Chapter 15

Problem Solutions
15.1
(a)

For example:

vo R2
R
= 1 + = 10 2 = 9
vi
R1
R1
Corner Frequency:
1
f =
= 5 103 RC = 3.18 105
2 RC
(b)
For Example:

Low-Frequency:

1
R2
j C
vo
R
1
=
= 2
vi
R1
R1 1 + j R2 C
So, set
R2
= 15 For example, R1 = 10 k , R2 = 150 k
R1
R2 C =

1
1
=
= 1.06 105
2 f3 dB 2 (15 103 )

Then C = 70.7 pF
15.2
(a)

Av =

1
f
1+

f3 dB

1
1 + (2) 2

= 0.447 Av = 7 dB

(b)

(c)

Av =

Av =

1
f
1+

f3 dB
1

f
1+

f3 dB

1
1 + (2) 4
1
1 + (2)6

= 0.2425 Av = 12.3 dB

= 0.1240 Av = 18.1 dB

15.3
(a)
Figure 15.6
1
f =
2 RC
1
1
RC =
=
= 7.958 106
2 f 2 (20 103 )
Let R1 = R2 = R = 10 K
C = 795.8 pF
So C4 = 0.707C = 562.6 pF
C3 = 1.414C = 1.125 nF
(b)
1
T =
= 0.777
(i)
4
18
1+
20
1
T =
= 0.707
(ii)
4
20
1+
20
1
T =
= 0.637
(iii)
4
22
1+
20
15.4
Use Figure 15.10(b)
1
f3 dB =
2 RC
or
1
RC =
= 3.18 106
2 (50 103 )
For example, let C = 100 pF Then R = 31.8 k
And R1 = 8.97 k
R2 = 22.8 k
R3 = 157 k
From Equation (15.26)
1
T =
6
f
1 + 3dB
f

We find
f kHz
30
35
40
45

|T|
0.211
0.324
0.456
0.589

15.5
From Equation (15.7).
Y1Y2
T (s) =
Y1Y2 + Y4 (Y1 + Y2 + Y3 )
For a high-pass filter, let Y1 = Y2 = sC ,
Y3 =

1
1
, and Y4 =
R3
R4

Then
s 2C 2
1
1
s 2 C 2 + sC + sC +
R4
R3
1
=
1
1
1+
2+

sR4 C
sR3C

T (s) =

Define r3 = R3C and r4 = R4 C

1
1
1
1+
2+

sr4
sr3
Set s = j
T (s) =

1
1
1
1+
2+

j r4
j r3
1
=
j
j
1
2

r4 r3

T ( j ) =

1 2j
1 2

r3 r4 r4

1/ 2

1
4
(
)
1
=

T j

+ 2 2
2
r3 r4 r4
For a maximally flat filter, we want
dT
=0
d

Taking the derivative, we find

d T ( j )
d

2
1
1
4
= 1 2
+ 2 2
2 r3 r4 r4

3 / 2

1 2 4(2)
2 1 2
3
+ 3 2
r3 r4 r3 r4 r4

or
d T ( j )
d

=0

4
1
8
= 3
1 2
3 2
r3 r4 r3 r4 r4
=

4 1

3 r3 r4

Then
1
1 2

1 2
2
r3 r4 r3 r4 r4

1 2
1 2
2
r3 r4 r4
=0

1 2
= 2r3 = r4
r3 r4
Then the transfer function can be written as:

So that

1
4
T ( j ) = 1 2 2 + 2 2
(2r3 ) (4r3 )

1/ 2

1
1
1
= 1 2 2 +
+ 2 2
2 2 2

4(
)
r
r
r3
3
3

1/ 2

1/ 2

1
= 1 +
2 2 2
4( r3 )
3 dB frequency
1
2 2 r32 = 1 or =
=
2r3
Define
1
=
RC
So that
R
R3 =
2

1
2 R3C

We had 2r3 = r4 or 2( R3C ) = R4 C R4 = 2 R3

So that R4 = 2 R
15.6
From Equation (15.25)
1
T =
25 dB T = 0.0562
2N
f
1+

f 3 dB
f
f 3 dB
So

20
=2
10

0.0562 =

1
1 + (2) 2 N

1 + (2) 2 N = 316.6 (2)2 N = 315.6

2 N ln (2) = ln (315.6) N = 4.15 N = 5 A 5-pole filter

15.7
T =

1
f
1+

f 3dB

2N

At f = 12 kHz, T = 0.9
1

0.9 =

f
1+

f 3dB

12

f3dB
Also

2N

2N

14

f3dB

2N

12

f3dB

2N

12
1+

f 3dB

2N

1
1 = 0.2346
(0.9) 2
1

0.01 =

14

f3dB

2N

14
1+

f 3dB

2N

1
1 = 9999
(0.01) 2

14
=
12

2N

9999
= 4.262 104
0.2346

(1.16667) 2 N = 4.262 104

N = 35
Then

0.9 =

12

f3dB

1
12
1+

f 3dB

2N

2N

= 0.2346

12
2N
= (0.2346)0.014286

= (0.2346)
f3dB
= 0.9795
So
f 3dB = 12.25 kHz
1

15.8

T =

1
2N

f
1+

f 3dB
(a)
For N = 3
1
T =
= 0.2841
1 + (1.5)6

For N = 5
1
T =
= 0.1306
1 + (1.5)10

(b)

For N = 7
1
T =
= 0.05843
1 + (1.5)14

(c)

15.9
Consider

For low-frequency:

vo
R2 + R3
=
vi R1 + R2 + R3

For high-frequency:

vo
R2
=
vi R1 + R2

So we need
R2
R2 + R3
= 25

R1 + R2 + R3
R1 + R2

Let R1 + R2 = 50 k and R2 = 1.5 k R1 = 48.5 k

Then

1.5 + R3
1.5
= 25
R3 = 144 k
50 + R3
50
Connect the output of this circuit to a non-inverting op-amp circuit.

At low-frequency:
vo1 =

R2 + R3
1.5 + 144
vi =
vi = 0.75vi
R1 + R2 + R3
48.5 + 1.5 + 144

Need to have vo = 25.

R
R
R
vo = 25 = 1 + 5 vo1 = 1 + 5 (0.75)vi 5 = 32.3
R4
R4
R4
To check at high-frequency.
R2
1.5
vo1 =
vi =
vi = 0.03vi
R1 + R2
1.5 + 48.5
vo = (1 + 32.3)vo1 = (33.3)(0.03)vi = (1.0)vi
which meets the design specification
Consider the frequency response.
1
R2 + R3
vo1
sC
=
1
vi
R1 + R2 + R3
sC
Now
R3
1
=
R3
sC 1 + sR3C
Then, we find
vo1
R3 + R2 (1 + sR3C )
=
vi
R3 + ( R1 + R2 )(1 + sR3C )
which can be rearranged as
( R2 + R3 ) (1 + s ( R2 || R3 )C )
vo1
=
vi
( R1 + R2 + R3 ) 1 + s ( R3 || ( R1 + R2 ) ) C

So
fL

1
1
1
=
=
3
2 ( R2 || R3 ) C 2 (1.5 || 144 ) 10 C ( 9.33 103 ) C

fH

1
1
=
2 ( R3 || ( R1 + R2 ) ) C 2 (144 || 50 ) 103 C

Set

( 2.33 10 ) C
5


fL + fH 1
1
1

=
+
3
5
2
2 ( 9.33 10 ) C ( 2.33 10 ) C

Which yields
C = 2.23 nF
25 kHz =

15.10

Av =

f
1+

f3 dB

100 dB 105

2N

So
105 =

770
1+

12

2N

or
2

1
1 + (64.2) 2 N = 5 = 1010
10
or
(64.2) 2 N 1010
Now

N
1
2
3

Left Side
4.112 103
1.7 107
7 1010

So, we need a 3rd order filter.

