Linear Machanics
Linear Machanics
Motion of a Block with Three Forces
The diagram below shows a block of mass on a frictionless horizontal surface, as seen from
In this problem, you will determine the
resultant (total) force vector from the combination of the three individual force vectors. All angles should
be measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis (i.e., all angles are positive).
Part A
Calculate the magnitude of the total resultant force acting on the mass.
Hint A.1 Definition of resultant force
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 How to find the resultant
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3
Find the components of
Hint not displayed
Hint A.4
Find the components of
Hint not displayed
Hint A.5
Find the components of
Hint not displayed
Hint A.6
Magnitude of
Hint not displayed
Express the magnitude of the resultant force in newtons to to two decimal places..
ANSWER
1.83
: =
Part B
What angle does make with the positive x axis?
Hint B.1 Find the angle symbolically
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in degrees to two significant figures.
290 degree
ANSWER
s
:
Part C
What is the magnitude of the mass's acceleration vector, ?
Hint C.1 Newton's 2nd law
Hint not displayed
Express your answer to two significant figures.
ANSWER 0.92
: =
Part D
What is the direction of ? In other words, what angle does this vector make with respect to the positive
x axis?
Hint D.1
Relation between the direction of and
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in degrees to two significant figures.
290 degree
ANSWER
s
:
Part E
How far (in meters) will the mass move in 5.0 s?
Hint E.1 Displacement with constant acceleration
Hint not displayed
Express the distance in meters to two significant figures.
ANSWER 11
=
:
Part F
What is the magnitude of the velocity vector of the block at ?
Hint F.1 Velocity with constant acceleration
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters per second to two significant figures.
ANSWER 4.5
: =
Part G
In what direction is the mass moving at time ? That is, what angle does the velocity vector make
with respect to the positive x axis?
Hint G.1
Relationship between the direction of and
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in degrees to two significant figures.
290 degree
ANSWER
s
:
Pulling Two Blocks
In the situation shown in the figure, a person is pulling with a constant, nonzero force on string 1, which
is attached to block A. Block A is also attached to block B via string 2, as shown.
For this problem, assume that neither string stretches and that friction is negligible. Both blocks have finite
(nonzero) mass.
Part A
Which one of the following statements correctly descibes the relationship between the accelerations of
blocks A and B?
Hint A.1 Relative movement of the blocks
Hint not displayed
ANSWER Block A has a larger acceleration than block B.
:
Block B has a larger acceleration than block A.
Both blocks have the same acceleration.
More information is needed to determine the relationship between the accelerations.
Since the two blocks are connected, they won't move independently when string 1 is pulled. As block A is
accelerated, its motion will impart the same acceleration to block B.
Part B
How does the magnitude of the tension in string 1, , compare with the tension in string 2, ?
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
ANSWER
:
More information is needed to determine the relationship between and .
The force transmitted through string 1 (proportional to ) must be enough to accelerate both blocks, but
the force transmitted through string 2 only needs to accelerate block B. Consider the case where block A
is very heavy and block B is very light: In this case, string 2 would only need to supply a tiny amount of
tension to keep the blocks connected as block A is pulled around.
Newton's 3rd Law Discussed
Learning Goal: To understand Newton's 3rd law, which states that a physical interaction always generates a
pair of forces on the two interacting bodies.
In Principia, Newton wrote:
To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or, the mutual actions of two bodies upon each
other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts.
(translation by Cajori)
The phrase after the colon (often omitted from textbooks) makes it clear that this is a statement about the
nature of force. The central idea is that physical interactions (e.g., due to gravity, bodies touching, or
electric forces) cause forces to arise between pairs of bodies. Each pairwise interaction produces a pair of
opposite forces, one acting on each body. In summary, each physical interaction between two bodies
generates a pair of forces. Whatever the physical cause of the interaction, the force on body A from body B
is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force on body B from body A.
Incidentally, Newton states that the word "action" denotes both (a) the force due to an interaction and (b)
the changes in momentum that it imparts to the two interacting bodies. If you haven't learned about
momentum, don't worry; for now this is just a statement about the origin of forces.
Mark each of the following statements as true or false. If a statement refers to "two bodies" interacting via
some force, you are not to assume that these two bodies have the same mass.
Part A
Every force has one and only one 3rd law pair force.
ANSWER true
:
false
Part B
The two forces in each pair act in opposite directions.
ANSWER true
:
false
Part C
The two forces in each pair can either both act on the same body or they can act on different bodies.
