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hu/

A NEW SYSTEM OF ALTERNATE CURRENT MOTORS AND TRANSFORMERS*

I desire to express my thanks to Professor Anthony for the help he has given me in this matter. I would also
like to express my thanks to Mr. Pope and Mr. Martin for their aid. The notice was rather short, and I have not
been able to treat the subject so extensively as I could have desired, my health not being in the best condition at
present. I ask your kind indulgence, and I shall be very much gratified if the little I have done meets your
approval.
In the presence of the existing diversity of opinion regarding the relative merits of the alternate and
continuous current systems, great importance is attached to the question whether alternate currents can be
successfully utilized in the operation of motors. The transformers, with their numerous advantages, have
afforded us a relatively perfect system of distribution, and although, as in all branches of the art, many
improvements are desirable, comparatively little remains to be done in this direction. The transmission of
power, on.the contrary, has been almost entirely confined to the use of continuous currents, and
notwithstanding that many efforts have been made to utilize alternate currents for this purpose, they have, up to
the present, at least as far as known, failed to give the result desired. Of the various motors adapted to be used,
on alternate current circuits the following have been mentioned: 1. A series motor with subdivided field. 2. An
alternate current generator having its field excited by continuous currents. 3. Elihu Thomson's motor. 4. A
combined alternate and continuous current motor. Two more motors of this kind have suggested themselves to
me. 1. A motor with one of its circuits in series with a transformer and the other in the secondary of the
transformer. 2. A motor having its armature circuit connected to the generator and the field coils closed upon
themselves. These, however, I mention only incidentally.
The subject which I now have the pleasure of bringing to your notice is a novel system of electric
distribution and transmission of power by means of alternate currents, affording peculiar advantages,
particularly in the way of motors, which I am confident will at once establish the superior adaptability of these
currents to the transmission of power and will show that many results heretofore unattainable can be reached by
their use; results which are very much desired in the practical operation of such systems and which cannot be
accomplished by means of continuous currents.
Before going into a detailed description of this system, I think it necessary to make a few remarks with
reference to certain conditions existing in continuous current generators and motors, which, although generally
known, are frequently disregarded.
In our dynamo machines, it is well known, we generate alternate currents which we direct by means of a
commutator, a complicated device and, it may be justly said, the source of most of the troubles experienced in
the operation of the machines. Now, the currents so directed cannot be utilized in the motor, but they must
again by means of a similar unreliable device be reconverted into their original state of alternate currents.
The function of the commutator is entirely external, and in no way dues it affect the internal working of the
machines. In reality, therefore, all machines ace alternate current machines, the currents appearing as
continuous only in the external circuit during their transit from generator to motor. In view simply of this fact,
alternate currents would commend themselves as a more direct application of electrical energy, and the
employment of continuous currents would only be justified if we had dynamos which would primarily generate,
and motors which would be directly actuated by such currents.
But the operation of the commutator on a motor is twofold; firstly, it reverses the currents through the
motor, and secondly, it effects, automatically, a progressive shifting of the poles of one of its magnetic
constituents. Assuming, therefore, that both of the useless operations in the system, that is to say, the directing
of the alternate currents on the generator and reversing the direct currents on the motor, be eliminated, it would
still be necessary, in order to cause a rotation of the motor, to produce a progressive shifting of the poles of one
of its elements, and the question presented itself, How to perform this operation by the direct action of
alternate currents? I will now proceed to show how this result was accomplished.
In the first experiment a drum-armature was provided with two coils at right angles to each other, and the
ends of these coils were connected to two pairs of insulated contact-rings as usual. A ring was then made of thin
insulated plates of sheet-iron and wound with four coils, each two opposite coils being connected together so as
to produce free poles on diametrically opposite sides of the ring. The remaining free ends of the coils were then
connected to the contact-rings of the generator armature so as to form two independent circuits, as indicated in
figure 9. It may now be seen what results were secured in this combination, and with this view I would refer to
the diagrams, figures 1 to 8a. The field of the generator being independently excited, the rotation of, the

*
Read before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 16, 1888.

