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Ä »ô Ç כ ¹ è r ç ß % ò % i ~ ½ ÓZ O - l í

lecture note on fdtd

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

31 views

Ä »ô Ç כ ¹ è r ç ß % ò % i ~ ½ ÓZ O - l í

lecture note on fdtd

Uploaded by

Wasyhun Asefa

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 72

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Introduction to Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method

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2006

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You can calculate the properties of water, but it makes so much more sense just to measure them.
- Lev Landau

e
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]
:

r

w
4s

U
N
X
k
(Maxwell equation)8

M

1.1

Helmholtz_

&
o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

/
R

d
_

$
J

K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.1

Lorenz

| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2.2

Coulomb

| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2.1

x
l
1

d
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O
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2.2

(Numerical Dispersion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3

$ (Numerical Stability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4

Yee Cell
3

" FDTD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5

Real world vs. FDTD Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6

_
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] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contour FDTD

3.1

g

F/
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i
% source\

6

N
B
/

1

l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2

_N
B
/

l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3

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d
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9

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FDTD

Point Dipole Source

<

f

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|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.1

=

f

>

|
s
9

? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.2

Electric Dipole
Magnetic Dipole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.3

Gaussian Dipole
Lorentzian Dipole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1.4

Poynting
\
t
>

+
:
M

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+

h
&. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Microdisk N
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4.2.1

g

F/
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i
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6

N
B
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1

l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2.2

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l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"g

F

X
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g
<1s

1.3

g
<2s

g
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X
4.1

4.2

4.3

4.3.1

Purcell

<

1

X
]
sr
:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3.2

g

F

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sx

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1

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"g

F

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3
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4.4.1

g

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i
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6

N
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/

1

l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.4.2

_N
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: KAIST FDTD
K
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5.1

FDTD
lr
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O
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& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2

FDTD
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& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.3

FDTD
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r
9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.5

l

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.4

4.5

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7

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1.2.2

Coulomb
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A\
Coulomb gauge
H

radiation gaugae
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transverse gauge

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8
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8

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longitudinal

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Kf
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h
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D
0 J~t

h
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7,
~
2 A

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(1.16)

Coulomb gauge\

H

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#include "/home/camel/bin/pFDTD.h"
#include "/home/camel/bin/pFDTDvar.h"
main() /* This function is a main part of 3D FDTD code. */
{
float x,y;
int i,j,k;
float WC; //dipole frequency
25

long DT,DD,DS;
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
/////////////////////////////////////////
/////// Basic Parameters (START) ////////
/////////////////////////////////////////
///// dipole source parameter /////
DT=100;
DS=DT*6;
DD=3000;
WC=0.5;
//-------------------------------structure_size(5,5,5);
lattice_size(20,20,20);
pml_size(0,0,0,0,0,0); // without using absorbing layers
set_default_parameter(2);
Hz_parity(0,0,0);
memory();
///////////////////////////////////////
/////// Basic Parameters (END) ////////
///////////////////////////////////////
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
/////////////////////////////////////////
/////// Input Structure (START) /////////
/////////////////////////////////////////
background(1.0);
///////////////////////////////////////
/////// Input Structure (END) /////////
///////////////////////////////////////
26

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
make_epsilon();
out_epsilon("x",0,"epsilon.x");
out_epsilon("y",0,"epsilon.y");
out_epsilon("z",0,"epsilon.z");
coefficient();
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////// Do something during the iterations (START) /////////
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
for(t=0;t<DD;t++)
{
Gaussian_dipole_source("Hz",0,0,0,WC,0,3*DT,DT);
propagate();
out_point("Hz",0,0,0.5,0,DD,"mode1.dat");
out_point("Hz",0,0,1,0,DD,"mode2.dat");
out_point("Hz",0,0,2,0,DD,"mode3.dat");
if(t%5==0)
out_plane("LogH^2","y",0,".LogH2");
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////// Do something during the iterations (END) /////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------//
}
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cav () =

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~ r )

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Figure 4.15: 2

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C

9
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i
%
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0.39 (

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9 1946

\ Purcells

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7,
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6H
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Figure 4.16: (1
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bulk
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t = 1000

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(-0.2,-0.3)\
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.[28]

a 4.17\
H

r

\

f
"
R
4

H

Poynting energy\

\/
@
Kf
"

h
&

. r

"
y,

l
_ Mz source\

6

i
%

6
\

Purcell

B

. Dipole source_

\

f
" 7176( n =0.24), 534(n =0.325), 8851(n =0.45)

\
3
%
3
%
.
51

Figure 4.17: FDTD

\
R
4

H

Poynting energy\

_
<

h
&r

i
%
.

l
_ Mz source\

6

i
%

6
\

Purcell

B

>a
)

.
Dipole source_

d

g

F

/
?
\

|
s 10C

s

H

`

^

e
.

4.4

l
S
j
x

r

a

>

e

P
&
7

X
]
\f
"
r

2

"g

F

\

A
0
h
&

h
&

<
(defect)`

9
{

C
n
y
_

5

`
s

e
.