15.11

Low-pass: 50 dB 3.16 103

Then
1
1
3.16 103 =
=
4
4
f
60
1+
1+
fL
fL
We find f L = 3.37 Hz
High Pass:
1
1
3.16 103 =
=
4
4
fH
fH
1
+
1+
60

f
We find f H = 1067 Hz
Bandwidth: BW = f H f L = 1067 3.37
BW 1064 Hz
15.12
a.
v
vI
= 02
R4
R3

v0
1
R1

sC

(1)

v0
v
= 01
(2)
R2
1

sC
v01
v
(3)
= 02 v01 = v02
R5
R5
Then
1
v0
v
= + 02 or v02 = v0
(2)
R2
1
sR2 C

sC
And

 1
v0

sR
C
2 R 1
1

sC

v
vI
= 0
R4
R3

1
1

= v0
+
R3 ( sR2 C ) R1 (1/ sC )

R1 + (1/ sC )

(1)

1 + sR1C
1
= v0
+

R1
R3 ( sR2 C )
R + (1 + sR1C )( sR2 R3C )
= v0 1

( sC ) R1 R2 R3

Then

v0
( sC )( R1 R2 R3 )
1
=

vI
R4 R1 + sR2 R3C + s 2 R1 R2 R3C 2

or

Av ( s ) =

1
R4

v0
=
1
1
vI
+ sC +
R1
sCR2 R3

Av ( j ) =

b.

1
R4

1
1
+ j C +
R1
j CR2 R3

or

Av ( j ) =

1
R4

1
1
+ j C

R1
CR
R
2 3

R
1
= 1
R4

R1
1 + j R1C

CR2 R3

R
1
Av ( j ) = 1
2 1/ 2
R4
R1

1 + R1C

CR2 R3

Av

R1
when R1C
=0
CR2 R3

max

Then
Av

max

R1 85
=
Av
3
R4

max

= 28.3

Now

R1C 1

Then

1
1
= 0 or =
2
C R2 R3
C R2 R3
2

f =

1
2 C R2 R3

1
2 (0.1 106 ) (300) 2

So
f = 5.305 kHz
To find the two 3 dB frequencies,

R1
R1C
= 1
CR2 R3

2 R1 R2 R3 C 2 R1 = R2 R3 C
2 (85 103 )(300) 2 (0.1 106 ) 2 85 103 = (300) 2 (0.1 106 )
2 (7.65 105 ) 85 103 = (9 103 )
2 (7.65 105 ) (9 103 ) 85 103 = 0
(9 103 ) 2 + 4(7.65 105 )(85 103 )
(9 103 )

2(7.65 105 )
2(7.65 105 )
We find f = 5.315 kHz and f = 5.296 kHz

15.13
a.
vI v A
v
= A
(1)
R
1

sC
vI vB vB v0
=
(2)
R
R
and v A = vB
So
vI
1

1 + sRC
= v A + sC = v A
(1)
R
R

R
or
vI
vA =
1 + sRC
Then
2vI
vI + v0 = 2vB = 2vA =
(2)
1 + sRC
2

1 sRC
v0 = vI
1 = vI

1
sRC
+

1 + sRC
Now
v0
1 j RC
= A( j ) =
1 + j RC
vI
A=

1 + 2 R2C 2
1 + 2 R2C 2

A =1

Phase:
= 2 tan 1 ( RC )
b.
f
0

RC = (104 )(15.9 109 ) = 1.59 104

11.4
53.1
90
157
169

10 2
5 103
1/ 2 RC = 103 Hz
5 103
10 4

15.14
a.
Vi
Vi V0
+
=0
R1 R2 || (1/ sC )
Vi
Vi V0
+
=0
R1 R2
1 + sR C
2

R2
1
(Vi ) + Vi = V0

R1 1 + sR2 C
V0 R2 + R1 (1 + sR2 C ) ( R2 + R1 ) [1 + s ( R1 || R2 )C ]
=
=
Vi
R1 (1 + sR2 C )
R1 (1 + sR2 C )

V0 R2 1 + s ( R1 || R2 )C
= 1 +

Vi
R1 (1 + sR2 C )

f 3dB1 =

1
2 R2 C

f 3dB2 =

1
2 ( R1 || R2 )C

b.
Vi
V V0
+ i
=0
R1 || (1/ sC )
R2
Vi
V
V
+ i = 0
R1 R2 R2

1 + sR1C
R

Vi 2 (1 + sR1C ) + 1 = V0
R1

Vi
[ R2 + R1 + sR1 R2 C ] = V0
R1
V0 R2 + R1
V R
1
=
[1 + s ( R1 || R2 )C ] 0 = 1 + 2 [1 + s ( R1 || R2 )C ] f3dB =
2 ( R1 || R2 )C
Vi
R1
Vi
R1

15.15
a.

V0
Vi
=
R1 + (1/ sC1 ) R2 || (1/ sC2 )
sC1
1 + sR2 C2
Vi
= V0

1 + sR1C1
sC2
V0
sR2 C1
sR2 C1
=
=
Vi (1 + sR1C1 )(1 + sR2 C2 ) 1 + sR1C1 + sR2 C2 + s 2 R1 R2 C1C2

V0
R
sC1

= 2

Vi
R1 1
R2 C2 2
+ sC1 1 + + s R2 C1C2
R1 C1

R1

or

V0
R2
1

=
T (s) =

Vi
R1 1
R2 C2
+ 1 + + sR2 C2

R1 C1
sR1C1

b.
T ( j ) =

R2
1

2
2 1/ 2
R1
1
R2 C2
1 + . + R2 C2

R1 C1
R1C1

1
when R2 C2
= 0, we want
R1C1

R
1
T ( j ) = 50 = 2
R1 R2 C2
1 +
R1 C1

At the 3 dB frequencies, we want

R2 C2
1
R2 C2
= 1 +
R1C1
R1 C1

For f = 5 kHz, use + sign and for f = 200 Hz, use sign.

