprfvnufi./s He is mrchmore eneryetb thutme. 4 Moit 6par/rcr',hn'rttrr/ll'ort My brother is much lazier than wry sister 5 B66yxa/uonoa6fi/A6lyuxa Grandmother is much younger than grandfather
El Translate the following sentences into Russian (decide whether to use lIeM or the genitive of comparison for the second part of each sentence).

taller/shorter, younger/older someone is, use the preposition ua:

E If you want to say how much

C
II

On6 r"ron6xe er6 na [Iecrb Jrer'

She is six years younger than him.

o t o = a

2 Moscow is a bigger city than Novgorod. 3 He is older than me. 4 Your television is better than mine. 5 I like the more energetic dog.

This is a more serious problem than his.

4t

>

M2, for long form of form, see Unit 36. 35, for short see Unit comparative,
For genitive case' see Units

t-4 t_--J
C^)

+ Ir J o o g t, o
II

lf we say something is the rnost intercsting, smallest, best we are using the superlative form of the adiective. El tne superlative is very easy to form. Simply put the adjective civrrrfi in front of the the adjective and noun you are describingThere is no short form of the superlative (so it can be used predicatively and attributively - before or after the noun): the most serious fi.lm civmril cepresrrrft t[rutru thisfilrnis thc ftnst serious 5ror $runu cdrvsfr

Turn the adjective in each sentence into the superlative. (remember agreements).
laziest.

lI

ffi

Iap*na (lenfnuft)

Iljlpiffia chvras renhsaq. Irina is the

5ro

(rpacfrnft)

napr.

cepr:nrrfi

2 Vshn 3 4 3

Et tttat<e sure that the adjective c6uufi agrees in number, gender and case with its adjective and noun: fl. usy.r6ro cdrvrrrfi rpacfinufi I am studying the most beautiful

fl. rturiLrc c6uyro ceprsnyto I am reading

KHmy. Mrr xusN{ s cdrnlona
book.
We leave

sgdlr.

language. the most serious

(xop6nrufi) _ $yr6omicr. (sneprf.lnufi) Here is the most Bor _ r"regceCrp6. energetic nurse. (uurep6cnrrfi) I am reading the most fl. unr6tornfry. interesting book. (rvrdlemrnft) He lives in the smallest On xnnr u

This is the most beautiful park. Ivan is the best footballer.

rnaprripa.

flat.

npufrnovr

paft6ne.

in the pleasantest

region.

E Gomplete the sentences with an appropriate superlative adjective, using the English translations as a guide. 1
On o.qrin r{3 _

:L q)

+
o

xj'4runft to mean best and worst, or they can just be used as superlatives in their own right, so: 5ro ;rj'uruar r46a and 5ro citl'aax fiwax ua6r both mean it3 the best idea. Tllie sarrc
applies to vrl6Aruufi $tounger/youngest) ard cr6pruuti

El C6rvrufi can be used with the comparatives rrj'uun'Ifi and

rurapfcron . He is one of thz best

guitarists.
beach.

2 3ro ciir"rrrfi
3 4
3

TIJI')K.

It is the most beautiful

(older/oldest). To say 'the most... of (e.g. one of the most interesting bool<s), use the preposition ns: oAs6 us c6vsrx r,rnrepdcnrrx rnrnr one of the most interesting boolcs

fae 5ro

n:4op! Utter rubbish! ocran6sra arrSdyca? Where is the nearest

bus stop?

ll

upo6r6rvra.

It is the rno$ sertow

problem.

El A very small number of adjectives fonn their superlative with the ending -afirnufr or -efiIuufi. The most useful are in phrases such as: V rnrerui HEr HIr r'ra#ftrcft uA6I,I. I haven't the slightest idea.

E Choose a suitable adjective from the box and then make the superlative form to complete each sentence:

x6pruft rpacfnrrfi rp6urrafi

L 3ima
2 3 96ma 4 3ro

xon6Anrrfi

tlucr6firurfi ns4op! B tmxflftwafl, crf nqfi s

np6Mr r6ga.
Krlfu{ar.

Uner rubbish!
r"rerp6. The nearest metro station.

namfror. rnapntpa.

Wnter is the coldest titne ofyeax Tlrc lnttesfcltnate. Udl(a is f,w strongest drink h is the most beautifulflnt

> For long and short

forms of adiective' see Units 34' for long and short forms of comparative adiectives, see Units 35-7' for uses of rr3, see Unit 85.

r-4 tl

(r)
0t

(o
CL

Adverbs describe how things are done (.she rvlitee sbndl4. ln English most enO in -,Iy. In Russian most adverbs are identical with the neuter short form adiective. El The most corlmon form of adverb describes how the action of a
verb is carried out:

Onf vr6anenno mfouer.

On 6rircrpo

2 npmircuwfr 3 xop6uruft 4 rEntrltit

5 norri.recxufi

1 rrrlrrufi

Form adverbs from the following adjeetives.

stupid
pleasant good wqrrn

A'
V

o ct o
J

Note that the adverb is usually placed before the verb. Sometimes it is not 'obvious' that there is a verb being described - i.e. tbeverb to be does not exist in the present tense; but phrases describing the weather, for example, rely on adverbs: Cer6ms renn6 (dt is warm today)

66raer.

SIrc writes sl'owly.

He rww quicHY.

rersr6 is 'desctibing'how it is.

6 r6p4ufi 7 sneqauiroIrIrfi 8 capracrf.rrrrfi 9

10 IIIEAPbI[I 11 TnYrtIn L2 ur)nvrHbII{

logical proud
impressive

sroucrfsecrrfi

sarcastic selfish
Senerous

adverbs r"r6Anemo and 6rirc"rpo are the short neuter forrns of the adjectives vr6Alemrft and 6rircrpufi. Most adverbs, therefore, end in o. Some adverbs will end in -e (because of the second spelling nrle) and if an adjective is soft, its adverb will end in -e:

quiet
noisy

El fne

have adverbs ending in .crr'r: nparntvecm praaical$ ( alnnst).'Adverbial phrases' which indicate nationality are formed from no and adjectives ending in +rmi: nrrr ronoprfora no'pi'ccrul we speak Russian Adiectives which end in

fiexpemnuri + ricKpeffie sircerelY El Inok out for sftess changes between some adjectives rdrunrft (wqnn) + rerur6 (itiswatm) xop6runl GooA -r xopour6 (welD

6trcrrhwdt

-r 6necrirqe

El Answer using an adverb which means the opposite of the adverb in the first statement.

brihiantly

and adverbs:

ffi Iaprina un6xo uor? Her! On6 xoporu6 nor. Does lrina sing badlyT No! She sings well (No, today it is warm). I Cer6an-fl x6noano? ,. fluanrtcr nn6xo wpircr? (No, brilliantly).
3 Cry.q6nr 6rircrpo pa66raefl (No, slowly). (No, quietly). 4 ,{6ru urjruno r.npiiror? (No, 3 Epar rcnfro nrpier? energetically).

ll

-crd

El eltnough the vast majority of adverbs in Russian are formed from adjectives, adverbs which tell us about time and place are not- Here are the most common:
Time

xorIl|
rorxh

when then, at that time

Place rye where

which language is spoken by whom. Vlralnfueq + Z;ratrshneq ronoprir no-urarnfncxn. L l4cniueq Spaniard 2 Pfc*xnft Russiqn 3 Anrrnrr6srs Englishman 4 fln6seu Japanese

El

;ffi

Wort< out

srecb here

yx6 already
eryE still, yet A6tr:o for a long time AasH6 a long time ago He.udsno recently

ranl thcre
xYIi6 where to* qo4i here (to here)*

ry4i there (to the.re)* orrfaa ftomwhere

orcrir-ua fmm here

orrlga from there

* Note that these indicate motion towads: you going?

Kyg6 rbl

wR0ne? (To)

wlerc are

> For short forms of adiective, see Unit 3f, for use of prepositions with the accusatiie to express motion towards, see Units 83 and 4,tor second spelling rule, see Unit 2

t-*-]

L-J

5 o
st
CL

Adverbs, like adjectives, have comparative and superlative forms {ag. he runs more quickly and lre runs the most quickly). E ttre comparative adverb is identical to the short form comparative adjective: so, for example: 6rrcrp6e, more quickly, vr64lennee, more slowly, rrj'vure, better:

On scer.q6 pa66raer 6ucrp6e, qeM t. He always works more quickly thnn I do. Adverbs ending in -n form their comparative with 66lee: On ncerg6 pa66raer 66nee rorf'IecKu, qeM r. He always worlcs more logically than I do.

E Utatctr the phrases on the left with their translations on the right: 1 seru crop6e, reu .njurue a as cheaply as possible 2 xax u6xno np6qe b the sooner the better c worse andworse 3 nc6 6rnixe 4 xar vr6xno reur6sre d nearer andnearer

5 sce xfxe

as simply as possible

o o A N Y
ct

To say, for example, less quickly, less logically, use vrdnee with

E now are the various sportsmen performing? Build sentences using comparative adverbs. ffi Ayrylry6ficrpo 66raer/ilropr a An4p6ft 6rircrpo 66raer, no Zropr 66raer erqe 6rrcrp6e. Andrei runs quickly, but
Igor runs

the adverb: On ecer.q6

rorfvecrR, lIeM t. He always thinks less logically than I do.

ajvaer

rvr6nee

E 46rnrue (further) and p6nrure (earlier previously) come from adjectives, but are used only as comparative adverbs.
Ute comparative adjectives, comparative adverbs can form constructions with both qevr and with the genitive of comparison:

ll

2 3 4 Bacrer6ornicr r.njuo urp6er /xorreficr 5 I,Irp6r r ro;rr0 u6A;renno wpiler/ lrp6r r rpfrer
2 3 4 5

even rnore quickly.

fluala,ftcr xopour6 lnp{rcr /rurapficr iMofr.6par nenfino wpircr/ryofi.6par Tenuucfcr eneprriuuo urp6er /$yr6onhc'r

Bfrrop pa66raer
qevr

Bfirrop pa66raer yc6pgnee Vktor works harder than

Valentin. The words rop6s4o or naun6ro (much) can also be used with comparative adverbs:

Banenrrin. Ba.neuiltga.

yc6p,4nee,

Vhor works lnrder thnt

Valentin.

Translate into Russian: Katya spealcs more quietly than her sister. lgor worl<s much hqrder than Valentin. Tatyana sings even worse than hya. The earlier the befter As soon as possible.

On pa66raer rop6r4o 6rrcrp6e, qeM t.

He worlcs much more quickly than I do. EuI can be used with a comparative adverb to mean even: oH pa66taer eq 6rrcrp6e, he works even more quicHy.

nfme rcex: 1 Moft 6par ronopfr uo-ura;n.fircxu

!l

Complete the sentences below with either

(bener than anyone else). s IudxMarbr better than any other game). .fl eHdro Ypbua
anyone else).

rfme

rcer6 or

2 On wp6er
3

(best of

all;

El ttre short form of the comparative adverb is very useful in

expressions such as: qervr 66rmure,

merrier,

rev necer6e, the more the rar vr6xno crop6e, as quickly/soon as possible, n&

(better thnn I know

vrflv7e, rnore (and more) often.

.,

El

if you want to say 'best of all' be careful to check whether you mean 'better than anything else' or 'better than anyone else': Onh wpher na rnripe njurue She plays the guitar best of all
BCero.

lo

mate the superlative of an adverb, simply add ecer6 or Bcex:

Oni

Bcex.

(i.e. better than she does anything else). nrp6er na rrr6pe n!"uue She plays the guitar best of all (i.e. better than anyone else).

>

For short forms of comparative adlective' see Unit 36' for comp?rative constructions, soe Unit 37.

r-4 tl J

5
o g)

Numbers like two, twenty-three, forty-six, ninety etc. are called cardinal numerals - they express a definite quantaty. El Here are the cardinal numerals in Russian from 1 to 20: 11. oArtnnaAuarr I o.qfH 12 Ar,enh4r\arr 2 Asa

ll ffi

Write out these sums as you would say them.

+
+0

[Jrroc

- vrfuyc

= 6j'Aer

4 .rerfipe 5 nsrr 6 ruecrr

3lpu

13 rpus6Aqarr
14

uerfipna4qarr

15 nsrn6.{uarr 16 urecrn6rqarr
17 ceun6Aqarr

4
=

cewn 8 s6ceNar

1 100 -20=? 2 2+ 16=? 3 33 + 102=? 4 29-15=? 5 85-54=?

+6=? c6pox

ruecrb rrJrroc Hecrb 6j'Aer naruAechr ltya

18 noceus6AIlarr
19 .qessrH6Allarr

9 A6ssrr
10 A6cqrr

2O

tsdluars

P.
C

3 o
gL

o
J

Numbers above 20 are formed quite simply in Russian - just place them one after another: 24 = ABLE\aru uerdrpe, 55 = nsrs4echr nrrr, 103 = cro rPlI. Here are the numbers from 30 to 1000: 300 rpfcra 30 rpflqarr 400 .rerfipecra 40 c6por 500 nsrrc6r 50 nsruaecir 600 urecrrc6r 60 ruecrraecfr 700 cevmc6r 70 c6MrAecqr 800 soceNlrc6r 80 n6cevmAecsr 900 4enmrc6r 90 lessn6cro 1000 flitcs.ra 100 cro 200 .us6cru

El Matclr up the numbers in words on the left with the figures on the right: a t0 1 AesrH6cro .{sa b 92 2 ceurc6r Ar6Arlarr Asa c 722 3 o,{rinnaAuaru d 212 llflcsr>

5 Aa6crz As6naArlarr E ttere ane some telephone

practise saying them:

l1

numbers. Write them out and

2 3 2o-30-q0 4 3ffi2:73 5 18-11-26

E Look at this Russian proverb. Which numeral is involved and what is the advice being given?
r{E }rMEft CTO prrEnEIL e.rnfiEtrr

ZS-ZI-:10 Ar6.{qarr Ana

42-93-12 84-53-55

AsdArlarb ceMb

c6urgecxr

1^t

\/

flat; ogx6 v6cto, one place (seat). ll ttre numeral 'two'has two forms in Russian: Asa for when it is used with masculine and neuter nouns and Ase for when it is used wittr feminine nouns: gna 6p6ra Ir ABe cecrp{t, I have two
adjective: oAIis .qoru, one house; o,qn6 ruaprripa, one brothers and two sisters.

E ttre numeral

'one'has three forms in Russian. It behaves like an

cro

,ryrr3Efi

> For declension of numerals' see Unit 42rlor use of adjectives with numerals and of cases with numerals, see Unit 43, for genitive singular and plural, see Units 10-12'

ral tl

5 N
o g)

Like nouns, numerals have six casea. ln this unit we look iust at the case endings of numerals; the use of numerals in their six cases is explained in Unit 43.

functions like an adjective (* = anirnate accusative):

Masculine Feminine Neuter o,un6
OIII,IH

Nom.

oAsd

Acc.
Gen. Dat. lnstr. Prep.

o.uilrlo,qror6*
o.uso16 o,{HoMy

olu{
onn6fi o.uu6i
o,qtr6fi
o,4EOrn

oan6/oAnor6*
o-rno16
O]IHOMV OAIII,IM

Buried in the following passage are six numerals written out as words, but in all softs of different cases. Can you recognize them? A translation of the passage is given in the Key. Eoprftc ne46nno 6rrn r Aryx rnfxnrrx rnrarasfHax u rynfr rpr,r rurfoi,r. Brep6 on.11116r cno(> u6nyro rnfry uo xt'ryruu. On .rurdJ o urecrucrix p6snux sxcuepurvr6nrax B TprrAuarrh gnyx crpinax. ,{enru6cro Irlecrb xriMr,rxoB uony.rfrur pesyrnrdrrr, Eo B coporf .rerupex na6opar6purx nporeourml ayfipttu.

ll

4 5
ql
I

oArnlv oAs6u

El Give the genitive of the following numerals.

oAn6u
case endings'

El Z, Z and 4 are the trickiest numerals in terms of

2 Nom. 3 4

nsz/ns,e

qerdroe

5
E

260 323 492

110

t4

5 c 3 o

Acc.
Gen. Dat. lnstr. Prep.

ma/nse/nsYx*
JIByx ]IBYM

rnrr./rn6x*
TDex

qerirne/ qaTLrrtAx:t
qeTbloex

TpeM

qerrrpEu
!IETbIDbM'

rnvuf
ABYX

rnerr,rf

rpbx

.rerrrpOx

o A N Y

s) I

E Numerals which end in a soft sign (e.g' nxrr) are feminine nouns. Numerals with a soft sign in the middle change in the middle and at the end. 40 and lCI are much more sfaightforward (90 works like 100):
Nom.

218 373 4 300 5 600

E

t40

Give tt

"

O"tir" of the following numerals.

t3

Cive the instrumental of the following numerals.

Acc.
Gen. Dat. lnstr. Prep.

II-'Tb I1'Tb TI'TI'

ITCTI.ITECCT

c6oor
c6oox

II'TB[EC'T
rr['r]t4lle&flTll

cTo cTo
cTa

3
E

2r0
420
200

55

cooord
coDo(a
copoI(a

II'TR

nrrullectrlr
II'TbIOICC'TbIO II'TNJIEC'T}I

cTa
cTa cTa

nffrro
II'TI'

copox6

IrlB In the genitive, dative and prepositional s6ce\4r becomes

socrMli.

4tt s 100

286 345

t12

Give the prcpositional of the following numerals.

"t

ll

fne

'hundreds'base their declension on the first digit, for exarnple:

Nom.

As6crll
As6cru AByxc6r

II'TbCOT

Acc.
Gen.

uqrrcdr
IIrrbcOT

Dat. lnstr. Prep.

4ryrrcr6rra

AsyN{rcriMtr

II'TIICTAM II'TIICTAMI{
N'TROTAMI{

qryxcr6x

> For use of numerals

in differont cases' and for adiectives

witfr numerals, see Unlt 43.

t-*l

L_-J

5 (.)
o
II

ln this unit we look at how to deal with numerals and adiectives and how to use numerals in their different cases. E fne number 1 works like an adjective: On pa66raer s oAH6i\a npufruovr u6cte, He worl<s in one pleasant place- However big a compound number is, if the last digit is ' 1' , then the noun remains in
o.ryrd cepresnar npo6l6ua, 101 seriow poblems. The numbers 2,3 and 4 (and their compounds, e'g- 23,34,52) ne followed by the genitive singular of nouns: V vren-fi gna 6$uca z As6AIIarr rpu pa66rnnxa. I have 2 ffices and 23 employees. Numbers above 5 (other than compounds of 2,3 and 4) are
ttre singular:

E Wrte out the numerals in words and put the nouns in brackets into the appropriate case (genitive singular or genitive
plural?):

Cro

s)

a
=L g

followed by the genitive plural of nouns:

V rvreui nrrr 6$zcon, / (but forleros6x watch out have 5 ffices Qterson), which behaves ve.non6x). rtflTb rpu uenoa6ra, this: like
El l|tre rules for using 2, 3 for different genders:
and

10 Cro nsrr

2 IIIecrr 3 C6pox 4 ,{n64qarr rpra 5 OAfrnna,qqarr 6 Cro 7 flenglrnS.agarr 8 Trircrqa 9 Cro rerrirpe

fiaa

(xypn6r)
(nea6ns)

(uelon6r) (x6rura)
(qac)

(py6ltr)
(rrutorra6rp)

(xufra) (udrnvnr) (sdryuxa)

4 + adjective + noun are different

El Using sections A, E, B opposite to help you, translate the following into Russian:

c
=
I

3 o
q)

Masculine and neuter: when the numeral is the subject, use the genitive plural of the adjective and the genitive singular of the noun which follow it: Asa 6olsurrix cr6ta, 2 big tables, 4na 6olrnrrix 6xna, 2 big windows. Feminine: use either the nominative plural or the genitive plural of the adjective and the genitive singular of the noun: rpra rpacrinue (rpacfnrrx) cecrEp 3 beautiful sisters'

2 three small theatres 3 one hundred and ten new students 4 fiveoldhouses 5 thfuty two energetic boys
E ttre preposition r is always followed by the dative. Explain who the policeman is walking towards by putting the following phrases into the dative. ffiffi Ivturnq uon6p / rpn/ anr ni,frcxnfr. rypf cr + Muruquon6p u4er x rpu anrmificxnvr rypficrau. The policetwtn is walking towards three English touists.
five oldprofessors
twenty cross customers eleven noisy hooligans

trro big dogs

o
A q) Y

Ifnurnbers 5 and above are the subject (again,not compounds of 1,2,3 and 4, which follow their own des) they are followed by the genitive plural of both the noun and the adiective. This applies to all genders:

4n6gqaru narr goporrix 6m6ron 25 expensive tickets I\B As6,qllarb ABa ,qopoli:.x 6wftra 22 expensive tickets. E These rules apply if a numeral is in the position of subject or an inanimate object. If a numeral needs to be in a case (e.g. after a
preposition), the whole numeral and its adjective and noun need to
be in the same case, and the noun follows the numeral 1):

urir 4oporfx 6u.n6ros

5 expensive tickets

I nsrs/crhpufi npo$6ccop 2 Asil4\nrs/cepzinufi r.nr,r6sr 3 ogfmagqaru/rujrvrnufi xyrur6n

will be in the plural (unless it

E took at the following phrases, then look again at section I opposite and explain which endings ane being used and why. 1 On rouoprin c nxrr{r n6nrrvru He spoke witlf'fwe new

A tirxy oArin 6ornIu6ft crol I see one big table and two
Eurdru AJrt rpl{Allarrt ilsr'fi Tickcts for five Russian tourists and one English guifu. pj'ccrm rypricror u
orlHoro anrmtftcroro rriAa.

2 Brr ne srtAellr' rpll,,Auarr 3 4 On ronop{nn 5 Mrr rynrirm

o nsrrh

cTy,4errTaMr{.

stu.dents.

4na

Didyou not
students?

see the 32

,4ne

xaPrriru.

Pictures.

cry46nra? students? Bu ne wil4ierla rpx cry46nron2 Did you not see the three

The animate accusative with numerals is used only fot 1,2,3, 4 on their own (not in compounds!) So, lsee 2 students, 22 professors and 5 guides wrllbe: fl. r;ir>xy .qByx cry.q&rros (both in ttrc animate accusative!), .ryiinqarb .pa nporleccopa (for compounds of 2,3,4, no change for animate accusative!) I{ Ilflrb nigor (for numbers 5 + (apart frbm compounds of 2,3,4) just use the genitive plural)-

cry46nrax

n6nrrx
rnrhn.

He spoke about the 5 new

students.
We

4ne n6rrre

bought two new booles.

t-*l tl

Ordinaf numerals {first, second, third etc) indicate position in an order or series. ln Russian ordinal numerals are adiectives'

F
o
d.
I'

lst n6pnrrft llth oaflrra.qrtarhri l2th aseneAqarhlfi 2nd rrop6fi

lfth aecfrrri

nsru.qeciThrfi 13th rprnrfauarrrfi 3rd rp6rufi qerrirpna4larnfi Iuecruaecfruf l4th uernprui 4th cemuAecfrrri 15th ustuAAIIarbIiI 5th nfrufi rocrlvcrAecfrnfi 6th urecr6fi 16th ruecrn6ruarufi gessn6crhli 7th ceanvr6i 17th ceuuilgqarrrfi 8th rocuvr6fi lSth nocerr'rsiiaqarui 100th c6rui 9th .ueriruft 19th Aesrrue'qqatbrfi 1000th rircrqrrsfi

30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th

rpnalliThrfi coporor6ft

month of the year.

Answer the questions about the months of the year. @, Qenpins - rrop6ft na6crq r6Aa. Fe:bruary is the second

2 Hoft6pr 3 Anrycr 4 Mair 5 I,ftbrn

E Wno has bought which size shoes? Build sentences with the information given. ffi nranZ+6 + VIsiLH ryufn rftbwr c6por ruecr6ro

Anp6rn

20th

aragritnft

1,000,000th rvrrlluu6tn*tft

pa3Mepa.

=) s I =r t

*re ordinal numerals are unstressed or stressed adjectives El (i.e. they behave like u6sHfi and 6onrur6fi) except for rp6rufi (third) whrchis irregular (* = animate accusative)'
Masculine Nom. Acc. Gen.
Dat. lnstr. Prep.

el

3 Asna/ 32 4 Ansp6ir/43
5
E 1

1 Bafinv/38 2 Tarrina/30
En6sa/36 explain which floor each department is on. W Oa6*.qa - sr6x I "+ OA6xAa na n6pnou erax6. Clothes

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

3 o
q)

rpeTvir

meTbr
rperuro

rp6rre
rpeTbe

rp6rru

rp6rrd/rpdrrero*
TpeTbero

rfilsu/rT6rrtrrx
rprrm rprrtnt
rperrmrtl

rperrefi
rp6rrefi rp6rren rp6rrefi

Tdrbero
rperrelvry

are on the frrst

rpeTbeuy

tpemuu rperreu

rperfnt
rprrelvr

rpr6rrn

When making an ordinal adjective from a compound numeral' only the last digit is in the forrn of an ordinal, so, for example:

ilrrrgecrftr BTopilfl neA6rs t64a the 52ndweekoftheyear El ff you need to put a compound numeral in a case other than the

2 3 3 4 K]dJhru - sr6x 5 5 Cyaenfpu -sr6x6 E Explain which photograph

numbers in words).

Ear6x - srbK 2 (Doroannapfru - sr6x Tf$nn - sriLx 4

floor

is on which page (write out the

nominative, only the last digit changes its case endings: Asu nrrr.qebir nrop6ft ueA6rm the days of the 52nd' week

crpanfiqe uerdtpna4qaroil
page 14 (onpage the 14th).

ffiffi @ororp6$ur r6poaa/crp. 14

The

+ (Dororp6$ux r6poga na
c

photograph ofthe townis on

In abbreviations the final letter of the ordinal adjective ending is used, for example:

Note that the last two letters of the ordinal adective must be used the penultimate letier is a consonant: norlinrn cro uecrbAecfT

52-s

rieAlrs

the SZndweek

if

BoclM6ro

KJnl6HTa

1 Oororp6$ns. rurc6tu/crp. 52 2 @ororp6$ut re|rpa/crp.229 3 @ororp6$ut ftwrq.sr/crp. 87 4 @ororp6sut arr9pa/crp. 6l 5 @ororpdrfut arcrpricrl/crp. l0

'

uorjurn 168-ro

KJMenra.

El Russian uses Roman numerals for centuries and monarchs: Ileirp I Petertlu First (the Grcat) )OCsem 2lstcentury

> For use of ordinal

numerals in time phrases, se Unit 45 for dates, see Unit 4'6. and

f*l tl

5 (tl
o 5
I II

Both cardinal and odinal numerals are needed when telling the time.
To answer the question What time is ir? (Kor6prrft sac? ot Cr6rmo rp6r'rerlu?) by stating an hour: grve the cardinal number followed by the word for hour (genitive singular after 2,3,4; genitive plural for 5 and above):

ll

Say what time it is using the twelve-hour clock:

Kor6p:';ifi.\ac?

2.I0.+ Alcsrs vruuj'r rp6rrero

ruecrr

rputach qac6s

3 o'clock 6 o'clock

E To give the time on the 'right-hand side' of the clock (i.e. between the hour and the half-hour), you need to use the ordinal numbers. You also need to think ahead, because the way of saying 4.10, for example, is to say ten minutes of the fifth hour:
A6csrr vrur{r

El Say when the trains leave using the twenty-four hour clock

OOGOO
leaves

GT J
II

ufroro

t+ Ir t+

.@drvtarr rsrb r'flilriT

ninoro

4.10 4.25 4.30 4.30

To express the half hour, use either

nonosfna nfroro uormfroro

noloslfua or its abbreviation uon-:

1 Hosocu6fipcr-07.15 2 T,nepr - 14.55 3 Ama-21.35 4 Bop6nex - 19.30 5 Kfpor - 17.10

roceun64qaru rpri4qarr. The trainfor Perm

ffiffi flepr,ar 18.30 '+ Il6es.q s flepvr orx6gnr n

at

18.30.

3 o

give the time on the left-hand side of the clock (i.e. after the half-hour), the preposition 6ez (without) is needed. This preposition is followed by the genitive case. 5.50 (without ten minutes six; 6es Aec.firli (tuunfr) rrecrb the word rvrmj'r is optional) 5.45 (without quarter six) 6es u6rnepru rrecrb

E to

E fl6raesr means mid-day n6rnosr means at mi.dnight.

and n6rmoqr means midniSht; s

El Gomplete the statements on the left by inserting the appropriate times in words, using the information given on the right. Use the twelve-hour clock. I On scrar n He gets up at 7.00. 2 On sdrrpaKaer B He has brealcfast at 7.15. 3 Er6 pa66vrfi seur His working day begins at 8.45. na'Inn6ercg 4 On o66aaer B _ He has lunch at 1.35. 5 Er6 pa66unir. genr His working day finishes at 5.30. ronqdercx s

Ef To answer the questionAt what timeT (B ror6povr uacf? Bo cr6lrro?), use the preposition s + accusative for the right-hand side of the clock: at 4'10 s A6crrr rvrunfr prepositional: + B hour, use For the half at 4.30 B NOJIOBIIIHE Nf,TOTO For the left-hand side ofthe clock, s is not needed: at 5.45 6es .I6rnepru

nfroro

flrecrb

You can also state the time by just using cardinal nunerals (i.e. by - using the twenty-four hour clock): Cr6-rmo rp6rvrerud O.4foinaaqarr What time is it? 11.30

B xor6por"r vacf? B soceMH6AIIarr Atwhat timc? At nsrHdAuarr

rpfguarr

18.15

>

For genltive slngular, see Unit 10, for 6e3, see Unit 89.

t-"1

F o)
CL

Dates, months, and years: how to use cardinal and otdinal numerafs to answer the questionsWhat is the date today? On what date? In which Yeart The months of the year are written with a small initial lener. They
are all masculine.

Write out the dates in words.

ffi zts Cer6AHs nrop6e rra6r. | 6/11 4 3/10 7 2s/6 2 2s/8 5 29/2 I 1/9 3 7/r 6 t6/4 9 3t/12
E
explaln where you will be on which dates.
O1ZA Ilaprix + fldpnoro funrycra lst of August I will be in Paris.

qt

rna6pr anp,6nr rrbro 6nrYcr r[eapdrn rvrafi cenrf6Pr Mapr Lrrbsr

E

omi6Pr
uof6Pr
,qer66Pr

ffi
the

6S,ay

s flap,ftxe.

On

o o

To answer the question Kar6e cer6Ant quc-n6? (WInt is the date today?), the neuter form of the ordinal numeral is used (to ugr* *itL wtclr6, d.ate) followed by the genitive case of the month: Cer64nx n6pnoe vrhn. Today it is the lst of May. Note that in the case of compound numerals, only the last digit is in the ordinal form:

1 l0/8 Ben6uus 2 16/8 Eepmix 3 20/8 Mocrs6

E

4 25/8 Kfpoe 5 30/8 H6rropo4

Complete the sentences on the left and match them with

Cer6,uFs As6AIIarr ce.qura6e r[eepa#' Todny it is the 27th

Februnry.

of

their meanings on the raght. 1 .fl no6,ay no @pinqzro

2

Her birthday is on 7th

March.

To answer the question Kar6ro \ucrii! (On which date?),the ordinal numeral must be put into the genitive case: ,{enr

Mrr nonyvrinr.r uncru6

I am going to France
on 18th August. c They left Germany on 22nd November d We received the letter
on 3rd April.

poxg6nue uoer6 vri'xa rp6ruero orrr6pf . My husband's

binhday is on the 3rd of October El To answer the question Kar6fi roa? (Whichyear?), Russian uses the following forrrula: !999 = the one thousand nine hun'dred and ninety-ninth year 'rtrcytqa.46nsrrcot Aepss6cro .4esfrrrfi roA = 1999r. i.e. the last digit is an ordinal numeral. 20A0 = thc 2Mth yeay = pyxritcrtqrnIfi roA = 2000r. 2C[! = thc two tlwusand andfi.rst year = lpe rfics'Iu n6pnuft

3 OH noasoHriJr MHe 4 E .Eenr poxg6nu.r Owh y6xam. r,r: fepvr6nuu

He rang me on
30th Januarv.

roa = 2001r. Note that the letter written in figures.

r. (for ro.q) usually follows

the year when it is

E To answer the question B rar6vr to4!? Qn which year?), the ordinal numeral must be put into the prepositional case:
If In 1953. B rdrcsqa 4enxrrc6r nrrrAecir rp6rrelur details of dates and months are given before the year, then the ordinal numeral must be put into the genitive case:
OnL polnnficr rprtgqarr n6proro Ivr6pta rdtcxqa Aesrrrc6r qerdrpuaAllaroro r6Aa' She was bom on 3lst March 1914.

rogf.

2 Jl6pt'tonron po4rincx n 1814r. 3 Elor po4rfuicx s 1880r. 4 Axrrr6rosa pogundcr n 1889r. 5 flacrepn6r po4rincx s 1890r. 6 l{neriena pogran6cr s 1892r.