7,

<

g

F
<
N
B
/

l

x
l
1
+

e
>a
)

.
s
X
]
\f
"H

z
\
f
"
%

j
]

9
{

<
(Modified single cell) N
B
/

l
_N
B
/

\r

3
$
K
x

.[29]

a 4.18
r
FDTD epsilon

&
a
)

A

9
{

<
N
B
/

l

\

#r

. t

X
]

r

3.4
&

i
%
,
C

9
|r

N
B
/

i
%
. g

F

aH

z=0

\/
@
Kf
" even

r
>

F
+

2 /(2neff )

&
&

2 T = 0.5a

&

i
%
.

#
even t

\/
@
K
f
"
,
Vr

g

F

` |

9

"
l

0.35a
&

i
%
.

<

_

A

+N
B
/
l

"
_

0.25a

i
%
.

4.4.1

7
]
source

l

5

P
e

$g

F

&N
B
/

l
\r
>

F
+

R
(

lA
0
Kf
"g

F/
@
i
% Gaussian dipole source\

6

i
%
. Dipole source_
A
0
uH

_/
@A$
g

`
9

# (0,-0.5), (-0.2,-0.3)

&

i
%
. t = 500,

d

H

n = 0.30

i
%
.

a 4.19\
Hz field_

&<
X
s
'<

_ Fourier

7
&

3
!

`

/
?
3
%
.

7
&

3
!
\A
0
u

peak_
A
0
u

'j
[h
>
_

\
#
l
r

6

`
X
S

i
%
. (

y 0.2886, 0.3143,
0.3179)
s

\

sj
[h
>
_ peak
r

y dipole, quadrupole, hexapole

\
K

e
.

:
y dipole
quadrupole

H

C 6v /
@A$
g

#
s

@
&Q
#

Figure 4.18: 2

"g

F

9
{

<
N
B
/

l
_ FDTD epsilon

. t

_ =11.56

,
C

9
|
r

N
B
/ =1.0

i
%
. g

F

aH

0.5a, g

F

"
l

0.35a,

<

"
l

0.25a
s
.

Figure 4.19: g

F/
@
i
% Gaussian dipole source\

_ H z field <
X
s
'. Dipole source
H
(0,0.5), (-0.2,-0.3)\
A
0
u

i
%
.
#Q

beating`

e
. Fourier

8

#

power
spectrum\
f
"
#Q
N
B
/

\
X
S

e
3
%
. 0.2886, 0.3143, 0.3179
s
.

Figure 4.20: (1
x
l

) g

F/
@
i
% Gaussian dipole source\

_ H z field r

.

.[13]

a 4.20\
Hz field r

_x
l
1

\

/
?
3
%
.
#Q

x
l
1
r
\r
>

F

x
l
1

`

. ({

9

h
&

9
{

#
la
)

field node <
antinode N
B
/

&&
Q
#

eH

standing wave_

x
l
1

`

.)

4.4.2

>
n
c
9
f

e

#
lf
"H

n = 0.3442\
A
0
u

monopole

h
&

#
l
r
&

l

. 46 t = 1500,

d

n = 0.3442

Gaussian dipole source\

6

i
%
. Source_
A
0
uH

monopole mode_

field r

\
9

# (-0.2,-0.2)

&

i
%
.

a 4.21\
Hz field_

&<
X
s
'

\

/
?
3
%
.
B
:
LM
F

exponential decay\

eH

<
X,

s

9
{

s
#
l&

3
%

6

`

9
r

. Field energy_
decay

_ Q

eH

<
X, 11000

&

i
%
. Fourier

:

#

power specturm
\f
"

9
{

e

`

r

X
S

e
.
#
lf
" peak_

Lorentzian

s

s
H

, H z field

&
A
0
u dipole source_
A
0
u
#f
" source_
dc

$r

s

<
&

3
%
l:
MH

s
.

a 4.22\
Hz field r

_x
l
1

\

/
?
3
%
. field node <
antinode N
B
/

Q
#

eH

standing wave_

x
l
1

#r

.

N
B
/

l

d
\f
" H z field r

j
/
@
s

/
@
|E|2
_

H

node d

H

`[30]
1
~
>V
\

8
K

^

e
. 47
46
47

'N
B
/

9
R
4

6.[11]
~ r
~ r

9
{

h
&

<
H_

H

f
"
Faraday
O
Z:

&
Q
#

node_
A
0
u<
antinode_
A
0
u f
"

i
%

a
'

>
\

e
.
s

a
'

a
)
~
%
ar

H
7

_H

Joannopolous_

Photonic Crystals\

.[31]

Figure 4.21: t = 1500, n = 0.3442

Gaussian dipole source\

_ H z field <
X
s
'. Dipole
source
H
(-0.2,-0.2)\
A
0
u

i
%
.