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armature sets up currents in the coils C C, varying in strength and direction in the well-known manner. In the
position shown in figure 1 the current in coil C is nil while coil C1 is traversed by its maximum current, and
the connections my be such that the ring is magnetized by the coils c1 c1 as indicated by the letters N S in
figure 1a, the magnetizing effect of the coils c c being nil, since these coils are included in the circuit of coil C.
In figure 2 the armature coils are shown in a more advanced position, one-eighth of one revolution being
completed. Figure 2a illustrates the corresponding magnetic condition of the ring. At this moment the coil cl
generates a current of the same direction as previously, but weaker, producing the poles n1 s1 upon the ring; the
coil c also generates a current of the same direction, and the connections may be such that the coils c c produce
the poles n s, as shown in figure 2a. The resulting polarity is indicated by the letters N S, and it will be
observed that the poles of the ring have been shifted one-eighth of the periphery of the same:
In figure 3 the armature has completed one-quarter of one revolution. In this phase the current in coil C is
maximum, and of such direction as to produce the poles N S in figure 3a, whereas the current in coil C1 is nil,
this coil being at its neutral position. The poles N S in figure 3a are thus shifted one-quarter of the
circumference of the ring.
Figure 4 shows the coils C C in a still more advanced position, the armature having completed three-eighths
of one revolution. At that moment the coil C still generates a current of the same direction as before, but of less
strength, producing the comparatively weaker poles n sin figure 4a. The current in the coil C1 is of the same
strength, but of opposite direction. Its effect is, therefore, to produce upon the ring the poles n1 and s1 as
indicated, and a polarity, N S, results, the poles now being shifted three-eighths of the periphery of the ring.
In figure 5 one-half of one revolution of the armature is completed, and the resulting magnetic condition of
the ring is indicated in figure 5a. Now, the current in coil C is nil, while the coil C1 yields its maximum
current, which is of the same direction as previously; the magnetizing effect is, therefore, due to the coils c1 c1
alone, and, referring to figure 5a, it will be observed that the poles N S are shifted one-half of the circumference
of the ring. During the next half revolution the operations are repeated, as represented in the figures 6 to 8a.
A reference to the diagrams will make it clear that during one revolution of the armature the poles of the
ring are shifted once around its periphery, and each revolution producing like effects, a rapid whirling of the
poles in harmony with the rotation of the armature is the result. If the connections of either one of the circuits
in the ring are reversed, the shifting of the poles is made to progress in the opposite direction, but the operation
is identically the same. Instead of using four wires, with like result, three wires may be used, one forming a
common return for both circuits.
This rotation or whirling of the poles manifests itself in a series of curious phenomena. If a delicately
pivoted disc of steel or other magnetic metal is approached to the ring it is set in rapid rotation, the direction of
rotation varying with the position of the disc. For instance, noting the direction outside of the ring it will be
found that inside the ring it turns in an opposite direction, while it is unaffected if placed in a position
symmetrical to the ring. This is easily explained. Each time that a pole approaches it induces an opposite pole
in the nearest point on the disc, and an attraction is produced upon that point; owing to this, as the pole is
shifted further away from ;he disc a tangential pull is exerted upon the same, and the action being constantly
repeated, a more or less rapid rotation of the disc is the result. As the pull is exerted mainly upon that part
which is nearest to the ring, the rotation outside and inside, or right and left, respectively, is in opposite
directions, figure 9. When placed symmetrically to the ring, the pull on opposite sides of the disc being equal,
no rotation results. The action is based on the magnetic inertia of the iron; for this reason a disc of hard steel is
much more affected than a disc of soft iron, the latter being capable of very rapid variations of magnetism. Such
a disc has proved to be a very useful instrument in all these investigations, as it has enabled me to detect any
irregularity in the action. A curious effect is also produced upon iron filings. By placing some upon a paper and
holding them externally quite close to the ring they are set in a vibrating motion, remaining in the same place,
although the paper may be moved back and forth; but in lifting the paper to a certain height which seems to be
dependent on the intensity of the poles and the speed of rotation, they are thrown away in a direction always
opposite to the supposed movement of the poles. If a paper with filings is put flat upon the ring and the current
turned on suddenly, the existence of a magnetic whirl may be easily observed.
To demonstrate the complete analogy between the ring and a revolving magnet, a strongly energized electro-
magnet was rotated by mechanical power, and phenomena identical in every particular to those mentioned
above were observed.
Obviously, the rotation of the poles produces corresponding inductive effects and may be utilized to generate
currents in a closed conductor placed within the influence of the poles. For this purpose it is convenient to wind
a ring with two sets of superimposed coils forming respectively the primary and secondary circuits, as shown in
figure 10. In order to secure the most economical results the magnetic circuit should be completely closed, and
with this object in view the construction may be modified at will.
The inductive effect exerted upon the secondary coils will be mainly due to the shifting or movement of the
magnetic action; but there may also be currents set up in the circuits in consequence of the variations in the
intensity of the poles. However, by properly designing the generator and determining the magnetizing effect of
the primary calls the latter element may be made to disappear. The intensity of the poles being maintained
constant, the action of the apparatus will be perfect, and the same result will be secured as though the shifting
were effected by means of a commutator with an infinite number of bars. In such case the theoretical relation