1 = 2 (200) = 1257
2 = 2 (5 103 ) = 3.142 104
Define r2 = R2 C2 and r1 = R1C1
Then
50 =

R2

R1

1
r
1+ 2
r1

r2
1
2 r2
= + 1 +
2 r1

r1

r2
1
1 r2
= 1 +
r

r1
1 1
From (2)
22 r1r2 1 r1 + r2
=
2 r1
r1

(1)

(2)
(3)

or

2 r1 r2

= r1 + r2

r1 ( 2 r2 1) =

+ r2

So
1

+r

r1 = 2
2 r2 1

Substituting into (3), we find

r ( r 1)
1

1r2
= 1 + 2 2 2
1
1

+
r
+
r
2
2

1 2
2 r2 1

1
1

1r2 + r2 ( 2 r2 1) = + r2 + r2 ( 2 r2 1)
2
1

1
1
r2 + 1r22 2 r2 +
=
r2 2 r22 + r2

1

1
(1 + 2 )r22 + 1 2 r2 + +
=0
1 2
2 1
(3.2677 104 )r22 24.96r2 + 8.273 104 = 0
(24.96) 2 4(3.2677 10 4 )(8.273 104 )
24.96

2(3.2677 10 4 )
2(3.2677 104 )
Since 2 is large, r2 should be small so use minus sign:
r2 =

r2 = 3.47 105
Then
3.18 105 + 3.47 105
r1 =
r1 = 7.32 104
9.09 102
Now
R
1
50 = 2
R1
3.47 105
1+
7.32 104
Then
R2
= 52.37 or R2 = 524 k
R1
Also
r1 = R1C1 so that C1 = 0.0732 F
r2 = R2 C2 so that C2 = 66.3 pF

15.16
Gain = 10 dB Gain = 3.162
For example, we may have

Want

R4
= 2.162
R3

For example, let

R3 = 50 k,
R4 = 108 k

f1 =

1
= 200
2 R1C1

So
R1C1 =

1
= 0.796 103
2 (200)

For example, let R1 = 200 k A large input resistance

C1 = 0.00398 F
1
1
f2 =
= 50 103 R2 C2 =
= 3.18 106
2 R2 C2
2 (50 103 )
For example, let
R2 = 10 k and C2 = 318 pF

15.17
f C = 100 kHz
1
Req =
fC C
a.

For C = 1 pF, Req = 10 M

b.

For C = 10 pF, Req = 1 M

c.

For C = 30 pF, Req = 333 k

15.18
a.
From Equation (15.28),
V1 V2
Q=
TC
Req
and f C = 100 kHz so that TC =

1
10 s
100 103

Now
Req =

So

1
1
=
1 M
3
f C C (100 10 )(10 1012 )

Q=

(2 1)(10 106 )
= 10 1012 C
106

or
Q = 10 pC
Q 10 1012
or I eq = 1 A
=
TC 10 106

b.

I eq =

c.

Q = CV so find the time that V0 reaches 99% of its full value.

V0 = V1 (1 e t / r ) where r = RC
Then 0.99 = 1 e t / r or e t / r = 0.01
or t = r ln (100)
r = RC = (103 )(10 1012 ) = 108 s
Then
t = 4.61108 s

15.19
Low frequency gain = 10
f 3dB = 10 103 Hz =

C1
= 10
C2

fC C2
2 CF

Set
f C = 10 f3dB = 100 kHz
Then
C2 2 (10 103 )
=
= 0.628
CF
100 103
The largest capacitor is C1 , so let
C1 = 30 pF
Then
C2 = 3 pF
and
CF = 4.78 pF
15.20
a.
Req =

Time constant = Req CF = r where

1
1
=
= 2 106
12
3
f C C1 (100 10 )(5 10 )

Then
r = (2 106 )(30 1012 )
or
r = 60 s
b.

v0 =

1
vI dt
r

or
v0 =

(1)TC
1
,TC =
r
fC

So
v0 =

1
(60 10 )(100 103 )
6

or
v0 = 0.167 V
c.
Now v0 = 13 = N (0.167)
or
N = 78 clock pulses
15.21
1
1
=
2 3RC 2 3(104 )(0.10 1012 )
f O = 91.9 MHz
fO =

R2 = 8R = 80 k

15.22
a.
sRCV
R
v0 =
v0
R + (1/ sCV )
1 + sRCV
R
sRC
v =
v
v2 =
1 1 1 + sRC 1
R+
sC
R
sRC
v3 =
v =
v
1 2 1 + sRC 2
R+
sC
R2
v0 = v3
R
Then
2
R sRC sRCV
v0 = 2
v0

R 1 + sRC 1 + sRCV
v1 =

Set s = j

j RCV
2 R 2 C 2

2 2 2
1
2
j

RC

R
C
+

1 + j RCV
The real part of the denominator must be zero.
1 2 R 2 C 2 2 2 R 2 CCV = 0
so
1
0 =
R C (C + 2CV )
1=

R2
R

b.
f 0,max =

1
2 (10 ) (10
4

11

)(1011 + 2[1011 ])

f 0,max = 919 kHz

f 0,min =

1
2 (10 ) (10
4

f 0,min = 480 kHz

11

)(1011 + 2[50 1012 ])

15.23
1

fO =
RC =

2 6 RC
1
2 6 fO

RC = 2.32 10

1
2 6(28 103 )

2.32 106
R = 18.56 k
125 1012
R2 = 29 R R2 = 538.4 k
R=

15.24
v0 v1 v1 v1 v2
(1)
= +
1
1
R
sC
sC
v
or (v0 v1 ) sC = 1 + (v1 v2 ) sC
R
v1 v2 v2
v2
(2)
= +
1
1
R
+R
sC
sC
v
v ( sC )
or (v1 v2 ) sC = 2 + 2
R 1 + sRC
v0
v2
(3)
=
1
R
2
+R
sC
v
v sC
or 2
= 0
1 + sRC
R2
so
v0
v2 =
(1 + sRC )
sR2 C
From (2)
1
sC

v1 ( sC ) = v2 sC + +
R 1 + sRC

or
v (1 + sRC )
1
1
1 +
+
v1 = 0

sR2 C
sRC 1 + sRC
From (1)
1

v0 ( sC ) = v1 sC + + sC v2 ( sC )
R

Then
v
1 v0 (1 + sRC ) 1 + sRC
1

v0 = 2 +
+
+ 0 (1 + sRC )

sRC
sR2 C
1 + sRC sR2 C

sRC
2
1 + 2sRC 1 + sRC (1 + sRC ) + sRC 1 + sRC
1 =

sRC sR2 C ( sRC )(1 + sRC ) sR2 C

1 =

(1 + 2 sRC )(1 + 2sRC + s 2 R 2 C 2 + sRC ) (1 + sRC )( sRC ) 2

( sRC ) 2 ( sR2 C )
( sRC ) 2 ( sR2 C )

Set s =

(1 + 2 j RC ) (1 + 3 j RC + 2 R 2 C 2 ) (1 + j RC ) ( 2 R 2C 2 )
j 1 =

( 2 R 2C 2 ) ( j R2C )
( 2 R 2C 2 ) ( j R2C )

The real part of the numerator must be zero.