9
{

_:
LM
F

exponential decay\

e
. Fourier

power spectrum\
f
"

9
{

\
X
S

e
. (Lorentzian

s

s
H

source_

$r

s

<
&

3
%
l:
MH

)

Figure 4.22: (1
x
l

) n = 0.3442\
A
0
u

H

monopole mode

e

`
X
S

e
.

4.5

%
i
%
\f
"

Lorentzian
<

<
Gaussian
<

\t
q

y

.

L() =

(/2)
,
( 0 )2 + (/2)2

G() = exp{

( 0 )2
}
2

(4.67)

(a) = 0 (/2)
\f
" L() = L(0 )/2 d

H

`

#
.
Q

H

Q
#

Lorentzian
<

_ FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum)
s
.

(b) = 0 (/2)
\f
" G() = G(0 )/2 &
H

#
.
Q

Gaussian

<
Lorentzian
<

_ FWHM
r
x
l
1
9
{
K

. (

Q factor\

H

.)

6
t

`
q

#
.
L()
,
L(0 )

G()
G(0 )

(4.68)

;

`

8

Gaussian
<

$
s 8
A
8Q
#

.

t

Lorentzian
<

zj
]

"

_;

s

&
\f
"
1
t
q

H

C
n
y

`

,

zj
]
h
&

\
h
&x

6 0
x
p

.
2.

zj
] j
]

a
)

p

N
B
/

l

\ r

3
$

l

.
>

a(a)
H

zj
] j
]

a
)

p

N
B
/

l

_ SEM

s
. j
]

a
)
N
B
/

l
_
t

5m,

aH

1500 A
s
.

_
F
9
|

InGaAs/InP_
J

X
]

r

1.55 m

\f
" 3.5
&

.
>

a(b)
H

zj
]g

F
3
*

i

z>

+

`x

#
3
%r

U
Y
s
$

7
&

3
!
s
. U
Y
s
$

H

%
\

peak
r
M -

@\
f
"
l

"

H

t
q

ya
)

.(McCall_
H
7
H

.[16])
(a)

1525nm
\f
"
1

s whispering-gallery mode_
M

` FDTD
>

:

#

#
.
(b) A
0
_

_N
B
/

l Q

` FDTD
>

:

#V
\

8

#
.

3. 4.3.2]

X
\f
"
r

g

F

\f
"
_g

F

\
t

\ dipole source_

d

_
<

.
(a) n

` 0.25
\f
" 0.45

t 4n =0.01

A
0

o

r
&

f
"

9

. Gaussian dipole
source_
j

h
&
_ t
H

O
\

? (s

20

_ FDTD
>

s
9

(b)

_ FDTD
>

\
3
%
lA
0
Kf
"H

Poynting energy
h
&r

'
+

_

_

yA
0
u
\/
@

# DFT(Discrete Fourier Transformation)`

'

#

. V
\

\t

[
~ x

Q
# E_

\/
@
Kf
"H

Exreal |i,j = Exreal |i,j + Ex |ni,j cos( nt)

Eximag |i,j = Eximag |i,j + Ex |ni,j sin( nt)

(4.69)
(4.70)

#
lf
" FDTD

\f
"
_

y
_ grid A
0
u (i, j)\
/
@
Kf
"
F
)
h
&

r
l
!

`

'

,

z

$r

(Exreal )
)

`(Eximag )
3
%

`

e
.

z

A
0
_
r
l
!r

6
_
h
&r

d
Ex (~r, ) =

_ DFT

&

s
.

Ex (~r, t)eit dt

(4.71)

h
&r

'
+

\/
@

# E~ <
H~

\

, S = E~ H~

\

>

e
.

~
O
Z

`
sx

6

#g

F

\
t

\

_
<

(0.25
\f
" 0.45

t)

#
.
(c) =
Poynting vector_
DFT\

:
Kf
"H

O
\H

t
O
[

"

#
.

7,
P~ 6=

it
~
~
(E(t)
H(t))e
dt

(4.72)

4. 4.4]

X
\f
"
r

9
{

<
g

F

&N
B
/

l
_N
B
/

\
>

.
>

a
\

dipole,
quadrupole, hexapole

m(
`

<
N
B
/

l Q

`
>

#
.

V 5

*
5.1

: KAIST FDTD

FDTD
e
e
>
o

1. void structure size(float x, float y, float z) :

FDTD
>

%
i
%
_

l

\ x(a) y(a) z(a)

O
[

&

.
#
lf
" a
H
FDTD N
B
/

A
0

U
s
f
"g

F

&N
B
/

l
_

&

#

o

.
>

%
i
%
_

"
h
&a

(0,0,0)

.
2. void lattice size(int lx, int ly, int lz) :
FDTD
>

%
i
%
_N
B
/

r

Kx
p
0

`
O
[

&

. V
\

\t

[Q
# 4x = a/lx a
)

.