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between the energizing effect of each set of primary coils .and their resultant magnetizing effect may be
expressed by the equation of a circle having its centre coinciding with that of an orthogonal system of axes, and
in which the radius represents the resultant and the co-ordinates both of its components. These are then
respectively the sine and cosine of the angle a between the radius and one of the axes (O X). Referring to figure
1 I, we have r2= x2 + y2; where x = r cos , and y = r sin .
Assuming the magnetizing effect of each set of coils in the transformer to be proportional to the current
which may be admitted for weak degrees of magnetization then x = Kc and y = Kc1, where K is a constant
and c and c1 the current in both sets of coils respectively. Supposing, further, the field of the generator to be
uniform, we have for constant speed c1 = K1 sin and c = K1 sin (90 + ) = K1 cos , where K1 is a constant.
See figure 12.
Therefore, x = Kc = K K1 cos ;
y = Kc1= K K1 sin , and
K K1 = r.
That is, for a uniform field the disposition of the two coils at right angles will secure the theoretical result,
and the intensity of the shifting poles will be constant. But from r 2 = x2 + y2 it follows that for y = 0, r = x; it
follows that the joint magnetizing effect of both sets of coils should be equal to the effect of one set when at its
maximum action. In transformers and in a certain class of motors the fluctuation of the poles is not of great
importance, but in another class of these motors it is desirable to obtain the theoretical result.
In applying this principle to the construction of motors, two typical forms of motor have been developed.
First, a form having a comparatively small rotary effort at the start, but maintaining a perfectly uniform speed
at all loads, which motor has been termed synchronous. Second, a form possessing a great rotary effort at the
start, the speed being dependent on the load.
These motors may be operated in three different ways: 1. By the alternate currents of the source only. 2. By a
combined action of these and of induced currents. 3. By the joint action of alternate and continuous currents.
The simplest form of a synchronous motor is obtained by winding a laminated ring provided with pole
projections with four coils, and connecting the same in the manner before indicated. An iron disc having a
segment cut away on each side may be used as an armature. Such a motor is shown in figure 9. The disc being
arranged to rotate freely within the ring in close proximity to the projections, it is evident that as the poles are
shifted it will, owing to its tendency to place itself in such a position as to embrace the greatest number of the
lines of force, closely follow the movement of the poles, and its motion will be synchronous with that of the
armature of the generator; that is, in the peculiar disposition shown in figure 9, in which the armature produces
by one revolution two current impulses in each of the circuits. It is evident that if, by one revolution of the
armature, a greater number of impulses is produced, the speed of the motor will be correspondingly increased.
Considering that the attraction exerted upon the disc is greatest when the same is in close proximity to the
poles, it follows that such a motor will maintain exactly the same speed at all loads within the limits of its
capacity.
To facilitate the starting, the disc may be provided with a coil closed upon itself. The advantage secured by
such a coil is evident. On the start the currents set up in the coil strongly energize the disc and increase the
attraction exerted upon the same by the ring, and currents being generated in the coil as long as the speed of the
armature is inferior to that of the poles, considerable work may be performed by such a motor even if the speed
be below normal. The intensity of the poles being constant, no currents will be generated in the coil when the
motor is turning at its normal speed.
Instead of closing the coil upon itself, its ends may be connected to two insulated sliding rings, and a
continuous current supplied to these from a suitable generator. The proper way to start such a motor is to close
the coil upon itself until the normal speed is reached, or nearly so, and then turn on the continuous current. If
the disc be very strongly energized by a continuous current the motor may not be able to start, but if it be
weakly energized, or generally so that the magnetizing effect of the ring is preponderating it will start and
reach the normal speed. Such a motor will maintain absolutely the same speed at all loads. It has also been
found that if the motive power of the generator is not excessive, by checking the motor the speed of the
generator is diminished in synchronism with that of the motor. It is characteristic of this form of motor that it
cannot be reversed by reversing the continuous current through the coil.
The synchronism of these motors may be demonstrated experimentally in a variety of ways. For this purpose
it is best to employ a motor' consisting of a stationary field magnet and an armature arranged to rotate within
the same, as indicated in figure 13. In this case the shifting of the poles of the armature produces a rotation of
the latter in the opposite direction. It results therefrom that when the normal speed is reached, the poles of the
armature assume fixed positions relatively to the field magnet and the same is magnetized by induction,
exhibiting a distinct pole on each of the pole-pieces. If a piece of soft iron is approached to the field magnet it
will at the start be attracted with a rapid vibrating motion produced by the reversals of polarity of the' magnet,
but as the speed of the armature increases, the vibrations become less and less frequent and finally entirely
cease. Then the iron is weakly but permanently attracted, showing that the synchronism is reached and the field
magnet energized by induction.

