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6.6 Analyzing Graphs of Quadratic Functions

The document discusses analyzing and graphing quadratic functions. It covers: - Graphing the basic parabola y=x^2 and determining if the parabola opens up or down based on the value of a. - Writing quadratic functions in vertex form as y=a(x-h)^2+k, where (h,k) represents the vertex. - How changing the values of a, h, and k affects the graph by shifting it left/right, up/down, or changing its width. - Graphing quadratic functions by identifying the vertex and axis of symmetry from the vertex form, then plotting points and reflecting across the axis.

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Cikgu Shaiful Kisas
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346 views22 pages

6.6 Analyzing Graphs of Quadratic Functions

The document discusses analyzing and graphing quadratic functions. It covers: - Graphing the basic parabola y=x^2 and determining if the parabola opens up or down based on the value of a. - Writing quadratic functions in vertex form as y=a(x-h)^2+k, where (h,k) represents the vertex. - How changing the values of a, h, and k affects the graph by shifting it left/right, up/down, or changing its width. - Graphing quadratic functions by identifying the vertex and axis of symmetry from the vertex form, then plotting points and reflecting across the axis.

Uploaded by

Cikgu Shaiful Kisas
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6.

6 Analyzing Graphs of Quadratic Functions

Graphing the parabola y = f (x) = ax2


Axis of symmetry: x = 0 x 2 1 0 1 2 2 is symmetric with ( y=x y 4 1 0 1 4 respect to the y-axis ) (2, 4) (1, 1) (0, 0) (1, 1) (2, 4) When a > 0, the parabola opens upwards and is called concave up. The vertex is called a minimum point.
y

Consider the equation y = x2

Vertex (0, 0)
x

For the function equation y = x2 , what is a ?


a = 1 . What if a does not equal 1? Consider the equation y = 4x2 . What is a ? a=4
y x

16 4 0 4 16 (2, 16) (1, 4) (0, 0) (1, 4) (4, 16) When a < 0, the parabola opens downward and is called concave down.
The vertex is a maximum point.

x y

1 0

Properties of the Parabola f (x) = ax2


The graph of f (x) = ax2 is a parabola with the vertex at the origin and the y axis as the line of symmetry. If a is positive, the parabola opens upward, if a is negative, the parabola opens downward. If a is greater than 1 (a > 1), the parabola is narrower then the parabola f (x) = x2. If a is between 0 and 1 (0 < a < 1), the parabola is wider than the parabola f (x) = x2.

Graphing the parabola y = f (x) = ax2 + k Consider the equation y = 4x2 3 . What is a ? a = 4 Graphical Approach: Numerical Approach: x 2 1 0 -4x2 -16 -4 0 -4x2-3 -19 -7 -3 1 2 -4 -16 -7 -19
x

Vertex (0, -3) Algebraic Approach: y = 4x2 3

The graph y = 4x2 is shifted down 3 units. Vertex (0, -3)


y = 4x2 3 .

y = 4x2

In general the graph of y = ax2 + k is the graph of y = ax2 shifted vertically k units. If k > 0, the graph is shifted up. If k < 0, the graph is shifted down. (P. 267)

Consider the equation y = 4(x 3)2 . What is a ? a = 4. What effect does the 3 have on the function? The axis of symmetry is x = 3. Numerical Approach: y
x

x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x2 -16 -4 0 -4 -16 -36 -4 (x-3) 2 -100 -64 -36 -16 -4 0

Axis of symmetry is shifted 3 units to the right and becomes x = 3


y= 4x2

y= 4(x 3)2

Vertex Form of a Quadratic Function


The quadratic function f(x) = a(x h)2 + k, a 0 The graph of f is a parabola . Axis is the vertical line x = h. Vertex is the point (h, k). If a > 0, the parabola opens upward. If a < 0, the parabola opens downward.

6.6 Analyzing Graphs of Quadratic Functions

A family of graphs a group of graphs that displays one or more similar characteristics.
Parent graph y = x2
y = x2 + 2 y = (x 3)2

y = x2

Notice that adding a constant to x2 moves the graph up. Notice that subtracting a constant from x before squaring it moves the graph to the right.
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Each function we just looked at can be written in the form (x h)2 + k, where (h , k) is the vertex of the parabola, and x = h is its axis of symmetry.