ANSWER true
:
false
Part D
The two forces in each pair may have different physical origins (for instance, one of the forces could be
due to gravity, and its pair force could be due to friction or electric charge).
ANSWER true
:
false
Part E
The two forces of a 3rd law pair always act on different bodies.
ANSWER true
:
false
Part F
Given that two bodies interact via some force, the accelerations of these two bodies have the same
magnitude but opposite directions. (Assume no other forces act on either body.)
Hint F.1
Hint not displayed
ANSWER true
:
false
Newton's 3rd law can be summarixed as follows: A physical interaction (e.g., gravity) operates between
two interacting bodies and generates a pair of opposite forces, one on each body. It offers you a way to test
for real forces (i.e., those that belong on the force side of )there should be a 3rd law pair
force operating on some other body for each real force that acts on the body whose acceleration is under
consideration.
Part G
According to Newton's 3rd law, the force on the (smaller) moon due to the (larger) earth is
ANSWER greater in magnitude and antiparallel to the force on the earth due to the moon.
:
greater in magnitude and parallel to the force on the earth due to the moon.
equal in magnitude but antiparallel to the force on the earth due to the moon.
equal in magnitude and parallel to the force on the earth due to the moon.
smaller in magnitude and antiparallel to the force on the earth due to the
moon.
smaller in magnitude and parallel to the force on the earth due to the moon.
Problem 4.41
A 72 tree surgeon rides a "cherry picker" lift to reach the upper branches of a tree.
Part A
What force does the bucket of the lift exert on the surgeon when the bucket is at rest?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER
710
: =
Part B
What force does the bucket of the lift exert on the surgeon when the bucket is moving upward at a steady
2.4 ?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER
710
: =
Part C
What force does the bucket of the lift exert on the surgeon when the bucket is moving downward at a
steady 2.4 ?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER
710
: =
Part D
What force does the bucket of the lift exert on the surgeon when the bucket is accelerating upward at
1.5 ?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER
810
: =
Part E
What force does the bucket of the lift exert on the surgeon when the bucket is accelerating downward at
1.5 ?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER 600
: =
Problem 4.55
An elevator cable can withstand a maximum tension of 1.83×104 before breaking. The elevator has a
How many 65.0 people can the elevator safely accommodate?
Express your answer as an integer.
9
ANSWER
=
:
The following 8 questions (21 points) involve applications of Newton's laws.
Atwood Machine Special Cases
An Atwood machine consists of two blocks (of
For all parts of this problem, take upward to be the positive direction and take the gravitational constant, ,
to be positive.
Part A
Consider the case where and are both nonzero, and . Let be the magnitude of the
rope connected to the block of mass . Which of the following statements is true?
ANSWER
: is always equal to .
is greater than by an amount independent of velocity.
is greater than but the difference decreases as the blocks increase in velocity.
There is not enough information to determine the relationship between and .
Part B
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Which physical law to use
Hint not displayed
ANSWER 0
:
=
Part C
For the same special case (the block of mass not present), what is the acceleration of the block of
mass ?
Express your answer in terms of , and remember that an upward acceleration should be positive.
9.80
ANSWER
=
:
Part D
ANSWER 0
:
=
Part E
For the same special case (the block of mass not present) what is the acceleration of the end of the
rope where the block of mass would have been attached?
Express your answer in terms of , and remember that an upward acceleration should be positive.
9.80
ANSWER
=
:
Part F
Next, consider the special case . What is the magnitude of the tension in the rope
connecting the two blocks?
ANSWER
:
=
Part G
For the same special case ( ), what is the acceleration of the block of mass ?
0
ANSWER
=
:
Part H
Hint not displayed
Hint H.2
Acceleration of block of mass
Hint not displayed
Hint H.3
Net force on block of mass
Hint not displayed
ANSWER
:
=
Imagining what would happen if one or more of the variables approached infinity is often a good way to
investigate the behavior of a system.
FreeBody Diagrams: Introduction
Learning Goal: To learn to draw freebody diagrams for various reallife situations.
Imagine that you are given a description of a reallife situation and are asked to analyze the motion of the
objects involved. Frequently, that analysis involves finding the acceleration of the objects, which, in turn,
requires that you find the net force.