7, lx
H
2.5]

X
\f
"

6

latticex <
x
l
1x
p
1

.
9
{

h
&

>

\f
" lx=ly=lz=20
s
x

6a
)

.
3. void pml size(int il,int ir,int jl,int jr,int kl,int kr) :

x(a) y(a) z(a)

l
_ FDTD
>

%
i
%/
?

\A
0
\f
"
O
[

a
PML8
x

`
O
[

&

.

#
lf
" il, ir

x =-(x/2)(a)

4
#

x =+(x/2)(a)

4
#

y
h
&x

6a
)

. (j
H
y

, k
H

\
h
&x

6a
)

.)
9
{
4

A
0H

lattice size()

\f
"

&
_

grid
V
\

\t

[Q
# lattice x =20

s
il=10s

PML x

8
_

aH

0.5(a) a
)

.
x

: il=ir=jl=jr=kl=kr=10s

x

6a
)

.
4. void set default parameter(float S) :

s
<

H

FDTD
>

\
9

#Q
t

lr
:

[

`
O
[

&

.
#
lf
"
O
[

&
H

[

lr
:

.
(a) =3.141592
(b) 0 = 8.854 1012
(c) 0 = 4 107

(d) g

Fq

5
c = 1.0/ 0 0
(e) FDTD

u

$

| S
H
A
0
<

9
{
4

~H

.

7, S=S.
(f) S\

6

# FDTD
r

_r

Kx
p
0

`
O
[

&

.

7, 4t = 1/(cS)
(g) PML x

8
_

|

`
O
[

&
H

#Q
t

[

`

s
O
[

&

.
orderxl = 3.5; orderyl = 3.5; orderzl = 3.5;
orderxr = 3.5; orderyr = 3.5; orderzr = 3.5;
sig_axl = 1.0; sig_ayl = 1.0; sig_azl = 1.0;
58

sig_axr = 1.0; sig_ayr = 1.0; sig_azr = 1.0;

kx = 1.0; ky = 1.0; kz =1.0;
5. void set sigma max(float axl, float axr, float ayl, float ayr, float azl, float azr) :
<

\f
"
O
[

&

PML
lr
:

\
J

:
M
x

6

.
#
lf
"H

sig axl .
set default parameters()
. sig azr
_

`
H

.
6. void set sigma order(float oxl, float oxr, float oyl, float oyr, float ozl, float ozr) :
<

\f
"
O
[

&

PML
lr
:

\
J

:
M
x

6

.
#
lf
"H

orderxl
set default parameters()
. . orderzr
_

`
H

.
7. void set kappa(float kappa x, float kappa y, float kappa z) :
<

\f
"
O
[

&

PML
lr
:

\
J

:
M
x

6

.
#
lf
"H

kx, ky,
set default parameters()
kz_

`
H

.
8. void Hz parity(int x,int y,int z) :

>

/
@A$
g

|

`
h
&x

6
+
:
M
x

6

.
9
{
4

u
_

-1,0,+1
_j
[

_

#

9, 0
r
/
@A$
g

|

`
x

6

t

s
. 1(-1)
r

Q
#

(\
V

\t

[Q
# x

x=0

`
_
p
<
)\
/
@

# H z field even(odd) /
@A$
g

6

`
_
p

.

7, t

o
h
&

even, odd_

&
_<
H

&
X
S
y

/
@ a
)

.
9. void memory() :
FDTD
>

\
x

|
#Q
t
3

[

`

5.2

FDTD
N
5

KFDTD\
H

#Q
t

l

<

h
&

O
[

&

`A
0

/
?

&
Q
#

e
.

9
{
4

r
\H

\

9
{
4

\f
"
O
[

&&
Q
#

e

~

\
=
WQ
#(
r

.
1. void background(float epsilon) :
FDTD
>

%
i
%

^

\ epsilon

H

H

9
{

^

Gr

.
C

9
|

`N
B
/
l

O
[

epsilon=1.0s
a
)

.
2. void input object(char *shape, char *matrix file, float centerx, float centery, float centerz, float size1,
float size2, float size3, float epsilon) :
*shape\

9
{
4

\
9
{
4

.
9
{
4
0
x
p

>
Z
9
{
4

_/
?x

.
(
x

6

t

H

9
{
4

H

EMP(Empty

(a) rod

"
l

\
O
[

&

.
*matrix file : EMP
centerx, centery, centerz :

"
l

_

>

size1 :

"
l

2
size2 :

"
l

_}

Z
s
size3 : EMP
epsilon :

"
l

_ epsilon

(b) sphere

\
O
[

&

.
*matrix file : EMP
centerx, centery, centerz :

_

>

size1 :

_

2
size2 : EMP
size3 : EMP
epsilon :

_ epsilon

"
l

\
O
[

&

.
*matrix file : EMP
centerx, centery, centerz :

"
l

_

>

size1 : x

2 (Rx)
size2 :

"
l

_}

Z
s
size3 : y

2
x

2
_
q

(Rx/Ry)
epsilon :

"
l

_ epsilon

(d) block

\
O
[

&

.
*matrix file : EMP
centerx, centery, centerz :

^
_

>

size1, size2, size3 :

^
_

y
f
"
o
_

U
s (y

y x~

, y~

, z~

)
epsilon :

^
_ epsilon

(e) contour

, {

9

+-l

\
O
[

&

.