E Write out in words the years in which these Russian poets were born. I fljrurnn po4fncx s l'799r.
1,

> For the prcpositional

singular of adlectives, see Unit 32, abbrsviation of oldinal numerals, and numerals for ordinal
see Unit 44.

In Russian quantities of currency arc measured in roubles and

l-'l

5 {
C
gl

cI
g = !.
1+ II

kopeks, weights in grams and kilograms and distances in metres and kilometnes. The rules goveming use of cardinal numerals are important when dealing with prices, weights and measurements (adjectival 'aftet 2,3,4 and agreerients *itf, tfre numeral 1; genitive singular quantities more than 5). plural genitive after 2,3,4; of compounds

ll rct the question and give the answer, indicating the price of each item. ffi sf6uax n\ua/llp. + Cr6nrro cr6ur s!6uatnircra? OArinnaArlat py6tr6fr' How much is the toothpaste? Eleven
roubles.

4eperiuxrrfr.

E Russian exchange rates have varied dramatically in recent years; when inflation was at its highest the kopek (ron6ftra) disappeared' but normally the main unit of currency, the rouble (py6ru), consists of 100 kopeks:
o.qfn py6rb
OITIIA KOIIEI{KA

3 rour6pr/3p.20x envelope 4 xpdcnax pfurall5p.50x. redpen 5 6ynft.nra rp6cnoro wn6/40p. bottle of redwine
E
exphin how old each member of the family is.
Grandfather is 88 years old.

cron/1250p. wooden table sn6lrrcruir rcnenircop / 3000p. Japanese television

o o

Note that the abbreviations for py6JE and ron6ftxa are: p. and r.: llp.22x. 11 roubles 22lcopela E llne dative case is used to express age, with the word for year (roA), which has the genitive plural ner: Cr6mro elvlf rer? (literally: how many to him. ofyears?): Eruf 15 rcr (21 to4, 22 r6ta,25 ner), He is 15 (21,22,25). El ttre words litre, gram and kilogram have passed sEaight into Russian as JMTp, rpaMM, runorp6uu (often shortened to run6). The prefix uon- is used to indicate half a litre or half a kilogram. Notsthat the word rpaMM has two acceptable forrns of the genitive plural either rpauu or rp6r'rvroa: his weight is 70 kilos ero Bec -

gta py6rh nrns py6t6fr andAIlam o4Iin py6rn An6Arlarr tsa py6ril As6Auarr n;ns py6:lr6ir

are rou6firu usrs ron6ex .{s6Arlarr o.qn6 rondfira Asillirrars Ane rou6firu an6Aqarr usrr ron6er

ffi

Aeay-*a /88 -r A6ayrure s6cel'rAecrr s6cer'r rer.

grandmother mother

1 B66yura/81 2 Mars/55 3 016\/54 4 Cwu/32 5 ,{ovrl30 6 BYyx/16

E

father
son

daughter grandson

Wtrat quantities have been bought'1|

ffiffi A"u runorpivrua 6a;ahnos

2xr.

c6rrarAecsr

200 grams of cheese a litre of milk Jrrrrp rr. is xulorpiurvr for The abbreviation

runorpil,nvron normun6 anerncrlnos As6cru rp6rrar"r(or) clirpa

half a kilo of oranges

MoJroKA

nistance in Russian is measured in metes and kilome-tres (uerp and

ru.norufrp).

2 u*co/t/z xr. 3 cLxapl5xr. 4 novug6p/3rr. 5 anetscin/6 rc.

xtrc6/4rr.

bread meat suSar tomato

oranSe

't

His height is 2 metes. From the town to the dacha it is AsiiArlamxnlrorvr6rpor. 20kilometres. We live 20 kilometres from the Mu rt<lrsel\d s dacha' rnnou6tpax or The abbreviation for runorvr6rp is ru.

Er6 pocr r 4ra vr6rpa. Or r6po.qa Ao Aitsu -

AraAIIarfi Ail.Iu.

> For use of catdinal

numerals, see Units 41-O' for frre dative case, see Units 13, 14,8,29 and 4O.

5 @ tt o
o o 5 q) -

tt

t.l

Personal pronouns (1, you, he, she, it etc) can stand in place of a noun to indicate who or what is involved in an action' Et fn me following table the personal pronouns are in the nominative case.
Singular

She is in school.

E Replace the people underlined with a perconalpronoun. ffiTartrtsa s ur6re '+ Oni s urc6re. Tatyanais in school+

Grammatical name
fust person singular
second person singular

Plural
MlrI,
We

*,

I
it it

Grammatical name frst person plural

second person Plural

Tbr, Jou

Bbt, you

ott, he,

o'd'a, shc,

ou6, ir

third person singular third person singular third person srngular

onh, they

third person plural

1 Moft 6par r 6Suce. 2 Me.ucecrpf r spaq s 6orbHriqe 3 B66yrura n iu n refrpe 4 Cecrpfa s. n Mocrr6. 5 Bamiru u Anap6ft s Cu6irpu

tn ttre nominative case, the personal pronoun stands in front of the verb in both statement and question: Bu pa66raere s Mocrs6? Do you work in Moscow? [a,-x pa66raro s Mocrsl Yes, I work in Moscow'

T'
-

o = o tr 5 a
,A J v

E! You: The second person singular rrr is used to address people you know very well and for children and pets' Brr is the formal way of addressing one person and it is also the only way of addressing more ittatt ooe person (whether you know them well or not). Bs is usually written with a capital letter if you are writing to
someone.

2 3 4 5
1

4 Itisonthetable. I Hox na cror6

EI Replace the nouns underlined with a personal pronoun. ffi P6auo na cron6 "r On6 ua cron6. The radio is on the table

Merp6 s Mocrs6 Bfisa n cfivrre Benocuu6a u uorourirn na fruue .f6norf s MaragfHe

knife is on the table. metro is in Moscow. visa is in the bag. bicycle and the motorbike are inthe street. The apples are in the shop.
The The The The

E wnicn of the following people would you address as srr and which as rrr?

Ue, she, it, they: Onis used when you are dealing with a masculine singular noun: Tenenf:op ue pa66raer + Os ne pa66raer The television isnT working + It isnl working Ou ne Pa66raer Bpau ne pa66raer He isn't working working isnl The doctor On6 is used in the place of feminine nouns (she, it) and on6 with

2 cstu. 3 co66ra 4 Ha.reJrrHur 5 n6sbrft rrm6nr

uryx

husband
son

dog
boss new custotner

E tvtatcn the sentences on the left with those on the right. 1 .f, ue 3H6rc, rAe onf xunj'r. a You live in town. 2 Mu xlBrvr r gep6ane. b They lcnow where he is.

neuter nouns (i/):

Is Olga-working? a Is she working? Phauo pa66raer? + on6 Pa66raet? Is the radio workingT I Is it working? Ouri is the only word for they, nrespe'ctive of gende-r: 6rnra Ir Bparr pa66taror? -r Onf pa66raror? Are Olga aia tne doctor working? Are they working?

6nrra pa66raer?'+ On6 Pa66raer?

3 Ouf 3n6ror, rAe oE. 4 TH xusur n r6po4e. 5 On6 ue:nier, rAe Bbr.

c She doesnl lqww where vou ane. d We live in avillage.

e I d.onl know where thev live.
{

El ttre personal pronoun is not left out in written Russian, but is sometimes omitted in conversational language:

X6.Ieilrr vaft? ,{a,

xouj'. ,il:#y#s.ome

tea? Yes' I do

> For declension

of subiect pronouns' see Unit 49'

t*-t

tl 5 (0

There is no special word order for pronouns within a sentence, but they do have different forms for the accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases.

tr

Nom.

tl

Tbl

onlou6
er6 er6
eMy

oHa
ee ee

MbI Hac Hac

HAM AAMI,I

BhI
Ba'C

orf
IIx

Acc.
Gen.
Dat.

MCII'
naen.f
MHE

re6A

re6h
re66

Bac
BAM

llx
IIM ftlz.n
HID(

T'

eu
etr

2 OY pa66raer 3 Tu pa66raeur 4 Olc;fi pa66raror 5 Bu pa66raere

E Uatch the phrases on the left and the right, using the English translations as a guide. a C HCI{ -f,

pa66raro

b
c

C HIIM C BaMIlt d C IIAMI{ e CO MIIOI

o o o
=L g

lnstr.
Prep.

usoi
MHE

ro66fi
reoe

IIM
IICM

B:IM!I Bac

ueI

aac

tt -

o f o c 5 o A N Y'

yevo (i.e. the letter r is pronounced as a v). E If you are using the nominative, genitive, dative, instrumental or prepositional case of on/on6/osil/on'h after a preposition, add an n to the front of the pronoun: fl. nrpfuo B r6HHuc c HIIM. I play tennis with him. (The prepositional case always involves the use of a preposition and this is why the prepositional case of on/on6/onL/olafi inthe table above starts with the letter n).

E Note that the cases of oH are identical to those of on6. E fne accusative/genitive form of onlon6 (er6) is pronounced

3 4 5

Iworkwithhim. He worla withyoa (polite). You (faniliar) work with me. They workwith her.
You (formal) work with us.

E ttre verb ssodr; (to rtng, telephonel takes the dative case. Explain who is ringing whom today.

2 6mra/ust 3 Oulnrr 4 Cfuta/onit 5 Tulon

E Wno has a headache? Gomplete the following sentences by giving the genitive of the perconal pronouns in brackets.

WI"4r6n/s
sJrst

CerdAnr trIsdH gsoHrir

Mrre

El

Phrases which include ... and

(e,g. you and

I)

starrt

with Iurr in

Russian:

you and I (kt; we with you) MbI C BAMil MbI C HCN she and I (lit.: we with her) If you want to say about me note that the preposition o becomes o6o: about mc o6o une If you want to say with me note that the preposition c becomes co: with me CO MIIOU

Y ner6 6onrtr rorosd

E Russian prefers to use the personal pronoun (rather than the possessive adjective) when talking about parts of the body: My head aches. V vren-f 6orin

ronosS.

Russian can use the personal pronoun instead of the possessive adjegtive when talking about place:

1y 2y 3y

(ru) 6omir ronos6

(on6) 6omir ronosd
g

'I

Y uesf s r6MHare

In my room

(sbr) 6omtr ronos6 E exphin who is invited to your party by putting the personal pnonouns in brackets into the accusative case.

2 fl npwnautiro _ 3 .f npuuau6ro _

npm'naur6ro re6h na oeveprinxy. I invite you to a party. (ou) na ne.repfnry. 1 -f npmnaurfito _

ffi g npurnauriro

(ru) ua reuepfimy -r
(onri) ua rerepfimy. (arr) na ne.reprfury.

>

For use of prepositions, see Units 8340.

m tl

o t' o
o o o o a o
II

(rl

The possessive pronoun lmine, yours, fiis etc.) is formed in exactly the same way as the possessive adjective' but remember that it replaces the adiective and the noun: ls tltis your bak? Yes, it's mine' E tf you are indicating possession by me, you, us then the posseisive pronoun must agree in number, gender and case with what is possessed (not with the possessor). Here are the forms of the possissive pronouns mine, yours, ours in the nominative case:
Masculine mlne yours
MOIT

II Uafe questions from the following items and give the answer using possessive pronouns. ffi on6lrurarurtna + 5ro e vra:rnim{| Aa, eE. Is it her car?
Yes, it's hers.

2 ottth/ co6ixa 3 stt/ nicuopr

on./aovt

house

Feminine

Neuter
MOe

Plural
MOU

4 s,/nnctu6 5 r,n/ $ororpiQux

dog passport

letter
photograph

vrof
TBOS

bebnging to
ours

ru

TBOI,I

TBOE HAIUE

TBOII

uarll
Baru

u6ura

s6ruu
BAIUIl

E I mix-upl Explain to Vadim that he's giving lost property out to the wrong people. Use the English translations as a guideline. ffi l6ser,/pfura/mine fl6ee.n, sor rsof pyqra. Her, 5ro ne

yours belonging to Bbr

I
s6ma
BAIUE

:or.ort.

lKfrs./nvrcsln6/ mine

BaArivr? ,{a, vroi. Is this your book, Vadim? Yes, it's mine.

5ro rsori rnfra

tt -

vroft. Is this your m.agazine, Katya? Yes it's mine-

3ro rnofi xypnil, Ktrf? ,{a,

3 4
5
to

Pavel, here's your pen. No, it's not rnine. Katya, hereb your letten No, it's not mine Btitxrop / cwhrep / mine Vktoti here's your sweater No, it's not mine. Cfina u Ans./xa,fuu/ours Sasha and Anya, here are your boolcs. No, they're not ours.
CserrhleLa nThs.sJ

o 5 o c 5 a

E ttre possessive pronouns for his, hers, its, theirs are invariable (i.e. they never change):
belonging to ort:. belonging to on6:, belonging to ou6:
bel.onging
ID( olgirt;

An.apdft

$ororp6$un/ours /py6hnxa / mine

Svetlana and Tanya, lrcre are your plwngraplr. No, tlwy're rnt ours.

Andrei, here's your shirt. No, it's

not mine.

er6

er6

El tlatclr the phrases on the right and left, using the English translation as a guide.

?
O
eE.

1 flacuopr6 r rs6efi cjur6? a .{a, rnoe 2 Ksnoq,h s ed rvramiHe? b ,{a, ux 3 flucru6 o n6urrx 6un6rat'l c ,{a, e 4 5ro rvro snn6? d Aa, s rvro6ft 5 5ro ux 6gpec? e Aa, o n6runx

3ro rnrira Baxhua?,{a, er6. Is this Vadim's book? Yes, it's his.
Is this Katya's magazine? Yes, it's hers.

1 Are the passports in your bag? Yes, they're in mtne_. n 2 Are the keys in hcr car? Yes, they're in hers. 3 Is the letter about our tickets? Yes, ours. 4 Is this my wine? Yes, it's yours. t Is this thcir a.ddress? Yes, it's theirs.

5ro xypn6n Kdru? [a,

> For possessive adiectives,

see Unit 22.

m tl
-l

(rl

lf you want to ask the questions What? Who? Whichlwhat sort of? Whose? then you need to use interrogative pronouns. El tlro (what) is needed when you are asking about the identity of
something:

ll

tlatctr the phrases on the left with the transtations on the

right:

1 O qv ouh gfv'aer?

a b c d e

rlro

5ro? Pucj'nor firur

What is it? A drawing or a

rlororprirfux?
The phrase

photograh?

GT

+ =' o a d
q)

qro 5ro rar6e? meanswhat is that?

2 Vevr on saHuvr6ercs? 3 C renr on uAer n re6rp? 4 Kernr rrr x6qeurs 6rrrr? 5 Kor6 nrr gH6ere?
rax6fi.
ofnauspaper are you buying?

Who is he going to the theatre with? Who do you lcnow? What is she thinking about? What do youwant to be? What is he busv with'!

r{ro

can also be used in its different case forms to make questions:

Acc, Gen.

Nom.

qro
rrro qer6

Dat.
lnstr.
Prep.

qeu'i'
qeM
urr,r

E finO out about someone's purchases by making questions from the information below and using the interrogative pronoun

Wrazlra

-+ Karjro rae6ry

ru

uoryn6ere? WhicVwhat sort

e.g. O vvr nrr

roroprire? What are you talking about?

E Kro is used when you want to find out the identity of a person: Who is thnt? Is it the new Kro 5ro? 3ro n6snfi
gup6rrop?
director?

Kro

can also be used in its different case forms to make questions:

=!:

I'

Acc. Gen.

Nom. Kro
Kro ro16

Dat. rou'f
lnstr.
Hrep.
KeM

car 2 asro\ao6lirb window 3 orn6 bicycle 4 serocrn6A books 5 rnrirn E rcf what belongs to whom, using the interrogative

ruaprrfua

flat

KoM

d 5 o c 5 o

e.g. O rou nrr roroprire? Who are you talking about? Note that Russian always uses Kro when referring to people, unlike English which sometimes uses what, for example: What do youwant to be? (ht.: As KeM srr xorrire 6rrrr?

whom do youwant to be?\

rfsrll + rrbr 5ro rfr!ruil r6rcryx 2 \euotiln 3 rb6xa 4 nstfrse 5 nocrf

1
ffiffi

pronoun uei.

Whose are these shoes?

tie
suitcase

skirt
dress socks

means whicUwhat/what sort o/when you are requesting specific detail about something. It is a stressed adjective (and so works in the same way, e.9., as vrono.q6ft - young): Wlwt sort of house lave they got? Kar6fi y nrax

E Kar6fi

rarfx

gou?

ropo46x srl 6iutrr? Whichcities didyouvisit? Ut.:

were you in?)

2 3 4 5

Translate these sentences into Russian.

Which newspaper are you reading? What are you thinking about? Who are you going to the shop with? Whnt is this? A book or a Whose are these

mngazine? children?

E qef meanswhose, used when you are trying to find out what belongs to whom. It must agree with the noun it precedes: Masculine singular I{efi 5ro uicnopr? Whose passport is this?
Feminine Neuter

singular Plural

singular I{rr 5ro afisa?

9r 5ro u6cro?

f,Iru 5ro 6u.n6rrr?

Whose visa is this? Whose place is this? Whose tickets zre these?

>

For strcssed adjectives, see Unit 21.

f'*l tl
]\)

(rl
CL

To indicate this, that, such you need to use the demonstrative pronouns 5Tor, ror, rax6f, E Sror means this (something close by) and ror means thnt (something not so close):

fror L

ffi gor + Brr npe4rovzr6ere

na.nrr6

nsf about preference and rm.

by using the demonstrative pronouns

Sror gov.tt,rtr ror

coal hat

AoM, BoIr

Brr npe4no.rnr6ere Sror Doyourpreferthistieortlwtone? riLncryr frm ror? Sror and ror have case endings which are very similar to those of

rarvr? Do you prefer this house or that house over there?

o 3 o = o t
g,

adjectives:
Masculine and Neuter Feminine Plural

2 ud.hnxa 3 urap$ 4 py66trlxa 5 rj'$nu

scarf
shirt
shoes

Nom.

Acc.
Gen.

|ra/ra 5ror,/ror Sror (5roro*)/ror (tor6*) 5ry/ry

5roro,/ro16 Srovry/tovtj'

1ru/re

uat.
lnstr. Prep.

5ru (5rnx*)/re (rex*) 1rofr/'roit Srun/rex 5lofr/rofrr Srnrr/rervr

El Complete the sentences by giving the Russian for the word in brackets. (is it)? Harr Bpatr. 1 Kro

2
3

Otrfir

xunyr

Sruulreu
9TOM/TOM

5'roft/roit |TfiNfrr/reutr
iTon/Ton Srnx/rex

*-

animate accusative

Buep6 vrrr 6drrur o re6rpe c Fopfcorvr u Cepr6evr. (the latter) pa66raer npa.r6rvr. (thrs) npo6n6vre? 4 Bu yx6 :n6ere o6

(this) t6ue.

Bor
6 On nony.rfn 7 Mu qur6eu 8 Onf pa66raror ua 9 n4f n re6rp c

d.

El Note that 5ro also has the meanings this is, that is, these are, thase are.In this meaning, its ending never changes: 3ro vrori EEru These are 5ro uofi l,lyx This is my
husband. my chiWren.

(the same) xnftra! (the very same) rilncryx. (the same) ras6ry.

fl

(these) sas6Aax. (such) unrep6cnrrvru

Ha

tt

E Tor

also has the meanings of the Latter and the same (when

used with xe):

10 Jlj'vruue vrarasfiHrr

Apysb.f,Mlr.

(this)

fmue.

On6 uony.rfna uogfpxu

or Fopfca

r,r

Cepr6r. Tor uo4apfi

Choose the appropriate word from the box to complete the

d = o tr 5 o

efi. xyxfir. She received presents from Boris and. Sergei. The latter gave her

following sentences.

peftanc. Oni uony.rrira

The phrase very samz:

3TO KaKyrO TAKAfl

KaKOM

ror xe nogipor or uenf.

1

She received the same presmt from me.

ror xe can also be used with c6rraufi to mean the

) Kro
3 4

B-

r6po4e

rrr xnsurr?
$ororp6Szr.
s

On6 nonyrfJla re xe cdurre AyxIi or rvrenf. She received the very same perfume from rne.

5ro

rcpac,hsat

ur6nry rbr [pe.qloqur6emr?

lltre demonstrative pronoun rar6ft means such mdis used in combination with long adjectives. It declines like stressed

adjectives such as vronoA6ft, yoang:

Tarhx xpacfiyan raprina n tar6u unrep6cnorvr

ruys6e.

Such a beautifuI picture in such an interesting rnuseum.

>

For strcssed adjectives, see Unft 21.

t'*l ll

(tl q)
CL

Determinative pronouns make it clear who or what is involved; in Russian they are: eecu (al[, rixf,ui (everyl, no66h (anyl, aecu (...selff and cau (the veryl.

l|tre pronoun secr indicates all, the whole: He worked all day. Ou pa66ral Becb Mu npnr.naurierur scrc rpiruy. We invite the whole group.

AeHb.

| fl nnru! eft x6xAufi Aesr. a The teacher himself said this. 2 llpnxoxh s Jtro66fi AeHr. b I write to her every day. 3 Mu 6lilrnr s 6Snce necr n6uep. c Come on any day.
4
5
Call yurire.nr crasiin

ll Uatclr the phrases on the left with their translations on the right: 5ro. d I will wait for you right by
We

Becr declines as follows:

Masculine Feminine
BCU BCIO

o a.+ o 3 5 q)
II

-fl noAoxa! re6h y c6tuoro e

Neuter
Becb

Plural
BCe

sx6Aa.

the entrance. were in the evening.

ffice all

Nom.

Becb

Acc.
Gen. Dat. lnstr. Prep.

secrl scer6*
scer6
BCEMY BCEM BCEM

secr/scer6*
BCero

scelncex*
B@X
BCEM

BCEII
BCEI{

E Choose the appropriate word from the box below to complete each sentence. Use the English translations which follow as a guide.
scefi rdxAoro mo66vr caM caluouli
rounosrirop uger na ronq6pr. Anuuu. Ecrr rarfie ropo46 uo _ V vresf no46prrn Nu _pe6ma. 5 On lu6r K_.qup6rropy. 1 It is possibk to buy stamps in any shop.
2 3 4 2 The composer himself is going to the concert. 3 There are such towns throughout England. 4 I have presents for every child. 5 He is going to see the director himself.

ncertri
DCEM

BCEII BCEII

BCM!I
BCeX

nceu

* = animate accusative

t M6xno rynfirr uSpxu B _

urarasrine.

s.

E Kdxaufi means every anddeclines like an unstressed adjective (i.e. it declines like H6sbrft): On pa66raer rixgoe j'rpo. He worlcs every moming. E ltroOOf means any and declines like a sffessed adjective (i.e. declines like uonoA6fr' young): flossoHrire Mrre B rno66e Ring rne at any time. np6vrx
it

tt
d = o g
= 0

'

E Carur (himselfl declines like Sror (so, for example cauf means herselfl and it must agree with the noun it defines: Mu nprrnacrirur caluror6 We invited thc president himself. npesug6nra.
El C6uufi declines like an unsfiessed adjective (i.e. it declines like u6sHfi). It makes the location of something very specific: B c6uorrr q6nrpe r6po4a. Right in the cente (in the very
centre) of town.

2 T}le actress herself is going to the theatre. 3 I will wait right by the library. 4 All our friends are going to the concert. 5 Which tickets do you want? Any.
E
Answer the questions according to the instructlon in
English. 1 f.qe rra6xno xynrtrs

El Translate into Russian

We work every day.

2 fo" u6xno xynrirr r6$e? 3 f.qe vr6xso rymtrr rvronord? 4 fae u6xno xynrirr nmt6?

uaft?

in any shop in every shop

in all shops in the centre itself (right in the centre)

>

For unstre$sed adjectlves, see Unit

N,lor

stressed

adjectlves, see Unit 21.

tr*l

ll Ol

The rcflexfue pronoun ce6i means self and it must refer back to the subiect of the verb; it is used when self would be either stated or implied. He is bringing the camerawith htun (n other words, we don't actually say with himself, but this is what is implied). In Russian this would require the use of the reflexive pronoun ce6f: On 6epr c co66fi QoroamIap6r.

E put an asterisk by the words which would have to be followed by a reflexive pronoun in Russian (hint there are five).
The tourist came into his room and shut the door behind. him. He saw infront of him a Large room with a bed, a chair and a washbasin,,but no towels. He was gl.ad he had brought some with him. As he was feeling rather tired, he decided to have a wash and a sleep, although he imagined that the bed would not be very cornfortable.

5
I

El tn English we might

say

d {r o

x.
El fne pronoun ce6f declines
as

El Matctr the phrases on the left with their translations on the right. a How is he behaving? 1 Kar sH ce6rt.rj'ncrnyere? b Are you bringing the 2 Kar-on sea6r ce6ri?

3 Bu 6epre
follows:

c co66fi .q6nrru?

money with you? c You only think about

tt

o d = o c 5 o

Accusative
Genitive Dative

ce6h ce6fr
oo66

4 Vro nrr nr.r4rire n6pea co66fi? 5 BH .qi'Nraere r6.nrro o ce66!

yourself! d How are youfeeling?

e What can you see in

front

ofyou?

lnstrumental Prepositional

co66fi
ce66

El Choose the appropriate word from the box in order to complete the following sentences, using the English translation as a guide.

Note that is used for all persons (nryself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) and that it does not exist in the nominative.

ce6h ce66

co66fi

Et CeO:t is often required after prepositions in contexts where we would not state the word self rn English, for example: He sees a big dog infront of On sriAr,rr n6pe.q

6oruujro co66ry. Mrr rarpdrmr ga co66fi

Ou rymi.rr ruorondr

co66fi
ws

him(seffi
We closed the

ABepb.

door behind. us (ourselves) ce6fl. He bought the chocolate for

hirnself.

1 On xopour6 eeAr_ 2 fl npeacrasnfuro o 5ro rpj'Ano. 3 3arp6fi 3a _ 4aepr! 4 fl, ntftxo ryncrnyro_. 5 Mu rynrirnr uraNan6ncroe Ans t He is behaving well. 2 I imagine that it is dfficult. 3 Close the door behind you! 4 I feel ill. 5 We bought the champagne for ourselves. 2 He thinlcs only about himself. 3 I am bringing the wine with me.
We are

E Note the useful phrase carvr6 co66fi paryu6ercx (it stands to reason). The reflexive pronoun is also used to make certain common verbs, e.g.: to behave secrh ce6ir to imagine upe4crar.nfrr ce66
uyrcruoairr ce6f
to

Translate Into Russian.

What did you buy

for yourselfl

feel

bringing the dog with

us.

m
tl

Kor6purf, is a relative pronoun which is used after nouns to mean who, whichrthat.

(,tl (Jt

E Russian uses the adjective ror6prrfi as a linking word between parts of the sentence to indicate who, which, tlmt.For example: The young mon is skiing. The young man is thc former world champion. + The young manwho is skiing is the woorld champion.
Monog6fi seroB6xl ror6pr,fr rar6rr.cn
aa JdDKax, erc-seMm6u

E mafe sentences about the following people's iobs, with nor6prrfi referring to the subiect in the nominative case. ffi Bm.rgirurup/Kircr/spas a BraAlturap, ror6prrfi xrasr s Kriene, rpav.

1 Ornra/Kfpor/rryommfina 4hmfBofruex/roprtcr 2 lJfurflr.gppl';it/McrlrcilftxJywrenh 5 Aufl/nma/MeAcecrpl 3 BfKrop/Mocnnri"/nepen6awuc 6hfim/O6wx/rna

a
qt -

sli

Ldpe.

E Describe what Olga has iust bought, with rm6pr'fr referring to the obiect in the accusative case: ffiffi anenrcfirrr,/arj'cnrre + Ane.mcrinrr, ror6prre 6lrra xynfr.na, arj'cnrre. -

tt
= A -I Y

o
d = o

Kor6pufi refers to both people -aAff Maurfra, ror6pyrc on rynrin, 6'IeHr l'I6reHbrat.
The car which he has bought is very small. Note that the phrase including ror6pufi is enclosed by commas.
so it has masculine, feminine, neuter and plural endings for all six cases. In order to work out the ge4der and the number, first look at the noun which it follows; in order to work out the case, work out what Job'ror6pufi is doing in the second part ofthe sentence. For example, is it a subject or an

1 renocm6a/6otslt6ft
txrhscut/ru6Anrre

bicycle/big jeans/fashionable

3 qaelril/rpaohsue 4 todxa/xop6rraa

flowers/beautiful skirt/short

El Kor6pufi is an adjective,

object?:

E Gomplete the sentences using the preposition and the relative pronoun ror6prd. The case is given in brackets at the end of the sentence. cuxin r6ulra, B yrJry. (no4 + instr) Cron, no4 ffi -+ Cro& nog xor6prrv' cnryhr r6utra, B yrJry. The chair; under which the cat is sitting, is in the cornen 1 Apyr,

Axrpfca, xor6paa Gubject) wpder pom Ornrn, 6veur ratflnrtmnas'

The actress who is playing the role of Olga is very talented.

urr ugu, uysrrrinr.

(x + dat)

2 3 4

3lla'r;nx, Bpa.r, c

oxu pa66ralor, 6veur 6onrufe.

ona ronopfna, 6ueur a66pufi.
Bhr foBoplrTe, He oqelrb

Axrprica, ror6pyro (object, therefore accusative) nrr mb6ure,

6.reHr rar6uTlllo;Bafl. The actress whom you like is very talented.

(t

+ prep.)

Et tfr" ror6pnft part of the sentence involves a preposition, that pregosition must always come in front of ror6pnfi. OSuc, n xor6pou vru pa66raeu, xe 6.renr 6ornur6fi. The ffice in which (prepositional case after n) we work is not
very big.

Orurr"r, o
n Arfpme.

xopolxuu.
(o + prep.)

(c + instr)

5 Cryg6nru, or _

vmr nonyrrirm

nucru6, pa66raror (o'r + gen.)

fipyzti, c ror6pulau
The

rvru

orArrx6ru, xnnlir s JI6HAoue.

friends with whom (instrumental case after c) we were on

,

holiday live in London.

NB Kor6pufi is only for use after nouns; to say 'that'after verbs don't use ror6prrfi, use rITo: fl. ffiato, qro onf npu6gyr. I thir* thot thev will come.

E Use ror6prfr to make one sentence in Russiintout of two using the English sentence as a guide: ffi Vfot Airs mxex6p. Tu ronoprin c IrtrM nrep6. My wrcle, withwhomyou spoke yesterdny, is an engineer a Mofi Art.Ax, c ror6prru nrr ronoprirm arep6, uuxen6p.
u[ororpa$fposar ed. 2 Itrx6na 6renr xop6uax. Tu ronopfimr- o sefi.

Co66ra 6uenr cr6pax.

Tu

The dogwhichyou photographed is very old. The schoolaboutwhichyouare speaking is very good.

>

For use of

rro,

KTo as relatfue pronouns, see Unit 56.

Frl tl

As well as being interrogative prionouns, ,{ro (what) and xro

(whol are also used as relative pronouns.

(rl o)

. .

E rlro

is used as: a relative pronoun to scE (all, everything):

V uesi rcd, uto

x64o, I have everything (that) I need It is also used with ro (that) to link two parts of a sentence.
Notice that both
context:

ro

and rrro must decline according to the

d. qt
J+
-l

I'll tellyou about (thatwhich)

Mrr na.rnM c ro16,

.fl paccraxj'BaM o roM, qro s sn6rc.

what I know. rIeM Mhr zartuvthlmcs nuep6. We'll start withwhat (literally 'from that which') we were busy with yesterday.

lI trlatctr each Russian phrase with its translation. | fl. pLall nau nc, qro uilAo. 2 Ms unrepecj'erracfl TeM, rITo BbI ronoprire. 3 Tor, KTo He x6.rer raHrlenirr, vr6xer orArrx6t. 4 ?ru uecr6 AJrr rex, rro yx6 KyTIIiJI 6nn6ru. 5 .8 paccraxj'rarvr o6o ncr"r, .rro crryurilocr. a These places arefor those who have already bought their tickets. b Whoever (the one who) does not want to dance can rest. c I will tell you about everything that (all that which) happened.
d I will give you everything @ll that) you need.

We

are interested inwhat (that which) yoa say.

t'

a previous part of the sentence (i.e. it links up to the whole of the preceding clause): On paccr6:uB:ur rraM o cno6fi uo6gAre n A$pury, vro 6dr.no 6.reHr ranrep6cno. He told us about his trip to Africa, whichwas very interesting.

It is used to 'sum up'

E Choose the appropriate wold frcm the box below to complete each sentence. English translations are given as a guide:
KTO
IITO

o = o

. .