Vertex Form

(x h)2 + k vertex form


Equation Vertex Axis of Symmetry

y = x2 or y = (x 0)2 + 0
y = x2 + 2 or y = (x 0)2 + 2 y = (x 3)2 or y = (x 3)2 + 0

(0 , 0)
(0 , 2) (3 , 0)

x=0
x=0 x=3
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Graph Transformations
As

the values of h and k change, the graph of y = a(x h)2 + k is the graph of y = x2 translated. | h | units left if h is negative, or |h| units right if h is positive. | k | units up if k is positive, or | k | units down if k is negative.

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Graph a Quadratic Function in Vertex Form

Analyze y = (x + 2)2 + 1. Then draw its graph.


This function can be rewritten as y = [x (-2)]2 + 1.
Then, h = -2 and k = 1

The vertex is at (h , k) = (-2 , 1), the axis of symmetry is x = -2. The graph is the same shape as the graph of y = x2, but is translate 2 units left and 1 unit up. Now use the information to draw the graph. Step 1 Plot the vertex (-2 , 1) Step 2 Draw the axis of symmetry, x = -2. Step 3 Find and plot two points on one side of the axis symmetry, such as (-1, 2) and (0 , 5). Step 4 Use symmetry to complete the graph.
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Graph Transformations

How does the value of a in the general form y = a(x h)2 + k affect a parabola? Compare the graphs of the following functions to the parent function, y = x2.

a. b. c.

y 2 x2
1 2 y x 2

b y = x2

2 y 2 x d. 1 2 y x 2

d
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Example: Write a quadratic function for a parabola with a vertex of (-2,1) that passes through the point (1,-1). Since you know the vertex, use vertex form! y=a(x-h)2+k Plug the vertex in for (h,k) and the other point in for (x,y). Then, solve for a. Now plug in a, h, & k! -1=a(1-(-2))2+1 -1=a(3)2+1 -2=9a 2 2
2 a 9

( x 2) 1

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Standard 9

Write a quadratic function in vertex form

Vertex form- Is a way of writing a quadratic equation that facilitates finding the vertex.
y k = a(x h)2

The h and the k represent the coordinates of the vertex in the form V(h, k). The a if it is positive it will mean that our parabola opens upward and if negative it will open downward. A small value for a will mean that our parabola is wider and vice versa.
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Standard 9

Write a quadratic function in vertex form

Write y = x2 10x + 22 in vertex form. Then identify the vertex. y = x2 10x + 22 y + ? = (x2 10x + ? ) + 22 y + 25 = (x2 10x + 25) + 22 y + 25 = (x 5)2 + 22 y + 3 = (x 5)2 ANSWER The vertex form of the function is y + 3 = (x 5)2. The vertex is (5, 3).
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Write original function. Prepare to complete the square. 2 2 10 Add ( 5) = 25 to each side. 2 = Write x2 10x + 25 as a binomial squared.

( )

Write in vertex form.

EXAMPLE 1

Write a quadratic function in vertex form

Write a quadratic function for the parabola shown.


SOLUTION Use vertex form because the vertex is given. y k = a(x h)2 y = a(x 1)2 2
Vertex form Substitute 1 for h and 2 for k.

Use the other given point, (3, 2), to find a. Substitute 3 for x and 2 for y. 2 = a(3 1)2 2 Simplify coefficient of a. 2 = 4a 2 Solve for a. 1=a
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EXAMPLE 1 ANSWER

Write a quadratic function in vertex form

A quadratic function for the parabola is y = (x 1)2 2.

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EXAMPLE 1

Graph a quadratic function in vertex form

Graph y 5 = 1 (x + 2)2. 4 SOLUTION STEP 1 Identify the constants a = 1 , h = 2, and k = 5. 4 Because a < 0, the parabola opens down. STEP 2 Plot the vertex (h, k) = ( 2, 5) and draw the axis of symmetry x = 2.

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EXAMPLE 1

Graph a quadratic function in vertex form

STEP 3 Evaluate the function for two values of x. 1 x = 0: y = (0 + 2)2 + 5 = 4 4 1 x = 2: y = (2 + 2)2 + 5 = 1 4 Plot the points (0, 4) and (2, 1) and their reflections in the axis of symmetry.
STEP 4 Draw a parabola through the plotted points.

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GUIDED PRACTICE

for Examples 1 and 2

Graph the function. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.

1. y = (x + 2)2 3

2.

y = (x + 1)2 + 5

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GUIDED PRACTICE

for Examples 1 and 2

3.

f(x) = 1 (x 3)2 4 2

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