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The disc may also be used for the experiment. If held quite close .to the armature it will turn as long as the
speed of rotation of the poles exceeds that of the armature; but when the normal speed is reached, or very nearly
so, it ceases to rotate and is permanently attracted.
A crude but illustrative experiment is made with an incandescent lamp. Placing the lamp in circuit with the
continuous current generator, and in series with the magnet coil, rapid fluctuations are observed in the light in
consequence of the induced currents set up in the coil at the start; the speed increasing, the fluctuations occur at
longer intervals, until they entirely disappear, showing that the motor has attained its normal speed.
A telephone receiver affords a most sensitive instrument; when connected to any circuit in the motor the
synchronism may be easily detected on the disappearance of the induced currents.
In motors of the synchronous type it is desirable to .maintain the quantity of the shifting magnetism
constant, especially if the magnets are not properly subdivided.
To obtain a rotary effort in these motors was the subject of long thought. In order to secure this result it was
necessary to make such a disposition that while the poles of one element of the motor are shifted by the
alternate currents of the source, the poles produced upon the other element should always be maintained in the
proper relation to the former, irrespective of the speed of the motor. Such a condition exists in a continuous
current motor; but in a synchronous motor, such as described, this condition is fulfilled only when the speed is
normal.
The object has been attained by placing within the ring a properly subdivided cylindrical iron core wound
with several independent coils closed upon themselves. Two coils at right angles as in figure 14, are sufficient,
but a greater number may be advantageously employed. It results from this disposition that when the poles of
the ring are shifted, currents are generated in the closed armature coils. These currents are the most intense at
or near the points of the greatest density of the lines of force, and their effect is to produce poles upon the
armature at right angles to those of the ring, at least theoretically so; and since action is entirely independent of
the speed that is, as far as the location of the poles is concerned a continuous pull is exerted upon the
periphery of the armature. In many respects these motors are similar to the continuous current motors. If load is
put on, dig speed, and also the resistance of the motor, is diminished and more current is made to pass through
the energizing coils, thus increasing the effort. Upon the load being taken off, the counter-electromotive force
increases and less current passes through the primary or energizing coils. Without any load the speed is very
nearly equal to that of the shifting poles of the field magnet.
It will be found that the rotary effort in these motors fully equals that of the continuous current motors. The
effort seems to be greatest when both armature and field magnet are without any projections; but as in such
dispositions the field cannot be very concentrated, probably the best results will be obtained by leaving pole
projections on one of the elements only. Generally, it may be stated that the projections diminish the torque and
produce a tendency to synchronism.
A characteristic feature of motors of this kind is their capacity of being very rapidly reversed. This follows
from the peculiar action of the motor. Suppose the armature to be rotating and the direction of rotation of the
poles to be reversed. The apparatus then represents a dynamo machine, the power to drive this machine being
the momentum stored up in the armature and its speed being the sum of the speeds of the armature and the
poles. If we now consider that the power to drive such a dynamo would be very nearly proportional to the third
power of the speed, for this reason alone the armature should be quickly reversed. But simultaneously with the
reversal another element is brought into action, namely, as the movement of the poles with respect to the
armature is reversed, the motor acts like a transformer in which the resistance of the secondary circuit would be
abnormally diminished by producing in this circuit an additional electromotive force. Owing to these causes the
reversal is instantaneous.
If it is desirable to secure a constant speed, and at the same time a certain effort at the start, this result may
be easily attained in a variety of ways. For instance, two armatures, "one for torque and the other for
synchronism, may be fastened on the same shaft, ,and any desired preponderance may be given to either one, or
an armature may be wound for rotary effort, but a more or less pronounced tendency to synchronism may be
given to it by properly constructing the iron core; and in many other ways.
As a means of obtaining the required phase of the currents in both the circuits, the disposition of the two
coils at right angles is the simplest, securing the most uniform action; but the phase may be obtained in many,
other ways,.. varying with the machine employed. Any of the dynamos at present in use may be easily adapted
for this purpose by making connections to proper points of the generating coils. In closed circuit armatures,
such as used in the continuous current systems, it is best to make four derivations from equi-distant points or
bars of the commutator, and to connect the same to four insulated sliding rings on the shaft. In this case each of
the motor circuits is connected to two diametrically opposite bars of the commutator. In such a disposition the
motor may also be operated at half the potential and on the three-wire plan, by connecting the motor circuits in
the proper. order to three of the contact rings.
In multipolar dynamo machines, such as used in the converter systems, the phase is conveniently obtained
by winding upon the armature two series of coils in such a manner that while the coils of one set or series are at
their maximum production of current; the coils of the other will be at their neutral position, or nearly so,
whereby both sets of coils may be subjected simultaneously or successively to the inducing action of the field
magnets.