7, x y

$a
)

9
{

+

`z

#

r

~:
M

[Q
#
tH

l

\
O
[

&

. ({

9

h
>
_
l

#Q

A

+
_
C
P
\
_
l

e
.)
*matrix file : 2

" matrix A

d
_ M N <
X
s
'

9
{.
s<
X
s
'

9
{

' 2

"
9
{

+
_ contour\

9
{
4

~H

.

centerx, centery : matrix <

X
s
'

9
{
_

"
h
&

`

&
_

.
s
h
&
s FDTD
>

%
i
%
_

"
h
&

\~

Z
s
>a
)

.
9
{
4

A
0H

matrix

9
{
_ grids

.
60

centerz :
9
{

+
l

.
9
{
4

A
0H

FDTD

A
0

U
s as

.
size1 : 2

" matrix

9
{
\f
" {

9

+

lr

`
9
{
4

~H

.
lr

%
i
%
s {

9

+_
contour\

&

.
size2 :
9
{

+
l

a.
9
{
4

A
0H

FDTD

A
0

U
s as

.
size3 :

. matrix <
X
s
'

\
9
{
4

u
p

# FDTD 2

\A
0
u
r

. V
\

\t

[Q
# matrix <
X
s
'
_ 30 grid\

FDTD
>

%
i
%
\f
" 20 grid

r
v9

,
20.0/30.0

`
9
{
4

a
)

.1
epsilon :

a
)

%
i
%
_ epsilon

3. void make epsilon() :

input object()
<

&
_

\

zj
]

(

'j
B

o
\t
q

$

.
4. void coefficient() :
Maxwells equation`

:

time update

&
\f
"
9

#Q
t

C
P
\t

[

`

&
_

.

r
<

\

z

'

#

.
make epsilon()

5.3

FDTD
N
5

!

5

1. void propagate() :

zj
] Maxwells equation`

:

time update

'&
H

r

s
. (\
V

\t

[Q
#

d 2.29

)
2. void Gaussian dipole source(char *component,float x,float y,float z,float frequency,float phaes,long
to,long tdecay) :
Gaussian dipole source\

O
[

&

.
~
~
(a) *component : field

`
9
{
4

~H

. J\

lA
0
Kf
" Ex, Ey, Ez\

M

`

lA
0
Kf
" Hx,
Hy, Hz\

6

.
(b) x,y,z :
h
& dipole source_
N
B
/

_A
0
u
(c) frequency : Gaussian dipole source_

d

.

A
0H

( n = a/)
(d) phase : Gaussian dipole source_

lA
0

.
(e) to : Gaussian dipole source_
envelope
<

j
/
@

H

r

y. KFDTD
\f
" t0 =
3 t

&
_&
Q
#

e
.
(f) tdecay : Gaussian envelope_

r

%
i
%
\f
"
_

;. FWHM
r
2t = 2 tdecay
s
.
1

_

floating w

2 .`

G

=
,
VQ
#
Q
#

.

3. void Lorentzian dipole source(char *component,float x,float y,float z,float frequency,float phaes,long
to,long tdecay) :
Lorentzian dipole source\

O
[

&

.
~
~
(a) *component : field

`
9
{
4

~H

. J\

lA
0
Kf
" Ex, Ey, Ez\

M

`

lA
0
Kf
" Hx,
Hy, Hz\

6

.
(b) x,y,z :
h
& dipole source_
N
B
/

_A
0
u
(c) frequency : Lorentzian dipole source_

d

.

A
0H

( n = a/)
(d) phase : Lorentzian dipole source_

lA
0

.
(e) to : Lorentzian dipole source
r

l
r

y.
(f) tdecay : exponential decay_
lifetime.

A
0H

FDTD time steps

.
4. float Gaussian phase(float Wn, long t peak) :
Gaussian dipole source
_

lA
0

&
K
H

. Wn
r
dipole source_

d

( n )s

t peak
r
Gaussian envelpes
j
/
@ &
H

r

y t0
s
.
5. float Lorentzian phase(float Wn, long tdecay) :
Lorentzian dipole source
_

lA
0

&
K
H

. Wn
r
dipole source_

d

( n )s

tdecay
H
exponential decay_
lifetimes

.
6. void Poynting block(float centerx, float centery, float centerz, float size1, float size2, float size3) :
Poynting energy
h
&r

'

.(4.1.4]

X
_/
?x

)
h
&r

'

>c

^
_A
0

u<

lH

centerx, centery, centerz, size1, size2, size3\
f
"
9
{
4

~H

.
B FDTD time step\
f
"

r

h
&r

Sumx, Sumy, Sumz

\
$

a
)

. V
\

\t

[Q
#, Sumx
H

^
_

\f
" yz

'

(x = size1/2, x = +size1/2)`

:

H

Poynting energys

.