To find the net force, you must first identify all of the forces acting on the object and then add them as
vectors. Such a procedure is not always trivial. It is helpful to replace the sketch of the situation by a
drawing of the object (represented as a particle) and all the forces applied to it. Such a drawing is called a
freebody diagram. This problem will walk you through several examples of freebody diagrams and will
demonstrate some of the possible pitfalls.
Here is the general strategy for drawing freebody diagrams:
• Identify the object of interest. This may not always be easy: A sketch of the situation may contain
many objects, each of which has a different set of forces acting on it. Including forces acting on
different objects in the same diagram will lead to confusion and a wrong solution.
• Draw the object as a dot. Draw and clearly label all the forces acting on the object of interest. The
forces should be shown as vectors originating from the dot representing the object of interest.
There are two possible difficulties here: omitting some forces and drawing the forces that either
don't exist at all or are applied to other objects. To avoid these two pitfalls, remember that every
force must be applied to the object of interest by some other object.
• Once all of the forces are drawn, draw the coordinate system. The origin should coincide with the
dot representing the object of interest and the axes should be chosen so that the subsequent
calculations of vector components of the forces will be relatively simple. That is, as many forces as
possible must be either parallel or perpendicular to one of the axes.
Even though real life can present us with a wide variety of situations, we will be mostly dealing with a very
small number of forces. Here are the principal ones of interest:
• Weight, or the force due to gravity. Weight acts on every object and is directed straight down
unless we are considering a problem involving the nonflat earth (e.g., satellites).
• Normal force. The normal force exists between two surfaces that are pressed against each other; it
is always perpendicular to the surfaces.
• Force of tension. Tension exists in strings, springs, and other objects of finite length. It is directed
along the string or a spring. Keep in mind that a spring can be either compressed or stretched
whereas a string can only be stretched.
• Force of friction. A friction force exists between two surfaces that either move or have a tendency
to move relative to each other. Sometimes, the force of air drag, similar in some ways to the force
of friction, may come into play. These forces are directed so that they resist the relative motion of
the surfaces. To simplify problems you often assume that friction is negligible on smooth surfaces
and can be ignored. In addition, the word friction commonly refers to resistive forces other than air
drag that are caused by contact between surfaces, so you can ignore air drag in problems unless
you are explicitly told to consider its effects.
The following examples should help you learn to draw freebody diagrams. We will start with relatively
simple situations in which the object of interest is either explicitly suggested or fairly obvious.
Part A
A hockey puck slides along a horizontal, smooth icy surface at a constant velocity as shown.
Which of the following forces act on the
puck?
Check all that apply.
ANSWER friction
: weight
normal force
air drag
acceleration
force of push
force of velocity
There is no such thing as "the force of velocity." If the puck is not being pushed, there are no horizontal
forces acting on it. Of course, some horizontal force must have acted on it before, to impart the velocity
however, in the situation described, no such "force of push" exists. Also, the air drag in such cases is
assumed to be negligible. Finally, the word "smooth" usually implies negligible surface friction. Your
freebody diagram should look like the one shown here.
Part B
Consider a block pulled by a horizontal rope along a horizontal surface at a constant velocity as shown.
There is tension in the rope. Which of the
following forces act on the block?
Check all that apply.
ANSWER friction
:
weight
normal force
force of velocity
air drag
acceleration
force of tension
Because the velocity is constant, there must be a force of friction opposing the force of tension. Since the
block is moving, it is kinetic friction. Your freebody diagram should look like that shown here.
Part C
A block is resting on an slope. Which of the following forces act
on the block?
Check all that apply.
ANSWER static friction
:
force of push
normal force
kinetic
friction
weight
Part D
Draw the freebody diagram for the block resting on a slope.
Draw the force vectors such that their tails align with the center of the block (indicated by the black
dot). The orientations of your vectors will be graded but not the lengths.
ANSWER
:
SUM_vec%253D0
View
Part E
Now consider a block sliding up a rough slope after having been given a quick push as shown
. Which of the following forces act on the
block?
Check all that apply.
ANSWER weight
:
kinetic friction
static friction
force of push
normal force
the force of velocity
The word "rough" implies the presence of friction. Since the block is in motion, it is kinetic friction. Once
again, there is no such thing as "the force of velocity." However, it seems a tempting choice to some
students since the block is going up.
Part F
Draw the freebody diagram for the block sliding up a rough slope after having been given a quick push.
Draw the force vectors such that their tails align with the center of the block (indicated by the black
dot). The orientations of your vectors will be graded but not the lengths.