E Kro is used as a relative pronoun after ror (the one...): Tor, rro x6uer npuftrri na nevepfinxy.
Whoever

(literally 'the one who') wants to come to the party.

tr

after r,ce (everyone)

npngr ua nevepfury. 2 Os zs6er Bcex, _ 6drno 6qenb nn6xo. 3 Onf sa6{tm 6lr.n6rrr, on crasdr IuHe, 4 fl, nat:n! c 1016, oH 3Htur. 5 On crasiJr Mrre BC6, _ OqEID IUIOXO. 6 Orfri o"r6rpar renenrieop rrix.6nl n6.rep,

Bce,

cMorp6n $urnvr, ronopfr, uro xop6mufi.

Anpwrrratnhro Bcex,

rro x6qer

npufirrrt ua nevepfnxy.

= o

I invite all who want to come to the party. Notice that xro is always followed by a singular verb (as it is in
English).

2 5

3 4 6

Everyone (all) who watched the film says that it is good.. He lowws everyone (all) who is (are) coming to the party. They hnve forgotten the tickets, which is very bad ; I will startwithwhat (thatwhich) he toldma He toldme everything (that) he Imows. They watch television every evening, which is bad.

>

For use of ,rro and xro as intenogative prlonouns, see Unit 51,

FA
{
II

tl (tr

The particles -ro and -nr6ygr can be added to the pronouns Kro, qro, raxoi to give the Russian tot someone, something, some,., or other. E ff we add the particle -ro to the Russian word for who we get the Russian for som.eone:

II Undedine the words in the following passage where you would choose to use the particle -ro and put a circle round the wolds where you would choose to use the particle -m6yp in
Russian.
Someone called you this morning. He said something about a meeting tomorrow. For some reason he didnl want to talk to me. He just said that if you canl be on time you shoul.d ring

Kro-ro uosnonfr, rorA6 srr 6{tmrna pa66re.

Someone rang while you were at work.

Eopfc roropri.n rouj'-ro, ro146 :asroufn rene$6n.

Boris was talking to someone when the telephone rang. Kro-ro indicates a particular person, who definitely was involved or is involved in an action, but the identity of that one particular person is not known. The particle -ro has the same specific force if it is added to sro or

anyone in the

ffica

= CL

o {r
=' -

xar6ft:

Bpau 4an efi qro-ro

or r6urns.

E lr|ow complete the Russian version of this passage with the appropriate phrases: no3sourir re66 cer6Asr jrporvr. OH cxasd:r ne xor6.n o coseq6Hlrn zilyrpa. Ou ronoprirr co prnoft. On crasdJ r6mro, qro 6cru BbI He cu6xere npndxarr n6-rpevrx, H6Ao nossoulirr
n 6Quce. El Gomplete each sentence by choosing the appropriate phrase from the box, using the English translations as a guide.

I'

= o o 5 o c 5 o

The doctor gave her something for her cough. Bpau ga-n eft rar6e-ro rex6pcrro. The doctor gave her some medicine or other

E If we add the particle -nu6yAr to the Russian word for who we get another way of saying someone, but this time in a vague sense, not_implying one specific person:
Ecrm rr6-nu6y4r nosronrhr, sanmtlllhre r.rx n6naep rene$6na. If somcone (anyone) ings, write down their telephone number
Give the tickets to someone (anyone) in the ffice. The particle -wr6ygr has the same vague force if it is added to rlro
1

KaKoM-TO KOr

.rr6-H[6yp

TO

.116-ro

[6ftre 6un6ru rouf-nr.r6y4r u 6Qnce.

2 Bsr 6riuru 3 4 Onfi xorfr

5

or xar6fi:

Paccraxf HaM rrr6-Hr'r6y4r o Poccrill. Tell us something (anything at all) about Russia. Kynf re xarrie-nn6yAr ra6.n6rrn.

Buy some tablets or other (any tablets).

E Note that these particles can also be used with adverbs of time and place.
to
tn6-ro
(specific)

I The gui.de sai.d. something about an excursion to a museurn. 2 Have you ever been to Moscow? 3 Write something (anything at all) about yourfamily! 4 They want to go on holiday somewhcre or other in the south. 5 She already lstaws someone in the orchestra. { 6 Previously I workcd in some ffice or other in Kirdv.

crasiir o6 ercxjpclur n vryr6fi. fnr s Mocrs6? Hannurire o simeft ceur6! Ha IOre. or.rrrx6rr s opKecrpe. On6 yx6 sn6er 6$uce r Kfpoue. .fl pinrure pa6oral B _

-u6y4u (vague)
h e rAanw he re rya6-nu6yar somewhere/anwhere (direction) rora6-sr6v.rr at ant timz, ever r6r-nn6vAs somehow anyhow

somewhcre

r,qe-HlroyAb s omc$r

xv.uii-ro somewhere ( direction)

xorA6-ro once, at one time

xix-ro

somehow

noqeMy-To

lol

some reason

nouenrj'-r*r6yAr for some/any reason

> For declensions

of xro and qro, see Unit 51.

F.l LJ (Jl @
GT
I

A present tense verb describes an action or a state that is taking place noq or that is ongoing. A large group of verbs follow a regular pattern of present tense endings: -ro, -euJb, -er, -ere, -lor. E to make the present tense, we must frst of all look at the infinitive (the to do part of the verb). Verbs whose infinitive ends in the letters -arr usually belong to the'first conjugation'- i.e. a group of verbs that form their present tense according to the same pattern. In Russian there is only one form of the present tense, so r. pa66rarc is the only way of saying I worh I do work, I am working.

E put the infinitives of these first conjugation verbs into the present tense to agree with their subject. W wp|rs/oH -f orl wrpircr, he is playing

g)

c
-

E In order to make the present tense of a verb ending in -aru the first thing to do is to remove the last two letters (rr), and then add the endings, which are different for each person of the verb. Here is the verb for to work (pa66rarr); the endings added to make the
present tense are underlined:

L0 yvr6ru/ru

I gnarrlsbr 2 nosnl,'r'hrs/rut 3 xilrutsls/s. 4 pa66rarr/oui 5 orse\6rt/onlh 6 cupdurnnars/ust 7 toxynfrc/ou 8 ryruirrluu 9 cttYrrarn/sr;t

to krtow

to to to to

understand cough

work
qnswer

to ask

to buy
to stroll

to listen to know how to

tt
o 5 o o
Al

DaooTaro

I work
you work
he, she, it worlcs we worK

E Complete the sentences by filling in the corect verb endings.

d o o 5 t+
r+

TbI PAOOTAEIID oH, oHa, oHO paooTaer Mbr paooTaeM Bbr paboTaere oHu paooTalo:l

you worK they worK

E Occasionally, first conjugation infinitives end in -rru, as in the case of the verbs to cough (r6urffrr) andto stroll (ryrrfrr). Their present tense is made in just the same way as for verbs ending in -arr:

rynflre rrr ryrr{eun

s,

I stroll
you stroll he, sne, tt stolls
we

ffi O" 1 Bu _ 2 Mrr _ 3 Tu _ 4 Ond _ 5 fl

the box.

(qr,Ir6rr) ras6ry

-r

OH 'rr'rr6er ra:6ry.
You are listening to

He is reading a newspaper.

(c{urarr)

pdpiuo.

(rrp6rr) r r6unr,rc. (norynilrr) uafi.

(nonuvr6rr) nonp6c?

the radio.
We are playing tennis. You are buying tea.

(snarr) 4up6rropa. E Complete each sentence with an appropriate verb from

Does she understand the question? I lcttow the director

rvniev ru rynfgtg ouf ry.nfior

rvrrr

oH, oHa, oHo

fvn_flcr

stroll

you stroll
they stroll

ry.ruiror urpderur orBe.rier noryndro

nonuvr6eu

Occasionally first conjugation infinitives end in -err, as in the case of the verbs to l<now how to (yu6rr). Their present tense is made in just the same way as for verbs ending in -aru:
vMelo TbI YMCEIID oH, oHa, oHo yMeer MbI VMECM
Bbr yMeeTe

ll

I fl_
2 On 3 Mu 4 Trr
5

n6sHft rounrri:rep.
Ha BOtrpOC.

I know how to
you know how to he, she, it knows how to
v)e know how to you know how to they Know how to

Onri.ricro

niury npo6r6t'ty. a 1!yr66d r uipre.

onrl vu6ror

>

For personal pronouns and persons of the veb, see Unit 48.

F'1 L-J

(Jt

A present tense verb describes an action or a state that is taking place now, or that is ongoing. A large group of verbs follow a regular pattern of present tense endings: -ro (-y), -nur,

E put the infinitives of these second coniugation verbs into the present tense to agree with their subject.

(o
GT F L

-ltr, -ltm, -tre, -nr -(ar). El To make the present tense, we must frst of all look at the infinitive (the to do part of the verb). Verbs whose infinitive ends in the letters -nru belong to the'second conjugation'- i.e. a group of
verbs which all form their present tense according to the same pattern. In Russian there is only one forrn of the present tense, so t ronoprb is the only way of saying I speak, I do speak, I am speaking. (Notice that the ending for 1is -ro and the ending for they is -r; because of the first spelling rule sometimes we need to change these endings to -y and -a).

6
n

q)

d o o 5 + -+ o = o o At N Y

I'

El In order to make the present tense of a verb ending in -rars the fint thing to do is to remove the last three letters (urr) to give the stem, and then add the endings, which are different for each person of the verb. Here is the verb to speak (ronopfru) with the endings added to make
the present tense underlined:

I cvorpfrY/n 2 crp6urr/rv 3 cr6urr/on6 4 xypfnu/nw 5 vilpurr/oafi 6 ror6sllrrlr\aH 7 nex6rv/s. 8 crohrs/olelh 9 cnirutarr/sst 10 ronoprirr,/ru
endings.
He is preparing lunch.

iW ronopfrv/urt +

Mbr

roropriu, we are speaking

to Look, watch to build to cost to smoke to cook to prepere to lie (be lying down)
to

stanl

to hear to speak

El Gomplete the sentences by filling in the correct verb

ffiot

(rot6nnrr) o6e4 "+ On ror6snr

(oniuuam) piWro.

o66A.

r rosoo6
T6I TOBODI'IIIb

soeak

Mrr

rosopliN,r

we speak IOU SDCAK

you speak

BhI TOBODI{TE
spealcs

ronopdr they speak E Sometimes second conjugation infinitives end in -rrr or -erb as in the case of the verbs to stand (crofrr) and to looHfuatch
oH, oHd., on6

ronop{r

he, she,

it

omi

2 Mu 3 Orli 4 Olli6 5Tu

L Bu _

You (can) hear the radio.

We standby the window. Tlwy arc building a house. Is she watching the film? You are ringing the

(croiirb) y orn6.
(crp6r'rrr) goM. (cruorperr) r[runvr?

(oaonfrr) .uryExropy.

dircctor

(cuorpdrr). Their present for verbs ending in -rru: r

crolO

tense is made in just the same way as

El Gomplete each sentence with an appropriate verb from the box.

I stand
lou stand

r
it swrds

cnaomrb

I look
vou look hz, she

ThI CTOISUE oH, oHa, oHo

TLI CMOTDNIIIL oH, orra, oHo cMoTpn:

Mhr cMoTpgM Bbr cMoTpEIg
oHr.r

sson6 crdrurure cu6rpurur cr6ur crofr

fl. cilcro Bu 3 K6t[e 4 Trr
t.

crogl

he,

sls

it loolu

uu

croiiM

we stand

we look you looR they look

Ivtotitvt

4py:rfIvr.
{

Bbr cTog3g

you stand
they stand

ssoH6r re-rre$6na?
10 py6r6ft.

orni crofT

cMoTpzI

t[yr66-r?

E Occasionally second conjugation infinitives end in -aru, as in the case of the verbs to shout (rpnu6m). Their present tense is made in just the same way as for verbs ending in -urr:
'
KDI,IqV

Orui

Bxo.qa.

I shout
you shout
he, she, it shouts

MhI KDII{I,IM
Bbr xptrqMg
oHr,r

we shou,

TbI I(DIflIEUb

you shout they shout

on, ou6, ou6 rpuufr

KpflqaI

>

For personal pronouns and persons of the verb, see Unit 48;

for firct spelling rule, Unit 2.

t'*1
L--J

o)

o
o o = o o
g) =

Some second conjugation vebs change the final consonant of the stem in the first person singular only (i.e. in the I fom of the present tense) beforc adding the endings -p (-y), -rurb, -lrr, -rmtr, -rre, -qr (-ar). Note that the ending for I is -ro and the ending for they is -n; because of the firct spelling rule sometimes we need to change these endings to -y and -a. El If *re stem of a second conjugation verb ends in -,q, in the fust person singular the 4 changes to x, as in the verb to see:

lll tne verbs in the following list arc second conjugation. Give the first percon singular (r formf of the present tehse of each one. (Hint some need a consonant change and some
don't.)

Il

sflerr r

I ruo6rtrr 2 cnaru 3 roroprirr 4 cupr9rr

nrhry rbr Bri,qdrrrb on sfgtl-T

r',ror

nf4.nvr

rrr rf4are ord

s,hrxr

E ff tne stem of a second conjugation verb ends in -g, in the first person singular the : changes to x, as in the verb to take (by
transport):

sosfrr r noxf rrr s6grilrr oH s6gnr amr s6grM nrr s6g[re

onf s6ssr
verb ends in -c, in the frst person singular the c changes to ur, as in the verb to carry: nocfrr r noruj'rrr n6curur on u6curJrarr n6culr su n6cure
owh u6csr

10 snoHrirr to ring/telephone E Complete the sentences with an appropriate verb from

the box.

5 niianrr 6 crofrr 7 tpocrtrs 8 crvrorp6rr 9 xoprvrrirr

to like/love to sleep to speak to sit to climb to stand to ask to looklwatch

to

feed

E ff tne stem of a second conjugation

+ o Ir
=

s6snr ror6srro aerrire noruj'

cu4rhr

q)
= GT

person singular, the

cr changes to q, csrcr6u g cswrl! 191 gsugr'/nrrl ou csucrfr srr csucrrire omi csficrir

E If Ae stem of a second conjugation

I
verb ends in -cr, in the first as in the verb to whistle:
r"rgr

6rnra

y
o66a.

TeJreBr,Bopa. [accrDKr,rpoB.

cs[crliM

2 fl, 3 Anr66yc 4 fl,

5 Cer6ans sH

rrlrcbMa Ha noqTy.

ua cavonre.

o a

El If me stem of a second conjugation verb ends in -r, in the first person singular the r changes to q, as tn the verb to fly: ler6rr t rcu! Tbr Jrerrtrrrb on lerrir vrrr nerriu srr rerlire oHrl

E tlatctr the phrases on the left and right, using the English translation as a guide 1 O6puep a cu4hl.l y civroro erpdna.

nerfr

E f *re stem of a second conjugation verb ends in 6, r, M, H, 6, then in the first person singular an extra n is added, as in the verb to prepare: ror6slrTb s ror6nrtro ru ror6nurur on ror6slrT Narr ror6sulr srr ror6nure ouf ror6ss:r

3
5

2Brl

b
c

r6pum crorfu rop6u.

ror6srro jrrom na rj'xne.

4A I

Msr

d xpu.rrir on.
e CNIITE BCIO HOqb.

Yp6!
The farmerfeeds his cows. You sleep all night.

El

only

Here is a summary of consonant changes (remember: they are for the x form ofthe present tense): + III CT A +x

2 3 We sit right by the screen.

4 5
Hunah!
he shouts.

,'

I prepare supper inthe kitchen,

3 -))I( c-)ur

dII

6, B, M, tt,

0 +

6Jr, Br, Ivtr,

n4 Sr

@ LJ o)
J
IT

GT

d
i.e. the s and oHf forms both feature the letter v and all the other forrns have the letter .

Not all verbs follow the rcgular patterns of the first and second conjugations, but most irregular verbs do follow a pattern of their own. The important thing is to know the stern and the lfrst and secondpercons of an irregular verb. E Most verbs which do not follow the pattern of the regular verbs described in Units 58 and 59 still have an ffinitive ending rr; a few have infinitives ending in -rn or -qs. In this unit we will look at verbs with the irregular present tense endings:

E Uafe the present tense by choosing the appropriate ending from the box.

-y -ro -urr -r -evr -re -yr

ffiffi xaaru/Tbl'+ TbI xgerrrr

-ror

C I
-

qt

E These endings are added to the sitem of the verb. Each time you come across an irregular verb, it is important to learn the stem. Here are some common examples.
lnfin. Stem
6ep-

fi

TbI

on, on6, on6 M6I

6eper
6epOrvr

BbI

osrt

d o o 5 1+

6parr
to tal<c

6epf xAy
xtrBy
rtp''i

6epnn

6epre

6ep!r xAyr x[ByT

r{Ayr

10 xurrlvrr El Insert the corect subiect to match the verb.

uayr

2 xurn/s. 3 nnrs/srt 4 xt:p.crs/osrt 5 utrft/ou. 6 nerr,/ru 7 tmru/s. I xtars/ols.rt 9 nurs/s.

L 6parrluu

xAaTb to wait
XI{Tb to live

xaXI4B-

xaeflb

xreT

xACM

xagTe
xIIBeTe

xrBIIrb XI'BCT uAdmr

xuBeM I|IeM

xg'rfi*
to walh go onfoot ruracrb
to

rrA-

aleT

uilre
KJra,qeTe

uoevr 3_ 4 _xr,rseurr 5_ nsror -xay 6 _6epre 7 _xlaAer E took at the pictures

of lvan and Vadim and answer the

o 5 o o
At

t+

question.
KJIAA-

roraAy

(na"qenn

Kra,qT

KIaAM

KJIAAYT

Kro nor u rro nrr?

BAAI{M

Put

* Note that other verbs ending in -ru follow this pattem (e.g. path, to grow). Some other irregular verbs work in almost the same way, but have -ro and -ror as their frst person singular and third person plural endings:
lnfin.
JtrITb to pour treTb

Stem
JIb-

g.

T6I JIbEIIIb

oa, on6, on6

JIbET

MhI

B6I

OHI{ JI6IOT

JIbIO

.rnu
noeM

rbd"re
IIoeTe IIbeTe

IIoIIb-

uoro
IIbIO

rIoeurb IIbEIlIb

uor
IIbET

norbr

to sing IIIITb to drink

2 3

rceM

nrrbr

4 5

Translate into Russian. Ivan d.rint<s vodlm. Olga lives in aflat. He is waiting at the theatre. We are taking the tickets. They are singing this evening.

:) CD

N
II

In this unit we look at some mone irregular present tense verbs. Although they do not follow the patterns of the first and second conjugations, they do have recognizable patterns of their own. E In this unit we will look at irregular verbs with the endings: -y (or -rc) -eM
-erub -eT
-eTe

E Complete the following sentences with the present tense of the appropriate verb. Use the English translations as a guide. orArrx6rr r Kpnvrj'+ On x6qer orArrxdrr r Kpnrr,rf. He wants to have a holiday in the Crirnea.

ffiot

-yr (or -Ior)

1 fl'rflcro 2 Cer6aw. Mbr _ 3 Onne

oeuf apyrf.
B ueHrp r6po4a.

GT

i.e. the s and oHri forms both feature the letter other forms have the letter e.

y (or -rc) and all the

c
I

These endings are added to the stem of the verb. Each time you come across an irregular verb, it is important to learn the stem. Here are some common examples.
lnfin. Stem ,.
eA-

q)

rbl
I,qelrrb

oH, oHa, oHo

e.uer

MbI
6aerr.r

Bbt e.ueTe

OHII

B vyzlir fimt n qupx? 10 Her, cnacrt6o, n ne r6Se. I I ofienwrite to myfriend.

6 Olr^rtr 7 Typficr ne 8 Kovrf Brr 9 Bu

4 Bu ne 6qenr qicro 5 flouerraj'rr.r

npufrr,h n
?

reirp.

rrociAy.

cnof nacnopr6. cuorpdru Snrnu.

T'

6xarr
to go by

6Ay

e.q/T

2
3

trursport, trovel, drive

d o o + = 1+ o = o o A N Y

rcrdrr
to lookfor
MbITb to wash

uuMO-

Itruy
MOIO

EIIIEIIIb

I'IIICT

IIIIIEM
MOCM

IIIIETE MOere

lntl]'r
M6IoT

\,r6erln

M6er

4 5W 6 7 8

rlachrt
to wnle

nam- milry M{IUCIIIb

IlIIaq- IIlalIy

wforer

IflIIIEM IInIIIETE
IUIaqCN

ruilryr
rud.ryr

l0

Today we qre travelling into the centre of town He canl come to the theatre. You donl very often wash the dishes. are you crying? They are lookingfor their passports. The tourist doesnl want to watch the film. Who are you writing to? Are you going to the rnuseum or thc circus? No, thankyou, I don't want any coffee.

rndxarr
to cry

urilseub nn6,rst

n.lrdqere

E ttre verbs to be able and to want have a less regular pattern in the present tense, in the sense that their stem changes during the present tense:
Moqb to be able (can) r MorY TbI MOXEIUb
OH MOXET

E Choose the appropriate personal pronoun from the box to complete each sentence (you will need to use some of them more than once).
.E TbI oH MbI Bbr
1

onrt

,fugyr rfiaa.
He x6qer pa66rarr. uo'reuj,-ro uriryr.

xoTeTb to want

s xoqv

rrr x6qerur
on x6qer
MbI XOTIIM

2 3 4
5

MbI MOXEM BbI MOXETE

6 7
8

srr xorrlre

onf ru6ryr

ouf xorfr

9
10

i xo.rf um6rr ra36Ty. 6gerrrr, n r6po4. rtruer cgoft 6anfr. rvr6ror nocfgy. u6xere nprz;firrt na rouq6pr. 6Aer'r n Mocrnf.

uriurerur nncrvr6.

[rrA L_J

o) (.)
II

In this unit we look at irregular present tense verbs whose infinitive ends in -aBarb, -oBarb or -eBarb. We also find out how to say I am and I have in Russian. El fiauhrs, the verb for to give, is an example of a present tense of verbs whose ffinitive ends in -aBarb. Its present tense is formed like this:

I s,/rauuesiLru 2 rw,/nars 3 on,/peroueugondrr 4 tu;ailucranfr>

5 6 7
nrr,/cogeros6rr

put the infinitive into the conect form of the present tense.
to dance to give to recornmend to get up to advise to risk to find out, recognize to u.se to demand, require to travel

fl

Aab.

I give
you gwe he gives

vrrr 4agy
Bbr AagT9
OHI,I

we grve

onfi/pacros6rr
onL/ytu,aYdrs

GT

d
C I
-

ThI AAEIIIb

os Aaiir

AAISI

you Iwe they give

NB the verb to swim, nnilsanr, has the present tense u.n6ralo, unSnaeun (i.e. like a first conjugation verb).

I ilucn6twoBarb 9 uu/rp66oBarb l0 oart/nyreru6crrosaru I

E
Translate into Russian My brother is an engineer. It is cold today.

q)

flyreudcrBoBarb, the verb to travel, is an example of a verb whose infinitive ends in -onarr, and ranqeniru, the verb to dance, is an example of the -esarr infinitive ending. The present
tense of these verbs is:
IIVTEIIIECTBVIO

tt

TbI IIVTCIUECTBVEIUb
OH IIVTEIIIECTBVCT

'{

I travel
you travel he travels we trayet you travel
they travel

'TbI TAHIIVCINb
OH TAHTryET

TAIiltr[O

dance you dance

2 3 There is a key on the table. 4 There aren't any shops in the village. E Exptain who has got what.

d o o 5 r+ + o = o o

MbI trYTEIIICCTBYCM
BBr tryTeruecTByeT9 OHI{ NVTEIIIECTBYIOT

MbI TAHTryEM
BbI .I.aHrryeTe
OIII,I TAHIOIIqT

he dances we dance you clance they dance

ffi

$6rrlcrirn / Ans /cbrH I

V K6ru ecrb cbIH. V Ann rrer cdrHa.

E Russian has an infinitive for the verb to be (6urr),but there is no present tense. So, if you want to make a statement using the present tense of the verb to be, yoa need to use one of the following methods: . use a dash if you are defining a noun: Ans - rlpau, Anya is a

Ba.ryiu Bopric Tilrrc 36r i[rops Cepr6i

(rr,r) renerrirop rnaprripa r6r.nra xounr(trep

arrouo6rirn
a r"fir6ro rnrar

AoM

t/ I / t t *

. . .

A Cr) ll i|o say has/have use the preposition y with the genitive case of Y the 'owner' and the nominative of the thing owned: V uac govr,
We have a house

doctor use nothing at all, other than the word (usually an adverb) you wish to state: X6.no.qno, it is col.d, uureplcao, it is interesting. use the word ecrr: B r6po4e ecrr anr6ra, There is a chemist's in town. or, if you want to say there isnl, there arenl, vse ser followed by the genitive case: 3Aecr ner rra6cxa, There's no kioskhere.

2 3 4 5

wtatctr the phrases.

V npari V nporf6ccopa V 6u6nnor6rapx V no.rraJr6Ha V reHuncfcra

b prn6ro par6ror c rrrn6ro uriceu

d un6ro crygfu'qor
e

un6ro nauu6Hros

(lit.: by us house); y Auu co66xa, Anya has a

dog (lit.: by Anya dog). Ecrn can be used to give added emphasis:

nac ecrr 4ou?, Do you have a house? To use this construction

in the negative, use rrer and the genitive of the thing not owned: Hac Her A6rvta, We havenl got a house.

>

For present tense of first conjugation verbs, see Unit 58, for genitive case, see Units-lG-l2.

t*'l tl

o)

5
x
II

Reflexive verbs express an action that reflects back to the subject. The infinitive ends in -ct or -cb. E A reflexive verb is the sort of verb which in English is followed by ... self or where ... self cwr be understood, for example to wash
(oneselt). The ending -cr reflexive verb in the infinitive and these endings appear in the present tense as follorys:

OHi oaes6ercs s7 \ac6n

Pin in the missing words.

IA

s 8 qac6n.

(or sometimes -cr) is what identifies a

mil*
seven.

d {r
6-

yurrn6rrcr

to wash oneself, get washed

Mbr yMbrB,reMgt
Bbr yMbIBaeTegE

f, yMbrBaroeL
Tbr yMbrBaerubg8 oH ylllbrBaeTg.t

oHri yNrErBiuorcg

2On

Some common examples of reflexive verbs where ... seffis stated

or implied

o o ct o
IT

ror6surrcr

are:

to prepare oneself, get ready

ryn6rrca noxrirrcs cnarr

oAes6rrcs
upr,ruEcrrnarrca

pa:4en6rrcr

to bqthe, take a bath to go to bed (ht.: to lie down to sleep) to dress oneself, get dressed to do one's hair to get undressed, take one's coat off

E Uatch the phrases on the left wlth their translations on the right. L Bpau 6ecnor6r.rrcs o laqra6nre. a The corrcert starts at

2 3

Konqdpr na.rrtr{6ercs s 7
On ncerAi p6no noxrircx
soe 6j'aer

sas6rcrrarb.

b At wlnt time do you get

washed?

c The doaor is worricd

about the patient. He ortmbahes inthc

T'

d o o 5 t+

E Some verbs which are reflexive in Russian would not state or even imply the word ... self nEnglish; these reflexive verbs often involve the idea of 'to be...' and are intransitive verbs (i.e. they have no object). For example, the Russian ve'rb to be situated is nax6Afirrcs: Hanr Aovr nax6Allrcx n r6poge. Ourhouse is situated in the town. Other common 'intransitive'reflexive verbs are to begin (i.e. to be started) and to end (i.e. to be finished). to begin, start:
uaqwtriLTbcs, (Durnvr naqlariiLercs

4 f,sq6ro6,.rro

xopou6. d

river
5 On .recro xyniwrcx n per6.

6 Bo cr6rnxo nrr ywraderecr? 7 Apxur6rrop rop.qi-rcx ndnrna

e Whendoes thefiltnstan? He always goes to bed early.

gainueu.
E

g Wnt areyouworried
abotu?

Korad

laa'unaiLercs.

$runu?

s 9 qac6s thefilmstartsat9
11

Tlrc architea is proud of thc rww building.

We be

o'clack
to end, finish:

9 Mrr un6ro cMeNacs. 10 O qivr rrr 6*nox6ranncd

laughalot. all ight.

I lwpeggrything will

ronq6rrcs
o'clock

@urnvr ronqiercr

'Iac6n

the

film

ends at 11

o 5 o o

r+

Et Another group of reflexive verbs whose English versions would not state or imply ... self are concerned with feelings. Here are some common examples: to worry, be anxious 6ecnor6mrcr

6ohrscs

tofea4 be afraid
to to to to
be prou.d

3 fh.ey get undressed at 10 o'clock. 4 The concert ends at I0 o'clock. 5 You go to bed at Il o'clock.

Tlanslate into Russian. I get dressed at 8 o'clock 2 He gets washed at 7 o'cl.ock.

ropArirrcr
naIl6srrcs
cr"refrucs

hope

y:.lrl.66rsct

lnugh smile

t'*l tl
q)

o) (rl
@

Most Russian verbs have two infinitives: impertective aspect and pert*tive aspect English has no equivalent of the Russian system of aspects. A small minority of verbs have only one infinitive, while verbs of motion (to run, to swim etcJ have three. El When you look up a Russian verb in a dictionary you will usually be given two infinitives, for example nuchrs/uannchrr (to write). The first of these is called rhe imperfective and the second is

ll tn ttre following sentences, which of the infinitives (to...) and verbs ending in -ing would be imperfective in Russian and which would be perfective? 4
5 2 I want to write the letter to Boris tomorrow. 3 I prefer to rea.d newspctpers.
They stoppedplaying at9 o'clock. He decided to return on Tuesdny.

The guide continued speaking.

the

perfective. The imperfective infinitive is used to make: the present tense . the compound future . the imperfective past.

T'

o o r+ o

The imperfeaive is always a.ssocintedwith the process of an incomplete, unspecific, ongoing action or afrequmtly occuning acti.on

El now complete the translations of these sentences by filling

in the appropriate infinitive in Russian.

The perfective infinitive is used to make: . the simple future . the perfective past tense. The perfective is always associntedwith result, successful completion.

E Imperfective and perfective 'pairs'are usually related to each other in one of the following ways: . nuchrs/r.anuch.rs (to write) i.e. the perfective = imperfective + prefix (i.e. small addition to the front of the infinitive). Other common examples of this sort of pair are: y,ftgets/yathgers (to s e e); sur 6'ts / np ounr 6rr (to re ad). . pemhrs/peurrirr (to decide) i.e. the imperfective is 1st conjugation and the perfective is 2nd conjugation. Other common examples of this sort are; norry.r6rr/notywhrs (to receive). . Sometimes there is a really striking difference between the two
infinitives: ronopfrr/crag6rr (to talk, speak, say); nosrparq6rr ct/ yepnfrscr. (to return); cagvirnct / cecrr (to
sit down). Unforrurwtely, there is rw simple way of predicting what the petfective might be.

2 flxou! 3 fl npegnoqr,rr6ro 4 Onrt nepecriinn

1 fua npogonx6l

sentences and phrases into Russian; the imperfective/perfective pair of infinitives is given on the right.

5 0n perufn E Translate the following

nucru6 Eopricy zitYrpa. ra:6rur. B IeBfTb qacoB.

BO BTOpHITK.

r{tt

Even when using the infinitive itself, we must be careful to select either the imperfective or the perfective according to the golden rule of: imperfective = procesilfrequent/unspecific and perfective = result/completion For example: .f yvr6m nncdrs, I lonw how to write.Herc the imperfective fot to writehasbeen chosen because we are describing an ongoing situation, a habitual state of affairs. In contrast. Ou o6eudn le'anucfrs nncru6 4up6xropy cer64xa (He promised to write to the director today) requires the perfective of to write, since it refers to a specific
occasion.

1 He prefers to read newspapers. 2 I want to send this letter today. 3 The actor starts speaking at 7. 4 We continue watching television. 5 They like to relax on the beach. 6 I want to take the book now. 7 We want to buy this dog. 8 Do you prefer to listen to the radio? 9 Do you want to return todav?

umrdrs/rtpoqur6rr
nocststhrn/nocn6rr

ronoprirr/cras6ru cvorp6rr/nocuorp6ru

or4rrx6rf/or4oxnfru 6pars/nznr noxyn6rr/rynrit

c

t$ t.l.t'ar s / npocrrj'ruarr Bo3ryau\itrwfr/

ll Certain verbs are always followed by an imperfective infinitive in Russian: xonq6rr/r6nqr{rb, to finish, naqu:aiLTb / rranfrr, to begin, npogorxins, to continuc, uepecrar6rr /nepecrhrs, to
cease, stop (e.g. He stopped playing).