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Generally the circuits .in the motor will be similarly disposed, and various arrangements may be made to
fulfill the requirements; but the simplest and most practicable is to arrange primary circuits on stationary parts
of the motor, thereby obviating, at least in certain forms, the employment of sliding contacts. In such a case the
magnet coils are connected alternately in both the circuits; that is 1, 3, 5 in one, and 2, 4, 6 in the other,
and the coils of each set of series may be connected all in the same manner, or alternately in opposition; in the
latter case a motor with half the number of poles will result, and its action will be correspondingly modified.
The figures 15, 16 and 17, show three different phases, the magnet coils in each circuit being connected
alternately in opposition. In this case there will be always four poles, as in figures 15 and 17, four pole
projections will be neutral, and in figure 16 too adjacent pole projections will have the same polarity. If the coils
are connected in the same manner there will be eight alternating poles, as indicated by the letters n's' in fig. 15.
The employment of multipolar motors secures in this system an advantage much desired and unattainable in
the continuous current system, and that is, that a motor may be made to run exactly at a predetermined speed
irrespective of imperfections in constructjon, of the load, and, within certain limits, of electromotive force and
current strength.
In a general distribution system of this kind the following plan should be adopted. At the central station of
supply a generator should be provided having a considerable number of poles. The motors operated from this
generator should be of the synchronous type, but possessing sufficient rotary effort to insure their starting. With
the observance of proper rules of construction it may be admitted that the speed of each motor will be in some
inverse proportion to its size, and the number of poles should be chosen accordingly. Still exceptional demands
may modify this rule. In view of this, it will be advantageous to provide each motor with a greater number of
pole projections or coils, the number being preferably a multiple of two and three. By this means, by simply
changing the connections of the coils, the motor may be adapted to any probable demands.
If the number of the poles in the motor is even, the action will be harmonious and the proper result will be
obtained; if this is not the case the best plan to be followed is to make a motor with a double number of poles
,and connect the same in the manner before indicated, so that half the number of poles result. Suppose, for
instance, that the generator has twelve poles, and it would be desired to obtain a speed equal to 12/7 of the
speed of the generator. This would require a motor with seven pole projections or magnets, and such a motor
could not be properly connected in the circuits unless fourteen armature coils would be provided, which would
necessitate the employment or sliding contacts. To avoid this the motor should be provided with fourteen
magnets and seven connected in each circuit, the magnets in each circuit alternating among themselves: The
armature should have fourteen closed coils. The action of the motor will not be quite as perfect as in .the case of
an even number of poles, but the drawback will not be of a serious nature.
However, the disadvantages resulting from this unsymmetrical form will be reduced in the same proportion
as the number of the poles is augmented.
If the generator has, say, n, and the motor n1 poles, the speed of the motor will be equal to that of the
generator multiplied by n/n1
The speed of the motor will generally be dependent on the number of the poles, but there may be exceptions
to this rule. The speed may be modified by the phase of the currents in the circuits or by the character of the
current impulses or by intervals between each or between groups of impulses. Some of the possible cases are
indicated in the diagrams, figures 18, 19, 20 and 21 which are self-explanatory. Figure 18 represents the
condition generally existing, and which secures the best result. In such a case, if the typical form of motor
illustrated in figure 9 is employed, one complete wave in each circuit will produce one revolution of the motor.
In figure 19 the same result will he effected by one wave in each circuit, the impulses being successive; in
figure 20 by four, and in figure 21 by eight waves.
By such means any desired speed may be attained; that is, at least within the limits of practical demands.
This system possesses this advantage besides others, resulting from simplicity. At full loads the motors show an
efficiency fully equal to that of the continuous current motors. The transformers present an additional
advantage in their capability of operating motors. They are capable of similar modifications in construction,
and will facilitate the introduction of motors and their adaptation to practical demands, Their efficiency should
be higher than that of the present transformers, and I base my assertion on the following:
In a transformer as constructed at present we produce the currents in the secondary circuit by varying the
strength of the primary or exciting currents. If we admit proportionality with respect to the iron core the
inductive effect exerted upon the secondary coil will be proportional to the numerical sum of the variations in
the strength of the exciting current per unit of time; whence it follows that for a given variation any
prolongation of the primary current will result in a proportional loss. In order to obtain rapid variations in the
strength of the current, essential to efficient induction, a great number of undulations are employed. From this
practice various disadvantages result. These are, increased cost and diminished efficiency of the generator, more
waste of energy in heating the cores, and also diminished output of the transformer, since the core is not
properly utilized, the reversals being too rapid. The inductive effect is also very small in certain phases, as will
be apparent from a graphic representation, and there may be periods of inaction, if there are intervals between
the succeeding current impulses or waves. In producing a shifting of the poles in the transformer, and thereby
inducing currents, the induction is of the ideal character, being always maintained at its maximum action. It is
also reasonable to assume that by a shifting of the poles less energy will be wasted than by reversals.