1 2 R 2 C 2 6 2 R 2 C 2 + 2 R 2 C 2 = 0
6 2 R 2 C 2 = 1
so that
1
0 =
6 RC
Condition for oscillation:
2 j RC + 3 j RC 2 j 3 R 3 C 3 + j 3 R 3 C 3
1 =
( 3 R 2 C 2 )( j R2 C )
1=

5 2 R2 C 2
( RC )( R2 C )

But

= 0 =

1
6RC

Then
1

2 2
1
5 (6 R C )
6

6
1=
=
( RC )( R2 C )
RR2 C 2
6 R 2C 2
29
(6 R )
R
6
1=
or 2 = 29
R2
R
5

15.25
Let RF 1 = RF 2 = RF 3 RF
1
1 + 5R vo

C
R 1
Vo 2 = 1 + F
vo1
R 1 + 5 RC

vo3 + vo 2
v
v
+ o3 + o3 = 0
R
1/ sC R
2

v
vo3 + sC = o 2
R
R
R
Vo1 = 1 + F
R

1
vo3 =
vo 2
2 + 5RC
R
vo = F vo 3
R
R 1 RF 1 RF 1
vo = F

vo
1+

1+
R 2 + 5 RC
R 1 + 5 RC
R 1 + 5 RC
1=

RF
R

RF 1 1 1
1 + R 2 + 5R 1 + 5R 1 + 5R

C
C
C
2

Let S = j
1=

RF
R

1
1
1
RF
1 + R 2 + j R 1 + j R 1 + j R

C
C
C

RF
R

1
1
RF
1 + R 2 + j R
2 2 2

C 1 + 2 j RC R C

RF
R

1
RF
1 + R
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3

2 + 4 j RC 2 R C + j RC 2 R C j R C

RF RF
1
1+

2 2 2
3 3 3
R
R 2 4 R C + 5 j RC j R C
Imaginary Term must be zero
5 j 0 RC j 03 R 3 C 3 = 0
2

1=

5 j 02 R 2 C 2 = 0

0 =

5
RC

Then
R
1= F
R

1=

RF
R

1
RF

+
1

R
4R2 C 2 5

2 R 2 C 2
2

RF 1 1 RF
1 + R 2 20 = 18 R

RF
1 + R

R R
R
18 = F 1 + F F = 2
R
R
R

15.26
a.
v0 v01
v
v v
= 01 + 01 02
R
R
1

sC

v01 v02
v02
v v
=
+ 02 03
R
R
1

sC
v02 v03
v
v
= 03 + 03
R
1 R

sC
R
v0 = F v03
R
We can write the equations as
v0 v01 = v01 ( sRC ) + v01 v02
v01 v02 = v02 ( sRC ) + v02 v03
v02 v03 = v03 ( sRC ) + v03
and
R
v0 = F v03
R

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

Combining terms, we find

v0 = v01 (2 + sRC ) v02
(1)
v01 = v02 (2 + sRC ) v03
(2)
v02 = v03 (2 + sRC )
(3)
and
R
v0 = F v03
(4)
R
Combining Equations (3) and (2)
v01 = v03 (2 + sRC ) 2 v03 = v03 (2 + sRC ) 2 1

(2)

Then Equation (1) is

v0 = v03 (2 + sRC ) 2 1 (2 + sRC ) v03 (2 + sRC )
Using Equation (4), we find
R
F v03 = V03 (2 + sRC ) 2 1 (2 + sRC ) (2 + sRC )
R
To find the frequency of oscillation, set s = j and set the imaginary part of the right side of the equation
to zero.
We will have
R
F = (2 + j RC )[4 + 4 j RC 2 R 2 C 2 1 1]
R
Then
j RC (2 2 R 2 C 2 ) + 8 j RC = 0
or
j RC 2 2 R 2 C 2 + 8 = 0

Then the frequency of oscillation is

1
10
f0 =

2 RC
The condition to sustain oscillations is determined from
R
F = 2[2 2 R 2 C 2 ] 4 2 R 2 C 2
R
or
R
F = 4 6 2 R 2 C 2
R
10
Setting 2 = 2 2 , we have
RC
RF

= 4 6(10)
R
or
RF
= 56
R
b.
For R = 5 k and f 0 = 5 kHz, we find
10
C = 0.02 F
2 (5 103 )(5 103 )
and RF = 56(5) RF = 280 k

C=

15.27
a.

We can write

 R1
vA =
R1 + R2

Zp

v0 and vB =

Z p + Zs

where Z p = RB
and Z s = RA +

v0

RB
1
=
sCB 1 + sRB CB
1 + sRA C A
1
=
sC A
sC A

Setting v A = vB , we have
RB
R1
1 + sRB CB
=
RB
1 + sRAC A
R1 + R2
+
sC A
1 + sRB CB
R1
sRB C A
=
(1)
R1 + R2 sRB C A + (1 + sRAC A )(1 + sRB CB )
To find the frequency of oscillation, set s = j and set the real part of the denominator on the right side of
Equation (1) equal to zero.
The denominator term is
j RB C A + (1 + j RAC A )(1 + j RB CB )
or
j RB C A + 1 + j RAC A + j RB CB 2 RA RB C ACB
(2)
Then from (2), we must have
1 02 RA RB C ACB = 0
or
f0 =

1
2 RA RB C ACB

b.

To find the condition for sustained oscillation, combine Equations (1) and (2). Then
R1
j RB C A
=
R1 + R2
j RB C A + j RAC A + j RB CB )

or
R2
R
C
= 1+ A + B
R1
RB C A
Then
R2 RA CB
=
+
R1 RB C A
1+

15.28
a.
We can write
R1
vA =
v0
R1 + R2
and

R || sL
vB =
v0
R || sL + R + sL
Setting v A = vB , we have

sRL

R1
+
R
sL
=
v0
sRL
R1 + R2
+ R + sL
R + sL

R1
sRL
=
(1)
R1 + R2 sRL + ( R + sL) 2
To find the frequency of oscillation, set s = j and se the real part of the denominator on the right side of
Equation (1) equal to zero.
The denominator term is:
j RL + ( R + j L) 2
or
j RL + R 2 + 2 j RL 2 L2
(2)
Then
R 2 02 L2 = 0
or
R
1
f0 =

L
2
b.
To find the condition for sustained oscillations, combine Equations (1) and (2).
R1
j RL
1
=
=
R1 + R2
j RL + 2 j RL 3
Then
R
1+ 2 = 3
R1
so that
R2
=2
R1

15.29
1
2 RC
1
1
RC =
=
2 fO 2 (28 103 )
fO =

RC = 5.684 106
For example, Let R = 20 K
Then C = 284.2 pF

Also

R2
=2
R1

15.30
From Equation (15.59)
1
f0 =
CC
2 L 1 2
C1 + C2
and from Equation (15.61)
C2
= gm R
C1

Now,
g m = 2 kn I DQ = 2 (0.5)(1) = 1.414 mA / V
We have C1 = 0.01 F, R = 4 k, f 0 = 400 kHz
So
C2 = g m RC1 = (1.414)(4)(0.01)
or
C2 = 0.0566 F
and
400 103 =

(0.01)(0.0566)
2 L
106

0.01
0.0566
+

1
L(8.5 109 ) =
= 1.58 1013
3
2 (400 10 )
Then
L = 18.6 H

15.31
V = V0
V0

sC2

V0 V0 V1
+
= g mV = g mV0
RL 1

sC1

1
V0 sC2 + sC1 +
+ g m = V1 ( sC1 )
RL

V1 V0 V1
+
+ g mV = 0
sL 1

sC1

(1)
(2)