5.4

]

1. void out epsilon(char plane,float value,char name) :

j
B

o
\t
q

$a
)
FDTD
>

(epsilon

s
p
t

\

4

. *plane
r
x,y,z

\

c

e
. value
H
epsilon

_ A
0
u

\

&

. V
\

\t

[Q
#
*planes
zs

value 0
s

z = 0

\f
"
_ epsilon

\

4

. value_

A
0H

FDTD_

A
0

U
s a a
)

. *name\
H

4

9
{
_
s

2

`
h
&Q
#r

.
2. void out plane(char *component,char *plane,float value,char *lastname) :
FDTD
>

s
p
t

\

4

.
62

(a) *component :

4

`
h
&H

.
Ex : Ex field
Ey : Ey field
Ez : Ez field
Hx : Hx field
Hy : Hy field
Hz : Hz field
~ 2 = |Ex |2 + |Ey |2 + |Ez |2
E2 : |E|

~ 2 = |Hx |2 + |Hy |2 + |Hz |2

H2 : |H|
Sx : x

Poynting vector. Ey Hz Ez Hy
Sy : y

Poynting vector. Ez Hx Ex Hz
Sz : z

Poynting vector. Ex Hy Ey Hx
~ 2
LogE2 : log 10 |E|

~ 2
LogH2 : log 10 |H|

~ 2 + |H|
~ 2
EM Energy : |E|
~ 2
E Energy : |E|
Ex2Ey2 : |Ex |2 + |Ey |2
Ey2Ez2 : |Ey |2 + |Ez |2

Ez2Ex2 : |Ez |2 + |Ex |2

LogEx2Ey2 : log 10 (|Ex |2 + |Ey |2 )

LogEy2Ez2 : log 10 (|Ey |2 + |Ez |2 )

LogEz2Ex2 : log 10 (|Ez |2 + |Ex |2 )

Hx2Hy2 : |Hx |2 + |Hy |2
Hy2Hz2 : |Hy |2 + |Hz |2

Hz2Hx2 : |Hz |2 + |Hx |2

LogHx2Hy2 : log 10 (|Hx |2 + |Hy |2 )

LogHy2Hz2 : log 10 (|Hy |2 + |Hz |2 )

LogHz2Hx2 : log 10 (|Hz |2 + |Hx |2 )

(b) *plane :

`
h
&H

. x,y,z

\

c

e
.
(c) value : epsilon

_A
0
u

\

&

. V
\

\t

[Q
# *planes
zs

value
0
s

z=0

\f
"
_ epsilon

\

4

. value_

A
0H

FDTD_

A
0

U
s a
a
)

.

(d) *lastname :

4

9
{
_ extension`

h
&Q
#r

.
s
<

\ FDTD time-loop q

5
\
h
&x

\
r

s
p
t

q

5
h
&

4
a
)

.

9
{
_
s

FDTD time step`

6

#
x
l
1
h
&

&
K

.
3. void out point(char *component,float x,float y,float z,long ti,long tf,char *name) :
FDTD
>

_
h
&<
X
s
'

\

4

.
(a) *component :

4

`
h
&H

. (void out plane()
<

<
x
l
1
9
{)
(b) x,y,z :

h
&a

\
h
&H

.

A
0H

FDTD_

A
0

U
s as

.
(c) ti, tf :
h
&<
X
s
'

\

4

+
FDTD
r

`
9
{
4

. ti
H

l
r

y, tf
H
j
x

7
r

y
s

.
(d) *name :

4

9
{
_
s

2

`
h
&Q
#r

.
4. void print energy() :

H

FDTD time-loop Q

\ Poynting energy
h
&r

\

4

.

4

9
{
_
s

\
sx

6
r
h
&x

6 0
x
p

.)
VQSQ.ens

. (\
V

\t

[Q
# void Poynting block()

5.5

r
:

y
_

\f
"
O
[

"

t

far-field
>

\f
"
x

6&
H

[
s

e
.

random

\
9
{

4

lA
0

[
s

e
.
#
lf
"H

6
O
Zr

O
[

"

t

h
&
l

.
1. void random object(char *shape, float radius, float height, float epsilon, float x min, float x max, float
y min, float y max, float z min, float z max, int gen number, int seed)
2. void random Gaussian dipole(char *component, float frequency, float tdecay, float x min, float x max,
float y min, float y max, float z min, float z max, int gen number, int seed)
3. void far field param(float *OMEGA, float DETECT)
4. void make 2n size(int NROW)
5. void far field FFT(int NROW, float NA, float Nfree, float *OMEGA)
6. float grid value(char *component,int i,int j,int k)
7. void total E energy()
8. void total E2()

9. void Poynting total()