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DISCUSSION

Mr. Martin Professor Anthony, I believe, is here, and as he has given this subject some attention, I think he might
very properly supplement Mr. Testa's paper by some remarks.
Mr. Tesla I want to express once more my best thanks to Professor Anthony for aiding me in many respects, and I
hope he will be able to explain many of the features in this system that I was unable to explain at present.
Professor Anthony Mr. President and Gentlemen: I have been referred to as having had something to do with these
forms of motors. I am very glad to be able to add my testimony to what Mr. Testa has already given you in regard to their
action, and I confess that on first seeing the motors the action seemed to me an exceedingly remarkable one. After my first
visit to Mr. Tesla's works, some of the motors; I think these very two that you see here on the table, were brought to me to
make some tests of their efficiency, and probably you will be more interested in those than in anything else that I might say.
I am sorry I have not brought with me the exact figures that we obtained, but I can give you from memory something of the
result. This little motor that you see here gave us about half a horse-power, and gave an efficiency of something above fifty
per cent., which I considered a very fair efficiency for a motor of this size, as we cannot expect on such small motors to get
as high efficiency as we can on larger ones. This, I believe, is the armature that Mr. Testa calls the armature for high rotary
effort. This little pulley, which is only about three inches in diameter, gave a pull of something like fifty pounds, as I
remember it on turning on the current, so that you see the rotary effort is very considerable, and that is also shown in the
quickness with which the armature will reverse its motion on reversing the relation of the two currents which pass through
the two opposite coils. That could be done by shifting two of the wires, or simply shifting a reversing key in one of the
circuits, and the armature would stop and reverse its motion so quickly that it was almost impossible to tell when the
change took place. That shows also the very considerable rotary effort that the armature presents. This motor (referring to
the second specimen) gave us, I think, about 1 1/4 h.p., and showed a somewhat higher efficiency than the other a little
over sixty per cent. This would run, with the armature as here constructed, almost at the speed of the generator even under
a very heavy load. When the load was brought up to the maximum load, where the efficiency began to fall off somewhat, the
speed of rotation was reduced. As I remember now, it was reduced to about twenty-eight hundred, and the speed, you see,
kept up very nearly to that of the generator under heavy load.
I can add very little to what Mr. Testa has already given you in regard to these motors. I have no question but that all of
you would be as much interested as I was in seeing them work, That is really the best way in which to determine what the
motors will do.
Mr. Testa Mr. President and Gentlemen: Professor Anthony just made the remark that the speed of this motor fell off
when the load was increased. That was due to the fact that this armature was designed to secure a strong effort from the
start. But if we make an armature which is only designed for synchronism, the speed will always be the same no matter.
what the load; only there is a disadvantage that at. the start the rotary force is so small that it is apt not to start. It would
generally start if put in a proper position, but if not put in a proper position it might not start. If we employ an armature
consisting of a cut-away block of steel with a coil, it will maintain its speed at all loads. The importance of maintaining the