V1 + sC1 = V0 ( sC1 + g m )
sL

V0 ( sC1 + g m )
V1 =
1

+ sC1
sL

Then

V ( sC1 )( sC1 + g m )
1
V0 s (C1 + C2 ) +
+ gm = 0
RL
1

+ sC1
sL

1
1

+ g m + sC1 = sC1 ( sC1 + g m )

s (C1 + C2 ) +
RL

sL
g
C1 + C2
sC
1
+ s 2 C1 (C1 + C2 ) +
+ 1 + sg m C1 + m = s 2 C12 + sg m C1
L
sRL L RL
sL
C1 + C2
sC g
1
+ s 2 C1C2 +
+ 1 + m =0
L
sRL L RL sL
Set s = j
g
C1 + C2
j C1
1
2 C1C2 +
+
+ m =0
L
j RL L
RL
j L

Then

2 =

C1 + C2
C1 + C2
0 =
C1C2 L
C1C2 L

and
gm
C1
1
+
=
L RL L RL
Then
gm
(C + C2 )C1
1
+
= 1
L RL L
C1C2 LRL

gm +

1 C1 + C2
=
RL
C2 RL

g m RL + 1 =

C1
C
+ 1 or 1 = g m RL
C2
C2

15.32
a.
V0 V0
V0
+ + g mV +
=0
(1)
1
sL1 R
+ sL2
sC

sL2
V =
(2)
V0
1 + sL

2
sC

Then
g m ( s 2 L2 C )
1
sC
1
V0
+ +
+
=0
2
2
sL1 R 1 + s L2 C 1 + s L2 C
R (1 + s 2 L2 C ) + ( sL1 )(1 + s 2 L2 C ) s 2 RL1C + g m ( sRL1 )( s 2 L2 C )
+

=0
( sRL1 )(1 + s 2 L2 C )
( sRL1 )(1 + s 2 L2 C )

Set s = j . Both real and imaginary parts of the numerator must be zero.

R(1 2 L2 C ) + j L1 (1 2 L2 C ) 2 RL1C + ( j g m RL1 )( 2 L2 C ) = 0

Real part:
R (1 2 L2 C ) 2 RL1C = 0
R = 2 RC ( L1 + L2 )
or
1
0 =
C ( L1 + L2 )
b.
Imaginary part:
j L1 1 2 L2C j gm RL1 2 L2C = 0

L1 = L1 L2C + gm RL1 L2C

2

Now 2 =

1
( L1 + L2 )

1=

1
[ L2 C + g m RL2 C ]
C ( L1 + L2 )

1=

L2
L
(1 + g m R ) 1 = (1 + g m R )
L1 + L2
L2

or
L1
= gm R
L2

15.33

0 = 2 (800 103 ) =

1
C ( L1 + L2 )

or
C ( L1 + L2 ) = 3.96 1014
Also

L1
= gm R
L2

For example, if R = 1 k, then

L1
= (20)(1) = 20
L2

So
L1 = 20 L2
Then
C (21L2 ) = 3.96 1014 or CL2 = 1.89 1015
C = 0.01 F
If
then

L2 = 0.189 H

and

L1 = 3.78 H

15.34
v0 v1 v1 v1 vB
= +
R
1 R

sC

and
vB
v v
+ B 1 =0
R
1

sC
or

(1)

(2)

1 v

vB sC + = 1 v1 = vB (1 + sRC )
R R

From (1)
2 v

v0 ( sC ) = v1 sC + B
R

R
or
v0 ( sRC ) = vB (1 + sRC )(2 + sRC ) vB = vB [ (1 + sRC )(2 + sRC ) 1]

Now

 R
R2
sRC
sRC

= 1 +
T ( s ) = 1 + 2

2 2 2

+
+

(1
)(2
)
1
R
sRC
sRC
R
+
+

2
3
1
sRC
s
R
C

1
1
or
R
sRC

T ( s ) = 1 + 2 2 2 2

R1 s R C + 3sRC + 1

j RC
T ( j ) = 1 + 2

2 2 2

+
1
3
R
R
C
j
RC

Frequency of oscillation:
1
f0 =
2 RC
Condition for oscillation:
R j RC
1 = 1 + 2
R1 3 j RC

or
R2
=2
R1

15.35

vb vo vb vb va
+
+
=0
1
1
R
sC
sC
vb vo
(1)
+ 2vb sC va sC = 0
R
Va Vb Va
(2)
+
=0
1
R
sC
1

1 + sRC
Va sC + = vb sC vb = va

sRC
From (1)
1
v
vb + 2 sC = o + va sC
R
R
Substitute (2) into (1)

 1 + sRC 1 + 2 sRC vo
va

= + va sC
R
sRC
R
(1 + sRC )(1 + 2 sRC )
v
va
sC = o
(
)
sRC
R

R
(1 + sRC )(1 + 2 sRC )

va
sRC = vo
sRC

2 2 2
vo (1 + sRC )(1 + 2 sRC ) s R C
=
va
sRC
va
sRC
=
vo 1 + 3sRC + 2( sRC ) 2 s 2 R 2 C 2
va
sRC
=
vo 1 + 3sRC + ( sRC ) 2
R
sRC
T ( s ) = 1 + 2
R
+
+ ( sRC ) 2
1
3
sRC
1

j RC
T ( j ) = 1 + 2

2 2 2

1
3
R
R
C
j
RC

So 1 02 R 2 C 2 = 0
So f O =

1
2 RC

R 1
Also 1 = 1 + 2
R1 3

R
So 2 = 2
R1

15.36
v0 v1 v1 v1 vB
= +
sL
R
R
sL
vB =
v1
R + sL
or

(1)
(2)

R + sL
v1 =
vB
sL
Then
v0
1 2 v
= v1 + B
sL
sL R R
or
v0 R + sL 1 2
vB
=
+ vB
sL sL sL R
R
R + sL R + 2 sL 1
= vB

sL sRL R
Then

(1)

vB =

v0
1

sL ( R + sL)( R + 2 sL) ( sL) 2

( sL)( sRL)

Now
R
sRL

T ( s ) = 1 + 2 2
2 2
2 2
+
+

3
2
R
R
sRL
s
L
s
L

1
or
R
sRL

T ( s ) = 1 + 2 2 2
2
R
+
+
3
s
L
sRL
R

1
And
R

j RL
T ( j ) = 1 + 2 2

2 2
R

3
R
L
j
RL

1
R
Frequency of oscillation: f 0 =
2 L
Condition for oscillation:
R 1
1 = 1 + 2
R1 3

or
R2
=2
R1

15.37
From Equation (15.65(b)), the crossover voltage is
R
vI = 2 VREF
R1
Let R2 = RVAR + RF where RVAR is the potentiometer and RF is the fixed resistor.
Let VREF = 5 V, RF = 10 k, and RVAR = 40 k
Then we have
R
10
vI = F VREF = (5) = 1 V
R1
50
and
50
vI = (5) = 5 V
50
15.38
R1
VTH VTL =
(VH VL )
R1 + R2
R1
R1
0.2 =
(13 (13) ) =
26
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
R1
So
= 0.007692
R1 + R2
13
= 0.25 R1 + R2 = 52
R1 + R2
Then
I=

R1 = (0.007692)(52) = 0.4 k = R1

So R2 = 51.6 k
15.39
a.
R1
10
VTH =
VH =
(10)
+
R
R
10 + 40
1
2
so
VTH = 2 V
R1
10
VTL =
VL =
(10)
10 + 40
R1 + R2
so
VTL = 2 V

b.