>

For verbs of motion, see Units 70-1.

fta
L-J

o) o)

o o 3 tt o

The future tense is used to talk about what will or is going to happen. In Russian, the compound future is used to describe actions in the future which are incomplete, unspecific, repeated or continuing: e.g. I wiil wrtte to you every day tomorrow I will write a few letterc and do some gardening. E ttre compound future, as its name suggests, is made up of two parts, the future tense of the verb to be + an infinitive. E nthough the verb to be,6ytrr, has no present tense of its own, it does have a future: s 6fay
TbI OYIEIIIb

E Underline the verbs in the following passage which would be in the compound future in Russian (hint there are four). On Saturday I fly to Saint Petersburg at 10arn. Wile I am there I will have meetings with Russian representatives of the company, but I hope that I will also visit some museums and theatres. I promise that I will ring you as regularly as I can during my stay, or else I will use e-mail at the hotel.
El guiH sentences using the compound future, to give the meanings indicated on the right. ffi g/ftrcruluorfmn na prirnxe + fl,69El Altarr norjurn na pdrnre. I will do the shopping at the morket. 1 On qdcro /ssotrtrs/ apyry. He will ring his lricnd oficn 2 B66ynxa/ or Erlxhrr/ A6va. Granny will be resting

I will
he

be

you will be

rvrrr 6f.uev Bhr Ov.trere

we will be you will be they

on 6j'aer

will be

onri 6i4yr

will

be

c c

This can be used in its own right, as well as being part of the compound future, for example 36nrpa vrrr 6j'aev a Mocxn6, Tomorrow we will be in Moscow.

3 Mu/wpdru./ r 4
5
AEHb.

at home.

ro.nsS r6xAuft

We

will play golf every

day. s./

=L C

E ttre second component of the compound future is the

imperfective infinitive or aspect, because the compound future is associated with the process of an incomplete, unspecific, ongoing action or a frequently occurring action in the future: 6yaf nucins re66 r6xArIft .qesr. I will write to you

36srpa

sannuhrrct/ yp6ravrn.

I will be busy with

lessons tomorrow.

C +

B ynunepcrar6re

ncr6puro.

on/nzyuhrs/

At university
history.

he

will study

fl

every day. Here the compound future is describing a repeated action in the

future.

E trlatctr the phrases on the left with those on the right, using the English translation as a guide. 1 36nrpa un a Gllere n Poccrilr, arr 6j'aere 3soHfru rlHe
2 Cer6Ans a6vepou 3 B ru6e onf 4 Korg6 nrr
5

36nrpa rvru 6j'4ervr cruorp6rr re.nenfisop n pa66rars y cal!. Tbmorrow we will watch television andwork in the garden.

rrr

b 6fa"r wphrs o rprixer. d 6!ay pa66rat s catf. e 6j'aeun M&b ur6ro micerl
, "every

r6xAufi

aeur?

Here the compound future is needed because the action described is not concerned with any result or completion and there is no specific time at which the events will happen.

69ryr orAux6rr s VlrflJfrfrl

In Russian

I1arl 6i'ael'r rarfmcs sa rfixax. will be) in Austrin we will ski. Korad s 6i,ty l-Pocr;rtu, s sdcro 6fay noceqilrs reinp. When I am (i.e. will be) in Russia I willvisit the theatre ofien.

if

the future is implied it must be used:

Kora6 r"cl 6fgeM a Ancrprut,

When we are (i.e. when we

fl6cne o66ta s I Tomorrow we will play crtcket. 2 This evening you will write a lot of letters. 3 In May they will go on holiday (rest) in ltaly. ! 4 When you are (will be) in Russia, will you ring me 5 After lunch I will work in the garden.

day?

> For simple ftlture,

see Unit 67, for imperfective and perfective aspects, see Units 65.

B o)
{

The future tense is used to talk about what will or is going to happen. In Russian, the simple future is used to describe actions in the firture which arc single, specific, complete; they are concerned with rcsult and successful completion (rather

than process).

E ttre

simple future is forrned from the perfective infinitive. There

o 3 T' o
II I

are no new endings to learn, since it is formed in exactly the same way as the present tense, but from the perfective infinitive. So, for

E Underline the verbs in the following passage which would be in the simple future in Russian (hint there arc four). I will ring you tomorrow at |1am, then I will write a letter to the directox As far as I know he will be visiting lots of ffices in England, but he has promised that he will visit our ffice onTuesday. He will be consideing all our proposals before his departure. Hopefully, he will sign the contract on Tuesday.

example, the difference between I am doing and I will do:.f, .{6raro (I am doing) is formed from the imperfective infinitive A6rarr and c,46naro (I will do) is forrned from the perfective infinitive cA6narr.

Hanl{caTb
o6arcsfrr
nonyurirr perurirr

uoo66.4at ru noo664aerur
ou o6rxqrrir
vrrr uorrj'uurvr rrr peurrire

fl Harllrluv

g 6

C +

{r

I willwite youwill have lunch he will explain we will receive vou will decide

E Wnat will you achieve while your friend is watching television? Build sentences using the simple future: ffillox| rrr 6j'geur cMorp6rb renenfsop Earrrc6rb uracrira6 "+ r Harnrj' rmcru6 Bopfcy. Whilst you're watching television I'll write the letter to Boris. L no:sonrirb Apyry I'll ring afriend.

E Although the perfective infinitive for most verbs is fonned by the addition of a prefix to the imperfective or a change to the second conjugation for the perfective, some co[lmon verbs have irregular verbs for their perfective:
Meaning
to get up

2 uaxopvrrirr co66ry 3 noo664arr na rfxue 4 xynfrr vronor6 5 nfiyrnrr n6srre cnon6

I'll feed the dog.

I'll have lunch in the kitchen. I'll buy some milk. I'll leam sorne new words.

E Here is a page from your diary with just the briefest of notes. Make up sentences to describe your plans for each day. Monday has been done for you:

lmperfective Perfective
infin. infin.
BCTATb

Simple future

scrandrr

ncrisy, rrr ncriinemr, on ncriiner,

Lrrr rcr{fieM,
scraiH\rr
to give

ru

ncriinere,

onf

BTOPHI{K CPE.IIA I{ETBEP|

ntTHl,llIA CyEEOTA

IIOHE.IIEJIbHI{K ncrp6rurr
xymirr

tasfrr
.noxoirrcr calrtnscs

IATb
JICIIb

to lie down

f,,44M, ThI AAIIIb, OH ATICT, MhI aa,qfur, s6r mlfire, olp.rt m,j'r t, firy, ru nixeur, ou nixer,

C6ruy uo46pxr nossorili:rr Mdrue traurlciirr uucrrra6 6p:iry

rt'ryulrrr rpalrviirury omevronrrioosarr Nlaurrigv

meet Sasha buy presents

urrlftxeu,
to
sit down

nrr afxere, ouri ruiryr

rins Mother write letter to brother learn grammar reoair the car
book tickets

@cTb cf,asATb

tw cflerur, ou cfAer, urr cfleu, srr cfflere, ouf cfayr

cfrgy,
-f, cxazKy, Thr

BOCKPECEHbE

gaxagdrr

6nnerbl

to say

ronopnirr

c(arl(elllb, oH cKDreT,

$#l$B nonea6.rnnur x ncrp6vy Chury.

uu cxixev, rtr

crdxere, osri cxix5rr (l\B olher verbs ending in -xasatr

conjugate in the same way)
to be able, can MOIIb
CMOIIb

r cMort
rr,rrr

Thr cMoxerrrb, orr

cMoxer,

cu6xeu, rrr cu6xere, oltri

cv6ryr

Ecrm ou npuar r6rperuu, rrrr cirervr r anr66yc. If it arrives on time, we will catch ('sit on') a bus.

the future tense is implied, the future tense must be used:

> For compound ftrturc, see Unit 66, for imperfective and perfective aspects see Unit 65, for formation of present tense
verbs, see Units

58{4.

t'*l tl

The imperfective past is used to describe actions which were repeated, continuing or incomplete. lt is made from the

o)
@

imperfective infinitive.

I' q)

o + + o = o o

E tne imperfective past tense would be needed in Russian to express repeated, incomplete, intemrpted actions in the past, e.g.: I always used to play squash on Saturdays; He was playing squash when he fell; We played squash yesterday; We played squashfor two hours yesterday. The final example includes the length of time the activity continued and when this is the case the imperfective will always be required. The imperfective past is also used when describing weather, colour, mood, appearance etc.: It was cold when we were playing squash. E to form the imperfective past tense, remove the last two letters (rr) from the imperfective infinitive, then add the endings
(reflexive endings on the right): . if the subject of the verb is masculine singular . if the subject of the verb is feminine singular . if the subject of the verb is neuter singular . if the subject is plural (any gender)
add add add add

E police enquiry: exptain who was doing what when the telephone rang. lffi Kor ad s as sonrir reres 6nl Ba Atlv'/ cnarr + B a.qf rvr cnaJl. When the telephone rang Va.dimwas sleeping.

<{v?

-l

| 6tsra/zfuBrpararb Olga was having breakfast. 2 Meuh aonfr El6na, t/vl;rrr nocf4y l(Elsta)waswashingup. 3 Ou/urphru a r6pru He was playing cards. 4 Mu crrrorp6rr./rerenfirop We were watching
5
television.

-Ircfl.

-na -nacr -no -nocr -rm -rltcr

Bu,/nosnparq6rrcs n 60uc
Ou,h/nuc6m nricrua
Boprtic

You were returning to

6
7

J \t It

3 tt o a o o
+.

In other words, the endings have to agree in number and gender in the singular with the subject of the verb. For rrt, the past tense ending will always be -rm whether nrr is being used to refer politely to one person or in the plural to apply to more than one person; f9r r and ru the ending will depend on the identity of the person (Xropr, ru sdrrparan? K6rr, rrr s6arparana? Igor/Katya, were you having brealcfast?) urphrs -+ Bqepd uu rarpdrur B cKBoIrr Yesterday we played

r CserriHa/ror6ru:rr o66g

the ffice. They were writing letters. Boris and Svetlana were preparing lunch.

E Undertine the verbs in the passage below which would be in the imperfective in past tense in Russian (hint there are six). When we used to live in a flat it was impossible to have a dog, but when we moved into a kouse with a garden, we bought one. He was a large black mongrel and he loved to play in the
garden. One day he was barking by the gate when the postmnn arrived. He thought the dog was aggressive and refused to come in.

o.{es6rrcr

+ Onfi scerA6

squash.

oAes6Jtrrcr

a tuecrr .Iac6s

They always used. to get dressed at 6 o'clock

El fnegutar verbs form their past tense in the same way (e.g. xr,rm + Mhr x,ilgtn we lived), apart from verbs whose infinitive does not
end in

-rr:

uorr

nesrrt Qo take by transport) necrrt Qo tuke onfoot, lead) ects (to eat) u(rrt (to go on foot, walk)
(/o be abk, rLecr:i (to

can) carry)

+ s3, res.n6, rern6, nesrui '+ aJl, ael6, aen6, remi + eJI, 6ta, 6to, 6nt + rudr, IuJra, IIrJro, ITIJIT{ + Mor, vrou6, ruorn6, uor.ui + Hc, Hec.n6, uecr6, necrui

E exphin why the undertined verbs in the following sentences are in the imperfective past * Buepd oH pa66ran s 6u6rror6xe 4na rac6. t Yesterdny he worked in the library for 2 hours. 2 Ondurp6m n r6nuuc, rorAd on5 yriryena Bopfica. She was playing tennis when she saw Boris.

tense.

B rvr6pre

urr

6t'rrtu s VITLJMU.

In March we were in haly.

Onfi rrrJu B rlerrrp, rorA6 garvr6rwlla avr66yc.

They were walking to the centre when they noticed the bus.
You

only in the imperfective. This occurs very frequently in descriptions of weather, colour, mood, appearance etc.: e.g. B'repi on 6rr.n s nrox6M nacrpo6uull.
Yesterdav he was in a bad mood..

E ttre verb to be (6strs) exists

5 Brr rcer46 nfl:natlz uoxjuru s niiueM lrara:fne.

always used to do your shopping in our shop.

Fq tl

o) (o

The perfective past is used to describe completed actions in the past; the emphasis is on result (not process). E ttre perfective past tense would be needed in Russian to express
ideas such as: Buep6 ou K./rtrLrr aarouo6ri.rc. Yesteday he bouglt acm On6 uogsoriliJa Ba"uhtry s Aecsrb .rac6s. She rang Vadim al

E Wnat has alreafi been done? Look at the rota below and explain who has done what. The firct one has been done for you:

I0 o'clack

o + + o 5 o o -+ N Y

E q,

last two letters

Et ttre perfective past tense is very simple to form. Remove the (rr) from the imperfective infinitive. The endings
add add add add

6nrra npourrnec6cutr to hoover BaAriNr sirMrrrr nocf,qy to do the washing up Bu npr.rror6rlrrr o66g to prepare the lunch Onri cA6narr uorjmclr to do the shopping Hhac uaxopurit co66xy to feed the dog fIrops rrircruparr 6enrd to do the washing

,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/

-nra -rmcr In other words, the endings are rather like those of an adjective, in
that they have to agree in number and gender in the singular with the subject of the verb. If the subject of the verb is rrl, then the past tense ending will always be -rm whether ru is being used to refer politely to one person or in the plural to apply to more than one person; for.fl and ru the ending will depend on the identity of
the person

. if the subject of the verb is masculine singular: . if the subject of the verb is feminine singular: . if the subject of the verb is neuter singular: . ifthe subject is plural (any gender):

are as follows (reflexive endings on the right):

-r
-.na

-lo

-Jrcq -Jracb -Jrocb

ffiffi Xopour6! 6rrrra yxd nponu.nec6cutn. Good! Olgahas

already done the hoovering.

E Underline the verbs in the following passage which you would translate by the perfective past {hint there are 10}. She had already finished the bookwhen the phone rang. It was Boris, inviting her to the theatre. She refused politely, because she had already agreed to go to the cinema with Sergel While she was speaking to Boris, her brother rang the
doorbell. She hung up qaickly and rushed to the doox Her brother was looking tired. 'I have brought the plants you

(I4ropr,

ru nos6rrpaxaf'! Kin4 rrr uos6nrpaxatn?

aslcedfot'he said.

tt o a o
o + o
I!

II

Igor/Katya, have you had brealcfast?) uauucdru -+ Bqep6 srr Hanllc6Jnl

uucru6.

sixsoe

Yesterday you

cras6rr + oA6rrc.f, +
E

..4&,r, crasiir

oH.

wrote an important lettex 'Yes,'he said.

dressed at
7 o'clock.

E 6or andZoya have had a lot of interruptions. Explain what they were doing by translating the following sentences into Russian. NB! Some of the past tenses will be imperfective and some perfective. The vocabulary you need is in brackets.

lgor and Zoya were repairing the car when Bois rang.

Cer6AHs onfi o.qdrulcb B ceMb Today they got

qac6s.

(pevronrfporarr/orpeuonrfponarr ssonfrr/nossonfru)
machine broke dotwt. (crupdrr / n{rcrl,Iparb 6e.nr6,

aBToMo6riJB,

Igor and Zoya were doing the washing when the washing crupil:rsnax vrarurina nov.drvcs/ cnor"r6rucr) lgor and Zoya were planting trees in the garden*when their son

Iregular verbs form their perfective past tense in the same way; here are some examples of those whose infinitives do not end in -ru: + rr, "nermi; rcrn6, Jreruni rcw (toliedown\ + cffiJ\ cneJ[4 cnetn, c#Jrr cbecrb (to em) ttoffi (to go onfoot, walk) + noru64 nouuni rlouul6, uouru cviow (nbe qblc, can) + cMor, clvrormi cuorur6, crraormi nonwni (tocany) '+ nonib, norecrnl; nouec.rr6, noHecfli
Russian has no pluperfect tense (I hadwritten the lexer);the perfective past is used for all of the following: I wrote, I have written, I had written The golden rule is that if the action was completed in the past, the perfective must be used: On uoo66aar s ABa He had lunch at 2 o'clock. Yes, hc hos already lwdhnch^ Aa, ou yx6 Ou yx6 uoo66Aar, rorg6 B6pa He had already had lunch

(caxfrr/tocaryhrs gep6nra n caa!, cbrrr Bo3Bpa t46rrc n / rcpuf rrcr)

lgor and
money.

retumed.

'

hya

were doing the shopping when Tnya lost the

(l6ltarr / clf.naru uorfnru, rephrs / norepfrr 46nrrn)

qac6. noo664ar. nepnlinacr.

> For imperfective

when Vera retunned.

and perfective aapects, see Unit 65,

for imperfective past, see Unit 68.

Fal L-J

o
{

Verbs of motion have traro imperfectives and one perfective infinitive; this means that there are two ways of forming the present tense and the imperfective past tense. El g.g.to go on foot, to walk:
A lmperfective (indefinite)
xoAr,rTb

E Practise using tfie Column A verlcs in order to complete these sentences. 1 On q6cro 3a rpaHrrqy. He often travelled (went)
abroad.

B lmperfective (definite) vnTv

C Perfective

Kixauft,aern

on6

Every day she runs in the

nofirri

n n6pxe. 3 Kor.u6 oH xI{Jr rra 6eperf'

park.

o cr o o {r 3 o c+ o
I!

From column A we make: . The present tense which deals with habits and generalizatiorts: Erurj' ana r6$a a on yx6 x6Ar'rr s$A6. He is 2 and he alread'y walks everywhere. . The past tense which deals with habits, generalizattons and He always waltred around town after lunch. On yx6 xo.4ri'u r r6po,4, He has already been to town (i.e- there and' back). From column B we make: . The present tense which deals with actions in progress, that ge happening now: On uAEr s rnaprfipy. He is walking into the

4 Mu o6irqno
5
Xnrp6y.
Ond yxe

oH_

v6pr,

u6pe.

When he lived at thc seaside he used to swim in the sea. We usually fly from Heathrow.
She has already taken her

ur6rrv.

Aotrb

daughter to school (by car).

retumiourneys. On ncerAf

xoAfl no r6po4y

n6cne o6Aa,

E Practise using the Golumn B verbs in order to complete these sentences. I Cer6.uH-fl oH He is travelling (going)

rpanfiqy.
Ky.q6 oH6

3 On

r ftfrmuy.

ren6pr?

abroa.d today. Where is she running to now?

He is swimming towards the

We were

The past tense which deals with an action in progress' i" o19 direction: On url s r6pog, rorAi on ynht. He was walking into town when he fell. From column C we make: . The simple future: 36nrpa ox nofirr r r6po4. Tbmorrow he will walk into town. . The past tense which means a single completed action (in one direction): On noruel r r6po4 s 4 qas6. He went (set ffi for town at 4 o'clock. (Note the use of noul in the context of weather: nour6l ,4oxAb' it has started to rain.) Here are the three infinitives of other verbs of motion which follow the same pattern:
A
to run

flat.

4 Mu
5 Ou6
rorepfra

us Xurp6y,

ror.u6 cavroJrr cnoNrdyrcs.

Heathrow when the 'plane broke down. B ur6.rry, rorA6 Shc was taking her dnugfuer n KJrrotI. school (by car) when she lost her key.
G verbs in order to complete Tbmarrow hewill go to Greece,

finishing line. flying out of

El Practise using the Column

these sentences. 1 36nrpa oH _

2 f, ceftsdc 3On

n lp6quro.
3a BpaqoM

4o Sfinurua.
n Mocruf n
Aorrb B

I will runfor the doctor now. He will swim as far as the

finishing line.
We

4Mu
J I{aca.

c
IIooexaTb
IIOBECTII

66rarr
BO,trr{Tb

talce, Iead (on foot)

6exArr (6erf, 6exfun) necrf (reaf, BeAerub)

On6 9 .rac6s.

m6rry

at 3 flew to Moscow -' o'clock. s

She took her daughter to

school (by car) at 9 o'clock.

to ftansport to travel, drive, go by transport

to

rogfrr
6sarrl
ner6rr
(6gxy, r,wrtttr)

nerri (nef,

nerurr) 6xaru (6ay, 6aeurs)

nonesrf no6xarr

E Choose the correct verb from the box to complete the sentences.
HEC IIOHCC
HECET

Ily
swim, sail

ner6rr (neqj', nerrfu)

uecrri (aecf uecEmr)

uoler6rr
nonecrf
NOIUIbITb

I iloqra^rm6s

I-loqrarn6s yx6

to carry

nocfrr
IUIABATb

.t

lloqram6s

(is carrying) rnicrva na u6ury. (has canied) mrcrua na u6vry. (was carrying) rufcrua na n6vry.

nnurr (urrrrj,

trtcrBeurb)

> For irrcgular

past tense verbs, see Unit 68.

Fal L-J
{

T'

Prefixed verbs of motion are a very useful group of verbs, indicating specific direction. They have only one imperfective and one perfective form. E tt is important to know i) the meaning of each prefix; ii) the imperfective and perfective infinitives to which these prefixes are added; iii) which preposition to use after the prefixed verb. For example: to walk, to go onfoot makes its prefixed forms by adding to the infinitives -xo.rrr4rb /-firu:
lmperfective and oerfective infinitives Following preposition and case Example

E Gomplete the passage with the appropriate prefixed verbs of motion. They are all in the present tense and are forms of -xo IFrb / -frm. or -esx;d;rb /4xarr. (go out oJ) uz g6nr'a Y K6x4oe j'rpo x L
s6ceNdr

\ac6s. fl,2

(approach) x

ocran6sre an'r66yca. Koraii arr66yc 3 (arrives), s 4 (get in). Kor.q6 (arrive) n r6po4, fl 6_ 5_

(get

6 o
=I x
CL

7_(walkpast):r.'r;utoro
(go into) n 6Suc.

6u6rl;.ror6ru u 8

ffi

sxoryhrr/s,oifir1
to enterwalVgo in BbD(OlUtrTb/BbII{Trr to go out

s/Ha + rcc.
t43/C

M6xaro aofirlr e reSrp?

Is it posshlc to go into the theatre? On srx6.em m pecrop6ua. He is soins out of thc rcstaurant.

gen-

E Choose the appropriate preposition from the box to complete each sentence according to the sense of the English translations.
B I{3 r( AO C MLrMO OT qepe3 Ha

of loxouirrs/loirrl,i
go/walkasfaras

Ao + gen. n + acc. (to aplace) x + dat

(to see

otul qrlcro Aox6asr ao nipra.

Tlwy oftenwalkas far as thz park.

to

gaxoxint/safrrrt

o ct Q o {r 3 o t o 5
II

to

pop iry call in

orxo,ufrrlorofi'ni n move awayltom

flpexo4rrb/ neoeitrfi tn cross

oT + gen. upes + acc.

rairrfi a arnExy renepr. apasur) I want n pop inn tlrc chctnistb no$z Os orourn or lpepll.
He maved awayfrom the doox Mu nepe{grvr qepes ifitrry 3aecb. We'lI cmss thc rcad here.

flxo$

1 6.rnra s6ex6ra _ r6unary. 2 Anr66yc no.qle3x6er _

Olga ran into the room.

The bus is approaching the stop. Boris swam as far as the finishing line. The tourists went out of the
tnuseum.

3
4

ocran6sre.

Eopfc gonndrn _Sfnuma.

Typfic'rst ndrurlu _My36r.

noDro4frr/noaoi'ni
to apprcach

+ dative

.fI norxoxl r onrj. I approachthewinfun

On

5
Ha

Maxcfu upr4er
:6nrpa.

xonq6pr

nprxo,a?rrlnpfu
aanive NB perfeaive dmps lznerir - x
rrpr4ry

s/Ha +alru.

r6rrxo rro rpmiyt

Jl6rqrc.

6 7

Buenecu6nbr Bbrrer6ror

He lns oily just anivedatthe lcawe.

IlpoxoEiffE/rrpotrrir

Mr,rMo + gen.

KTo fipox6,qfi

Ndfu\,ro oKHii?

nwalkwst, pass cxorirrs/coirr{r

to get off,

Who is walkins Da,st ihe window?

c + gen.

downflom rrc/c + get.

yxonirrc/yffit n leave

Hdao coffi c arr66yca. It is rccessam to pet offthc btu. On yur.rac nariiq. He l.fi anhourago.

8 E66yrura corr.n6 _ anr66yca. 9 Arrp ororrreJr _ ne.

10 On scerA6 uepex64ur fmuy 3.qecb. E Ttanslate into Russian.

Xnrpoy cer6An-s. Cry46nru npox64xr ynnrepcnr6ra.

Mal<.simwill (come to) arrive at the concert tornoffow. The businesmen are flying out of Heathrow today. The students are walking past
the university.

Grandmother got off the bus. Thc actor moved away

from her
He always crosses the road

here.

El tne same prefixes may be used by the following pairs: -sozrhrs/-sesrrt ffansport -66rars/-6exhrs run

I amwalking into the theatre.

He is carrying the boolcs into the room.

-lne'r|rs/-:rrerfrl. fly -sory,6ru/-seclh lead -noc,hru/-necrrft carry -ntt6r.arr./-nllrl'rs swim, sail Note that -esxhrs/-6xarr (travel, drive) is the only pair that starts
with a vowel, and the only one for which any of the prefixes change in any way (uog '+ tIoA!, c + cr).

3 We are running out of the park. 4 They are leading the dog across the street.

> For rstrlctions

on use of B, see Unit 83.

@t
{

L--J

N o o
= CL
II

An 'open' condition is one which still has a chance of occurring: If it is fine tomonow we will go to the beacfi' lf the condition refers to the future, Russian uses future tense in both parts of the sentence. lf the condition refers to an ongoing situation in the present tense, the present is used in both parts: ff you like the food, I am Pleased.
appear in both parts of the sentence; i.e. we must say: If it witl be fine tornorrow we will go to the beach.

E first some practice in making the future tense. Boris wonT be allowed to go out tonight unless,.. Gomplete the conditions
imposed on him by using the future tense.

Bopfc unr6xer nofirf na Aucror6xy, no r6rnxo 6cru on... Boris will be able to go to the disco tonight, but only if he... y6uptrs/y6p6rr a A6ue + y6epr s .q6Me (will tidy) tidies up
in the house.

E If *re open condition

refers to the future, the future tense must

rmcinr/nanuc|rs macru6 4645rurre to write a letter to

grandfather

Ecwr zitnrpa nor6ga 6i'aer xop6maq, Mbr nofirdt"t Ha nJltx' If you will get up on timc, we will be able to catch the bus' Ecmr rrr scrdHeilr n6apevn, narr cvr6xeu cecrb B arr66yc'

3 crupinu/adrcruparr 6ern 4 phra.o scrasfrr/scrarv

urnrec6cum/nponrurec6crrrr xonp to hoover the carpet

to do the washing to get up early to wash the car

o = o
A

+,
J

El |Itre future tense of to be is needed to give the future with words

such as

5 \ficrurs/no.rfcrr,rrr uamfiny

silo
be

(it is necessary) and

nelrsi

(it is not possible,

one

nwy not):

36nrpa Hernef 6j'4er crvrorp6ru re;renrisop.

El tUore practice with the future! Give ten variations on tfre beginning of a theme by translating the phrases into Russian; the lmperfective/perfective verb pair is given for you on the right.

It wonl

possible to watch the television tomorrow'

lill

El If *re open condition refers to an ongoing situation in the present, then the present tense must appear in both parts of the
sentencel

v tl

Ifyou like the food, I am Pleased. Ecru saNa npl,nurct 6Aa, t paA (p6Aa).
So, the golden rule is: don't try to mix the tenses. First check that the condition is 'open', then work ourc present tense throughout or

o tt o 5

future?

I arrives on time npnezxfrn/ upu6xarr 2 doesnl forget his money sa6ur,irs/sa6t';'rs 3 rings the professor egoufrr/nossoui,irr 4 writes a letter to his brother nucfru/ld.auucirr 5 sells his motorbike npopasinv/ npo46rr 6 gives me a present AasiLrs/tfrr 7 bool<s the tickets sar6rrrsam /saxa36rr, t huys a dog uorynirr,/rynhru 9 does the shopping A{lrLarY/ cA6narr lll returns early rosnparq6rr c / Yepulluc x
r.

.g

6ltty pat (plta),6crm

on... I witl be glqd if he...

E ncf the sentences where you would use the present tense h both parts and put a cross against the sentences where you urr the future in both parts.

) We are always glad if they send us a card. .l l'ru are never satisfiedifthefoodis cold. I ll t'ou donl ing me tonight I will be furious.

2 l'hey will not be pleased if you donl send them a qard. j

> For closed

conditions, see Unit 73n for formation of future' see Units 66-7.

t*.1 ll
{ (.)

Russian uses 6cnr and the conditional tense to describe hypothetical or 'closed' conditionsn e.g. It it wete fine we would go to the beach today lor If it had been fine we would have gone to the beach todayl - i.e. the implication is that it isn't (or wasn't) fine, so the trip to the beach isn't (or wasn't) possible. is no longer possible, or could never happen, or is just a general assumption (hypothesis), then the conditional is needed with 6crm. The conditional tense is formed very simply: take the past tense of the verb (either imperfective or perfective, depending on the usual rules determining choice of aspect) and add the word 6u twice: usually after 6c.ru in the 'if' part of the sentence (the conditional clause) and then after the verb in the 'what would happen' part of the sentence (the main clause). NB If there is 6n in one half of the sentence, it must be matched by a second 6u in the other half:

E trttatch up the two halves of each sentence. Hint make sure the subject of the verb in one half is the same as the subject in the other (or that it matches the pronoun in the y construction).

E If a condition

o o 5 CL + o = o ,A N Y
II -I ll

3 Osfi ntilsalla 6rr s 6acc6fiHe,

4 5

ffivrureu*+suolrr66rr I Ecru 6rr y rvrenf 6dr.no ap6ur, 2 Ans rynf.na 611 4ovr,

a ertlz 6u y ruN 6riuro rperraa. b s norxr6 6rr na 6uepy. c 6crur 6rr on roroprin

no-sn6ucxu. Baaftlu or.qrrx6l 6sr n AnSnua, d rrarr uorumi 6u n redrp. Ecmr 6u y uac 6:i;uwr 6ul6rsr, e 6cru 6u y ne 6drnu
.r6nrrr,r.
611

g6sgm... What would they do if they had the money? Build sentences from the information given.

Af;am

6ftrs

*fS T6nslnyreu6crnouarb
Crfinr,r

3a

Ecnu 6rr olr 3HaJI npilnay, on 6qenr paccepghtrct 6l;tIf he lcnew the truth he would be very angry.
Alternatively, the if clause comes second:

46nrru, Tinr nyrenr6crsonara 6rI sa rpaufu;aefr. If she

rpaufqefi

Eom 6u y ue

lwd the money, Tanya would travel abroad.

to build a house in the country 2 Mu/ryufrr nogipru grr apys6ft to buy presents for friends .l flfseilcnlLfru g6vra to stey (sit) at home d Kin il xynircr n6nyro og6xay to buy new clothes
s

Os,ir/nocrp6urr

ghuy

On 6qenr paccepghnct 6tt,6cm 6u on snan upin4y The implication in this type of condition is that 'he doesn't, so he won't'. Note that the two parts of the sentence are separated by a
cornma. good news is that there is no conditional perfect tense in Russian. He would have been very angry if he had lcrtown the truth would simply be, as above: On 6qenl pacceptrinrcn 6rr, 6crm 6u oH 3HaJr np6say; i.e. the same forrn covers would, would have. E Atthough the position of 6n is usually as described in A, it can follow any word in the sentence which requires special emphasis:

E fne

a.

8u/aocr6rr 6utftrrl s EoJrbrr6fi to get ticlrcts for the Bolslni Teirp Theatre Ec.ru 6u r6rmo! If only! Complete the sentences by

o o o

meklng a main clause from the information given.

Ectm

6s

on6 ysu{na o6 5rorvr, osi 6rr eacMefracr.

If

she hadfound out about this, she would hnve I'aughed.

il Ecm 6rr r6rnro on uosnonri.n, n/nepegdw ervrf n6rocrz. 'r Ec"rru 6u r6rnro on nognonrtn, r nepe4dn(L) 6u eury rtrluoctr,r. If only he hnd rung, I would.have given him the news. I [l;.rru 6u r6rnro Mbr He za6itsv, Arr..:rie/parygiffrcr. Ha rrac. | { only she had know about this, she would have rang him. I liclrn 6u r6rnro urr npr.nurd n6aper'rr, urr,/ynrigerr r.rx. t
lf only we had arrived on time, we would have seen them. Sfnro 6u nfure, 6cru 6u... It would be better if...
Oomplete the phrase using the information given. r'aulnaru.rc6rl rurcrr"r6 eMy Eduro 6u rqiuue, ecru 6u rrrrrcfuu euf rmcru6. h would be better if we wrcte him a letter rurd/cornac,rtrscs. sa to agree to this

CL

they simply express a desire: -fl 6seHb xor6l(a) 6rr orgrrxirr n l{rh:mitul I wouM really like to lnve a holiday in ltaly!.

NB Conditions do not always include a 6ctu' clause; sometimes

lf only we hadnl forgotten Anya would not be (would not have heen) cross with us. (t,cnu 6rr r6-rnro on6 sHdra o6 5ror"r, onLlno$ngnfrr euj'.

> For open conditions, see Unit 72,lot imperfective and perfective aspects, see Unit 65, for formation of past tense' see Units 68 and @.