intensity of the pole constant is that if this can be produced we can utilize, instead of the subdivided armature, an ordinary
steel block with the same result. It is only desired to close the magnetic field. You can readily see, if the poles are fixed,
that it is not necessary to subdivide the armature, if the intensity of the force is constantly maintained the same. But, if the
intensity is not maintained the same, then it is necessary to subdivide, and generally in the results that I have obtained I
have found that it is necessary to subdivide. I have also observed that in the tests of Professor Anthony the results obtained
were superior. I attribute that to the fact that the dynamo has got a powerful field and a small armature and the field is very
concentrated; and for that reason probably, the result is nearer a theoretical result.
Professor Thomson I have been very much interested in the description given by Mr. Testa of his new and admirable
little motor. I have, as probably you may be aware, worked in somewhat similar directions, and towards the attainment of
similar ends. The trials which I have made have been by the use of a single alternating current circuit not a double
alternating circuit a single circuit supplying a motor constructed to utilize the alternation and produce rotation. I have
carried on sine the last annual meeting of the Institute the development and perfecting, as far as my time allowed, of a
closed circuited armature if we may so term it related to :the alternating field. That is, the plan which I used and
which I brought to the notice of the Institute last year, was to make a laminated field and do that field to place an armature
also laminated, winding upon the armature a coil which periodically is close circuited during the revolution by a suitable
commutator or circuit-closing device. I have made several such motors on different designs and they uniformly start from a
state of rest and develop power, and some of them show, at speeds close to the rate of alternations of the dynamo, a
tendency to synchronize. Their rotary effort in most cases is a little greater nearer that point than at other points. I hope:
sometime before a great while to bring most of these results before the notice of the Institute, and I would therefore prefer
delaying further remarks on motors of this description. I certainly think there is a field for alternating motors, and there is
undoubtedly an opportunity for obtaining motors which possess even some advantages over the continuous current motors.
Mr. Tesla Gentlemen, I wish to say that the testimony of such a man as Professor Thomson, as being foremost in his
profession, flatters me very much. I might say that I have worked in the same line with Professor Thomson at a period when
the invention of Professor Thomson was not known to me. I had a motor identically the same as that of Professor Thomson
but I was anticipated by him. I believe that although that peculiar form of motor represents the disadvantage that a pair of
brushes must be employed to short circuit the armature coil, that such a form of motor may be made practicable for the
simple reason that a motor represents a transformer, and such a transformer we well know we can bring to a very high
efficiency. On the other hand, the armature may be provided with conductors that are of comparatively low resistance, and
it is a mere matter of making a perfect arrangement for short circuiting. You will see the advantage 'of this disposition of
the closed circuit coil that this action is always maintained at the maximum and it is indeed more perfect than if the
polarities were shifted by means of a commutator.

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Pepes Tesla Pages http://www.tesla.hu/

TESLA REPLIES TO DR. LOUIS DUNCAN, EXPLAINING HIS' ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTOR

To the Editor of Electrical Review:

I find in your issue of last week a note of Mr. Duncan referring to my system of alternate current motors.
As I see that Dr. Duncan has not as yet been made acquainted with the real character of my invention, I cannot consider
his article in the light of a serious criticism and would think it unnecessary to respond; but desiring to express my
consideration for him and the importance which I attach to his opinion, I will point out here briefly the characteristic
features of my invention, inasmuch as they have a direct bearing on the article above referred to.
The principle of action of my motor will be well understood from the following:
By passing alternate currents in proper manner through independent energizing circuits in the motor, a progressive
shifting or rotation of the poles of the same is effected. This shifting is more of less continuous according to the construction
of the motor and the character and relative phase of the currents employed, and I have indicated the theoretical conditions
which should exist in order to secure the most perfect action. _
If a laminated ring be wound with four coils, and the same be connected in proper order to two independent circuits of
an alternate current generator adapted for this purpose, the passage of the currents through the coils produces theoretically
a rotation of the poles of the ring, and in actual practice in a series of experiments, I have demonstrated the complete
analogy between such a ring and a revolving. magnet. From the application of this principle to the operation of motors, to
forms of motor of a character widely differing have resulted, one designed for constant and the other for variable load. The
misunderstanding of Dr. Duncan is due to the fact that the prominent features of each of these two forms have not been
specifically stated. In illustration of a representative of the second class, I refer to Fig. 1, on page 1 of ELECTRICAL
REVIEW of May 12th. In this instance, the armature of the motor is provided with two coils at right angles. As it may be
believed that a symmetrical arrangement of the coils with respect to the poles is required. I will assume that the armature is
provided with a great number of diametrically wound coils or conductors closed upon themselves, and forming as many
independent circuits. Let it now be supposed that the ring is permanently magnetized so as to show two poles (N and S) at
two points diametrically opposite, and that it is rotated by mechanical power. The armature being stationary, the rotation of
the ring magnet will set up currents in the closed armature coils. These currents will be most intense at or near the points of
the greatest density of the force, and they will produce poles upon the armature core at right angles to those of the ring. Of
course there will be other elements entering into action which will tend to modify this, but for the present they may be left
unconsidered. As far as the location of the poles upon the armature core is concerned, the currents generated in the
armature coils will always act in the same manner, and will maintain continuously the poles of the core in the same
position, with respect to those of the ring in any position of the latter and independently of the speed. From the attraction
between the core and the ring, a continuous rotary effort, constant in all positions, will result, the same as in a continuous
current mctor with a great number of armature coils. If the armature be allowed to turn, it will revolve to the direction of
rotation of the ring magnet, the induced current diminishing as the speed increases, until upon the armature reaching wery
nearly the speed of the magnet, just enough current will flow through the coils to keep up the rotation. If, instead of rotating
the ring by mechanical power the poles of the same are shifted by the action of the alternate currents in the two circuits, the
same results are obtained.
Now compare this system with a continuous current system. In the latter we have alternate currents in the generator and
motor coils, and intervening devices for commutating the currents, which on the motor besides effect automatically a
progressive shifting or rotation of the poles of the armature; here we have the same elements and identically the same
operation, but without the commutating devices. In view of the fact that these devices are entirely unessential to the
operation, such alternate current system will at least in many respects show a complete similarity with a continuous
current system, and the motor will act precisely like a continuous current motor. If the load is augmented the speed is
diminished and the rotary effort correspondingly increased, as more current is made to pass through energizing circuits;
load being taken off the speed increases and the current, and consequently the effort, is lessened. The effort, of course, is
greatest when the armature is in the state of rest.
But since the analogy is complete, how about the maximum efficiency and current passing through the circuits when the
motor is running without any load, one will naturally inquire? It must be remembered that we have to deal with alternate
currents. In this form the motor simply represents a transformer in which currents are induced by a dynamic action instead
of by reversals, and as it might be expected the efficiency will be maximum at full load. As regards the current, there will
be at least under proper conditions as wide a variation in its strength as in a transformer, and by observing proper
rules, it may be reduced to any desired quantity. Moreover. the current passing through the motor when running free, is no
measure for the energy absorbed since the instruments indicate only the numerical sum of the direct and induced electro-
motive forces and currents instead of showing their difference.
Regarding the other class of these motors, designed for constant speed, the objections of Dr. Duncan are, in a measure,
applicable to certain constructions, but it should be considered that such motors are not expected to run withour any, or
with a very light load, and, if so, they do not, when properly constructed, present in this respect any more disadvantage than
transformers under similar conditions. Besides, both features, rotary effort and tendency to constant speed, may he
combined in a motor, and any desired preponderance may be given to either one, and in this manner a motor may be
obtained possessing any desired character and capable of satisfying all possible demand in practice.
In conclusion, I will remark, with all respect to Dr. Duncan, that the advantages claimed for my system are not mere
assumptions, but results actually obtained, and that for this purpose experiments have been conducted through a long
period, and with an assiduity such as only a deep interest in the invention could inspire; nevertheless, although my motor is
the fruit of long labor and careful investigation, I do not wish to claim any other merit beyond that of having invented, and I
leave it to men more competent than myself to determine the true laws of the principle and the best mode of its application.
What the result of these investigations will be the future will tell; but whatever they may be and to whatever this principle
may lead, I shall be sufficiently recompensed if later it will be admitted that I have contributed a share, however small, to
the advancement of science.

7
Pepes Tesla Pages http://www.tesla.hu/

NIKOLA TESLA

New York, May 26, 1888.

Verzi: 1.00 (2003-11-30)

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