vI = 5sin t

15.40
a.
Upper crossover voltage when v0 = +VP ,
Now
R1
vB =
(+VP )
R1 + R2
and
RA
RB
vA =
VREF +
VTH
+
R
R
B
A
RA + RB
v A = vB so that
R1
RA

VP =
R1 + R2
RA + RB
or

RB
VREF +

RA + RB

VTH

R + RB R1
RA
VTH = A

VP
VREF
R1 + R2 RB
RB
Lower crossover voltage when v0 = VP
So
R + RB R1
RA
VTL = A
VP
VREF
R1 + R2 RB
RB

b.
10 + 20 5
10
VTH =
(10) (2)
5
20
20
+

20
or
VTH = 2 V

and
10 + 20 5
VTL =
(10) 1 VTL = 4 V
5 + 20 20

15.41
a.

vB VREF vB v0 vB
=
+
R1
R3
R2
1
v
1
1 V
+ = REF + 0
vB +
R3
R2
R1 R2 R3
VTH = vB when v0 = +VP and VTL = vB when v0 = VP
So
VREF VP
+
R3
R2
VTH =
1
1
1
+
+
R1 R2 R3
and
VTL =

VREF VP

R3
R2
1
1
1
+
+
R1 R2 R3

b.
VREF
1
1
1
+
R3 +
R1 R2 R3
10
5 =
1
1
1
+
10 +
10
R
R
1

VS =

1
1 1 1
+
= = 0.10
R1 R2 5 10
VT = VTH VTL =

0.2 =

2VP
R2
1
1
1
+
+
R
R
R
2
3
1

2(12)
R2 (0.10 + 0.10)

So R2 = 600 k
Then
1
1
+
= 0.10
R1 R2
1
1
+
= 0.10 R1 = 10.17 k
R1 600
c.
VTH = 5 + 0.1 = 4.9

VTL = 5 0.1 = 5.1

15.42
a.

If the saturated output voltage is VP < 6.2 V, then the circuit behaves as a comparator

where v0 < 6.2 V.

If the saturated output voltage is VP > 6.2 V, the output will flip to either +VP or VP and the input has
no control.
b.
Same as part (a) except the curve at vI 0 will have a finite slope.
c.
Circuit works as a comparator as long as v01 < 8.7 V and v02 > 3.7 V. Otherwise the input has
no control.
15.43
a.

Switching point is when v0 = 0. Then

R2
v+ = vI VS =
VREF
R1 + R2
VTH occurs when vo = VH , then by superposition
R1
R2
v+ = VTH =
VH +
VREF
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
or
R1
VTH = VS +
VH
R1 + R2
VTL occurs when v0 = VL , then by superposition
R1
R2
v+ = VTL =
VL +
VREF
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
or
R1
VTL = VS +
VL
R1 + R2

b.
Now

For VTH = 2 V and VTL = 1 V, then VS = 1.5 V

10
2 = 1.5 +
(10)
10 + R2
0.5
10
=
R2 = 190 k
10 10 + R2
190
Now VS = 1.5 =
VREF
10 + 190
so
VREF = 1.579 V

15.44
a.
Now

Switching point when v0 = 0.

R2
v+ = VREF =
vI where vI = VS .
R1 + R2
Then
R + R2

R1
VS = 1
VREF = 1 + VREF
R2
R2

Now upper crossover voltage for v1 occurs when v0 = VL and v+ = VREF . Then

VTH VREF VREF VL

=
R1
R2
or VTH =

R1
R
VL + VREF 1 + 1
R2
R
2

R1
VL
R2
Lower crossover voltage for vI occurs when v0 = VH and vI = VREF . Then
VH VREF VREF VTL
=
R2
R1
or VTH = VS

or VTL =

R1
R
VH + VREF 1 + 1
R2
R2

or VTL = VS

R1
VH
R2

For VTH = 1 and VTL = 2, VS = 1.5 V. Then VTL = VS

b.

so that R1 = 0.833 k
Now

R
VS = 1 + 1 VREF
R2
0.833
1.5 = 1 +
VREF
20

which gives
VREF = 1.44 V

15.45
(a)
vo (max) = 4.7 + 0.7 = 5.4 V
vo (min) = 5.4 V
R1
VTH TTL =
( 5.4 (5.4) )
R1 + R2
2
0.8 =
(10.8)
2 + R2
2 + R2 = 27 R2 = 25 K

(b)
R=

Neglecting current in R1 and R2 ,

13.0 5.4
R = 15.2 K
0.5

15.46
a.
v0 = VREF + 2V
5 = VREF + 2(0.7)
or
VREF = 3.6 V
b.

R1
R
VH 2 = 1.5 1 (12)
R2
20

 R1
VTH =
(VREF + 2V )
R1 + R2
R1
0.5 =
(5)
R1 + R2
R2
R
= 10 2 = 9
R1
R1
For example, let R2 = 90 k and R1 = 10 k
c.
For vI = 10 V, and v0 is in its low state. D1 is on and D2 is off.
or 1 +

v1 (v1 + 0.7) VREF v1 v1 v0

+
=
100
1
1
For v1 = 0.7, then
10 0 3.6 (0.7) 0.7 v0
+
=
100
1
1
or
v0 = 5.1 V

15.47
For v0 = High = (VREF + 2V ). Then switching point is when.
R1
vI = vB =
v0
R1 + R2
R1
or VTH =
(VREF + 2V )
R1 + R2

Lower switching point is when

R1
v1 = vB =
v0 and v0 = (VREF + 2V )
R1 + R2
so
R1
VTL =
(VREF + 2V )
R1 + R2

15.48
By symmetry, inverting terminal switches about zero.
Now, for v0 low, upper diode is on.
VREF v1 = v1 v0
v0 = 2v1 VREF where v1 = V
so
v0 = (VREF + 2V )
Similarly, in the high state
v0 = (VREF + 2V )
Switching occurs when non-inverting terminal is zero.
So for v0 low.
VTH 0 0 (VREF + 2V )
=
R1
R2
or VTH =

R1
(VREF + 2V
R2

By symmetry
R
VTL = 1 (VREF + 2v )
R2
15.49
f =

1
2.2 RX C X

1
1
=
2.2 f (2.2)(12 103 )
RX C X = 3, 788 105

RX C X =

For example, Let RX = 56 K

C X = 680 pF
Within

1
of 1% of design specification.
2

15.50
(a)
R1
20
vx1 =
vo =
vo
20 + 5
R1 + R2
So vH = 9.6
Also vx2 = 12 + (9.6 12)e t / x
= 12 21.6e t / x
Set vx1 = vx2

9.6 = 12 21.6e t / x
T
= x ln (9)
2
1
1
f = =
T 2 x ln (9)

e+ t / x = 9 t1 =

1
2(22 10 )(0.2 106 ) ln (9)
f = 51.7 Hz
Duty cycle = 50%
f =

15.51
(a)
R1
20
vx+1 =
VH =
(15) = 12 V
20 + 5
R1 + R2
20
vx1 =
(10) = 8 V
20 + 5
vx+2 = 15 + (8 15)e t / x = 15 23e t / x
Then
12 = 15 23e t1 / x

e t1 / x = 7.667 t1 x ln (7.667)
t2 t1

vx2 = 10 + (12 + 10)e

Then

8 = 10 + 22e

t2 t1

( t2 t1 )

= 11 t2 t1 = x ln (11)

Period = t2 = T = x [ ln (7.667) + ln (11) ] = x (4.435)

x = (22 103 )(0.2 106 ) = 4.4 103

T = 1.95 102
1
f = = 51.2 Hz
T
t1 = x ln(7.667) = (4.4 10 3 ) ln (7.667)

t1 = 8.962 103
t1 8.962 103
=
T 1.951 102
Duty Cycle = 45.9%

Duty cycle =

15.52
t1 = 1.1RX C X = (1.1)(10 4 )(0.1 106 ) t1 = 1.1 ms
0 < t < t1 , vY = 10(1 e t / rY )
rY = RY CY

Now

= (2 103 )(0.02 106 )

= 4 105 s

t1
= 2.75
rY

CY completely charges during each cycle.