J I 5ro I y ttcr'6/6urr rene$6rc tohaveafaxmachine I r/'rrrarr er6 6gpec to lcnow his address

lor

t.'*l

tl
{

5
t+ Ir

o
II

The imperative or command form is used to tell people what to do, to make requests and suggestions. E fne imperative can be made from either the present tense (imperfective) or the simple future (perfective). Commands made from the imperfective present refer to things that need to be done habitually and they tend to be more friendly than those made from the perfective future. Negative commands are usually made from the imperfective (but the perfective is used for warnings) and commands with a very specific element from the perfective. Here
are some examples:

Make the imperative from: yourself contfortable. imperfective 'Sit down at once!' said the police fficer perfective imperfective Always pay your bills on time! imperfective Don't open the door! El If you want to give a command to someone you address as rrr or Bbr, then for most verbs, first of all take the rrr form of the present tense or simple future and remove the last three letters. If you're left with a vowel, add fi (if you're commanding rn) or fire (if you're commanding nu); if you're left with a consonant add u (if you're commanding ru) or ure (if you're commanding nrr).
sit down and make
Type ol verb
st conjugation

7 fIp6cs6a ne ronoprirr! g Gothroughtothesittingroom! 8 flpoxo4Iire a rocrfnyro! h Wait a moment! 9 Cr$uraftre sHraradrenbHo! i Quiet, please (no talking)! l0 floauuurfre, noxifuryficra! j Come here!
E Uafe the rrr form of the imperative from the infinitives.

wtatcn the Russian commands with their English versions. Ring me tomorrow! Let's goforawalk! 3I4l.ucroa6! c Pass me the water! 4 flo:nouf nane:6nrpa! d Listen carefiilly! Catrtcul e Sign, please! 6 laadir uorynfeu! f Do sit down!

1 floaoxafre r'runfrovry! a 2 llepeaidne vrue n6gy! b

Do

I' o
s)

2 satucdlu -l 6parr 4 xynrirr 5 no6naro.qap,irrv

E
ra6irrr 2 orAux6rr J crfruarr

cuarr

to to to to to
to

sleep

write
take

buy thank

+.

Uake the sbr form of the imperative from the infinitives.

forget

.l pa66rarl !l

lntinitive

Present: Tbl form

Command

Command

5 yru66ru
Tlanslate into Russian.

to rest to listen to work to smile

form (rbr) wpf"fit plny!

lorm (bbr) urphfirel play!

mplru
cMoTpeTb

rarp6erur

Znd conjugation

cu6rpm
urhremr callitubcq

Irregular presenl
Reflexive

nuc|rt
canr{Tbct

cuorprtl look! frvfirtt write!

catircsl
sit

cuorpftre! look! ilw,hTet wrile!

caArlrcb!
sit

dow!

dow!

I Don't forget the tickets. (warning) I No smoking! .l Pass me the key, please. ,f l-et's ring Tanya.

6urrre! nvtrb to drink + n6fi! n6fire! 6srrlo to be + 6ywl 6!'4rre! uovr6.n to help + uovrorri! norrorrire! r,crandrr., to gel up 1 scrar,iLu! ncras6fire! Requests: in official requests the infinitive may be used. For
example: Pleqse do not disturb,

Some common irregular imperatives: ecrb to eat

ernb!

flp6cr6a se 6ecnor6urr (lit.:

Let's watch television.

request not to disturb); No smokingl He xypfrr!; Suggestions: Aanflfi (aan6fire) is used with the vrrr form of the verb to mean

let's...:

[avfifire uocv6rpr,rvr renerfzop,

t'*l tl

(rl
GT

5 o
q)
II

lf you want to explain what is not being done, happening etc.n you need the negative. This is formed with xe before the conjugated verb (i.e. verb in a tense). E He should be placed immediately before the verb: Ou ne pa66raer. He isn't working. Mrr se 3lraeM, rorAf on6 upuar. We don't lonw whcn shc will anive.

guitO negative sentences using the following components.

ffi Bfirrop /se/ Ifro6rhrs/cr$tnars rvrj':ury + Bfrrop ne n66ur crryurarr rvrj':rrry. Vhor doesnl like listening to music.

E as the verb to be has no present tense, the word ner is used to mean there is/are not; this is always used with the genitive of the
thing which is lacking: V vren.f ner npduenra. I have no time (lit.: by me there is not any fime).

+ o o
rI \/
,-t

Er6 uer

a6rvra.

He is not at hamc (ht.: of him there is not at h.ome\.

El ttre following negative words must always include ne and a conjugated verb; in English we can say, eg, nowhere or rwt anywhere, but Russian has only one way of making such negative phrases: nr,r.rer6 He nothing, not... anything
nraxorAd He never, not ... ever ne nowhere, not ... anywhere (of position, location) nuxy46 ne nowhere, not... qnwhere (of direction, movement

I Bfrrop/uur
2 Bf

rrop/nur g(t
rrorr-My3brKy

or Ah se / nerb ndcHu
ne

/ c xymarr

Vktor niver sings songs. Vhor never listens to

pop music anwhere. Vktor doesn't listen to pop music with anyone. Viktor knows nothing about music.

3 Bfrrop /nuxr6 ne/ct$tnars 4

nou-vrj'srrry c
Bthxrop/truuer6 nelsHaru o

nzr46

ulrure

nnrr6

ne

towards) no one, not anyone

Example

Negative word sraqerd nothing

.f

snqer6 ne uonr,rlra6ro. I donl understand anythine.

.fI nrxor46 ne cvorp(r renenrisop.
f nevcr utntrh tplattitinn

gvKoIAa never ttwg.3 nowhere

(nf no.eitinnl uuxyg6 nowhere (of direction) HVIKTO no one

f,

unrpl6 ne

rrixy rrnoqf.

I canl

see the keys anywhere.

Bu uuxyg6 ne r,rAre cer6Aru?

Aren't you going anywhere today? Huxr6 ne uonrnvr6er eE. No one understands her

4 f Ae nrr nrtr6ure orArxirr?

E

lffi gu xorrire Br.rn6? I never drinkwine 4 .l[ HLrKorA6 ne urro I Bl'r mb6ure $riluvru? I donl like watchingfilms. 2 3lecs ecrr xunore6rp? There isn't a cinema here. 3 Heu Bbr 3ar{rrM6erecb B I donl do anything (am not busy cso66AHoe ap6rraa? with anything) in nry spare time.
suH6.

El Gomplete the following conversation by giving a negative answer to each question, according to the prompts.

I don't like to go on holiday

(rest) anywhere.

The negatives nraqerd and part of the word:

uurr6 decline like .rro and rro. If they

follow the uu

are used with a preposition, then the preposition must

I donlknow anyone. -fl uuxor6 ne gn6ro. fl, su o KoM He gfNraro. I'mnot thinkabout anyone. .fl uuqer6 ne sH6ro. I donl know anything. f, uu o qeu ne gj'rvraro. I'm not thinking about anything.

2 3 Bu nnra6 4 Orart nur6vry 5 Trr nn o KoM

matctr the following sentence halves to make full sentences. .f, Hu.rer6 a rre Ayr!{aerub Mu nnxorad b EE TIOHI{MAK)
c ne noceuldervr re6rp

d IIC OT.IIbIXEETC
e ne

nfruyr

>

For conjugation of qro and xro, see Unit 51, for use of negative and infinitive, see Unit 76, tor use of preposition o see Unit 89.

I*rl tl

o)
GT

In Russian there are negative words which are used with infinitives, not with conjugated verbs (e.9. therc is nothing for me to do). These negataves begin with the stressed syllable x6. E fne key negative words used with infinitives (with very literal translations into English) are:

n6r4e

not

whcre

H6rae

croirr
cnpocrirr or.6x6rr

4 Bav u6ry4a 69rcr utrrt. d The childrenwill

Thcre's rcwhere to stand.

Uatctr the Russian phrases with their English transtations. Hdror.ua \urfrr. a lvan hss no one to talk to (with). 2 l4r,6lay n6 c xeu roroprirr. b You will have nowhere to go. 3 Havr n6.rero 6firo nurr. c Don't mention it.

have no one

= o

nry4a

not towhere H5xyga n4rth not not ribt

Thereb nowhcre
to go. There's no one

n6rro
n6rorga

who when what

H6xoro

to ask.

q)

H6xorga

There's no timc

s.

n6qro

to rest. H6.rero ecrr

Thereb nothing to eat.

e There is no time to read. f There is no point worrying. g There is nothing to read here. H6xoro cnpocfrr. E H6.rero 6ecnor6urucs. h We had nothing to drink. i There is no one to ask. 9 H6 :a qro. l0 .{6rxu u6 c revr 6j'ger j You have nothing to worry about. urpdrr. 5 6 7
3aecr ndqero
Te66 n6 o
.rrvr

\urhrv.

to play with.

6ecflor6rrrcs.

o o A N Y

The negatives n6qro and n6rro decline like qro and rro; if they are used with a preposition, then the preposition must follow the n6 part of the word: H6.reN,r nncirr. There's nothing tu wrtte with. H6 na qro xdrosarucs. Thereb nothing to complain about.

guitC sentences about the problems of lvan and Maria. ffi I{nrin uMapfix/uarh y reirp/slrro/c +VlsiLtry u Maprtu n6 c reu uilr,fr. s re6rp. Ivan and Maria have no one to go to the theatre with.

I J

l4s.6n

E tf you want to indicate who has nothing to eat, nowhere to rest etc., then you must use the dative case of that person: Bavr n6 Ha qro xii-rronarrcq. You've got nothing to complain about. Mse u6qev rrucdru. I've got nothing to write with. E These negative and infinitive phrases can be put into a past or future context by using the past and future tenses of 6rrrr: Mue n6qelr 6drno nuc6rn. I had nothinx to write with. Barra n6 Ha qro 6!,rcr You will have nothing to x6nosarrc-fl. complain about.
H6qero can be used to mean there's no point. H6 sa qro can be used to mean don't mention it, you're welcome.

2 }{shn u Maprta/nucinu
hsSH n
Ha

H6ror.qa

u Mapfix/cv'orpdrr reten'inop/ no time to watch

television

Mapftl'/npurrrLalluhru o66aln6rro 4 Ashtr u Map,hx/uuru,/H6.rro 3 }{aLH u Mapthx/zvortthrn/la9xlo

E

whcnr.'r'a/n6\to nothing to write letters with

no one to invite to lunch nothing to drink no one to ring

4 The doctor
S
We

2 Boris had no one to talk to. 3 There's nothing to eat.

Ttanslate into Russian.

You

will have nothing to do.

had no time to rest. had nothing to read.

>

For conjugation of qro and xro, see Unit Sl, for use of negative and conjugated verbs, see Unit 25.

l1ill

tl
{ {

The infinitive is used in phrases to mean it is possible, it is impossible, it is necessary and ft rs time to. E T-tre key words expressing possibility and permission, impossibility and prohibition, necessity are:

E Choose the appropriate word from the box to give the required sense.
MOXHO Herb3q lla.qo
[Opa

u6xuo
ne.rn:f
n6ao uopii

t' o g
:s
I

it is possible, one may it is impossible, one mny not it is necessary

9.
II

it is time to These words are all followed by infinitives and are used with the dative of the person being advised of possibility, permission etc.: Hem:i ryprirr! No smoking! (it is not possible to smoke) 3aecr v6xuo Is it possible to take photographs here?

3 fae 4 floqellf
2

Hau
Cuoprcv6try
uaru

5 K coxan6uuro

nepnfrrcr aoru6fi. ryprlt,. rynrim uop6xenoe? 'rurfrs 5rv rurirv?

no3BoHI{Tb OTCTOIa.

Mue n640

$ororpa$fposarr?

cnarl

need to sleep (for me it is necessary to sleep)

o t o

E In the case of nerngf the choice between imperfective or perfective infinitive affects the meaning: . Imperfective: Baryr nenr:f nrrxo4rlrr cer64nr! You canT go out today! (i.e. because you are ill, not allowed to). . Perfective.' Henrg.f ndrfirz. You canl go ouL (i.e. it is not possible to go out, e.g. because someone has lost the key).
a very useful term in both questions and statements and is often used on its own when you are trying to find out whether something is possible or permitted. For example, if you want to find out if a seat is free, you would say M6xno? If it is in

3 4 5
E

h's time for us to return home. A sportsman shouldn't/mustnl smoke.

Where can one buy ice-cream? Why must we read this book? Unfortunately, it's not possible to ring from here.

Utatctr the piece of advice on the right with the problem on Thlr.s ue

the left:

2 Y Bop,hca 6omftr ronos6. 3 Ee p64uo ue pa66raer.

E
Translate into Russian.

n66nr cropr.

a Evrj'n6Ao ryufrr acnupfn. b Efi niiao ryrfrr n6noe. c Efi uenrsf rynfrr 6nn6r
HA MATTI.

El M6xno is

order for you to sit there, the person you have asked will reply M6xno. (May I sit here? Yes, you may.) Bogu6xno means it is possible and is an alternative to ru6xno only in the sense of possibility (not in the sense of permission).

rlro

Hy'xno, like n5go, refers to necessity:

n6ao a6larr?
What is it necessary to do?

Ef Ilopd means i/ is time to and occurs in phrases such as: Hau nop6 ragu.i. It's time for us to go. This is often abbreviated to Harvr nop6 and sometimes just nopil.

E Use the past and future tenses of 6rrrr to put expressions of possibility, permission etc. into past and future contexts: Hro n64o 6j'ger .q6rarr? Wat will it be necessary to do? Mne n64o 6drno I needed to sleep.

cnam.

4 5

2 3

He must rest in hospital. It was time for us to go. It will be possible to swim. No, you canl watch television. Yes. vou must work.

f'*l L-J

o = g
rT

going to Moscow. E In English there is a change of the tense of verb between direct and indirect statement:

Indirect statements are reports of what people have said or asked: He said hewas going to Stpetercbury; He asked ff t was

fn direct fn direct

speech

In indirect

speech

In indirect speech In direct speech In indirect

speech

'I am going to St petersburg,, he sai.d. He said he was soing to St petersburg. 'I will go to St petersburg,, he said. He said he would go tu St petersburg. 'He has already gone to St petersburg,,
we said.
We

2 Mutlz.gla,on6p cnpocri.n, xygi vrrr 6Aevr. 3 Bpav cxa36ry uro euj' cr6po 6j'4er nj'urue. 4 fnl xor6n 3rrarb, vro rypfcru xorfr noceq6ru. 5 O$uqu6nr cnpocri.n, xorfr nu onf cyn. a The policeman asked where we were going. b The guide wanted to lcnow what the tourists wanted to visit.

E Uatch the sentences with their translations, L flpo$6ccop cxas6rn, qro n6ruras Ha.rHrcq n gna uac6.

o 3 o 5 r+
s)

1+

0t

o 1+ a t+

o=

i " St Petersburg. In Russian tde tense in the indirect shLment

speech

said that he had alreadJt gone to

d The waiter asked whether they wanted soup. e The doctor said thqt he would soon be better
it

The professor said that the lecture would begin at 2 o'clock.

remains the same as was in the direct statement (although, as in English, there may be some change of the person of the verb):

Direct speech ,rfl EEy s CaHxr-flerep6fpr,> crasdJ oH. Indirect speech On cras6.n, qro oH 6gei r -Canrr_flerep6fpr. Direct speech <.f, uo64y s CaHxr-flerep6lipr,> crasiln os. Indirect speech OH crae6-n, qro oH ro6.4er B

E Report on the questions you asked during a conversation, using the English on the right as a guide. ffi Onlrynfirs/lutftru I asked if he had bought the tickets. 1 fl cnpoc,ht(a), rynri.n Jrr4 oH 6un6rur. I Bop,hc/npu6xarr zdnrpa I asked if Boris would arrive

tomorTow

6mra/sanJratftrr sa rnrirra. I asked if Olga had paidfor

the boolcs.

indirect statement, preceded by a comma.

Cauxr-flerep6 j'pr. r Caurr-flerep6fpr,r, cragdm tlml. Indirect speech Mrr cra:ii-rm, rrro oH yx6 uo6xa-rr n Camr-Ilerep6jpr. Note that Russian always needs the word for that (uro) n wr
Direct

speech

<On yx6 uo6xa-n

3 Kmr6nrrr,/nox6rosarrc.f, ua I asked if the customers were ron6prr complaining about the goods. 4 Boprtc/roanontrr 4rp6rropy I asked if Boris lnd rung thc director A 5 uJrbra/ BepHyTbct I asked if Olga would retum.

CL

CI

o o 1+ o 5
II

tr

indirect version: Direct question <<Brr nepnrecr?>> cnpocrinra urr. Indirectquestion Mrr cnpocfru, nepnErcr Jrll oH. -_
Notice that the word order is usually: Verb of asking + comnn + verb + n" + subject,i.e.
owh thmt

Gl rn English we introduce an indirect question with the words f or whether Direct question 'Wlt you return?, we askcd. Indirect question We asked him whether he would return. In Russian, indirect questions must never start with the word 6crm (ifl,but always with the word nra (whether). As for indirect statements, Russian keeps the tense of the direct question in the

I donl know whether he's arrived.

E Rewrite the jumbled sentences in the correct order. Use the English as a guide. ffiffi sN6ro lrr4 s He npn6xa.n oH + .fl ne :n6ro, upu6xal Jrr{ oH. 1 u6xno urr cnpocrinra n 8
.Iacos nogdsrpaKarb
cnpocrtn noruEl

Mrr cnpocrirur +,+nepnrcr+Jrr{+oH. A xou! 3uarb, npu6Ay.r wr I want to lonw whether they are

Ha. 3 xorad oH HaM nepnercr cxas6r. 4 nucru6 nu on6 TbI He uonyufina sH6eIrrr. 5 .fl noAnrtuer 3Harb m,r xo.rf ronrparr 4up6rrop.
oII Apl/r IM

Jrr4.

We

askedif itwas possible to

,4racror6ry

have brealcfast at 8 o'clock. He asked if his friend had gone to the disco. He told us when he would return.

Do you know whether she's received the letter? lwant to know if the director will sign the contract.

laer.

coming or not.

f'*1

tl
{

(o
CL II

5
-t

An indirect colnmand, advice or wish involves more than one subject and verb: Person A wants/commands person B to do something: I want him to go home;They ordercd him to go home.In Russian the word rr66ur, followed by the past tense (either imperfective or perfective), is used in indirect commands/wishes (this is also known as the subjunctive). E 1'tre imperative is used for direct commands: Direct command Go home! Vlnhre aovr6fi! In the dircct statement of a wish, the infinitive is used:

guilA sentences to include indircct commands/wishes etc. ffiffi O" ne/xorfrs/ouL/wrp|rr s r6uHuc + On ne x6uer, qr66rr onh urphna s r6HHnc. He doesnl want her to play tennis. I Bpau/ rp66osarr/cuoprcrvr6n,/ue rypfrr.

The doctor demands that the sportsmen should not smoke. 2 fu4lpexorra6ygoaarr / ryp,hcrw/ o66garb B pecropSnax. The guide recommends that the tourists should eat in restqurants.

I want to go home

A xou! uarri

In an indirect command or wish, the subject of the first part of the

sentence is not the sitrne as the subject ofthe second part ofthe sentence (person A wants/commands person B to do something): Indirect collmand Onf upraxasS.na, ur66H on norudn aorvr6fi. They oderedhimto (thathe should) gohome

Aorra6fi.

CL
@ u

6 o r+ o o 3 3 0t :t

3 flpo$6ccop/rp66oyaru / cry A6nru/ rtpourar6rr ncro rnfry. The professor demands that the students read the whole book. 4 fl. / xor 6tu / vtoir cwn / cr aru npa.r6vr. I want my son to become a doctor
5

[6ru/ xor1rs / poartretn/

xymftrs goporfe urpj'urru.

The children want their parents to buy expensive toys.

Indirect wish

I want him (that he should) go

xouf ,.rr66H on norue-rr aovr6fi

home.

E qr66u
the past.

is never used with the present or future tenses, only

3 Bu xorrire,

El form sentences from the following sentences, using the English as a guide. | fl.xot!, qr66u on a gan evrj' na \afr* 2 Ha.rflJbnur upraxasiin, .rr66H oHIi b nce spfreru c6rra. .rr66H g
c

pa66rat

El rlr66u is always preceded by a comma.

4 On cras6r, qr66u
OQuquSnr

yc6pguee.

d sdruura

r,rs

the use of .1166rr in

o r+ o
I

to say, tell to wish to suggest npnxdsuaar> / npuxazdr s to order peKoMeHAoB6rr/orperouen4orfru to recomtnend con6rosarr,/nocos6rosarr to advise rp66oaaru/uorp66orarb tu demand, require Some examples; notice how English sometimes needs should in order to get the sense of command/recommendation: Murmquou6p cxasiin, .1166rr onf orourmi or 4n6pn. The policeman said thqt they should move away from the door JI upegrar6ro, vr66rr Bbr BcerAa ncrasbrlor. p6nrure. I suggest thatyou (should) always get up earlier.

indiect commands ronoprlrr/crae6rr xendrr,/noxen6rr npepwilru/ npegnoxrirr

Common verbs of commanding, wishing, advising which require

are:

r6rvrnarrr?

xor6l, .rr66H rma6sr

npuxogfirrr
o6npevra.

1 I want him to work harder 2 The boss ordered that they (should) anive on time. 3 Do you want me to leave the room? 4 He said that all the audience should be seated. 5 The waiter wanted the customer to give him a tip. (lit.: 'for tea')

I I want you to ring me tomorrow. 2 The doctor wants the patient to stay in bed. 3 The professor demands that the students work in the library. 4 The policemen suggests that you go home.
5 I ordered them to sit down.

Translate into Russian.

> For imperfective/perfective,

see Units 65, 68 and 69.

F*l tj

o
tt o

A'purpose clause' is part of a sentence which describes an action undertaken in order to achieve a certain outcome: I have come frn order) to tell you that dinner is serued.In Russian the word lr66H is used with either the infinitive or a past tense verb in order to produce a purpose clause.

E Wny do people want to do things? Build sentences with 1166rl. Use the English translations as a guide. 4j#i Ou / toceul6rr vys\u/ xaprrinrr/nocuorp6m -r On x6qer
nocerq6rr
vrys6ra,

.Ir66H nocuorp6rr raprrinu. He wants to

I' tr
o o

E If ttre subject of the verb is the same in both parts of the sentence, then .n66rr is used with an infinitive. In the following example the person making the telephone call is the same person who is passing on the news about Thmara:
.f, snoHb re66, vr66u uepe46rt n6nocrra o Tarvr6pe. I'm ringing you to pass on the news about Thmara.
In English this kind ofpurpose clause is expressed as (in order) to...

{.

L Mu/rynirr renesfgop,/crraorp6rr Nr6r.ILI 2 Bu/rtozsour.irr lpyry/npnrlnactk'rc er6 na ronq6pr 3 Ts/sanuc6rr nracru6 /nepegirr n6socrll 4 Osrt/l;ocerrirl Mocrey / whaerr nurep6cnrre uecr6 5 Typfcru/ noceqiirr rotfixu/ or4l'lx|rs I We want to buy a television in order to watch the matches. 2 You want to ring (your) friend in order to invite him to the concert. 3 You want to write a letter in order to pass on the news. 4 They wqnt to visit Moscow in order to see some interesting places. 5 The tourists want to visit the beaches in order to relax (rest).
El gorls has rung for a variety of reasons. Build sentences using 1166rr and the past tense.
o6rxcnvin npo6n6rr,ry. Boris rang so that I should explain the problem. (for me to explain the problem).

visit the museums (in order) to look at the pictures.

'mz
E rlr66u
is usually omitted after verbs of motion:

ffi ilo6r,tcnfru

npo6n6vry

Bopfc no:nonfl, qr66H q

On upuurn uepegSrr efi xop6urue n6socru.

He came to pass on the good news to her.

2
3 4 5

El If there is a change of subject, then .rr66H must be used with the past tense (imperfective or perfective, depending on the usual criteria of choice: process or result?):

to answer the question to apologize rvru/o6cy4ft cury6quro to discuss the situation au/rtpnrtacfrr er6 na o66a to invite him to lunch to book tickets owh/zaxa:l6rr 6un6rrr

on6/ ornlTlrrb Ha on/uzsunftrr,cn

nonp6c

fl saoH6 re66, .rr66u rrr n6Hsr rryinpy.

El Choose the appropriate word or phrase from the box to complete each sentence: .rr66H

I'm ringing you so that you should understand the truth.

In English this kind ofpurpose clause is expressed as in order
that/so that...

rosnonrirr noaaoHlirr qr66u

Apyri.

uogsoHllJt

I
2

6rrrra s{rura
Qlgawent out to ring afriend. Otura ucxdtln asroNrdr
Qlga was looking

3 Ornra xor6la,

Apyri. for a phone box in order to ring a frtend.

Olgawanted (her) friend to ring her

Ipyr _

efi.

>

For imperfective/perfective, see Units 65,68 and 69.

t*rl

tl @
J

In an impersonal construction the verb is used in the third penron singular without a definite subject, e.g. MHe x5xercn, rt seerns to me that...

ll Uate sentences from the words in the box which correspond to the translations.
xdnoAuo crjuno xaJrb Mrre ua4ollo/ xau{ yAan6cr eMy rrp6;lurct r,rM x6qercs eft co66rv safttf rrnoq nn6sarr re66 m,rrb BaM

tr
t$E IEE lo

E Vtany impersonal constructions involve the third person singular of the verb and the dative case. Here are some corlmon examples: Mne r6xercf,, qro orr npaB. It seems to me that he is right. Mne ua4o6no I'mfed up of working.

pa66rarr.

t' o
o o
I

=rt

Harra y4an6cr nafirft ux AoM. We managed tofind their house. Barvr up6rurca ranqer6rr? Do you like dancing? Te66 x6qercfl.il:arn? Do you feel like a. drinkT (=are

you thirsty?)

(to be) does not exist in the presenr rense, many impersonal tqnstructions consist only of the dative case and an adverb. Many expressions of feeling are made in this way:

El Since Mne

6urr

q =,

x6ro4uo. Eopficy nj'vrue. Kax re66 ne crdr4no!

2 Iamcold. 3 Shefeels sorryfor the dog. 4 He likes swimming. 5 Do you (sing.) feel thirsty? 6 Didyou (pl.) manage to find the key?
El Wtro feels sorry for whom? Match the phrases on the left

ffi We're fed uP. a Hav naAo6no. I They are bored.

l9 t9
tc to
IO tf

lqt

l.-

l"

(ht.: to me it is colA Boris is/feels bener (ht.: to Boris it is better') Youshouldbe aslwmedofyourselfl

I am cold/I feel cold.

with the translations on the right a 1 Mne xanr er6.

o o 5 o t g o +, o 5 o

Harvr 6drno 6uenr unrep

r"rr.

rf:;mn'::;::f::mt?t
to us it was very interesting)

2 Hatvt xarb ux. 3 Te66 xaru e. 4 Vl:la xarn uenf. 5 Bavr xaJrb Hac.
E

b d
e

They feel sorry for me. I feel sorry for him.

You
We

c Youfeel sorry for her

feel sorry for us. feel sorry for them.

E fne verb np6nurrcr literally

used with a definite subject:

meurc to please andit canbe

Mne np6nurcr
I,Irvr up6narcs

xnrira.

I like the book (lit.: to me the

book is pleasing) They like the books. Bau uonp6runacr sxcxfpcnx? Did you like the excursion? (lit.: To you did the etrcursion please?) Notice that the object ofthe English sentence (book) is the subject of the Russian sentence (the thing that does the pleasing).

rr.ir:a.

guilO sentences explaining who likes whaUwhom, using the English as a guide. ffiffi K6rrln6sas nr6ca + K6re npilnnrcx H6sas nsfica. Katya likes the new play. He likes the actress. On/axrp,irca The doctor likes the hospital. 2 Bpau/6oxsnh\a The professor likes the students. 3 flpo<f6ccop./cryg6nru You liked the excursion. 4 Bu/excrj'pcua I like her 5 5./oui

E ttre dative case is used with xanr

mean sorryi

(an impersonal predicate) to

Hav xarn 6il6yutxy.

We

Notice that the person you feel sorry for is in the accusative case.

feel sorry for granny.

E Some complaints! 1 I'mfed up! 2 I'm hot! 3 I feel worse!

Translate them into Russian.

For dative case of nouns, see Units 13 and 14,tor adverbs, see Unit 39, for declension of personal pnonouns, see Units 48 and 49.

f'*l tl

o N

Conjunctions are words which link phrases to make longer phrases or whole sentences (e.9. and, but, becausel,

IrI means and.It is used to introduce extra information: fl. urpitw na rn6pnere n na Sn6ftre. I play the clarinet and
the

It is not preceded by
subjects:

flute.

a comma unless
ra

it links phrases with different

o o 5 br c f o tr!: o 5 a

Mil"nrqnx

ul6ral,

nrarr6 ne cndrruan er6.

4t 5t
1

tfl nbro 2fl ne urpfro 3fr .mo6rub 6uepy

me

tvtate sentences.

ug! na rouq6pr because nporpdvrua,

both...and nxn6, n64ry neither...nor KpIiKer, $yr66n and, but on, 6an6r
Her{HTepecHat

ne:u6ro

where

on, pa66raer

The boy was crying and no one heard him. ?I... ra means both.. and: On mb6ur u \air. n x6{r-. He lil<es both tea and coffee. A can be translated as and or but; it gives information which contrasts with other information given, but does not contadict it. It is preceded bf a comma. .fl upeuoga(r pfccrcuit. xzt';tx, a oH rrpenoAar 6uol6ruro. I teach Russian language but/and he teaches biology. Ho means but when the ideas described are not compatible; it has a sense of despite/however.It is preceded by a comma. On6 rie mb6ur Ayxri, Ho oH AaJr eit tynh. She doesnl like perfume, but he gave her perfume. On6 o6eurdla no3norui.Tr, Ho sa6dura. Slrc promisedto ring, but
she forgot. To say or, use lilu (no comma!); to say either... or use fitn... ,hm (always a cornma between the two parts of the sentence): Brr xorrire \air rtilr r6Qe? Do you went tea or coffee? Mrr no6Aeu f-ru r fp6qnto, ,htru s Virilrmrc. We will either go to Greece or ltaly. In negative contexts, use Hrr... nu (always a comma betweeen the two parts of the sentence): On ne nrgr rlur. nrtcwt, un nrur6. He drinlcr rwitherwhislq rwrwine. E r{ro (that) isrequired much more frequently in Russian than in English. It must not be omifted in contexts involving to say, to think, to believe etc.: I think (that) he is in the garden -fl 4fvraro,vro on n ca4f llB qro is always preceded by a comma.

El Insert commas as necessary. On6 o6eut6ra nanncdrr nracrvr6 no on6 sa6/;ulaShe

2 Oy usytiter r"rareu6rnry 3 Cepr6fi

4
ne.r6ren
r,r

promised to write a letter but

she

u @ri:ury.

forgot.

He studies mnths and physics.

nrmr6 ne o6parqder sntrlr.dnufl. na ner6.

5 ,{zp6rrop aj'rvraer qro rrnaenr Aos6ren.

Sergei is sad and no one is taking any notice of him. Typthcru cepAriru norouj' uro B rocrlltrfue x6noAno. The tourists qre angry because the hotel is cold. The director thinks that the customer is satisfied.

E Gomplete the sentences with the appropriate coniunctions from the box.

rorA6 r,{e I t
M6rvra npau,

us-ga ro16,

qro fitwr

HI{...

H}I Ho

.fl nepe4Svr re66 uncrvr6, 3 Vro nfqrue. ra:6ra

4
5

uiina nporpaMMr,rcT.
Tbr flpr{eAerrrb.

rp6ucnopra ner. Curyigur ceprEsnar, vr6xno rynfru vrop6xeuoe? Bu ue sn6ere, q He xoqy. On nprrnacfn uenf n pecrop5n, TeJreBrl3op, ne xorir cMorperb il6ru _ rrp6rr Y cayy. _

xypnii,r?

2 I want to go to the concert, but there aren't any tickets. 3 Do you w&nt two tickets or three?

!l Translate into Russian. I I'm glad because he's bought a ticket.

E florovrf tro (because) is usually preceded by a comma (although you can move the comma to the middle of the phrase if you want to give special emphasis to the clause - because of the fect that). A comma always precedes rax KaK (since) and appears in the middle
ofthe
phrase us-:a 1016, tro (because): On ne npd4vr cer64rx, nororvrf wo (rar r,ax/ w+a ro16, wro)

on 66res. He won't come today because he's ill.

> For use of qr66u (in older

to/that), see Units 79 and 80, for use of 6cnn (O, see Units 72 and 73.

Fq tl @

Prepositions tell us about the position of things. It is important to know which case is used after each preposition. Ef llne preposition B means in or at when it is followed by the
prepositional case: fae on? On s 66ure
Where is he? He's at the bank.
The waiter works in the/at the

ll

q)

tt d t' o
II

Oduqn6ur pa66raer n
pecrop6ue

restaurqnt.