10. void Poynting side(float value, float zposition)
11. void print energy()
12. void Poynting UpDown(float value, float zposition)
13. void transform farfield(int NROW, int tnum)
14. void add farfield(int tnum)
15. void print amp and phase()
16. void print real and imag()

K
%

[1] N. C. Frateschi and A. F. J. Levi, The spectrum of microdisk lasers, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 80, p.
644, 1996.
[2] J. M. Gerard, D. Barrier, J. Y. Marzin, R. Kuszelewicz, L. Manin, E. Costard, V. ThierryMieg, and T. Rivera, Quantum boxes as active probes for photonic microstructures: The pillar
microcavity case, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, p. 499, 1996.
[3] P. R. Villeneuve, S. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Microcavities in photonic crystals: Mode
symmetry, tunability, and coupling efficiency, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 54, p. 7837, 1996.
[4] A. Taflove and S. C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics: the finite-difference time-domain
method.

Boston: Artech House, Inc., 2000.

[5] G. B. Arfken and H. J. Weber, Mathematical methods for physicists.

London: Academic Press,

1995.
[6] J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics.

New York: Wiley, 1974.

[7] J. J. Sakurai, Modern Quantum Mechanics.

Addison Wesley, 1994.

[8] P. R. Villeneuve, S. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Numerical solution of initial boundary value
problems involving maxwells equations in isotropic media, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, vol. 14, p. 302, 1966.
[9] Y. Xu, J. V
ukovic, R. K. Lee, O. J. Painter, A. Scherer, and A. Yariv, Finite-difference timedomain calculation of spontaneous emission lifetime in a microcavity, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 16,
p. 465, 1999.
[10] H. G. Park, J. K. Hwang, J. Huh, H. Y. Ryu, S. H. Kim, J. S. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, IEEE J.
Quantum Electron., vol. 38, p. 1353, 2002.
[11] S. H. Kim, S. K. Kim, and Y. H. Lee, Vertical beaming of wavelength-scale photonic crystal
resonators, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 73, p. 235117, 2006.
[12] E. A. Hinds, in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics.
by P. R. Berman.

Orlando: Academic Press, Inc, 1994, edited

[13] S. H. Kim and Y. H. Lee, Symmetry relations of two-dimensional photonic cyrstal cavity modes,
IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 39, p. 1081, 2003.
[14] O. Painter and K. Srinivasan, Polarization properties of dipolelike defect modes in photonic
crystal nanocavities, Opt. Lett., vol. 27, p. 339, 2002.
[15] J. W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics.

Singapore: McGraw Hill, 1996, chap. 6.

[16] S. L. McCall, A. F. J. Levi, R. E. Slusher, S. J. Pearton, and R. A. Logan, Appl. Phys. Lett.,
vol. 60, p. 289, 1992.
[17] E. M. Purcell, Spontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies, Phys. Rev., vol. 69, p.
681, 1946.
[18]
s
K

, C
n
y
_

sr
:
.

6
, 1998.
[19] E. T. Jaynes and C. W. Cummings, Comparison of quantum and semiclassical radiation theories
with application to the beam maser, Proc. IEEE, vol. 51, p. 89, 1963.
[20] R. Loudon, The quantum theory of light.

Oxford: Clarendon press, 1988.

[21] I. I. Rabi, Space quantization in a gyrating magnetic field, Phys. Rev., vol. 51, p. 652, 1937.
[22] J. P. Dowling and C. M. Bowden, Atomic emission rates in inhomogeneous media with applications to photonic band structures, Phys. Rev. A, vol. 46, p. 612, 1992.
[23] J. H. Eberly, N. B. Narozhny, and J. J. Sanchez-Mondragon, Periodic spontaneous collapse and
revival in a simple quantum model, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 44, p. 1323, 1980.
[24] J. M. Gerard and B. Gayral, Strong purcell effect for inas quantum boxes in three-dimensional
solid-state microcavities, J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, p. 2089, 1999.
[25] T. Yoshie, A. Scherer, J. Hendrickson, G. Khitrova, H. M. Gibbs, G. Rupper, C. Ell, O. B.
Shchekin, and D. G. Deppe, Vacuum rabi splitting with a single quantum dot in a photonic
crystal nanocavity, Nature, vol. 432, p. 200, 2004.
[26] J. K. Hwang, H. Y. Ryu, and Y. H. Lee, Spontaneous emission rate of an electric dipole in a
general microcavity, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 60, p. 4688, 1999.
[27] S. G. Johnson, S. Fan, P. R. Vileneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and L. A. Kolodziejski, Phys. Rev.
B, vol. 60, p. 5751, 1999.
[28] S. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and E. F. Schubert, High extraction efficiency of
spontaneous emission from slabs of photonic crystals, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 78, p. 3294, 1997.
67

[29] H. G. Park, J. K. Hwang, J. Huh, H. Y. Ryu, Y. H. Lee, and J. S. Kim, Nondegenerate monopolemode two-dimensional photonic bandgap laser, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 79, p. 3032, 2001.
[30] H. G. Park, S. H. Kim, S. H. Kwon, Y. G. Ju, J. K. Yang, J. H. Baek, S. B. Kim, and Y. H. Lee,
Electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser, Science, vol. 305, p. 1444, 2004.
[31] J. D. Joannopoulos, R. D. Meade, and J. N. Winn, Photonic Crystals.
1995.