15.53
a.
Switching voltage
R1 + R3
10 + 10
vX =
VP =
(10)
10 + 10 + 10
R1 + R3 + R2
So v X = 6.667 V
Using Equation (15.83(b))
2
2

v X = VP + VP VP e t1 / rX = VP
3
3

5
2
Then 1 e t1 / rX =
3
3
1 5 t1 / rX
or t1 = rX ln (5)
= e
3 3
T
1
1
t1 = =
t1 = 0.001 s
=
2 2 f 2(500)
103 = rX ln (5) rX = 6.21 104 = RX (0.01 106 )
So RX = 62.1 k
b.

Switching voltage

R1
vX =
(VP )
R1 + R3 + R2
10
1

=
(VP ) = (VP )
3
10 + 10 + 10

Using Equation (15.83(b))

1
1

v X = VP + VP VP e t1 / rX = VP
3
3

4 t1 / rX 1
=
Then 1 e
3
3
2 4 t1 / rX
= e
3 3
t1 = rX ln (2) = (6.21 104 ) ln (2) = 4.30 104 s
T = 2t1 = 8.6 104 s
1
f = f = 1.16 kHz
T
15.54
From Equation (15.92)
V
1+
V
T = rX ln P
1

R1
10
where =
=
= 0.2857
R1 + R2 10 + 25
so
0.7

1+ 5
100 = rX ln

1 0.2857

so X = 213.9 s = RX C X
For example, RX = 10 k, C X = 0.0214 F
R1
10
vY =
VP =
(5) = 1.43 V
10 + 25
R1 + R2
and v X = 0.7 V
To trigger the circuit, vY must be brought to a voltage less than v X .
Therefore minimum triggering pulse is 0.73 V.
Using Equation (15.82) for T < t < T
v X = VP + (0.2857VP VP )e t / rX

Recovery period is when v X = V = 0.7 V.

0.7 = 5 + (6.43)e t / rX
6.43e t / rX = 4.3
or t = rX ln (1.495)
rX = 213.9 s
so
t = T T = 86.1 s

15.55
(a)

1 + (Vr / VP )
T =x

1
x = Rx Cx = 1 2
T  0.69 x = (0.69)(47 103 )(0.2 106 )
T = 6.49 ms
Recovery Time  0.4 x
(b)
= 3.76 ms

15.56
a.
From Equation (15.95)
T = 1.1 RC
For T = 60 s = 1.1 RC
then RC = 54.55 s
For example, let
C = 50 F and R = 1.09 M
b.

Recovery time: capacitor is discharged by current through the discharge transistor.

5 0.7
If V + = 5 V, then I B
= 0.043 mA
100
If = 100, I C = 4.3 mA
VC =

1
Ic
I C dt = t

C
C

2 +
V = 3.33 V
3
V C (3.33)(50 106 )
So that t = C
=
IC
4.3 103

Capacitor has charged to

So recovery time t 38.7 ms

15.57
T = 1.1 RC
5 106 = 1.1 RC
so RC = 4.545 106 s
For example, let
C = 100 pF and R = 45.5 k
From Problem (15.53), recovery time
V C (3.33)(100 1012 )
t C
=
IC
4.3 103
or
t = 77.4 ns
15.58
From Equation (15.102),
1
f =
(0.693)(20 + 2(20)) 103 (0.1 106 )
or f = 240.5 Hz
Duty cycle =

20 + 20
100% = 66.7%
20 + 2(20)

15.59
f =

1
(0.693)( RA + 2 RB )C

RA = R1 = 10 k, RB = R2 + xR3
So 10 k RB 110 k
1
= 627 kHz
(0.693)(10 + 2(110)) 103 (0.01 106 )
1
=
= 4.81 kHz
(0.693)(10 + 2(10)) 103 (0.01 106 )

f min =
f max

So 627 Hz f 4.81 kHz

Duty cycle =

RA + RB
100%
RA + 2 RB

Now
10 + 10
100% = 66.7%
10 + 2(10)
and
10 + 110
100% = 52.2%
10 + 2(110)
So 52.2 Duty cycle 66.7%
15.60
1 k RA 51 k
1 k RB 51 k
1
= 1.40 Hz
(0.693)(1 + 2(51)) 103 (0.01 106 )
1
f max =
= 2.72 kHz
(0.693)(51 + 2(1)) 103 (0.01 106 )
or 1.40 kHz f 2.72 kHz
f min =

Duty cycle =

RA + RB
100%
RA + 2 RB

1 + 51
100% = 50.5%
1 + 2(51)
or
51 + 1
100% = 98.1%
51 + 2(1)
or
50.5% Duty cycle 98.1%

15.61
a.
I E3 = IE 4 =

V + 3VEB
R1 A + R1B

Assume VEB = 0.7

I E3 = I E 4 =

22 3(0.7)
= 0.398 mA
25 + 25

Now
20
I C 3 = I C 4 = I C 5 = I C 6 = (0.398)
21
I C 3 = I C 4 = I C 5 = I C 6 = 0.379 mA
0.398 20
I C1 = I C 2 = 0.018 mA
21 21
I D = 0.398 mA, current in D1 and D2

I C1 = I C 2 =

b.

I
0.398 103
VBB = 2VD = 2VT ln D = 2(0.026) ln

13
10

IS
or
VBB = 1.149 V = VBE 7 + VEB 8
Now
IC 7 IC 4 + IC 9 + I E8
I C 4 = 0.379 mA
20
I B9 = IC 8 = I E 8
21
So
I
I E 8 = 1.05 I B 9 = 1.05 C 9
100
100
21
IC 7 = IC 4 +
I E 8 + I E 8 = I C 4 + (96.24) I C 8
1.05
20
So I C 7 = 0.379 mA + 101I C 8
and
I
I
VBE 7 = VT ln C 7 ; VEB 8 = VT ln C 8
I
S
IS

Then
I
I
1.149 = 0.026 ln C 7 + ln C 8
I S
IS
I (0.379 103 ) + 101I C 8
44.19 = ln C 8

(1013 ) 2

(1013 ) 2 exp (44.19) = 101I C2 8 + 3.79 10 4 I C 8

1.554 107 = 101I C2 8 + 3.79 104 I C 8
IC 8 =

(3.79 104 ) 2 + 4(101)(1.554 107 )

3.79 104

2(101)
2(101)
I C 8 = 37.4 A

I C 7 = 0.379 + 101(0.0374) I C 7 = 4.16 mA

21
I C 9 = 4.16 0.379 0.0374
20
I C 9 = 3.74 mA

c.