El i|tre preposition B means into or /o when it is followed by the accusative case (i.e. when direction, rather than position, is
important): Kyg6 oH ugr? B OSlug.ftinr sx6.ryrr

o + 6' = o
J

pecropSno

6anr? n

Where's he going? Tb the bank? The waiter is going into the restaurant.

ffiffi K.rno.rfi /cron a Krnoqf na cro.n6. The keys are on the table' The house is in the town. I .{orulr6po4 The church is in the village. 2 l{6pronr/gep6nru The book is in the cupboard. 3 Kunra/mraQ The car is in the street. 4 Arrouo6rtrr./ftmua 5 Kovrur(rrep/6$uc, The computer is in the ffice. 6 Epricronr /s6na1 Anrnnra Bristol is in the west of England' The train is at the station. 7 floezl,/crilwrus. The tiger is in the zoo. 8 Turp/soou6pr The postman is at the post ffice. 9 floqrarn6H/n6\ra The pinnist is at the concert. 10 fluasricr/ronq6pr
El tUafe sentences to explain who is going where. Bpau/6owwhqa "r Bpau uAr s 6ornnfqy. The doctor is going
to the hospitaL

suilO sentences to explain where things are.

E fne preposition Ha means on or at when it is followed by the prepositional case: f4e urouri? Ha cron6.
OnL na

pa66re.

Where are the lceys? On the table.

Sheb atwork.

E fne preposition Ha means on to or /o when it is followed by the accusative case (i.e. when direction, rather than position, is important):
On uonoxf"rr xrno.rfi Ha croJr. He put the keys on to the table. ua pa6ory She is going to work. The following words cannot be used with n if you are describing
OHA H.qr

2 bircrop/crary6u 3 Y,r,ifierbhrx6na 4 Cryz6arh6rqut 5 Co66xa/can

Cerper6pr/pa66ra

The secreta.ry is going to work Vhor is going to the stadium. The teacher is going to the sch.ool. The sudent is going to the lectuw. The d.og is going into thc garden.

E put the word in brackets into either the prepositional or the accusative, according to the sense,
(rur6.na)I Apa66ran s (ceseP) Axrrnau. 2 Mu xusN{ rra (pa66ra). 3 On cneurthr na (Kpicxax flr6uaar). 4 Typftcr Ha _ (Op6ttqur). 5 Mrr 6AeM so -- Ha (nors6.n). 6 flawaxrtpu ngj'r (KPutra). B 7 Bltt orArrx6ere (6acc6fin). t Onf upe4norur6ror - -- nninatr B (Mocrs6). 9 Cer6ans ola,ft :nerhl B ---(can). 10 Co66ra crur B

location or motion towards; instead you must use Ha (even when you want to say in, into): station c6nep north

eox:6r socr6r east gas6A factory siinan west rouq6pr concert n6rqus lecture nn6ulaAr square n6.rra post ffice pa66ra work pdrnor market

cnerr6rnr craau6n crin4ux ftyua Ypiltr yp6K <p66pnxa srg6Meu ror

show stadium

station sffeet Urals

lesson

factory
exam south

Buep6 ra:rr 6drrul na ronq6pre. Yesterday we were at a concert. AHrJrru. London is in the south of Englntd. These nouns all combine with the preposition c (+ genitive caie) if you want to say from (ou c Vpdla, he is from the Urals).

Jl6n4on na (>re

Note that the vowel o is sometimes added to the preposition s when it is

followed by a word which starts with a cluster of consonants so {Dp6nquu inFrance.

> For prepositional

case, see Units 17 and 18, for accusative case, see Units Z,

F*l
L-_J

o 5

Prepositions tell us about the position of things. lt is important to know which case is used after each preposition. El 3a means behind or beyond.It is used with the instrumental case
to describe location: 3a ndruurra A6vrovr

ll Choose the appropriate preposition from the box to complete each sentence. Use the English translation as a guide.
3a Lrdxgy lgia[ n6pea rIoA 2 Btep6 r"ru 6dtllr 3 Kruoqf nex6r 4 -f, no4oxag re6ii 5 36pxano ri:acin
Y

6ornru6fi

There's a big garden behind our

house.

T'

3a u6nevr nax64rarcr

It is used with the accusative Bop clerufr 3a AoM. El nepea

means in

nec.
and

Beyondthefieldthere,s aforest.

case to describe direction: The thief hunies behtud the house.

IIIx6na nax6.urarcs

tt o
II

d-

instrumental case;

front of

it is used only with the

The car is standing infront the house.

AsroN,ro6riJ6 crorir

o d. o 5 a

g6vrovr..

n6pe4

of

6 Tyandrrr Hax6Arrcs L The school is situated -- between

Yesterday we were at Vktor's.

q6prnuo u re6rpou. BfrorPa. ras6rofi. xunoreirPou. crol6ru.

sA6HueM.

the church and the theatre.

E M6x4y
case:

means between andit is only used with the instrumental

Arrp crofr
axrpvicoir u

upofficcepovr.

u6x4y rral

The actor is standing between

the actress and thi producer

E Haa means above and it is used only with the instrumental case:
Kaprflra

2 3 The keys are under the newspa7er 4 I will wait for you in front of the cinem'a 5 The mirror hangs above the table. 6 The toilets are behind the building.
El Olgat not sure where things are... Build sentences explaining where she should look:

rcavrlinovr.

sucr4rr

The picture is hanging above the

fireplace.

,4., N t|./

Ef ttoa means under and it is used with the instrumental if po$1i.on is being described and accusative if motion is involved: Komxa cnltkr noA cron6vr. The cat is sitting under the table. fl xxa4! ne4p6 nog cron. I put the bucket under the table. C means with whenit is used with the instrumental case, but only in the sense of 'accompanied by'- e.g. On lpe4uour,rr6er or4rrxdrn He prefers to go on holiday

Orrra/ x6ur xa / Aushu,/ Asep r. '+ 6rnra 4jrvraer, 'rro

x6urra uoA Aruinor"r, no on6 y ar6pu. Olga thinlcs
the cat is under the sofa, but it is bv the door

ffi

c 4py:rfrrau. Mne, nox6rryfrcra, c ruu6novr.

tair

withf-riends.

l,ll

have tea with lemon, please.

a

L 6wra/pfura/xrrhra/

Olga thinks the pen is und'er the

bool<s, but

Xy

Note that whenwith indicates ,by means of' (e.g. I write with then just the instrumental should be used: fl n:aru! pj,vrofi.

pen),

means by andit is only used with the genitive case: you are standing by the doox Brr crorire y gylpn. Bvep6 lnlrr 6trnra y 666ywxu. yesterday ." wir" at granny's.
(ar granny's house;

rene([6n 6 rcra/ 6unbrat / zlpxato / nac[opT

asr ouo6,hsn / Aov,

it

is by the telcPhone.

Olga thinl<s the tickets are behind the mirror but tfuy are

3 6 $ra/
.IIOM

kt:

by granny)

4 6 nrra/ noprplr / xavrrtrt/ crot

5 6rura/xo
gr6pr

Olga thinks the car is in front of the house. but it is behind it. Olga thinks the portrait is above the fi.repl.ace, but it is above
the table.

wder tlw passport.

>

case, see Units 7-9, for instrumental case, see Units 15 and 16, for use of y in expressions tor to have, see Unit 63.

For prepositional case, see Units 17 and 1g, for accusative

troA,fitmnux/urra$/ Olga thinks the fridge is betvveen the cupboards, but

it

is behind the door

Fl L--J

@
(Jl

d T' o a rT +. o J o
rA

tt

the genitive case:

Prepositions tell us about the position of things. lt is important to know which case is used after each preposition. E .{o means as far as. It is followed by the genitive case: VIaure go n6pra n nrr Walk as far as the park and you ynfivure q6pxonr. will see the church. El I,Is means from in the sense of from out of and it is followed by Bpa.l arx6gur us 6onrniqrr. The doctor comes out of the
hospital.

Choose the appropriate preposition from the box to complete the sentence. Use the English translations as a guide'
II3
1
K

ll

vrriuo
4n6pu!

OT

IIo

v6pe:

2 Cuoprcu6u 6exfr 3 Typfcru ry.rrfior 4 Cuoprc'r6n 6exrir

OrofiArire

rffuumY.

!'rlue.
sPrirenefi.

Eopric

ras Mocrsdr.

Boris

is

from Moscow.

E K means towards or to the house the dative case:

Mrannqzoii6p cnemfr

of andit is always followed by

The

xyrzr6nau. Apy:rfrvr.

policeman hurries towards

Cer64nx urr

ra4vr

the hooligans. Today we are going to some friends (to the house of fri e ndsh o s e e frie nds ).

Kfera. 5 5. afvraro, tlro oH 6 AsroIvIo6IiJD 64er- vrocr. Move away from the-door! 7 The sportsman is running towqrds the finishing line' 3 The tourists are strolling along the street4 The sportsman is running past the spectetors. I think he's from Kiev. 6 The car is driving over the bridge.

ll

Mfrtro means past and it is always followed by the genitive case: Cry46nru npox64rr uliruo The students are walking past
yHr,rBepcuTeTa.

the university.

ct)

Ef Or means from nthe sense of away from: OSuuuilHr ororudn or cron6. The waiter moved away from Ond rorry.rrina nracrvr6

(rilcca), uoxfrryficra. 2 floaxoafire K -- arr norryuri.nra nucrrvr6? (rro) 3 Or (l4riurtrt). 4 ,{xuonilnnv. v3 (rfcca) n refrp. urirrao flpoxoglire 5

E put the word in brackets into the appropriate 1 3.ueo u64o uepexogfrl'l6pes

case.

-/

Apira.
E Uo

or

the table. She received a letter from her

into Russian. El Translate I

-(!'nuqa)'

friend.

means along (or round, as in the example) and is followed

We are

towards the students. 2 The professor is hurrying 3 The dog is crossing the street-

She doesnl like walking round the shops.

by the dative case: Mu ugdrra no rn6nuofi

On rub6zr xoariru no uarasrinau.

f:rnqe.

walking along the main

steet.
He likes to go round the shops.

It is also found in expressions withtelephone, television, radio, post: roroprirr no rene$6ny to speak on the telephone

El

gdpea means ocro,rr (or through, as in the example) and it is

Grmny
wall<s slowly

followed by the accusative case: B66yruxa vr6Anenno uepex64ur u6pes j'.rnrqy.

asoss f,rc sheet

M6xuo sarag6rr 6r,rn6rrr

.r6pes

rriga.

You can order tickets through

the guide.

>

For accusative case, see Units 7-9, for dative case, see Units 13 and 14, for genitive case, see Units 10-12.

F4 tl @

In expressions of time from a second to a day, e and the accusative are required in order to say at or on, but if you want to tafk about days (e.9. on Mondaysl no and the dative are needed.

o)
*.

3 o
A J \t

E g anO the accusative are used in expressions with second, mornent, minute, hour: B 5:ror voru6nr ou u6nrr, At that mornent he realized that qro sa6{ur cnofi n6cropr. he hadforgotten his passport. Note that expressions such as Just a momenl/ are used without the preposition and with the accusative: Muufrovxyl Hang on a minute/Just a minute!
E
Days of the week are used with s and the accusative when they
are singular:'

E Complete the sentences on the left and match them with those on the right. 1B_ nwpiruo arorn$. a OnWednesdays I do sport. 2 fIo r pa66raro r 6Quce. b On Fndny we are going
to the cinemn.

3B 4B
5 flo
6 IIo 7 flo

sa3soHrir rene$6u. c On Sundays I go to clurcIL uu ulvr n rranore6rrp. d On Thursdays the guide

s sanlflvldrocr cn6pror"r. e

rests at h,omc. On Monday I amplaying

801f.

r xoxy

n q6pronr.

t On Friday we are going

to Greece.
the

on nniisaer n 6accefine. gOnTuesdayslwo*at

rr,rA oT.6uraer AoMa.

s noHeA6rbHur no nr6purar

cp64y

on Monday on Tuesday on Wednesday

8 flo

hOn Sanrdnyyouare

ffice.

n uerr6pr n rfrnuqy Y cy66oty n nocrpec6nre

Note also:

on Thursday
on Friday on Saturday on Sunday on thnt day on my birthday

9B
10B

urr

no6geu

fpeqmo.

i i

going to St Petersburg. OnThursdays he swims

inthe pool.
BbI NOe,ITCTE B

Atthatmomeruthe
telephone rang.

Carrr-flerep6lpr.

s Sror Aeur n ruofi 4enr pox,q6nr,rr

El Look at Olga's diary for the week and then answer the questions that follow.

When days are used in the plural, no and the dative are needed: IIo [oHeAeJrbHrrKaM on Mondays no er6pnr,rrau on Tuesdays no cp64arr.r on Wednesdays no'rernepr6vr on Thursdays

no nfrnr.llau no cy666rarr,r no nocrpec6nlau

on Fri.days on Saturdays on Sundays

TIOHEAENbHI{K Pa66ra BTOPHHK f6poa CPEAA Krurore6rp

qETBEPf
Eacc6ftn

IUITH}IIIA
Pa66ra

CYEEOTA

Pa66u
BOCKPECEHbE

K 4py:rfv

B xarfie gutu6tsra pa66raer?

2 B xax6fi Aens 3 B xar6fi Aenr

Orsra nqr a r6poa? 6rnra uAer r apysrfr,r?

>

For telling the time according to twelve- and twenty-four hour clocks, see Units 45.

t''-l tl
{

English does not always use a preposition with time phrases (such as this week, next yearl, but Russian always does. El Weeks are used with na and the prepositional case:
Ha STOI{ HeAeJIe Ha nporuJroll HeAeJre

Explain when you will see each other. ffiffi Mu ynir1ravrcr./ffirnipr + Mrr ys'hgmvrct

lrrrelapl. We

will

this week last week

next week
the

o At N Y

lf, 3

Ha oy,qyqeu HeAeJre rra cJreAyroutre[ rreAeJre

following week
in July

r rnaap6
n

Months are used with s and the prepositional: in January s r6re

March n anp6re_ in April s M6e in May s u{)He in June

in Note also:
B 3TOM MeCrUe

r rvr6pre

$enpan6 inFebruary

inAugust a cenrr6p6 in September n oxra6p6 in October n nor6p6 in November n 4era6p6 in December

this month last month next month
the

6nrycre

10 Mu yniryurNrct/2|-fi ser

1 Mu ywrtanucn/5ror roA 2 Ms yYth.gmvcl'/5ra neA6nx 3 Mu ysitgrnvrcx/l.rLapr 4 Mrr yY,rtAuuct/uionr 5 Mrl yzfiaurrct/6fayuuft roa 6 Mn yo,hanucil$eapfrn 7 Mu yt,haaucn/eror u6cxq 8 Mu ysirynucn/inrycr 9 Mrr ysftwr:lrLcs/Gfgy:uqas H6Ae.rs
month people's birthdays are.
-.+

see one another in January.

E gxpbin in which

ffi

a up6runovr lr6csqe

6fi6ynxn

Aes" poxa1nur./666y:rrra/2

s 6i'ayIqeNr rr46csqe n cn64yroqeu ivr6cxqe

following month

2 lens poxg6nnn/Ann/4 3 .{eur poxg|nut/Tarshsa/9

4,{eur poxp6uur/cecrp6/12

1,{eur pox46nw/Cepr6ft/3

{enr pox46nua

$erpar6.

Years are used with B and the prepositional: B 3TOM rOAy this year

n np6runoru ro4y
B oyAyrleM roAy

last year next year

n cr64yrouleru ro4j' the following year The same construction is also used for centuries: s Asa.url6roN,r s6re in the twentieth century s As6Arlarl, u6pnovr n6re in the twenty-first century

10 .{enr poxa9uut/Vlrops/l I E Translate into Russian (usetul vocabulary

5 ,{eur poxg6nlzl/6par/l 6,{enr poxg6nnr/rryx/10 7 [elar pox46nnt/Kfrn/8 8 .{eur poxg6nur/Baa,rtu/ 5 9 ,{enr poxa5nur./36t/6

on the right).

In December we like to ski. 2 In August we like to lie on the beach. 3 In February we likc to stay at hama 4 In Julv we like to walk in the countrv.

KATATbCf, HA JIbIXAX

nexirr
clu6rr

na nnfxe

A6r"ra ryJrrTb B AepeBHe

>

For dates, see Unit 46.

Fq tl @ @

This unit coverc the time prepositions during, until, over, attarn
since, in and ago.

d.
,A q) Y

El ttre phrase ro np6vra followed by the genitive case is the Russian way of saying during. (NB Note that so up6ua is written as two separate words - unlike n6apelll, on time): Viktor was sound asleep Bo np6rnlr xonq6pra during the concert. KpelKo cuaJr.

E Choose the appropriate preposition from the box to match the sense of the phrase (hint you will need some of them more than once).

@ l*

Ao n6cne x6pes laal61 c 3a

no np6ur

t;
I

C'0

Brirrop

axcrfpcur,r rypficrrr sHlrM6rerbno c.rrytntm.

5ro np6ur, on nr,rror6 He sriAer.

qac.

3 o

El As well as meaning as far as,.ro also means before and until.It is followed by the genitive case: Mu rau 6firIa gq cevrri qac6s. We were there before/until 7 o'clock.

3 floc64ra na.{Hrcr _ 4 @urnvr Hhqancfl. 15 uun{'r

5

ll lo td to to

l9

n6rqun

6 7

yrp6

El To explaiq the time over which something is done, use the preposition 3a with the accusative case (sometimes we would say iz
here, rather than over):

I
2 3 4
5

ll

OnL lrrarmct$m rrnfoy sa 4 rre4lm,z,. Sluwrctetlubookin4weel<s. n6c.re means after and it is followed by the genitive case: Il6cre o66Aa rr,rrr noft,qvr n r6po4. Afierlunchwewill

80 tnto town. Ef fne preposition c indicates since or from a certain time. It is followed by the genitive case. Note that it is often used in expressions with the present tense to mean has been, have been:

6 7

ABa Aru. "iooutri"n During the excursion the tourists listened attentively. Over this time he saw no one. Boarding will stan in an houx The film began 15 minutes ago. After the lecture we set off to the cafe. From morning till evening. He read the whole book in two days.

O"

urr uourrui

n ra$6.

lo
I

r6vepa.

rcro rnriry

tcj

tl t@l

f.

pa66raro c p6nnero yrp6. I have beenworking since early

as meaning across, v6pea means

El Complete the sentences on t'lre left and match them with those on the right. L nrr ynmri, urr uofxunarm. a He repaired the car in an hour
2 o66.ua os nnqer6 He eJr. 3 On orpevronrripona.n rvranrfiny 4 Anr66yc
5

morning.

in of time in the sense of 'after an amount of time has elapsed'. It is followed by the
accusative case.

E As well

qac.

upu6ser
gr,a

20

:l.rrn:alr. d, During lunch he ate

b They W two hours ago. c No smoking during the flight.

fl6es.q orx6Am u6pes g6crru vtuufr. Thetrainleavesin

rcn mtnutes.

Onf yumf

tac6

El Uasda means ago.It is not followed by anything, since it comes at the end of the time phrase: Onfi nepe6xanra e H6nrrfi Aovr They moved to their new house two months ago. Asa Nr6csqa e'asi4.
NB Remember that prepositions are for use with nouns, not verbs.
To use a time preposition with a verb, introduce an extra phrase between the preposition and the verb, called a compound conjunction, e.g.:
Preposition + noun Time preposition phrase + verb
rvru .nexiim Ha rrJlixe. Before we went to the restaurant we ldy on the beach.

6 7

_fxuna .f, gAecr _

urr cn6ar.
yrp6.

f
qac.

nothing. e Before the film started we had supper

The bus will arrive in 20 minutes. g After you had left we

8 Brr nanuc6mr

uucru6

had supper

You wrote the letter in

I
10

nonra ue xypfirr!

i
J

an hour Before supper we

slept.

Qumu n6uancn, Mbr

NOVICIIIHAJIa.

I have

been here since

,I[o o66Aa wrr .nex6,.rm na rur.ixe. Before lunch we lay on the beach.

Ao ro16, rax Mbr norumi s pecropdn,

this marning.

F'q

tl

o (o
I!

This unit covens the prepositionswithout, except, about, according ton oppositel against and for. El Ees means without and is followed by the genitive case: qafi 6eg cAxapa tea without sugar

E Choose the appropriate preposition from the box to match the sense of the phrase.

6es B Arrfl 3a

xp6rvre

Ha o no npu

np6rna

l|tre preposition rp6ne means except(for)/apart from and it is

Kp6rvre Bfmopa, ace

followed by the genitive case:

3 a o
qI
= o o tr o
I

r6npevrr.

npnlmi

Except

for Viktor

everyone

arrived on timc.

q.

E O means about inthe sense of conc:eming and it is followed by the prepositional case: Mrr ronopfrm o nor6Ae. We talked about the weather. Note that those nouns which have the inegular prepositional ending n -9 @axf, in ihe garden) form their prepositional regularly with the preposition o: on ronopfr o c6ae, he is talking about the garden.

ll ttre preposition no is used with the dative case and means according to: uo crarfcrrare according to the statistics no-u6ernry in my opinion (according to me)
El npu is followed by the prepositional case and has several meanings: by, nea4 attached to, in the presence of, during the reign of. For example: He said this in my presence. OH cras6r 5ro npn rvrne. flpu rovvrynriglae. Under (i.e. during the time ofl communism.

1 On rub6ur Bcex rorrano:riropoB, _ 2 3ro rnrira vrenf? Cnacri6o! 3 OH scerAa nrer ro6e naonor6. 4_ u6ruero 46rua xpacfinufi napr. 5 Bu yx6 xynfrm 6nn6ru _ vrys6fi? -rnr6euy, 5ro ne npinga 6 7 Mu A6mo ronopriru _nor64e. 8 OH qenosiin e _ rcex. 9 Cnacth6o _ A6nrrra. 10 f.qe 6un6rrr _ uar.r? I He loves all composers except Beethoven. 2 3 5 6
Is this bookfor me? Thank you!

Eerx6sena.

4 7
8 9

He always drinlcs coffee without milk. Opposite our house there's a beautiful park. Have you already bought the tickets to the museum? In my opinion this is not true. We talkedfor a long time about the weather He kissed her in front of (in the presence ofl everyone.

t' d t' o
-T

l0

Thankyoufor the money.

Where are the tickets

for

the match?

E [p6rr,rr
IIIr6ra
TeaTpa.

(sometimes

nanp6rur) is followed by the genitive

El fne following sentences have been jumbled. Put the words in the correct order and match the sentences with their
translations 1 vrrr sa no6.naro4aprtm rroairyox e

case and means opposite or against (in the sense of opposed to):

nax6Aurc.fl

np6rnn

o d. o = o

.f, ue up6run 5roro.

The school is situated opposite the theatre. I am not opposed to this.

a They tive in a house

opposite the hospital.

DK 3a is followed by the accusative case when it means/or in the sense of on behalf of, in support of, in response to: Thank you for the present. Cnacrt6o sa nog6por. sa 5ro npe4nox6nne. I'mfor this suggestion.

xnnfr 6orrHrirlbr 3 fitwr sa u4fltrt np6rua 5rofi sH

2
4 5
l6;r.ae

ouri a nanp6rur

b Areyoufororagainst

c
d

this idea?
They went to the disco

without me!

fl

oce Eoprica Aos6J6Hrr xp6ue

rvreHf xonhsu.4acxor6ry ouri

Wethankedherforthe
present.

E A"" means/or in the sense of meant fo4 intended for: Sror no46poK .4Jrr Bac This present is for you. E Ha and the accusative and s and the accusative mean/or
sense of /o gain admission to an event or a place:

ua 6ez

e ApartfromBoris
everyone iscontent.

in the

xynftn(a) 6rur6rlI sa

onepy/n re6rp.

I bought tickets for the

opera/theatre.

2 Thar* you for the suggestion. 3 What didvou talk qbout?

Tlanslate into Russian.

have bought some perfurne

for her

>

For prcpositional case (and irregulars), see,Unit 17, for use of c and instrumental, see Unit 15.

l'*l L--J (o

This unit summarizes common verbs which must be followed by a preposition.

!
1

o
o
ct
-

. .

tr fne preposition n is used:

After the verb urpfrs to indicate which game or sport is being played; the game or sport must be put into the accusative case:

E Choose the appropriate preposition from the box to complete the sense, then match each sentence with its translation.
B

3a

HA

rrp6rr r rorlr$,

to play golf,

urp|rr n r6prrr,

to play cards.

Ou nrp6er

After the verb cvrorp6ru to indicate something looked through

or to look out of the window, crvrorp6rr n s6prano, to look into the mirron

into: cuorp6rr a oru6,

window! 2 Mrr xynfitlla vranrriny

r}yr66l.

a Look out ofthe

_Fopfca.

The doctor behaves

very well towards his patients.

E ttre preposition
following verbs:

sa and the accusative case is used with the

3 4
5

d T' o o t+ o = o
I! II

tt

6naro4aprirr :a (e.g. no.qfpor) to thnnkfor (e.g. apresent) nar6guBaTr sa (e.g. ourri6xy) to punishfor (e,g, a mistake) nnarriru sa (e.g. uorjnru) to pay for (e.g. the shopping) npo4an6rr sa (e.g. 50 py6r6fi) to sellfor (e.g. 50 roubles)

photographer! plays the flute. u6paoft crpanriqu. e Katya _ 6 Bpav 6uenr xoporu6 oru6cnrcs f We bought the carfrom
nprr.naru6nne.
n6qa.rm

KLrn urpher _t[r6fire. Trr no6.naropLaprtt Hac _

c He plays football. d Look at the

Mu

E ttre preposition x and the dative case is used with the following
verbs:

7 8

flocuorprire

crofu

naqn6nrarra.

Boris.

_oru6!
!

We began

at the first

ror6surbcs r (e.g. errfueravr) to preparefor (e.g. emms) ornocrirucs r (e.g. gpyfliM) to behnve towards (e.9. othzrs)

flocuorpfire _r[or6rpa$a

page. You thanked us for the

invitation.

E ttre

preposition na and the accusative case is used with the to complain about
(e.g. the service)

E toof

at the drawings and make sentences with the verb

following verbs:

mpdrs to describe what they are doing.

xinosarrcs ua (e.g. cnfx6y)

lu'a4fnrrcs. ua (e..

n!'.ruree) orse.r6rr ua (e.g. nonp6c) cepAfrrca na (e.9. vreni) cuorp6rr na (e.g. r6pry)
El

to hope for (e.9. thc best) to answer (e.9. a question) to get cross with (e.g. me) to look qt (e.9. the map)

@
G

preposition na and the prepositional case is used to indicate which musical insfrument is played: mrpfrs na xn6puere to play thc clarinet

frc

I
E

Eopfc urpiler
Translate into Russian.

2 TarrAsa rarp6er

wpins na rnr6pe

to play the

guitar

El nre preposition c is used with the genitive case in the phrase ra begin at Let's begin at the beginning. Iasaiare na.rul{ c naqillla.
EK ttre preposition y (and the genitive case) is used after verbs of taking, buying, stealing, requesting to indicate the person from whom something is taken, bought, stolery requested: On sssr y l,rrellrt l0 py6-rr6ft. He took ten roubles from me. Mu rynf.ru y Aru 6prirrmy We bought a bonle of milk
rr,rOnor6.

fromArrya. used after VelDs of Motion, see Unit 71.

I We are cross withyou. 2 We are hoping for the best. 3 He is answering my question. 4 It is not necessary to complain about the letter 5 Pay for the boolcs at the cash desk. 6 They are selling the chairfor 200 roubles. 7 We are buying the chair from Anya. 8 Do you play the guitar? 9 Look at the dog! l0 We usually stqrt at the first page.

> For prepositions

qt
II

t'*l
L___l

= GT
And finally, here are details of books and websites to help develop your command of the Russian language:

you

Books
The first of the four books below deals with language to approximately GCSE standard; the others take you to a more advanced level. Teach Yourself Russian, by Daphne West, Hodder 2001 (rsBN 0 340 80156 s)

s
Ir J = -

{r

& Stoughton,

A Comprehensive Russian Grammnr, by Terence Wade, Blackwell, 1996 (ISBN 0 631 17502 4)
TranTit, by Daphne West and Michael Ransome, Bramcote Press, 1996 (rSBN 1 90040s 00 8) Kompas, by Michael Ransome, Daphne West and Rachel Smith, Bramcote Press, 2002 (ISBN 1 900405 08 3)

Websites
The following are all 'megasites'with many links to web pages on a huge range of topics related to Russia:
Reesweb: http://wwwucis.pitt.edu/reesweb

Russophilia: http://www.russophilia.co.aulfl ash,html

Sher's Russian Index: http://wwwwebsher.net

Slavophilia: http://www.slavophilia.net/

r
o
I

I uniu
I
,.i

o
t

r+

? 3 ?iiuo' tui f.uo?r"tr"?ri,'

*'

4 u' 5 p 6 a' 7

{ r

' 'i ''

f larrpfica 26arcpttura 36anrfp 4s6rrop 5 *yp"a-foct 6 xounrrbrep 7 rra6ni4xep 8 s6srrfi 9 nuaanicr l0 uporparraruricr ll npo$dccop 12 co66xa 13 cry4dsr 14 ryp,hcr 15 xoporu6 2 Bans Haronerl cnpanr,rBaer Marryq (neverto afiernl write y instead!) ,.fie co6axrr?, (neviru afterxl-Write u instead!) <<flo.revry oHr,r Morqgr?>> (never n afierul Write a instead!) Marrra He orBeqaer? Bans 6epdr cnon KHmbr
(never nt after r! Write n instead!) yxoArrr K Apfry, Carulq (never w after Write y instead!). Vanyafinally asl<s Masha 'Were are the dogs? Why are they silent?'Masha does not reply. Vanya takes his boolcs and goes off to his friend's, Sasha.

Unit

$' @ X
O
= O rr lA V, O t V,

ul

1 1cp, 2u,3 x, 4x.,5 x, 6 cp,1 W,8 x, 9 u, l0 u 2 1 rovrur(rrep (u) 2 phtuo (cp) 3 co66xa (x) 4 46peno (cp) 5 arrovro6frm (rra) 6 l6vrna (x) 3 In list M the rogue is sfsa (x), in list X the rogue is nnxen6p (vr), in list CP the rogue is
en6prux

Unit 3

(x)

Unit 4 1 t husband 2 Viktor 3 Olga4 dog 5 student 2l co66ra 2 reiirp 3 ronq6pr 4 xn,irea 5 crrn e.g. Usually Vladimir holidays in Yalta. 1 The dog is playing in the garden. 2 The theatre is very beautiful 3 When does the concert start? 4 Where is my book? 5 My son is a very good footballer.