ANSWER
:
SUM_vec%253D0
View
Part G
Now consider a block being pushed up a smooth slope. The force pushing the block is parallel to the
slope. Which of the following forces are
acting on the block?
Check all that apply.
ANSWER weight
:
kinetic
friction
static friction
force of push
normal force
Your freebody diagram should look like the one shown here.
The force of push is the normal force exerted, possibly, by the palm of the hand of the person pushing the
block.
In all the previous situations just described, the object of interest was explicitly given. In the remaining
parts of the problem, consider a situation where choosing the objects for which to draw the freebody
diagrams is up to you.
The block of mass is sliding to the right on a rough horizontal surface of a lab table.
Part H
To solve for the acceleration of the blocks, you will have to draw the freebody diagrams for which
objects?
Check all that apply.
ANSWER
the block of mass
:
the block of mass
the connecting string
the pulley
the table
the earth
Part I
Draw the freebody diagram for the block of mass and draw a freebody diagram for the block of mass
.
Draw the force vectors acting on such that their tails align with the center of the block labeled
(indicated by the black dot). Draw the force vectors acting on with their tails aligned with the
center of the block labeled . The orientations of your vectors will be graded but not the lengths.
ANSWER
:
SUM_vec%253D0
View
Friction Force on a Dancer on a Drawbridge
A dancer is standing on one leg on a drawbridge that is about to open. The coefficients of static and kinetic
force exerted on the dancer by the bridge, and represents the gravitational force exerted on the dancer, as
shown in the drawing . For all the questions,
we can assume that the bridge is a perfectly flat surface and lacks the curvature characteristic of most
bridges.
Part A
Before the drawbridge starts to open, it is perfectly level with the ground. The dancer is standing still on
one leg. What is the x component of the friction force, ?
Hint A.1 What forces are acting?
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables , , and/or .
ANSWER 0
:
=
This shows a very important point. When you are not told that an object is slipping or on the verge of
slipping, then the friction force is determined using Newton's laws of motion in conjunction with the
observed motion and the other forces on the object. Under these circumstances the friction force is limited
Part B
The drawbridge then starts to rise and the
dancer continues to stand on one leg. The drawbridge stops just at the point where the dancer is on the
verge of slipping. What is the magnitude of the frictional force now?
Hint B.1 Calculating the coefficient of static friction
Hint not displayed
ANSWER
:
=
Part C
Then, because the bridge is old and poorly designed, it falls a little bit and then jerks. This causes the
person to start to slide down the bridge at a constant speed. What is the magnitude of the frictional
force now?
ANSWER
:
=
Part D
The bridge starts to come back down again. The dancer stops sliding. However, again because of the age
and design of the bridge it never makes it all the way down; rather it stops half a meter short. This half a
meter corresponds to an angle degree (see the diagram, which has the angle exaggerated). What is
the force of friction now?
Hint D.1 Analyze gravitational components
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables , , , , and/or .
ANSWER
:
=
Suspending a Speaker
that make equal angles with the ceiling. Each cable has a length of = 3.10 .
Part A
What is the tension in each of the cables?
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Identify the forces
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Find the net vertical force
Hint not displayed
Hint A.4
Determine
Hint not displayed
Use 9.80 for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.
ANSWER 349
:
=
Block on an Incline Adjacent to a Wall
A wedge with an inclination of angle rests next to a wall. A block of mass is sliding down the plane, as
shown. There is no friction between the wedge and the block or between the wedge and the horizontal
surface.
Part A
Find the magnitude, , of the sum of all forces acting on the block.
Hint A.1 Direction of the net force on the block
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Determine the forces acting on the block
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Find the magnitude of the force acting along the direction of motion
Hint not displayed
ANSWER
:
=
Part B
Find the magnitude, , of the force that the wall exerts on the wedge.
Hint B.1 The force between the wall and the wedge
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Find the normal force between the block and the wedge
Hint not displayed
Hint B.3 Find the horizontal component of the normal force
Hint not displayed
ANSWER
:
=
the wall and the wedge goes to zero. This is what we should expect; in the first limit ( small), the block
is accelerating very slowly, and all horizontal forces are small. In the second limit ( about 90 degrees),
the block simply falls vertically and exerts no horizontal force on the wedge.
Problem 5.17
If the truck accelerates at 0.57 , what is the magnitude of the cable tension? Neglect friction and the
mass of the cable.
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER 900
:
=
Problem 5.29
A hockey puck is given an initial speed of 13 .