P = (0.398 + 0.398 + 4.16)(22) P = 109 mW

15.62
a.
b.

From Figure 15.47, 3.7 W to the load

V + 19 V

c.

P=

1 VP2
2 RL

or
VP = 2 RL P = 2(10)(3.7) VP = 8.6 V

15.63
1 VP2
P=
2 RL
so VP = 2 RP = 2(10)(20) 20 V
peak-to-peak output voltage
Maximum output voltage of each op-amp = 10 V. Current is (20 /10) = 2 A. Bias op-amps at 12 V.
For A1 ,

v01 R2
R
= 1 + = 15 2 = 14
vI
R1
R1

For A2 ,

v02
R
= 4 = 15
vI
R3

For example, let R1 = R3 = 10 k, and R2 = 140 k and R4 = 150 k.

15.64
a.

v01 = iR2 + vI where i =

vI
R1

Then
R
v01 = vI 1 + 2
R1

Now
R
v02 = iR3 = vI 3
R1
So
R
R
vL = v01 v02 = vI 1 + 2 vI 3
R1

R1
Av =

b.

vL
R R
= 1+ 2 + 3
vI
R1 R1

Want Av = 10

R2 R3
+
=9
R1 R1

R R
Also want 1 + 2 = 3
R1 R1

R2 R2
R
+ 1 + = 9 so 2 = 4
R1
R1
R1
For R1 = 50 k, R2 = 200 k

Then

and

R3
= 5 so R3 = 250 k
R1
P=

c.

1 VP2
2 RL

or
VP = 2 RL P = 2(20)(10) = 20 V

So peak values of output voltages are

v01 = v02 = 10 V
Peak load current =

20
=1 A
20

15.65
(a)
R
vo1 = 1 + 2 vI
R1

R2
1 + vI
R1

vL = vo1 vo 2
vo 2 =

Av =

R4
R3

vL R2 R4
= 1 + 1 +
vI
R1 R3
For v01 12 V, vo 2 = 12 V when R3 = R4

(b)
So vL = 24sin + (V )

R R
10 = 1 + 2 1 + 4
R1 R3

Let R3 = R4

(c)

Then

R2
=4
R1

15.66
(a)
From Problem 15.65
vO R2 R4
= 1 + 1 +
vI
R1 R3
For vo1 = vo 2 R3 = R4
Then
R
vO
= 2 1 + 2
vI
R1

R R
15 = 2 1 + 2 2 = 6.5
R1 R1

(b)

Peak output voltage

VP = 2 RL PL = 2(16)(20) = 25.3 V

Then Vo1 = Vo 2 = 12.65 V

iL (peak) =

25.3
= 1.58 A
16

15.67
Line regulation =

V0
V +

Now
I =

V +
and VZ = rZ I and V0 = 10VZ
R1

So
V0 = 10 rZ

V +
R1

So
Line regulation =

V0 10(15)
=
1.61%
V +
9300

15.68
R0 f =

V0
I 0

So R0 f =

(10 103 )
1

or
R0 f = 10 m
15.69
For V0 = 8 V
V + (min) = V0 + I 0 (max) R11 + VBE11 + VBE10 + VEB 5

This assumes VBC 5 = 0.

Then
V + (min) = 8 + (0.1)(1.9) + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.6
V + (min) = 9.99 V
15.70
a.
IC 3 = IC 5 =

VZ 3VBE (npn)
R1 + R2 + R3

6.3 3(0.6)
= 0.571 mA
0.576 + 3.4 + 3.9
1 0.6
IC 8 =
= 0.106 mA
2 2.84
Neglecting current in Q9 , total collector current and emitter current in Q5 is
0.571 + 0.106 = 0.677
Now
I Z 2 R4 + VEB 4 = VEB 5
IC 3 = IC 5 =

I
VEB 4 = VT ln Z 2
I5
I
VEB 5 = VT ln C 5
2I S

 I
Then I Z 2 R4 = VT ln C 5
2I Z 2
0.677
0.026
R4 =
ln

0.25
2(0.25)
or
R4 = 31.5

b.

From Example 15.16, VB 7 = 3.43 V . Then

R13

V0 = VB 8 = VB 7
R12 + R13
or
2.23

(12) = 3.43
2.23 + R12
3.43(2.23 + R12 ) = (2.23)(12)
which yields
R12 = 5.57 k

15.71
Line regulation =

V0
V +

Now
VB 7 = I C 3 R1
R13
and
(V0 ) = VB 7 = I C 3 R1
R12 + R13
VZ
I Z rZ
and I C 3 =
=
R1 + R2 + R3 R1 + R2 + R3

and I Z =

V
V +
where r0 = A
IZ
r0

Then
0.015
(0.4288)( V0 ) = I C 3 (3.9) = (3.9) I Z

7.876
50
= 87.6 k
r0 =
0.571
Then
V +
(0.4288)(V0 ) = (0.00743)

87.6
So
V0
= 0.0198%
V +

15.72
a.

IZ =

25 5
= 10
R1 + rZ

20
= 2 k = R1 + 0.01 R1 = 1.99 k
10
b.
In the ideal case;
R3 + R4

V0 = VZ
R2 + R3 + R4
So R1 + rZ =

2 +1

V0 = 5 V0 = 6.67 V
2 +1+1
and

R4

V0 = VZ
R2 + R3 + R4
1

V0 = 5 V0 = 20 V
2 +1+1
So
6.67 V0 20 V

c.

3
3
V0 so vd = 5 V0
4
4
and V0 = A0 L vd VBE

V1 =

I
and VBE = VT ln 0
IS
Now
3

V0 = A0 L 5 V0 VBE
4

V0 1 + A0 L = 5 A0 L VBE
4

5 A0 L VBE
V0 =
3
1 + A0 L
4

Load regulation =

V0 (NL) V0 (FL)
V0 (NL)

5 A0 L VBE (NL) 5 A0 L VBE (FL)

(1 + 34 A0 L )
(1 + 34 A0 L )
=
5 A0 L VBE (NL)
(1 + 34 A0 L )

I (FL)
VT ln 0

I 0 (NL)
VBE (FL) VBE (NL)

=
=
5 A0 L VBE (NL)
5 A0 L VBE (NL)
V0
6.67
=
= 1.67 mA
4 k 4 k
1

(0.026) ln
3
1.67 10
3.33 104 %
Load regulation =
4
5(10 ) 0.7
I 0 (FL) = 1 A, I 0 (NL) =

15.73
V
5.6
IE = Z =
= 1.12 mA
5
R2
I0 =

1+

100
IE =
(1.12) I 0 = 1.109 mA Load current
101

For
VBC = 0 V0

= 20 VZ 0.6
= 20 5.6 0.6

or
V0 = 13.8 V
Then
V
13.8
RL = 12.4 k
RL = 0 =
I 0 1.109
So
0 RL 12.4 k