3 I Jl6rqru 2 v6cro 3 Crys6Hr 4 Altyulx'a

AsroNro6r.iJD 6cra.uu6s

1 ras6rH Most of all Viktor likes to read newspapers 2 l,zitpxu Stamps are expensive 3 xouurrirreps I donl lqtow where the computers are 4 runo$rirtrvrr les, I orten watch films 5 renecepu6tu I donl understandwhy he watches television

Unit 5

Unit 9 1 t{ro nrr n(r6nre 66rmure, I aeplnst/6eperf 2 noesail/rparrop6 3 crftst/qyerh 4 goMf/ropogf 2 4,2e3,3 a5,4 d 1,5 c 2 3 '/ ropo46, .qovr6, moA6fi r,r nouep6 | uoesA6 u neuepit

serials

I6atrcp,hn>t2xypuatw\cru 3 co66ru 4 cavroneru 5 ucr6pur,r 6 csu4hnnr 7 unxen6prr 8 M6csqH 9 1yrturcn 10 nricrvra 3 1 x6nqnnu 2 v'hrs.ruxu 3 .q6nyruru 4 ruryxufnrr 5 r6umu 6 t6uua4u 7 vropit 8 gerrap6quu 9 s4inlzs. 10 rep6u 4 | c, 2 a, 3 b

2han3ltaly 4 tourist 5 lgor, paper 2 | 5ro ,co66xa 3r9 asrolob6fr6 An,qp6r 3-5io renes6n Annu 4 3ro p64no Vlropt 3 | ennh 2 cfipa 3 mpdr 4'rLs, 5 n6arr,r 4 1 ser.rrHdr 2 nrtsa 3 xn66a 4 rosfnunH 5
Boprtca 2
uroron6,ua

Unit

1O 1 1 cheese

Unit 6

7 gep6nnx

1 l6pfrw 2uvenf

316'ru 4ur6lepn 5ap;pec|6ula;sit 8 4py:ri 9 nop;u l0 ropogi

2 Kpoccr6pg

1 I rra6mquros 2 cryg6nron 3 rnm 4 ruhcev' 5 uouz46pon 2 1.rac6s 2pex 3vrya6en 4ranq6pon 5 4nep6fi 6 rra6pefi 7 rocrfinr.rq 8 nfirn 9 rep6en l0 crporirerefi 3 I anerncfnon 2 ron$6r 3 cnfqex 4 cvraplr 5 6an6nos 4 I un6ro cr6nquft 2 6yr6r poe 3 ser rvr6por 4 rplnna npaudfi 5 n5.rra 4oryu6nroa

Unit

11

1 I 6p6rren 2 gep6nren 3 aer6fi 4 sssA 5 ropog6n 6 rp6xgan l0 ruicrrcn 2 I crj'.nren 2 ane:lscrtnon 3 orprirror 4 6ryzox 5 rourdpror 6pj'vex Tcynenfpon 8Aovr6a 9rt6tox l0nfcevr 3 1rurcr 2vars 3rocrfinrila 4anr:rin.rhnun 5 Sororpdr[ur 6 j'xo 7 6!ma 8 asroNro6rirn 9 ap6vrr
anrrr,r.r6H 7 cHnos6fi 8 aoqep6fi 9
10

Unit 12

seros6r

Unit 13
watch 2l d 4,2 a 1,3 e5,4b2,5c3 3 lAo.r 2666yuxy 3uarr 4as4ro
1
1

Unit 7

television 2water3 cat4 Kremlin5

rrro 6 cron 7 n6re 8 orrprirrxy 9 tr6l;;LaAa l0 6pina

Unit 8
1 Underline boats, circle, seagulls 2 underline tickets 3 underline purchases, circle customers 4 underline books, newspapers 5 circle dogs 1 rereQ6nu 2 s4dnmn 3

qeerfi uegcecrp6 4 Ans. Aan6 uoroqfirn Anap6ro 5 Ou6 Aar6 rr4cbM6 4up6rropy 3 I epa.rj' 2 xypnamftcry 3 I4ropro 4 n6mo 5 !'rnqe 6 Vlritmn 7 36e 8 xj'xne 9 nucireruo 10 crerp6nu 4 ufrepn Tarrfire 6p|ry Koncranrriny Apyry Aur6uy

rnfry Cneu6ne

1 apyry Brirropy rre Af.qe nnevrfRnrlry 2 I On aal 2 [our ganf gyx'h rvr6repra 3 On aan

6yrdrrmu norlh 5rvr6pru 3 lunxen6pon 2ue4cecrp 3 $yr6oruicron 4 6atrcp,fin 5 npau6fi 4 I rop6n 2

uysrrrinror 3 n6axu 4 uaragfisu

5 nrrirl

1 I Kaccfprna 4ar cg6uy rmr6urau 2 Ytenuxft garor rnrfou yuurenfira 3 Me4cecrp6 laer ner6pcrno naqu6nrav 4lna.qar 6nr6rrr aRrmrq6Rarvr 5 Ou Aar no,q6prn 4pyerrfirra 2 I rpaun6ru 2 4ep6nrxu 3 xaprriuau

Unit 14

4 xy46xnurar"r 5 crurosrfM 6 noqranr6uarvr 7 npeno4arirenru 8 g4iluus:lr. 9 rouraAfivr l0 oQuuuilnmarvr

3 Ie3,2a1,3d5,4c4,5b2
Unit 15

r vrys6-ax, n ranepdrx, r co66pax u r ron4i AHr, B ynraepvr6rax. Onf r6xe npon6grr neror6poe np6r',ra n rnf6ax, n cdynax n n pecrop6nax.

In the evening I an going by-tminwith Elenn to Vhork. Vhor

worlrs in Novgorod, as an architect. Vhorb interested in;ppu; In swtwner he plays tennis with Sqsha twice a week, when itb 2 B6uepor'r s 6.qy n6es.qou c E.nenofi r Bfrropy. Bfrrop

fine.

pa66raer r H6aropo4e, aprurr6xrou. Bfxrop unrepec!'ercn cn6prorr. Jl6torvr on urpder s r6uuuc c Ciureft 4na pisa a neA6rno. 3 l xn66oer 2canino.la 3 xapr6uxofi4uo.nor6u 5 rurrvr6nopr 6 ne.r6nreN{ 4 1 Zropevr 2 npoQ6ccopovr 3

Mapfeft 4apyroM 5Kireft

Unit 16

1 1d3,2a5,3e4,4c2,5b1 2 | Genitiveplural 2anpau b arrp c npo$6ccop d rovnrrbrep e yurirelr 3 I Bopfc sniler 6pfra (animate!) VIsdna. 2 Brl xorfre cuorp6rr renegfsop? 3 On6 rynfi.ta crj'rns 4 Brirrop yrri4el lpys6fi (animate!) r re6rpe 5 Mu saxasiiJtrr rfpnuy c pltcorra. 4 I Cepr6fi mb6ur 46pero. 2 Mu xranevr n r6po4e 3 O-nrra ila:llf Ba4in,lry raprriny 4 A zrr'dro cryA6nron 5 -II rno6mb 6s.qnrr n6esAoNa c gpy:rirvrr,r 6 On cu6rpur Surnv c 6p6rorvr 7 Auiua pa66raer rvre4cecrp6fi e 6orbsr.iqe.
Unit 2O 'l 1 nrrc6ras crp6ftnan xdrnqnra 2 :lrLiltenlxufi r6ncruft llyxuirna 2 tc,2a,3d, 4e, 5b 3 I rpacfnas ur6ra 2 xeanoe orn6 3 cn6xee vronor6 4 xop6urvfi xypnalricr a66poe j'rpo

Unit 19

aur6rar'ru Zg4iausv.u 3npe4u6raur,r nucfrer,sl.rtn 5 orrpfrruruu 6 4ep6nrruu 7 gpyzshMu 8 ercrfpcnrvru 9 4oueprrrari l0 rorvrurrbrepaMr.r 2 | Vlpfillaa uurepecfercn cuu$6unxur,r 2 Banent,hrt ranrepecjercx Srirnrraarvru 3 Apxur6rrop unrepecjercs 6rHaMu 4 flznapfirct nnrepecfercr. ru"ritpauu 5 Crya6ur unrepecfercr nucfrensv'n 3 I cyucuovrug6pauu 2catfin corypqirvm (fleeting vowel! see Unit 5) 3 ropr c op6xarvru 4 rraop6xenoe c Qpyrraun
1

s 6orrnriqe 2 Apxur6rrop pa66raer r z4itttuu 3 Mopfr pa6Sraer ua r"r6pe 4 O$nqn6ur pa66raer n pecropine 5 CaA6sHm pa66raer s cang. 2 I Cauo.nr r aepouoprf 2 Bftsa n nicnopre 3 Itrf6a r uraQf 4 Kot'rnslbrep na cron6 5 Maapfa s Mcnfinnu 3 1 u6cre 2 6acc6ftne 3 asrorvro6rire 4 ta6opar6pun 5 :n:1f 6 rvrys6e 7 rpa:l.za{rc 8 n6qre 9 rfxne 10 n6ae 4 I c,2 a,3 e,4b,5 d

Unit 17

Unit 21 1 1 j'rpenruoro 2 rt'hxrr,s. 3 ciffixfl* rerg.s,s, 4 coc'mrnit 5 s6srBaunsq 2 I urox6s 2 iloct14rt ,s, 3 nonr64nne 4 uonog6e 5 r6pue 6 6ornu6e 3 Le2a3d4c 5b 4 I vrono46a axrprtca 2 gpyrfte re6rprr 3 rfrs.s.s. nporp6rrarraa
4 n.nox6e

I I Bpav pa66raer

j'rpo

5 nocn6Anxr npo6n6va

1 ln6ruu 2r,6ruu 3Er6 4rsoir5VIx6MoAT Tsoft8 ux 9 Haru 2 Lc2d3b4a5e 3 I naur 2voir 3 saur 4 vro-f. uofi 4 I naori 2 lg'6mu 3 saur 4 rso,h 5 nx
ee,

Unit 22

Unit 23

Unit 18 1 lgep6nurx 2ropo4iix 3q6urpax 4crpflnax 5rvrecrix

Ilpogarqrir pa66raror s :l.r'aras,hnax 2 Crya6uru f'rarca n ynurepcllr6rax 3 @6pnrepu pa66raror na S6prvrax 4 Xrfvrnrur pa66raror r na6opar6pnrx 5 Y.rrreri pa66raror s ur6rax 3 Typriclu xunj'r n rocrrinuqax n n rduuunrax. Onri npon64xr neror6poe rp6rvre
1

crfnrnx 2

6 nap$rorvr6puxx 7 uopr<f6nrx 8 uonfx 9 uovrep6x

10

1 Last year we set off on holiday in our car Unfortunately lvan lost his passport before we reeched lw destination. My brother, Nikolai, tried to help himfind it. Nikolai is avery impatient person and soon lost his patience with lvan. While they were arguing, I looked in his suitcase andfound that his passport was right at the bottom. How I love my brothers! 2 I Ee 2 csoir 3 Mofi, cnofi 4 H6uru, cnoft 5 Zx, cno 3 1 I,Ix 4orr,r a r6po4e 2 Olg.rt rnb6sr csofi noN,r 3 Mrr rub6uM Baru ,rIoM 4 VIx rvrarr n(>6nr Harrr AoM 5 Aovr VIsiLHa? -fI ruo6;nb ero ,qou!

ururdpnrrft nra4x6x 2 I 6onrurjro co66xy 2r.osstit prnsflrr 3 nynrfcroro rp6.ruara 4 4epeninnrrfi cron 5 u6soe orH6 6 nrfcnufi ropr 7 urur6puyro rb6ry 8 unrepdcnyro xnfry 9 ryn6.rnnufi rocrrbu 10 cfnroro 6p6ury 3 I vrorb cecrpj' 2 uonoA6ro npot!6ccopa Ap6rnero nuc|rers. 4 nnrepdcnyro arcrpficy 5 crfunoro

H6r ero Apfra, VInhsa. On yx6 cprl:rLat noxasin narvr csofi H6srrfi crrirep, .uoporrie Axrklacut u

Unit 24
Buep6

uocr!' 4 Aw
uu
6dr.rm u r5po4e. B pecropine

urr nriAerur csof uoryrxr. OH

n6soft ra66paropuu 3 I X6ruqnna 4ar rouSdry 6ornru6ft co66re 2 Myxunua gar pfi6y ufnenrrofi x6urxe

uAer

coc64nerry g6rray 5

Iliser

uAdr x

xypuarfrcra

Unit 25
1 caofx '2 rcpae,haue 3 uonoAdrx 4 ucroprtuecrue I 6omurfx co66x 2 xpac,rtyux rouraA6ft 3 5 uoarrx serHrre g6perrr 4 gp6nnue .qoM6 5 crp6rurrrx uruq 6 csofx 6pSrrer 7 uronoAdrx r6ruer 8 udnenrrue

noAx6.ryrr r n6shrNr 6$ucarrr 4 Ka;rs. noAx6Arar x csofiu A6rxrra 5l4sin uogx6gnr r cr6prru apysrfr4 Unit 30

3 1 O$raqu6nr uoAx6Ar,rr r 6ornuufora cro.n6u 2 Apxur6rrop no4x6.rgar r uii.rrenrrrau 6rnau 3 Tarr,lna

cryg6nrarvr

Unit 29 1 lb2d3e4a5c 2 1rsoliNagoueplvr 2nflwlt yuurenfira 3 uonoAdrvr co66xau 4 np6xnurra gnpexropiivr 5 pfccxuvr

xnaprfiprr 9 unocrp6xnrre ropog6 10 usn6crnux nuc6reneft 3 I vrii-uenrrux co66x 2 xop6urue roctirvrrr 3 s6wu xnfiru 4 u6arre 6rxa 5 nnrep6curre racc6ru

Unit 26 'l Hirua rur6.rra nax6Aurcs neAaner6 or rpacfisoro u6pra. Handno or Hiurefi ux6.urr ecrr 6ornru6fl. arff6xa, rlie pa66raer uarr uoer6 rpfra, Vls6na. .{pyr uo6fi cecrpdr r6xe pa66raer s 5roft 6onrn6fi anr6re 2 | uhlo/pfccxofi s6lKH 2 vrn6ro/Qpanqfscxoro nnn6 3 rvrLnolrur6ficroro pirca ,4 rvrn6ro/rrj'cnoro can6ra 5 vr[ro/csflxefi xon6acri 3 1 5ro co66ra sHc6xofi crp6finofi x6nrqunu 2?ro x6rura u6nenxoro r6ncroro pryxqfnu Unit 27 1 I Haa6so or !'rpennr.rx ras6r 2 Hanpino or u6urrx serocun6Aor 3 Hanp6Bo or Aoporfix 66o1 4 Han6so or 4epenfirnrrx crfnren 5 Handso or orp6vrnrx z4ilnuft 2

1 | A 6gy pduuul,a u6esAoM 2 fl nwn! geuroofi pj'vrofi 3 Hiao r"rurr uocj'gy ropf.refi soa6fi. 4 .f, orrprniiro grepr MoIivr rrro.I6lvl 5 Ou rriiaur py66urxy n6srrM yr(rrorvr 2 1 Bpau x6qer nofirri a re6rp c rpacfnofi vre4cecrp6fi 2 ?Ir6n x6qer uoirrf a reirp c aurruiftcruu rypficrou 3 Xypnarnicr x6qer nofirf n reirp c ugn6crnuvr noruirrmou 4 Enr6nufi x6qer nofirri n re6rp c rvro6fi cecrp6ft 5 Myx x6qer nofirri o re6rp c ruronoA6fi xen6fi 3 I cr6xefi serqun6fi 2 ronsxofi pdr6ofi 3 sereurrr'r orypu6rvr (fleeting vowel, see Unit 5) 4 goporrirra Mafion6sorvr 4 I K6$e c xo.n6Anrn"r Ivronox6vt 29afi, co cn6xurra ruau6nou
Unit 31
s6xnHvr[ rrm6nrauu 4 r"ronoAdruu Aerruf pj'ccrnrrrn crj'Aenrarvru 6 cripuuu nexcuon6parrau 7 niruupru 6phrtrttvm 3 1 nnrepecnnura rnri.naun 2 6ornst'ruu naqu6nrarrn 3 s6sbrr\,ffi crygdnrarvru 4 xop6ruuulr ras6rarvru 5 pfccrunau rounr(rrepauu

rocrfrvru

1 ld2c3a4b 2
3

n6sHrvrn

Apy:rfi'rn

2 $paxqjscrrarr,rn
5

Unit 32
1

rpj'nna nranshncrnx rypficror 2 rplnna rss6crHbrx rpardfi 3 rpfuua n6srrx cry46nroa 4 rpluna uoxnndrx moa6fi 5 rpfnna cepr6snnx ucr6puror 3 lc2a3d4h5b 69 7e 8f

1 1 cr6pou 2 gp6nnefi 3 urfuuorvr 4 rpacfinofi 5 xop6ureu 2 le2a3d4c5b 3 I sennou nipxe 2 Kpicuofi un6ularul 3 upnorvr uopr$6ne 4 xnrofi 66re
5 cfnervr n66e

Unit 28
1 pjrccroruy cry46nry 2 6otlljd6fr. crapfiure 3 np6xnervry rta6neaxepy 4 r'funeft r"rirepu 5 rvro.nog6rr,ry nuanhcry | Tarr.hra uAr r rpacrinoft xaprrire 2 Izlropr r.146r r Ap6anefi n6se 3 Baafu nrr r 6ornur6uy

Unit 33 1. Ib2g3e4d5a6c7h8f 2 I rpacrirnxsAiunsx 2 pj'ccrux ropog6x 3 noqudrx rnf6ax 4 nocn6gnnx anr66ycax 5 nrrc6rux gep6arrx 3 1 Ou pa66raer Ha
rufirauux sas6Aax 2 O*tit Adaaer

norlnrr

n goporrix

Mara3riHax 3 Mrr .rtlr6ervr n6socrR n aeu6pnux ras6rax 4 Brr o66gaere s M6reubrnx pecropinax iOrrt or4rxdror n rpacfinrx niprax

Unit 34
Svetlana wqlks into the house and notices that all the doors and windows are open. The netv curtains are blowing about in the wind. The doon howevet is shut. On the table a cat lies, howling. It is clearlygladto see lier She is furiouswhen she realizes that her son has gone out without feeding the cat. 'He is so anreliable!' she

quriro cir"ryro unrepdcnyro rnfry 5 On xusr s c6rvrofi vrd:renrroft xrapSrfpe 2 I OH o.qfH ue (cirvrnx) rrj"rrrm rrarapfctor 2 9ro c6urrfi rpacfsrrft nnrx 3 9ucr6Fumfi nsgop! 4 fae 6rmxi$lrruas ocrax6nra anrodyca? 5 3ro cillr.ae. ceprsxar upo6l6rvra 3 I 3rirvra c6uoe xon6Anoe ap6ue r64a. 2 Cflv;trft xflprlnir, rrdprar. 3 B6.qxa cill.z;wfi. rp6nrufi saruiror 4 3ro c{max xpacrtsat rraprripa

r[yr6omicr 3 Bor ciprar eneprfrnar lregcecrpi

4 fl.

Unit 39
6

2 I 3ro vr6cro cno66guo. 2 Er6 anrorvro6frn 3 F.liutu g6rr,r :46poru. 4 Bce 6rna ompirrrr. 5 K6nranrfcna. 3 ld2a3e4b5c 4 |p5,aw 2cortdcrrrlifi
thinks.

n6s.

orrpt'rrrrfi saicprirrrrfi zds.srsrfi. Unit 35

1 My younger siste4, Masha, really likcs shopping. Yesterday she bought a bigger bag, a ngwer catr, a nwre emensive radio, a more interesting book and a smaller mobile telephone 2 Mof lll6"A;rsas. cecrp6, Mhurv,6qerr mb6ur A6larr norfnrn. Buep6 ouf rymina 66rmuyro cjrvrry, 66nee u6sHfi anrorvro6rirn, 66nee
gopor6e

2 He'r, nuanricr 6necrfiue urpder 3 Her, cryg6nr nadAneuno pa66raer 4 Her, a6ru rrixo urpiror 5 Her, 6par sneprfirno urpier 3 I l{cn6neq roroprir nomcn6ncxn 2Plcnrnfr roaopfr uo-pfccrn 3 AnrnuqiHru roeopfir no-anrmificxn 4 -f,n6seq rouopfir no-xn6ncru

1 lrnj'uo 2npuinno 3xopou6 4ren.n6 5norriqecrn r6pao 7 nueqarnftoule 8 capxacrrivno 9 groucrf.recxu l0 rl6Apo ll rrixo 12 urj'r'rno 2 1 Her, cer6AHs ren.n6

p64uo,

c6rosuft rereQ6n

66nee nlrrepecnylo xnfrry r,r vrdmrurul 3 lg2j3i4a5h6b 7c 8f 9e 10d

Unit 36
You couldusetheshortformcomparativein 1,3,6,7,9,I0 2 I Mofi 6par yrvnree 2 ?ra rerira vr6Hee crjqas 3 Ero uaufua Aeur6sre 4 Mrr ryrtrma 66nee u6ernli 4orra 5 Brr ne sn6vre, r4e 66nee yg66nrn7 cryn? 6 3ro nporqe 7 {o Mocrnir 46rnrue 8 Mu nonyui.m,r 66nee srlDrcrroe rucrvr6 9 3ro nzcru6 xop6ve l0 3ro p6ruo gop6xe 31 Badn{ 2VsAn

'f

Unit 37 1 lb 2d3a4e
eneprriunee

Auap6fi nanru6ro cepr:nee

5c 2 I 6rnra naun6ro 4o6p6e VIp,hnu

4 Mofi 6par narran6ro renrisee
Nao6fi

cecrpdr 5 E66yrura nalrn6ro uon6xe g64yurru 3 I 3ro 66nee cepresnar npo6l6ua, .revr er6 2 fopog Mocrs6
66rnure, uevr H6rropoa. (f6po.q Mocrs6 66nrure H6nropo4a) 3 On cr6plre vresf 4 Baru re.nenfeop nj'urue vroer6 5 -fI mo6rub 66nee sneprf'rnyro co66xy

vreni

Koucraurrina 3 On naun6ro

Unit 38 1 I 5ro

Unit 40 1 lb2e3d4a5c 2 1 fluanricr xoporu6 lupder, uo rurapficr arpiler erq rr!"rue 2 Moft 6par nenriro urpier, no rrofi 6par nrpiier erq nenrisee 3 Tenuucrtcr sneprriwro urpder, no Syrboruicr urpier erqe eneprf.ruee 4 Eacrer6omicr r.rluo urp6er, no xorrericr urpder erqd rnjuee 5 I4rp6r n rorn$ u6Anenso urpder, no urp6r r rprtrer urp6er enl rvr6AneHHee 3 I K6rs rrfuue roroprir, veu ee cecrp6. 2 Vropr ropiis,4o yceparree pa66raer, .reu Banesrfiu 3 Tar#na noer eu xfxe, ueu 36e 4 9ervr p6rrrue, rervr .iqivnre 5 Kar u6xso cxop6e 4 l nfuure Bcex 2 nj"rue ncer6 3:1i.une ncex Unit 41 1 I cro vrrinyc grdgqarr 6j'Aer a6cer'rgecxr 2 gra nrnoc ruecrniArlaru 6faer soceMniArlaru 3 tprt1!;uarb rprr nJrroc cro ABa 6faer cro rprirrlarb rflrb 4 AsLIu\ar.- A6sxrr ufuyc n.rrH6Arlarr 6j'Aer uerdrprraArlarb 5 s6cervmAecsr narr r"ilinyc nsrrAecir .rerdrpe 6fger rpf.qqarr oArin 2 lb ?*3e4a5d 3 | 42-93-12 c6por gra gerru6cro rpn AseHiArlat 2 84-53-55 s6ceMr.qecrr uert'rpe urrrgecfr rpu nsrr.4ecir usrr 3 20-30-40 AsfAuarr rpf4qarr c6por 4 36-62-73 rprtgqarr [Iecrb ruecrrAecfr gra c6rrargecfr rprr 5 18-ll-26 noceundAqaru oAfnnaAuarr AsdArlarb ruecrb 4
100 is the numeral involved. The advice is that
I

c6rrarrfi

rpacfnufi

napr

2 Zrshu (c6rraufi) t$"lrtuir

it's more important

to have 100 friends than 100 roubles (i.e. friendship is more important than money).

Unit 42 1 Bois

srax6 4 Kufru na ufrou arax6 5 Cyreufpu na ruecr6u orax6 4 1 @ororp6rfllr urr6J6r ua crpanfqe usrrAecfr nrop6fi 2 Oororpri{w, rehrpa na crpanriqe 4n6cru As6ArIam gen.firoft 3 @ororpStfun fmgr. na crpauriqe
s6cer"rAec.f,r ceAru6ft 4 <Dororp6$ur axrpa na crpanfiqe ruecrrAec.fr n6paoft 5 @ororprltfun axrprtcvr na crpanfiqe

recently went to two book shops and bought three boolcs.

Yesterday he was reading his new book on chemistry. He rea'd

about 60 dffirent experiments in 32 countries. Ninety-six chemists had got results, but in 44 laboratories there had been accidents 2 1 verrrpx 2 llliecrfiAecsru 3 ,4raqarf rpx 4 Eessn6cta

lecArofr

Unit 45

AByx 5 cra Aecsriq 3 1 copor6 2 soceluHdAllaru 3 ceuri4ecarn rpu 4 rprracrfu 5 mecrracr6u 4 I rpeuf 2 Aecnntb 3 gnyrvrrcr6uu 4 Asa.quarrIb 5 usrrIb 5 1 AseHfArlatn 2 socMrMliAecqru mecrf 3 copor6 nrrri 4 oAfnuaArlari 5 cra Unit 43 1 I .{na xypnfra 2 IIIecrr neA6.rn 3 C6por qeros6r 4 .{a6gqarr rpn r6urxn 5 OartrHa.{qarr qac6s 6 Cro py6l6ir 7 lennnLgqarr runou6rpon 8 Tt'rcssa rHur 9 Cro verdrpe ufnrqr,na 10 Cro uxrr g6ayurer 2 I ,{ne 6orrurrie co66ru 2 Tpu u6.neurxr.rx redrpa 3 Cro A6csrr n6srrx cryg6nron 4 flsrr cr6prrx .qorvr6s 5 Tpfaqarr .4na :neprrirnrrx u6mqma 3 | nsrfi criprru npo$eccopiu 2 AsaA\ar,rt cepgriruvr rrurdnrau 3 oAIinnaAIIarr,I urj'unuvr xyrurr6nau 4 1 The phrase c nsrr6 n6srrNru cryA6nravru is
all inthe instrumental, because of the preposition c, which takes the instrumental 2 32 students are an animate object, but there is no
animate accusative for compounds of animate accusative for 2,3,4 on their own 4 The preposition o is followed by the prepositional, so the whole phrase is in the prepositional 5 Books are inanimate - so the numeral and its adjective and noun behave as they would do if the numeral and its phrase were the subject (numeral + nom. pl. adj. + gen. sing. noun).

1 1 6es u6rneprn nrrr 2 glulrru uac6n 3 ardaqarr uunj:r urecr6ro 4 6es Eecsrri ceur 5 uonosfiHa gaenigqaroro 2 I fl6esa s Hosocu6fpcr orx64zr B ceMb nrrn6Arlarr 2fl6est r Trep,r orx6Anr n terdrpna4qarr uarr4ecfr nrrr 3 fl6esa y fl.ny orx6Azr n gn64qarr o4fn rpriguarr urrr 4 fl6*a n Bop6nex orx6grar n Eer.xrlaflAr\arr rpfguarr 5 fl6esa r Kfpon orx6Am s cevrnSArlarr il5csrr 3 I OH scraer s ceMb qac6s 2 On s6rrparaer a v6rneprr nocrvr6ro 3 Er6 pa66vnfi. gens naqlar'flercn 6es u6raepru .q6nxrr 4 On o66.qaer 6e: rpuAuarf nnrrh gr;a 5 Er6 pa66uufi Aeur ronqiercs g
nonosrige ruecr6ro

Unit 46

2,3,4

3 There is an

Unit 44
oArisuaAqarrrfi r'r6crq r6Aa 3 Anrycr socrvr6fi vr6csq r6Aa 4 Mafi. nAr:r;rft. Nr6csII r6Aa 5 l,'.I:rbns ce.qrll6fi Nl6csII r6Aa 2 I Ba,qfiM rynfr rf$m rpri4qarr nocrvr6ro pasrra6pa 2

1 I Anp6rn

uerueprrrfi rra6csll r6Aa 2 Hoh6ps

Tarnhna rynfna rfrbrm rpuAq6roro pasvr6pa 3 AHna

xynrtna rf$rnl rpri4qarr nrop6ro pasvr6pa 4 AnAp6ft xynfn rfrbrn c6pox rp6ruero pasrvr6pa 5 En6sa xynri;ra r90ru1

rpriArlarr urecr6ro pasivr6pa 3 I Bar6x na nrop6vr grax6 2 (Doroannaphrst na rp6rrervr srax6 3 TfSru na uerrprou

urecrniAllaroe anp6nr 7 Cer6.qHs As6Arlarr nhroe uiovs, 8 Cer6.{ns n6pnoe celar;:6ph 9 Cer6ans rprigrlarb n6pnoe aera6pf 2 I ,{ecfroro ilvrycra s 69xy s BeH6rIru 2 IllecrndArlaroro druycra s 6i,py n Fepnfine 3 [na4q6roro 6nrycra s 6i,zy s Mocrn6 4 As|auats nfroro iltrycra *. 6!,ty s Kfpone 5 Tpnr.quftoro fnrycra s 69ty n H6nropoge 3 I .fI no6.4y ro (Dp6lqurc soceMniArlaroro inrycra 2 Msr no;ry.rfru nucrvr6 rpdrrero aup6nx 3 On rossourirr rvrHe rpuArldroro r.rr,aph 4 E Aens poxA6uur ceArru6ro v.ilp"ra. 5 OHri y0xamt ur fepruixrau gB..d,agarr arop6ro noa6pf 4 1 fljruxun pogimct s rdrcqqa cevmc6r AesflH6cro Aesfrorvr roaf 2 Jl6prvron or pogrilcr s rdrcflsa n6cer'rcor uert'rpnagqarou rogj' 3 B-nor pogintcx s rdrcsqa n6ceurcor socervGAecfroira rogj' 4 Axl,rirosa poguadcr s rfrcsqa s6cervrcor s6ceMrAecsr genirorvr ro4f 5 llacrepu6x po.qrtrcx n r{rcs.ra r6ceuscor genen6crou ro4f 6 I{ner6era pogvuliflcs n rdrcrqa s6ceMrcor 4erxn6cro nrop6rvr ro4f

1 1 Cer6ang uecr6e nor6ph 2 Cer64r.fl. AaiAuarr uiroe 3 Cer6AnsceArv6e xnnaph. 4Cer64nt rp6rre orrr6pf 5 Cer6,qHr An6Aqarr,qesfroe (penpanf 6 Cer6anr
6rrycra

Unit 47 1 1 Cr6mro cr6r,rr 4epenfiluufi cron? Tdrcs\a nr,ficru nsrr4ecfr py6l6it 2 Cr6rnro cr6prr sn6ncrnfi relerfisop? Tpu rdrcavu py6a6ft 3 Cr6nrro cr6ur ross6pr? Tpu py6rrh a"6aqar" ron6er 4 Cr6rnro cr6ur rp6cnat' pftxal flsru6.qrlaru py6tr5ir nsrrAecfr rou6ex 5 Cr6rrrxo cr6r'rr 6yrdrnra rp6cuoro nun6? C6pox py6.n6fi 2 I E66yuxe s6c"Mr.qecsr oAIiu roA 2 Mlrepu nsrvl.ecrtl rqrb rer 3 Orqj' (fleeting vowel!) nsrrAecfr uerilpe r64a 4 C{tuy 'rp,hagars.qsa r6Aa 5 .{6'repu rpf4qarr ler 6 Bnfry ruecrn6AIlarr -ner 3 I uerdrpe rulorpduvra xtft6a 2 nonrnn6 vrfca 3 nsrr rra.norp6lnlvron chxapa 4 .rpu
xra.norpSvtrrra"nouug6pos 5 ruecrr runorp6uvron
ane.nrcrinos

Unit 48

1 1On 2Onu 3Bu 4Mu 5Onri 2 lOn 2Os5 3On6 4Ovrt 5Ouri 3 lru 2rst 3rsr 4nu(unless
you know yourboss very

well!) 5 su 4 Ie 2d3b 4a 5c

Sror urapS lirm ror urap$, non 5ry py66rury ium ry py66Imy, sou raru? 5 Bu upe4noqnr6ere erln rlSm film. re ri,$wr, soH raru? 2 1 Kro 5ro? 3ro Harrr Bpa{ 2 Ottir xunfr n 5roru .46rvre 3 Buep6 urr 6drrur r re6rpe c Eopricor"r n Cepr6eira. Tor pa66raer rpav6u 4 Brr yx6 sniere o6 5rofi upo6n6vre? 5 Bor ra xe rnftra! 6 On nony.rrin ror xe c6vrufi rincryr 7 MrI .Iur6eM ry xe ra:6ry 8 Ouf pa66raror ua Srux sas6Aax g fl nl! n re6rp c rarriuu r,urrep6cnuvru Apy:rfrrau. 10 Jlfvunae wraraarinrr na 5rofi !,tlzrr\e 3 I B rar6u r6poge rrl xusurr? 2 Kro 5ro? 3 3ro rarir xpac,hnar. <fororp6$ua! 4 Karlro urrinxy rrt
npegno.rrariemr?

rau? 3 Br'r npe4noqur6ere rau? 4 Bu npegnoquriere

ro nocxfi? 4 I Karjro ras6ry srr sur6ere? 2 O qM srr .rljrraaere (ru .4!uaerur)? 3 C xeu srr uAere (rH uaeurr) s &rarasfiH? 4 9ro 5ro? Knfra ,inm xlpualll 5 9rn 5ro Adrn? Unit 52 1 I Bu npe4nouur6ere 5ro ua-nrr6 ,rttn ro ua-rcr6, non rau? 2 Brr upe4uo.rnr6ere 5ry uiinxy ir.wr ry ru6nry, ron

IY lo
l6 ta
llt

l< lo to

to
I

l"
I

[,

Unit 49 1 lb2c3e4a5d 2 lCer6asxqssonbre66 2Cer6nul 6rnra ssosfir HaN,I 3 Cer6Alrs on guoHrir saNr 4 Cer64ux C6ura ssoHfr efi 5 Cer6gHt ru snomfoin evrj' 3 | Y re6h 6omtr roros6 2 V ned 6omir roroei 3 V sac 6omir ronos6 4 1 -!I npuuauiiro er6 na seuepriury 2 fl nptrtall,;riiro ux ua
neueprfury 3 -fl nprrnaru6ro sac na revepriuxy

Unit 50 1 1 5ro er6 Aorra?,{a, er6 2 3ro ux.co6ixa2 fia,nx 3 3ro saru n6cnopr? ,{a, rrlofi (naru) 4 3ro vroe nucrv6? '{a, rno (sfrue) 5 3ro sf.nta $ororp6$un2 [a, nhrlna 2 I K5ra, eor rsod uucrM6. Her,5ro ne vro 2 Bfrrop nor rnofi cnrirep. Her, 5ro se vroft 3 Cimta u A.r'r,, sor s6ru{ rnfrn. Her. 5ro ne n6ruu 4 Csernfisa n Tdnx, sor s6uu $ororp6rlnu. Hs:r, 5ro ne n6urn 5 An4p6fi, sor rsoi py66uxa. Her,5ro ne uol 3ld2c3e4a5b Unit 51

