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Teachers Guide

Science Grade 8 Learners Material First Edition, 2013 ISBN: ___________

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. The borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Development Team of the Learners Material

Authors: Pia C. Campo, May R. Chavez, Maria Helen D.H. Catalan, Ph.D., Leticia V. Catris, Ph.D., Marlene B. Ferido, Ph.D., Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla, Ph.D., Jacqueline Rose M. Gutierrez, Shirley R. Jusayan, Michael Anthony B. Mantala, Cerilina M. Maramag, Marie Paz E. Morales, Ph.D., Eligio C. Obille, Jr., Digna Paningbatan, Genevieve Faye Pasamonte, Ma. Dulcelina O. Sebastian, Rolando M. Tan, and Rodolfo S. Treyes, Ph.D. Reviewers: Ernelea P. Cao, Ph.D., Josefina Ll. Pabellon, Ph.D., Ma. Cristina D. Padolina, Ph.D., Risa L. Reyes, Ph.D., and Merle C. Tan, Ph.D. Illustrators: Alvin J. Encarnacion, Ma. Laura V. Ginoy, Rizaldo Ramoncito S. Saliva, Andrew F. Torres Layout Artist: Cecile N. Sales

Printed in the Philippines by ____________ Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council Secretariat (DepEd-IMCS) Office Address: Telefax: E-mail Address: 2 Floor Dorm G, Philsports Complex, Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 (02) 634-1054, 634-1072 [email protected]
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Page Module 1. Forces and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Activity 1: Forces on objects at rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Activity 2: Balance of forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Activity 3: Investigating inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Activity 4: Force and acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Activity 5: Action-Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Module 2. Work and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Is there work done? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Rolling toy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: How POWER-ful am I? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Module 3. Heat and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Explaining hotness or coldness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Dye in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3.1: What happens when ice melts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3.2: What happens to the temperature of water as it boils?. Activity 4: What is the relationship between the mass of a material and the amount of heat it can transfer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 5: Comparing heat capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Module 4. Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Current and voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Current and resistance . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Whats the connection? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 4: Stay safe! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Module 5. Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: The dancing salt and the moving beads! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Characteristics of waves: Comparing longitudinal and and transverse waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Sound race Where does sound travel fastest? . . . . . . . . Activity 4: Chimes Chimes Chimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Activity 5: Faster sound In hotter or cooler? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 6: Reflecting and refracting sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii 17 18 23 24 27 28 29 31 33 33 34 35 37 40 42 45 47 51 51 52 52 53 53

Module 6. Colors of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: The colors of the rainbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Red versus violet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Which color has the MOST energy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 4: The color spectrum wheel revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55 60 60 61 61

Module 1. Earthquakes and Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: A fault-y setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Stick n slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Stick n shake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 4: Where does an earthquake start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 5: Tsunami! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Module 2. Understanding Typhoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Plotting the PAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Tracking a tropical cyclone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Dissecting a tropical cyclone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Module 3. Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: What happens when a comet or an asteroid hits Earth . . Activity 2: Meteoroid, meteor, and meteorite: How are they related?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Do superstitions about comets, asteroids, and meteors have scientific basis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67 68 72 74 77 86 89 92 97 99 103 105 108 110

Module 1. The Particle Nature of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Which is matter, which is not? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: What is matter made of? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Are the particles of matter moving? What is between them? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

117 119 121 122

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Activity 4: What changes take place when water is left in an open container? In a closed container? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Activity 5: What changes take place when water is heated or cooled? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Activity 6: What changes take place when ice turns into liquid water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Module 2. Atoms: Inside Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Charge it to experience! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: The big difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Small but terrible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 4: Whats in a number? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

131 134 136 137 140

Module 3. Periodic Table of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Tracking the path and constructing the Periodic Table . . . Activity 2: Metal Metal: How reactive are you? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix: Element Cards for Activity 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

145 147 151 155

Module 1. Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Whats in a name? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: How do bacteria in yogurt look like? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternate Activity: How do bacteria in fermented milk look like . . . . Activity 3: What can you do to prevent dengue?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 4: What is the importance of biodiversity to ecosystems . . . Activity 5: I create the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

169 170 173 174 182 186 188

Module 2. Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: How do you indentify the components of a food chain in an ecosystem? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Making food webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Meat eaters vs. plant eaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

199 200 202 203

Module 3. The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Part A. A gusty game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Part B. A sweet break! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: How do enzymes affect digestion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: How does pH affect enzyme activity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 4: A journey into the digestive system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

205 206 210 211 213 214

Module 4. Nutrition and Wellness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Am I eating right ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: What happens when nutritional needs are not adequately met? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Using essential concepts in nutrition to planning a menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

217 218 219 220

Module 5. Cellular Reproduction and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 1: Observing mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 2: Comparing mitosis and meisosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 3: Tossing coins and probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 4: Comparing genotypic and phenotypic ratios for a typical Mendelian trait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity 5: Filling up the Punnett square for a dihybrid cross . . . . . . Activity 6: Phenotypes and genotypes in incomplete dominance. . . . Activity 7: Inferring genotypes of ABO blood types based on the parental blood types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

223 223 224 225 226 227 229 229

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