Princeton Univ. Press,

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Ä »ô Ç כ ¹ è r ç ß  % ò % i ~ ½ ÓZ O - l  í

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Ä »ô Ç כ ¹ è r ç ß  % ò % i ~ ½ ÓZ O - l  í

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

Introduction to Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method

Real world vs. FDTD Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Point Dipole Source

f (~x, t) source

uni+1 2uni + uni1

uni+1 2uni + uni1

= F [i4x + c(n + 1)4t] + G[i4x c(n + 1)4t]

Taflove [4], Chap. 2\

(eik4x 2 + eik4x ) + 2 ei4t

uni = ei( n4tki4x)

Figure 2.1: (i, j, k)\

(4x i , 4yj , 4zk )\

Real world vs. FDTD Space

y lattice x , latticey , lattice z 

y 4x(q), 4y(q), 4z(q)

,4x = 3(q), 4y = 3(q), 4z = 2(q)  a

a(u) = lattice x (u)

4t(update)4(n ) = S(q1 )a(q) 1(update)

(4x)2 + (4y)2 + (4z)2 <

, |a(t)| 2 = a (t)a(t) = U (t)) 

latticey , lattice z ) = (20, 20, 20)s

(1 q,1 q,1 q) a

, Perfectly conducting mirror ~

Figure 3.1: (a) j

Gaussian dipole source\

Figure 3.2: (0.0, 0.3a) 

; [4T = 600 (update)]`

Figure 3.3: (0.0, 0.3a) 

1, n = 0.2844, = 1002 nm,

2, n = 0.3076, = 927 nm, Q 100.

 ( n (2)n (1))/2 '

Point Dipole Source

Figure 4.1: FDTD 

8 (Absorbing boundary condition)s

Gaussian dipole source("Ez",0,0,0,WC,0,3*DT,DT)

Gaussian dipole source("Hz",0,0,0,WC,0,3*DT,DT)

Lorentzian dipole source_

t cos(t + L )(~x x~0 )

sin(t + G )(~x x~0 )

Gaussian dipole source("Hz",0,0,0,WC,Gphase,3*DT,DT)

Figure 4.5: z = 1.0\

a 4.10) Dipole source_

, 2 1(a) neff = M (1/0.7)\

Figure 4.9: t=0

Figure 4.12: t = 1500, n = 0.7043

Figure 4.13: t = 1500, n = 0.7043

|(t)i = a1 (t)eiE1 t/h |1i + a2 (t)eiE2 t/h |2i

H12 = h1| Hi |2i\

. [20], Chap. 5.3

a1 (t) = cos(0 t/2)

\ Fermis Golden Rule

1 V21 i(0 )t/2

|V12 |2 2 sin2 [( 0 )t/2]

(steady state limit) x

|1i |ni |1, ni

|(t)i = a1n (t)ei[E1 +(n+1/2)h]t/h |1, ni + a2(n1) (t)ei[E2 +(n1/2)h]t/h |2, n 1i

= i ng12 ei(0 )t a2(n1) (t)

= i ng21 ei(0 )t a1n (t)

B21 , B12 : Einstein_

Fermis Golden Rule (4.53)\

6(g d e max /h)s

Figure 4.17: FDTD 

y dipole, quadrupole, hexapole

Figure 4.21: t = 1500, n = 0.3442

Exreal |i,j = Exreal |i,j + Ex |ni,j cos( nt)

Eximag |i,j = Eximag |i,j + Ex |ni,j sin( nt)

1. void structure size(float x, float y, float z) :

x(a) y(a) z(a)

sig_axr = 1.0; sig_ayr = 1.0; sig_azr = 1.0;

size1, size2, size3 :

centerx, centery : matrix <

3. void make epsilon() :

Sumx, Sumy, Sumz

1. void out epsilon(char *plane,float value,char *name) :

~ 2 = |Hx |2 + |Hy |2 + |Hz |2

Ä »ô Ç כ ¹ è r ç ß % ò % i ~ ½ ÓZ O - l í

Ä »ô Ç כ ¹ è r ç ß % ò % i ~ ½ ÓZ O - l í

f (~x, t) source

y lattice x , latticey , lattice z

,4x = 3(q), 4y = 3(q), 4z = 2(q) a

, |a(t)| 2 = a (t)a(t) = U (t))

(1 q,1 q,1 q) a

, Perfectly conducting mirror ~

Figure 3.2: (0.0, 0.3a)

Figure 3.3: (0.0, 0.3a)

( n (2)n (1))/2 '

Figure 4.1: FDTD

Figure 4.17: FDTD

1. void out epsilon(char plane,float value,char name) :