Unit 53 1 lb 2c 3e 4a 5d 2 I M6xno rynfrr r"ripru n ruo66u vrarasfne 2 Cav, rorulosrirop ugr na rouq6pr 3 Ecrr rarrie ropog6 no ncefi Anrrmu 4 V lt.eni uoA6prr .qrs rfxAoro pe6nxa 5 On uar r car"ror'rf ,qupdrropy 3 I Mrr pa66raeu rdxArrfi Aenr 2 Arrprfca calr;h nAE'r r re6rp 3 .lI no,qoxaf y cil:lloit 6u6nuor6xu 4 Bce s6uru npyssrt ugyr na ronq6pr 5 Karfe 6ll:rdrrr sbl xorfire? JLo6rie. 4 I n mo66r'r Lrarasfine 2 s r6xnolvr Marasfue 3 so scex
vrarasrinax 4 s
c6lvrolvl q6urpe

Unit 54

1 lc2e 3a4d 5b 2 1 Kari'ro rnaprfipy nrt noryn6ere? 2 Kar6fi asroNao6liJc ru uoryu6ere? 3 Kar6e orn6 nrr uoryn6ere? 4 Kar6fi seroclrn6A rrr noxyn6ere? 5 Karfe rnriru rrr uoryn6ere? 3 I r{efi 5ro r6lcryr? 2 9eft 5ro qevroa6n? 3 9rs 5ro rb6xa? 4 9rC 5ro ul6rre? 5 Vru 5

1 The tourist came into his room and shut the door behind him*. He saw infront of him* a large roomwith a bed, a chair and a washbasin, but no towels. He was glad he had brought somc with him*. As he was feeling* rather tired, he decided to have a wash and a sleep, although he imagined* that the bedwould not be very cornfortable. 2 Id2a3b4e5c 3 1 On xopour6 seAr ce6h 2 A npeacrarniro ce66, qro 5ro rpj'ano 3 3arp6fi ea
gnepr! 4 f, nn6xo uj'rcrnyro ce6ir 5 Mu rynfim.r ruawincroe Anfl, ce6h, 4 1 9ro nrr rynrinu I^:nfl. c,e6f! 2 On ajrvraer r6.nrro o ce66 3 fl,6ep! c co66fi sus6 4 Mu
co66ft
6epru c co66ft co66ry

4 @urrlu, o'ror6povr ru ronopfire, ne 6uenr xop6ruufi. ! Crya6nru, or xor6prx \,cI [oJrytiliJm mlcrvt6, pa66raror n Ar[plnce. 4 1 Co66ra, ror6pyro rrr c$ororpa$fponal, 6uem crifipas 2f!Ix6t:a, o ror6poft ru ronoplfoin, 6.renr xop6urar

Unit 55 1 I 6nrra, ror6pax xr,rsr n Kripooe, npoAaslqfiqa 2a Harull Apy3bfi, ror6pue xnrlr s Mox6ftcre, yunretf J Brarrop, xor6pufi xnsdr n Mocxn6, ueper64rrar 4 Chw, ror6prrfi xlasr n Bop6nexe, rcpfct 5 AHr, ror6paa xusr n fl.rre, nae4cectpf 6 Bagrirr, ror6puft xilser a O6nuncre, rrrA 2 I Belocuu6A, ror6pufi Ornra rynrtna, 6o.mur6ft 2 ,{xfiucrr, xor6pue 6nrra xynrira, vt6.qnue 3 I{uerfi, , ror6pue Ornra xynhrra, rpacfrrre 4 l06xa, ror6pyro Olrra xywhta, rop6rrar 3 I Apyr, r ror6pouy urr u,4evr, vrysrrx6nr 23ganut, n ror6prrx onra pa66rarot, 6veur 6o.rnurfe 3 Bpav, c ror6prnvr oua roroprila, 6uenr .q66pufi

6 .rro

Unit 56 1 ld2e3b 4a5c Unit 57

2 I rro

rto

.Iro 4 qro

5 qro

1 Someone called to see you this morning. He saidsomet[bingabout a meeting tomorrow. [email protected] didn't want to talk to me. He just said thnt if you canl be on time you should ring anyone in

office 2 Kr6-ro nossoulir re66 cer6Anr j'rpov. On crasilr qr6-ro o coseu6Hun ziltrpa. On uovevrf-ro ne xor6n ronopliru co vrnoft. On crasir r6rmro, qro 6cnn BbI He
the

cvr6xere npu6xam n6-npevra, nSAo noesoHlirr rovrf-uu6yAr n 6$uce. 3 I qr6-ro 2 xor46-tru6y4> 3 w6-nu6ygs 4 rg6-nu6ygr 5 ro16-ro 6 rar6u-ro 6$uce

Unit 58 1 1 srI sH6ere 2 rrr uonnvr6erur 3 r r6runsrc 4 ouh pa66raer 5 onri orse.I6rcr 6 rrmr cnp6url{BaeM 7 os.,

noryufer 8 vtrt ryrfev 9 nrr c.rryruaere 10 ru yrvr6eurt 2 I Brr cnj'ruaere p64uo 2 Mu urpdevr s r6HHI,Ic 3 Tu roxyu6enn uafi. 4 0r,6 nonravr6er eonp6c? 5 fl. znino 4rap6rropa 3 lnoryn6ro 2orseqiler 3ronnru6eru 4

rrp6eur 5 ryrritor

rj'pnre 5 ow,ir. sfipnr

Unit 59 1 I x cvrorprb 2 rrr crp6urul 3 on6 cr6ur 4 est

6 vrrr

ssoulir 2erkuture 3cr6lrr 4cu6rpuur 5crofr Unit 60 1 lsrno6mb 2s,cfiJno 3rroroprb 4xcutx! 5s. n6xy 6scro() T tnpow! 8rcrvrorplb 9rropurub l0rsgourb 2 lcutirt 2ror6srlo 3s6srr 4nom! 5 nerfire 3 tb2e3a4c5d Unit 61 1 I urr 6epeu 2 r, xnn! 3 srr nrre 4 ourt xra.rfr 5 os r.rA61 6 rrr uoeun 7 s rsto 8 ouri x4yr 9 s urlo 10 rvru xrasr'r 2l s2 onri 3 r"rsr4 ru 5 oHIt 6 srI 7 oH (on6, on6) 3 llsirn uoEr. BaArirvr nr6r 4 I I,Is6H nrr g6ary 2 6ssra xunr n reaprripe 3 Os xar B rearpe 4 Mu 6eprvr 6un6rrr 5 OHrt no6r cer6Anx r6uepou Unit 62 1 | A ricro uuruli r"roervrj' Apfi 2 Cer6tr'fl. urr 6Aeu n rlenrp r6poga 3 On ne rra6xer npufirrt r re6rp 4 Bu ue 6.reHE q6cro rvr6ere ilocfiEy 5 flo.rervr!'rrr nndqeurr? 6 Onfii firqyr caofi nacnopri 7 Typircr ne x6qer cuorpdrr $urnu 8 Kor"rf nrr nriruere? 9 Bu 6aere r rvrys6fi frur r qupr? l0 Her, cnacfi6o, r He xo.rj'r6$e 2 I onri 2 os 3 onrt 4 n 5 rrr 6 os 7 ouit 8 srr 9 urr 10 rrr Unit 63 1 | s rasqjro 2 ru Aa9utu 3 on pexouen.qi'er 4 urr rcrarvr 5 rrr con6ryere 6 onf pucrlror 7 ou'h ysnar 8 r racn6.nrsyro 9 rvru rp66yervr l0 orrIi nyreur6crryror 2 I Mofi 6par - nnxen6p 2 Ceropgt x6noAno 3 Ha crol6 ecrb KJrroq 4 B aepdsue ner LrarasfHos 3 I V Baafua ecrb AoM. 2 Y Bopirca Her aeroMo6rim. 3 Y T6ttr ecrs renenrisop. 4 V 36u ecrr xnaprfipa 5 V Vlropx uer r6rrrn. 6 V Ceprdx uer rorranr(rrepa. 4 le %J 3a 4c 5b Unit 64 1 1 n yrurrrirocr 2 on npnrcrrnaercr 2 Ic 2a 3t 4j 5d 6b 7h 8e 9i 10g 3 I -fl oaesirccr s s6ceN{r .Iac6r 2 Os yillrrniercs s ceMr qac6s 3 Oufi paggesdrcrcr r A6ccrr .rac6s 4 Konudpr ronq6ercs s A6crrr sac6r 5 Bu
.noxrirecr crrarb B oArirnaAIlaru qac6s

cJrdffrrrre p64uo 2 Mu crorfuvr y oru6 3 Ouf crp6rr 4our 4 Or;iL crvr6rpnr QNrnrvr? 5 Trt ssoHrilur gup6rropy 3 I

crorir

9 sH

crfrurlrre

10

ru roeopfun 2 I Bu

lt*lto
l< lo t|D
tx to tE. lo to

l"
I

I I
I

L-

ror6nuu

r rcx!

8 ott6

Unit 65

mrphrr 5 nepnj'rrcr 3 I Ou npe4no.rur6er .I[r6ru ras6rrr 2 fl. xouy uocn6rr 5ro nzcru6 cer6,qss 3 Axrp r.av,lanher ronopfrr s cervr qac6n 4 Mu npo4onx6evr cuorp6ru rerenrisop 5 Onf n66rr orAux6ru na unf3e 6 fl xovy ra.rrr rnriry cefi'riLc 7 Mu xorriu rynfirr 5ry co66ry 8 Bn
npe4nowmdere crryruarr
cer6AHs?

write,5 to return

Imperfective: 1 speaking,3 to read,4 playing; perfecfive: 2 to

2 I ronopriru 2 vanucdrr 3 surdru 4

1 process, not necessarily complete; and refused to come went on for 2 hours 2 actton of playing is intemrpted 3 description of where you were; 6uru exists only in imperfective 4 action of walking is intemrpted 5 habit in the past

in 3

it

@ lld lo tx
lo ta Iat to

to l'<

Unit 69

plp.uol

9 Bu xorrire nepni'rrcr

1 I Xopour6! Baarivr yx6 rfiurln noc!'ay 2 Xoporn6! rrr yx6 npraror6surra o66a 3 Xoporu6! ouf yx6 cr1natm uorj'urra 4 Xopour6l Hhpr' yxl naxopuf.na co66xy 5 Xopour6! Llropr yx6 nircrnpar 6ern6 2 She had already finished the book when the 'phone rang. It was Borts, inviting her

tl

Unit 66

1 On Satuiday I Jty to Saint Petersburg qt l\am. While I am there I will havgmeetings with Russian representatives of the company, but I hope that I will also visit some museutns and theatres. I promise that I will ringyou as regularly as I can during my stay, or else I will tup e-mail at the hotel 2 I On u6cro 6j'aer :soHrirr Apyry 2 B66ywxa 6j'4er orgnx6ru 46vra 3 Mu 6j'aeu nrpdrr n ronrS r6xAufi Aenr 4 3inrpa s 6!ty sanvl.r;drlocs yp6ravrn 5 B ynnnepcr,Ir6re on 6l4er nzyubrr ucr6pruo 3 lb 2e 3c 4a 5d
Unit 67
I will ring you tomorrow at 10am, then I will write a letter to far as I know, he will be visiting lots of ffices in England, but he hns promised that he will visit our ffice on Tuesday. He will be considering all our proposals befure his departure. Hopefully he willsignthe contract on Tuesday 2 I nogsonb 2 naroprran(r 3 uoo66aaro 4 rynmb 5 rdryty 3 I Bo nr6pxur x ryn.n(: nogipxn 2B cp6ay s noasoHrb rufue 3 B uerr6pr n nanwt! rurcrv6 6piry 4 B nirnlqy a rdryuy rparrau6rnry 5 B cy666ry t orpeMorrrrlpyro rvraurfiny 6 B nocrpecdHre s saraxf 6n.n6rrr
the director As

to the theatre. She refused politely, because she had already agreed to go to the cinema with Sergei. Wile she was speaking to Boris, her brother rang the doorbell. She hung up quickly and rushed to the door Her brother was looking tired. 'I have brought the plants you askedfor.'he said. 1 I4ropr r,I 36r peuourrtponalli*r

tl ti tl

l"l t1

asro^{o6riJr, rorA6 Bopfc nossoHrir 3 2 Vlropy u 3or. c1laphmt 6e.m;, rorg6 crup6Jrbnafl.v.autrt:aa cnouiinacr 3 I4ropr u36n cax6;m.4ep6sra n cag!, rorA6 cun repnj'ncx 4 Vrop; u 36s Afl:rramr norfnxra, ror.q6 36s uorepfna Adnrrn Unit 70

2 66rae'r 3 uniisar 4 rrerilev' 5 souira 2 I 6xer 2 6e3in 3 urrHser 4 rcrfm. 5 se:rf 3 I uo6.qer 2 no6er! 3 nonrHs6r 4 no.ner6.nu 5 nosesr6 4 I necdr 2 nonc 3 uc Unit 71 1 I ruxoxj' 2 no.qxoxi' 3 upnesx6er 4 nxoxj' 5 npueex6ro 6rrrxoxf Tnpoxoxf 8nxoxj' 2 ls2x3 Ao 4 nz 5 sa 6 us 7 v.rtv.o 8 c 9 or 10 u6per 3 I -f nxoxj' n re6rp 2 On nn6cur runrri n r6rvrnary 3 Mu sfi6eraer'I mz nfipxa 4 Onrt ueper6g-ar co6riry u6pes fruqy Unit 72 I I sanriruer 2 nponrr.nec6cur 3 rficrrapaer 4 rcrdner 5 noqricrrar 2 I nplr6,4er r6rpe*rx 2 ue sa6ller csof
3 nossoHrir upo$6ccopy 4 nankner nncru6 6p|ry 5 npo,qfcr (caoft) vroroufrr 6 Aacr une nog6por 7 zaxilxer 6un6ru 8 xjum co66ry 9 c4{tlaer uoxfnru 10 nepnrcr p6no 3 I We are always glad if they 2They will not be pleased if you don't send send us a card /
(cnoervrf')

1 I 6s.aur

Unit 68 1 I 6nrra zhnrparana 2Melnh sonj'r El6ua, x vdtJla nocj'gy 3 On r,Irp6r n r6prrr 4 Mu cuorp6m relenrieop
5 Brr uosrpattrflrncs a

house with a garden, we bought one. He was a lnrge blnck mongrel and he loved to play in the garden. One day he was barking by the gate when the postman arrived. He thought the dog was aggressive

Bopfc a Cserrdna ror6srJtrr o66A 2 When we used to live in a flat it was impossibte to have a dog, but when we moved into q

6$uc

6 Onfi nncitru

micrua

A6rrru

3 You are never satisfied if the food is cold them a card 4 If you don't ring me tonight I will be furious

Unit 73 1 Ib2e3a4c5d 2 | Ectlzt 6u y nrur 6dI.rna A6urru, onri nocrp6lr.rut 6ut ghuy 2 Ecwr 6u y Hac 6rilrm A6nrrl4, MbI rcywrtwr 6rI no46pru 4-rrr 4pys6ft 3-Ecm 6u y ner6 6rirrlt g6nrrn, fldser cuA6n 6u A6vra 4Ecslz' 6rr y ue 6{Inn gdnrrn, K6rr rynfla 6u n6ayro o46x4y 5 Ecma 6u y nac 6rium a6nrrra, nrr gocr6lu 6u 6utftrw n Eornu6fi 3 I Ecrpt 6u r6rnro MbI He sa6:i;uwr, Ans He pac;cepaiuncv 6rr na uac. 2Ectpt 6u r6rnxo ona eHAra o6 5roiu, os6 nossoulina 6u eMy. 3 Ectvt 6rr r6lrro urr npluumi r6npeux, rvru yef4erul 6r;t w.. 4 1 FiIno 6rr rrj"rure, 6crm 6u on| cortacrtnacr na 5 ro 2 Erft.no 6u nj'.rure, 6ctm 6r;t y ner6 6ul rene$5rc 3 Bfi.no 6u qfvure, 6ctm 6u s, znar/srrilJra er6 ii,qpec Unit 74 1 Lh2c3j4a5f6b7i8g9dl0e 2 I cnn 2nanwtrt 3 6epfi 4ryrrt 5no6narogapf 3 l:a6j'arre 2 orArrx6fire 3 cnj'ruafire 4 pa6orafire 5 yru66firecr 4 1 He sa6i'.qrre 6ul6ru1 2 He xypthrsl 3 flepea6fire rrnov, nox6rryficra 4 fiasfiir./fiaB6ftre nogsoufvr T6ue Unit 75 I I Bfrrop uuror46 ne uoer n6cnu 2 Brirrop surA6 ne c.nfiuaer nou-vj'arrry 3 Bfxrop HII c KeM ne c-rjluaer nonvrj'sury 4 Bfrrop Hu.Ier6 He 3Haer o rraj'srrre 2 I .fl ue rno6mb cuorp6ru $fnrrr,ru 2 3Aecr Rer runoredrpa 3 fl' uus6Nr ne saxlilvl6rocr s cno66Auoe np6vrx 4 f' ttwl6 ne mo6mb or.qux6rr 3 lb 2c 3d 4e 5a Unit 76
le 2a 3h 4b 59 6j 7i 8f 9c 10d 2 | Vleilwy u Mapitla s6rorAa crvrorp6rr relenf:op 2 Vlvdny n Mapim H6'IeNd nucdrs uricrua 3 l4nhny n Mapfiu n6roro nprarnaru6rr na o66,q 4 Vlnfiny n Mapthu n6qero urarr 5 VlYLny u Map'hu ndrorvry asoHrirr 3 I Barvr n6qero 6yler a6mrr 2 Bopfcy s6 c revr 6drno ronoprirs 3 H6qero ecrr 4 Bpat! n6rorAa

Unit 78

1-{ cnpocfr(a), npu6ger mr Eopric shnrpa. 2 L cnpocrht(a), sanrarfra rm Onsra sa xnhru 3 -fl cnpocfin(a), rox6ronarr4cb IrLr rrm6nrrr na ron6pu 4 fl cupocfin(a), nognonrin .rn Eopfc gup6rropy 5 A cnpoc,ht(a), aepuErcr rm Onrra 3 I Mu cnpocrinu, u6xno rur nos6nrparat s 8 qacon 2 On cnpocthr, nourr JII,I Apyr Ha gucror6ry 3 On navr cras6r /On cxazhl Rau, rorg6 nepuercr 4 Tu ne 3n6errrb, norryufra rm ou6 nucru6? 5 A xo.rf :narr, noAnriurer .rur gr,rpdrrop rourpdrr Unit 79 'f I Bpau rp66yer, .1166rr cnoprcu6u ne rypri.n 2lul
perovr6n4yer, ur66rr rypricru o66.qaJtrr n pecrop6nax 3 flpoS6ccop rp66yer, .rr66H c:ryg6urrr npouuriimr ncro ruliry 4 A xou!, qr66rr rvroft crrn cra.n npau6vr 5 [6ru, xor-fr, .rr66H pog,hrewr rcywirrn 4oporfe rrpj'rurra 2 lc 2e 3d 4b

1 lc2a3e4b5d 2

to l< lo

F l-

le t(D la to
t(D
I I

l"
I I

une e6nrpa. 2Bpat x6uer, qr66u naqu6nr nex6n n nocr6nr. 3 flporf6ccop rp66yer, qr66u cry46uru pa66rann s 6r,r6Jtrrordre 4 Mr,rmrquon6p npeglar6er, vr66rr arr nourrui (ru nourdr/rrr norur6) Aovr6ft 5 .fl npnrasfur(a),

5a 3 | A xou!, qr66u srr no:sourinu (ru

no:noufn/a)

qr66rr

o;atft

clxu

Unit 80 1 I Mu xouiu rynrirr renealioop, qr66u cvrorp6rr M(n'ru 2 Bu xorrire nognonrim Apiryy, qr66rr nprr.nacfrr er6 na ronq6pr 3 Tu x6qerun sanucfrr rucrnr6, .1166rr nepe46rr

n6socr[ 4 Onft xorfr

uurep6cnue ruecrd 5
.1166rr

noceuldrr Mocraj', .1166rr sriAerr

na

6dr.no

or4rrx6rr

5 Harvr udqero 6drno

qrr6u

no3nouriJr, .rr66H Bbr [prrrJrac,fim er6 na o66a 5 Eopfc uosnouril, sr66H onvi zaxasdtrn 6un6rrr I uogsourirr 2 .rr66H uognoruirr 3 qr66u Apyr nosuoufn

or,ryrx6rr 2 | Bopitc noanonfu, sr66H oH6 orsdrrara nonp6c 2 Bopitc no:ronrin, sr66H on rlgnranrinc-f, 3 Eopfc no3aonriJr, qr66rr rrarr o6cy4fmr cnry64uro 4 Eopfc

Typfcru xor.fr noceulfts n:tiixu,

Unit 81

Unit 77

6rl;ro raArfi 3 M6xlro (nosrra6xno) 6j'4er nn6narr 4 Her, navr (re66) Henssi.cvrorp6rr relerrisop 5 ,{a, narvr (re66) n64o pa66rarr

nop6 2 netlr;sfl 3 r'r6xno 4 nhp'o 5 nemsf 21'c 2a3b 3 I Evf n6Ao orAux6ru s 6orbHliqe 2 Havr noph
1

crf.rno 2 Mse x6roAuo 3 Efi xa-rn co6iiry 4 ur6sarr. 5 Te66 x6qercs nurr 6 Bavr yAan6cr mafir,ft Krrroq. 2lb2e3c4a5d 3 l Euj'lrrpflnurct
Vl.v-

1 |

Ervrf up6nurcs

ypflr,rrcr.

axrprhca 2 Bpat! npilnurcr,6ornnriqa 3 flpo$6ccopy cry46nrrr 4 Bavr noup6omacr sxcrfpcux 5 Ou6

HpiiBurcfl r\ffre

4 I Mne naao6no 2 Mne x6pro 3 Mne xixe

Unit 82

1 t fl, rrbro ll svn6 a a6gxy 2 fl. ye urp6ro nu n rprirer, nu uxf sa ronq6pr, uorovrf vro nporpfuvra ueunrep6cnar 5 fl ne :nfro, rAe oH pa66raer 2 I Ou6 o6erq6-na sanuciLTs
r $yr66n 3 .f, ruo6mb 6nepy, a ou r66ur 6ar6r 4 A ae
nucbu6, so oH6

8 .rereepr6vr, d 9 nrtrunrly,f l0 cy666ry, h 2 1 n none46uur, r nfrnuqy u t cy66ory 2 uo rr6pnur 3 r aocrpecdnre

Unit 87

x6noAno. 5 ,{up6rrop .4.iIvraer, .rro rru6Hr Aos6reu 3 I a 2 rcorAL 3 iuvt 4 u:-aa tor6, sro 5 rAe 6 so 7 HH... HI{ 4 I f, paa (p!m), uororr,rj' uro (rax xax/us'sa ro16, 'rro) on KyrriJr 6utt6l ' 2 fl xou! uofirfi na ronq6pr, no 6urros Her 3 Brr xorfre .{ra 6un6ra ,hmt rpu? Unit 8il 1 1 flovr a r6po4e 2 I{6pxorr n 4ep6nue 3 Ksfra s ura$f 4 AsroNlo6liJr.ua j'rurqe 5 Kor"rnubrep n 6$uce 6 Epficro.rlr na sitna4e Anuur,I 7 fl6esa aa c'rilr.tqma 8 Turp r soouipre 9 floqrarn6u Ra n6qre l0 flnasricr na xouq6pre 2 I Cerperfpr uAr na pa66ry 2 Bfirrop uar sa crailn6r 3 Vqfrern uAr r ux6ny 4 Crya6nr uAdr na n6rrlnro 5 Co66xa rAr s caA 3 1 ux6ne 2 c9nepe 3 pa66ry 4 Kp6cnoft fln6nlaAu 5 Qp6nqnlo 6 soxsilr7 Kpurvr!'8 6acc6ftne 9 Mocrrj' 10 caai

r[fsury 3 Cepr6ft ueu6:reu, u uurr6 ne o6pau16er sHulu6Hus ua ner6 4 Typircrrt cepArirrr, uorolrrj' qro n rocrunfqe

sa6itra

2 Ou uzyuiler uarer"r6rury

ll

rogj' 2 na 5rofi ne.46ne 3 a vr6pre 4 s utbne 6jayrqeu ro4j' 6 n Seopan6 7 s Srov rra6c-aqe 8 s Srrycre 9 sa 6ltyllefi neg6ne 10 s gs6aqarr n6paou n6re r rra6pre 2 lens poxg6uux 1 1 .{eur poxg6nur Cepr6r poxg6nnr AHr s anp6.ne 3 Tarrfnrr n cenra6p6 4 Aeryr " .{eur pox46uua cecrpdr r 4era6p6 5 ,{enr pox46nraa 6para n rnnap6 6,{enr pox46nur Myxa B oxrr6p6 7 lenn pox46nr,r-a Kiru s Sorycre 8 .{eur poxg6nzr Bagfva r vr6e 9 ,{eur pox46ulu 36ra e u6ne 10 ,{eur pox46nzx ilropx n nor6p6 3 I B gera6p6 urr n(r6uvr Karhrrcfl. na ndrxax 2 B drrycre vtr n66nvr -n6xarr na n.nixe 3 B Serpal6 nru mb6uvr cnA6ru .q6ua 4 B vwrc uu n(r6rarra rynfrr s
5

1 s Srorra

aep6rne

Unit 88

I ao ap6vra 2 sa 3 v6pes 4 rtaghl,5 n6cne 6 c ... Ao 7 za I n6cne tor6, Kax, g 2 no np6rvrr, d 3 sa, a 4 .tflpes, f 5nas64,b 64o,i 7c,j 8aa,h 9nonp6ur,c 10ao
1

T016, raro e

Unit 84
1 l rra6xay 2 y 3 not 4 ufipel,S :rral6 za 2 l 6rnra 4yuaer, rro p!'ma no.{ rnrirauu, uo ox6 y re.neQ6ua 2 6rnra Ajrvraer, .rro 6ur6rrr :a sdpranou, no onri noA ndcnoprou 3 6rnra Afi.aaer,.uro arrouo6fim n6pe4

A6uor*r, Ho oH sa A6r'Ioru 4 Otwa gjTraaer, .rro noprp6r ua4 xaufuorrr, Ho oH naA cror6r"r 5 Omra ,ufi'raer, uro xono.{rltrrnur vr6xay urxat[iun, Ho oH 3a gn6prto

no46por, 2a Onh xnnlr n 46ue nanp6run 6o.nrnriqu, 3b Bsr sa inn np6ruy 5roft ugflir?, 4e Kp6ue Eopfca nce gor6Jrrnrr, 5c Onf xo4fiwr na 4r,rcrordry 6es uenri! 3 | A rcynrtt@) ryxfi gnx ne6. 2 Cnacir6o sa npe4lox6nne. 3 O qrvr nu ronopri"nn? Unit 90

rpu 9 sa

Unit 89 1 lxp6rvre

10

2Nts 36eg 4np6rr.rn 5s 6no 7o na 2 ld Mu no6laro4apftwr eE sa

Unit 85 1 I or 2 r 3 no 4 rvrfrvro 5 us 6 u6pes 2I ltuuy 2 rince 3 ro16 4 Vlrhtmv 5 r6ccu 3 1 On6 ne rnb6ur xo.ufrr no uaragrinau 2 flpo$6ccop cnerufir r cryA6nrau 3 Co66xa
uepex6gur .r6pes

j'rlqy

Unit 86

ua .nfvuree 3 On orseq6er na uofi nonp6c 4 He n6.qo x6.nosarrcs na nncru6 5 flnarfre sa xHfrr,r a xdccy 6 On:i npo,qarbr cryn ga As6cru pydtrfiit 7 Mrr noryndev cry.u y Anu 8 nu urp6ere wa ruripe? 9 llocuorpfire ua co66xy!
10 O6rjrqno

1 1nc, 2yf,3nae, 4sah,5"g, 6xb, 7ta,8 d 2 | Boprhc rrp6er n $yr66l 2 Tarshna urp6er na $r6fire 3 I Mu cep4fMcr Ha re6h,/sac 2 Mrl na.q6evcs
na

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adjective A word which describes

noun: a boring film.

adverb A word which gives us information about the way in

which an action is carried out: he sings well; she sings very badly. animate noun A person or an animal.

q
GI st

o o o q)

o rrr
3 3 g) + o st + o 3 a
II

article Words meaning a, an, the, some.There are no articles in Russian.

aspects Most Russian verbs exist in two forms, imperfective
and perfective. The imperfective is concerned with process or description and the perfective is concerned with result and successful completion.

nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional. A case indicates what role nouns, adjectives and pronouns are playing in the sentence and the endings of these words change according to their case.

case There

are six cases in Russian

clause A group of words that contains a verb. A main clause can be followed by a subordinate clause: Champagne is a drink (main clause), which I love (subordinate clause). comparative Adjectives and adverbs in the comparative indicate more/less: This is a more boring film; he sings less well than his
sister.

conjugation The way verb endings change when in conjunction Words which link
but, because).

a tense.

sentences or phrases (e.g. and,

declension The way noun endings change when not in thc

nominative case.

gender A category of noun. In Russian there are threo categories: masculine, feminine and neuter.

infinitive The form of the word meaning to (e.9. to do, to read, to write).In Russian most verbs have two infinitives, the imperfective
and the perfective.

negative A word or phrase denying or contradicting something: never watch television; he canl sing.
used to name a person, an animal, an object or an absffact quality: Vktori Moscow, postman, happiness.

noun Word

object Person or thing that has an action done to it.

preposition Word used before a noun or pronoun to show position, time, method: in, at, from, with. pronoun A word used in place of
which. who
a noun or phrase: him, she, this,

daphne west
o o
Do you want to cover the basics then progress fast? Have you got rusty Russian which needs brushing up? Do you want to reach a high standard?

relative clause Part of a sentence introduced by a relative pronoun: These are my friends who live in Russia.

subject Person or thing dotng an action.

superlative Adjectives and adverbs in the superlative indicate most: This is the most boing film; he sings best of all.

tense Tells
place:

us when the action of the verb takes/took/will take

He reads
He will He was He read He had

present tense

Russian starts with the basics but moves at a lively pace to give you a good level of understanding, speaking and writing. You will have lots of opportunity to practise the kind of
language you will need to be able to communicate with

read
reading

future tense
past tense past tense past tense
states.

confidence and understand the culture of Russian speakers.

read

verb Words which describe actions, feelings and

beginnerns russian

beginner's russian script

daphne west
o Do you want help with writing Russian? o Are you planning a business trip or holiday? o Are you learning Russian?
Beginner's Russian Script will help you get to grips with reading and writing Russian, whether you are studying the language or planning a trip for business or pleasure. The
step-by-step approach will build your confidence to read and write in a variety of real contexts.

r r
o

Are you new to language learning? Do you want lots of practice and examples? Do you want to improve your confidence to speak?

Beginner's Russian is written for the complete beginner who

wants to move at a steady pace and have lots of opportunity to practise. The grammar is explained clearly and does not assume that you have studied a language before. You will learn everything you need to get the rnost out of a holiday or to go
on to further study.

world cultures: russia

stephen webber & tatyana webber
o
Are you interested in the story of Russia and the Russians? Do you want to understand how the country works today? Are you planning a visit to Russia or learning Russian?

r r

o
o

Do you want to talk with confidence? Are you looking for basic conversation skills? Do you want to understand what people say to you?

World Culturcs: Russia will give you a basic overview of Russia - the country its language, its people and its culture _
and will enrich any visit or course of study. Vocabulary lists and 'Taking it Further' sections at the end of every unit will equip you to talk and write confidenily about all aspects of Russian
life.

Russian Conversation is a three-hour, all-audio course which you can use at any time, whether you want a quick refresher before a trip or whether you are a complete beginner. The 20 diafogues on CDs 1 and 2 will teach you the Russian you will need to speak and understand, without getting bogged down with grammar. CD 3, uniquely, teaches skills for listening and understanding. This is the perfect accompaniment to

Beginner's Russian and Russian in the teach yourself range.

russran grammar daphne west

o

o
o

Are you looking for an accessible guide to Russian grammar? Do you want a book you can use as a reference or as a course? Would you like exercises to reinforce your learning?

Russian Grammar explains the most important structures in a clear and jargon-free way, with plenty of examples to show how they work in context. Use the book as a comprehensive reference

to dip in and out of or work through it to build your knowledge.

Prize-winning teacher and author and formerly Chief Examiner for Russian, Daphne West is now a headteacher in Devon.

Why not try o Russian o Russian Conversation r or visit www.teachyourself.co.uk?

Cover

@Ellen Rooney/Robert Harding Picture Library

Transfiguration Cathedral, Kizhi lsland, Karelia, Russia

the leader in self-learning with more than 500 titles, covering all subjects be where you want to be with teach yourself
rsBN 978{F340-86025-0

t.E{l
uK 810.99

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