Part A
If it comes to rest in 56 , what is the coefficient of kinetic friction?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER 0.15
=
:
Problem 5.50
In a typical frontwheeldrive car, 70% of the car's weight rides on the front wheels.
Part A
If the coefficient of friction between tires and road is 0.61, what is the maximum acceleration of the car?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER 4.2
=
:
The following 6 questions (14 points) involve work and kinetic energy.
Work on a Sliding Block
The block moves a distance up the incline. The block does not stop after moving this distance but
continues to move with constant speed. What is the total work done on the block by all forces?
(Include only the work done after the block has started moving, not the work needed to start the block
moving from rest.)
Hint A.1 What physical principle to use
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Find the change in kinetic energy
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of given quantities.
0
ANSWER
: =
Part B
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Force of gravity component
Hint not displayed
Express the work done by gravity in terms of the weight and any other quantities given in the
problem introduction.
ANSWER
:
=
Part C
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of and other given quantities.
ANSWER
: =
Part D
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of given quantities.
ANSWER 0
:
=
Dragging a Board
coefficient of kinetic friction between the board and the surface is , and in region 2, the coefficient is
. The positive direction is shown in the figure.
Part A
Find the net work done by friction in pulling the board directly from region 1 to region 2. Assume that
the board moves at constant velocity.
Hint A.1 The net force of friction
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Work as integral of force
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Direction of force of friction
Hint not displayed
Hint A.4
Formula for
Hint not displayed
Express the net work in terms of , , , , and .
ANSWER
=
:
This answer makes sense because it is as if the board spent half its time in region 1, and half in region 2,
which on average, it in fact did.
Part B
What is the total work done by the external force in pulling the board from region 1 to region 2? (Again,
assume that the board moves at constant velocity.)
Hint B.1 No acceleration
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of , , , , and .
ANSWER
:
=
The Work Done in Pulling a Supertanker
Two tugboats pull a disabled supertanker. Each tug exerts a constant force of 1.90×106 , one at an angle
0.900 toward the north.
Part A
What is the total work done by the two tugboats on the supertanker?
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Find the work done by one tugboat
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in joules, to three significant figures.
ANSWER 3.25×109
:
Work and Kinetic Energy
Two blocks of ice, one four times as heavy as the other, are at rest on a frozen lake. A person pushes each
Which of the following statements is true about the kinetic energy of the heavier block after the push?
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Find the work done on each block
Hint not displayed
ANSWER It is smaller than the kinetic energy of the lighter block.
:
It is equal to the kinetic energy of the lighter block.
It is larger than the kinetic energy of the lighter block.
It cannot be determined without knowing the force and the mass of each block.
The workenergy theorem states that the change in kinetic energy of an object equals the net work done on
that object. The only force doing work on the blocks is the force from the person, which is the same in
both cases. Since the initial kinetic energy of each block is zero, both blocks have the same final kinetic
energy.
Part B
Compared to the speed of the heavier block, how fast does the light block travel?
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Proportional reasoning
Hint not displayed
ANSWER one quarter as fast
:
half as fast
the same speed
twice as fast
four times as fast
Since the kinetic energy of the lighter block is equal to the kinetic energy of the heavier block, the lighter
block must be moving faster than the heavier block.
Part C
Now assume that both blocks have the same speed after being pushed with the same force . What can
be said about the distances the two blocks are pushed?
Hint C.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displayed
Hint C.2 Relate the kinetic energies of the blocks
Hint not displayed
Hint C.3 Compare the amount of work done on each block
Hint not displayed
ANSWER The heavy block must be pushed 16 times farther than the light block.
:
The heavy block must be pushed 4 times farther than the light block.
The heavy block must be pushed 2 times farther than the light block.
The heavyt block must be pushed the same distance as the light block.
The heavy block must be pushed half as far as the light block.
Because the heavier block has four times the mass of the lighter block, when the two blocks travel with
the same speed, the heavier block will have four times as much kinetic energy. The workenergy theorem
implies that four times more work must be done on the heavier block than on the lighter block. Since the
same force is applied to both blocks, the heavier block must be pushed through four times the distance as
the lighter block.
Problem 6.46
A rope pulls a box a horizontal distance of 23 .
Part A
Express your answer using two significant figures.
25
ANSWER
=
:
Problem 6.29
Find the total work done on the skateboarder between the top and bottom of the hill.
Express your answer using two significant figures.
3200
ANSWER
=
:
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