Design rules

Protection index

Item
Code letter first characteristic figure

Figures or letters
IP

Meaning for protection of equipment

against penetration of solid foreign bodies (not protected) diameter 50 mm

Representation of people
against access to hazardous parts with (not protected) back of the hand

0 1

50mm

diameter 12.5 mm

finger

12,5mm
X

diameter 2.5 mm

tool

2,5mm

diameter 1 mm

wire

1mm

protected against dust

wire

sealed against dust

wire

second characteristic figure 0 1

against penetration of water with detrimental effects (not protected) vertical water drops

water drops (15 inclination)

15

rain

60

water projection

spray projection

high power spray projection

temporary immersion

8 additional letter (optional) A B C D additional letter (optional) H M S W

prolonged immersion against access to hazardous parts with: back of the hand finger tool wire additional information specific to: high voltage equipment movement during the water testing stationary during the water testing bad weather

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Design rules

Protection Index

IK code
Introduction
c Certain countries felt the need also to code the protection provided by enclosures against mechanical impact. To do this they added a third characteristic figure to the IP code (the case in Belgium, Spain, France and Portugal). But since the adoption of IEC 60 529 as the European standard, no European country can have a different IP code. c Since the IEC has up to now refused to add this third figure to the IP code, the only solution to maintain a classification in this field was to create a different code. This is a subject of a draft European standard EN 50102: code IK. c Since the third figure in various countries could have different meanings and we had to introduce additional levels to cover the main requirements of product standards, the IK indices have a different meaning to those of the previous third figures (cf. table below). Previous 3rd figures of the IP code in NF C 20-010 (1986)
IP XX1 IP XX3 IP XX5 IP XX7 IP XX9

IK code
IK 02 IK 04 IK 07 IK 08 IK 10

NB: to limit confusion, each new index is given by a two figure number.

Definitions
c The protection indices correspond to impact energy levels expressed in joules v hammer blow applied directly to the equipment v impact transmitted by the supports, expressed in terms of vibrations therefore in terms of frequency and acceleration c The protection indices against mechanical impact can be checked by different types of hammer: pendulum hammer, spring-loaded hammer or vertical free-fall hammer (diagram below).

striker

latching mechanism

relief cone

pedulum pivot

arming button

support

fall height

attaching support

specimen

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Design rules

Protection index

The various IK codes and their meaning

IK code
energies in joules radius mm 1 material 1 steel = A 2 polyamide = P 3 hammer pendulum spring loaded 4 vertical

IK 01
0.15 10 P

IK 02
0.2 10 P

IK 03
0.35 10 P

IK 04
0.5 10 P

IK 05
0.7 10 P

IK 06
1 10 P

IK 07
2 25 A

IK 08
5 25 A

IK 09
10 50 A

IK 10
20 50 A

= yes

N.B.: 1 of the hammer head 2 Fe 490-2 according to ISO 1052, hardness 50 HR to 58 HR according to ISO 6508 3 hardness HR 100 according to ISO 2039-2

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Switchgear definition

Medium voltage circuit breaker

Introduction
IEC 60 056 and ANSI C37-06 define on one hand the operating conditions, the rated characteristics, the design and the manufacture; and on the other hand the testing, the selection of controls and installation.
c The circuit breaker is a device that ensures the control and protection on a network. It is capable of making, withstanding and interrupting operating currents as well as short-circuit currents. c The main circuit must be able to withstand without damage: v the thermal current = short-circuit current during 1 or 3 s v the electrodynamic current: 2.5 Isc for 50 Hz (IEC) 2.6 Isc for 60 Hz (IEC) 2.7 Isc (ANSI), for a particular time constant (IEC) v the constant load current. c Since a circuit breaker is mostly in the "closed" position, the load current must pass through it without the temperature running away throughout the equipment's life.

Characteristics
Compulsory rated characteristics
c Rated voltage c Rated insulation level c Rated normal current c Rated short-time withstand current c Rated peak withstand current c Rated short-circuit duration c Rated supply voltage for opening and closing devices and auxiliary circuits c Rated frequency c Rated short-circuit breaking current c Rated transient recovery voltage c Rated short-circuit making current c Rated operating sequence c Rated time quantities.

Special rated characteristics

c These characteristics are not compulsory but can be requested for specific applications: v rated out-of-phase breaking current, v rated cable-charging breaking current, v rated line-charging breaking current, v rated capacitor bank breaking current, v rated back-to-back capacitor bank breaking current, v rated capacitor bank inrush making current, v rated small inductive breaking current.

Rated voltage (cf. 4.1 IEC 60 694)

The rated voltage is the maximum rms. value of the voltage that the equipment can withstand in normal service. It is always greater than the operating voltage. c Standardised values for Ur (kV) : 3.6 - 7.2 -12 - 17.5 - 24 - 36 kV.

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Switchgear definition

Medium voltage circuit breaker

Upeak (%)
100 90 50
1.2 s

Rated insulation level (cf. 4.2 IEC 60 056 and 60 694)

t (s)

10
50 s Standardised wave 1.2/50 s

c The insulation level is characterised by two values: v the impulse wave withstand (1.2/50 s) v the power frequency withstand voltage for 1 minute. Rated voltage
(Ur in kV) 7.2 12 17.5 24 36

Impulse withstand voltage

(Up in kV) 60 75 95 125 170

Power frequency withstand voltage

(Ud in kV) 20 28 38 50 70

Rated normal current (cf. 4.4 IEC 60 694)

With the circuit breaker always closed, the load current must pass through it in compliance with a maximum temperature value as a function of the materials and the type of connections. IEC sets the maximum permissible temperature rise of various materials used for an ambient air temperature of no greater than 40C (cf. 4.4.2 table 3 IEC 60 694).

Rated short-time withstand current (cf. 4.5 IEC 60 694)

Isc =
Ssc U Isc : : :

Ssc e U
(in MVA) (in kV) (in kA)

short-circuit power operating voltage short-circuit current

This is the standardised rms. value of the maximum permissible short-circuit current on a network for 1 or 3 seconds. c Values of rated breaking current under maximum short-circuit (kA): 6.3 - 8 - 10 - 12.5 - 16 - 20 - 25 - 31.5 - 40 - 50 kA.

Rated peak withstand current (cf. 4.6 IEC 60 694) and making current (cf. 4.103 IEC 60 056)
The making current is the maximum value that a circuit breaker is capable of making and maintaining on an installation in short-circuit. It must be greater than or equal to the rated short-time withstand peak current. Isc is the maximum value of the rated short-circuit current for the circuit breakers' rated voltage. The peak value of the short-time withstand current is equal to: 2.5 Isc for 50 Hz 2.6 Isc for 60 Hz 2.7 Isc for special applications.

Rated short-circuit duration (cf. 4.7 IEC 60 694)

The rated short-circuit is equal to 1 or 3 seconds.

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Switchgear definition

Medium voltage circuit breaker

Rated supply voltage for closing and opening devices and auxiliary circuits (cf. 4.8 IEC 60 694)
c Values of supply voltage for auxiliary circuits: v for direct current (dc): 24 - 48 - 60 - 110 or 125 - 220 or 250 volts, v for alternating current (ac): 120 - 220 - 230 - 240 volts. c The operating voltages must lie within the following ranges: v motor and closing release units: -15% to +10% of Ur in dc and ac v opening release units: -30% to +10% of Ur in dc -15% to +10% of Ur in ac v undervoltage opening release unit:
the release unit gives the command and forbids closing the release unit must not have an action

0%

35 %

70 %

100 %

(at 85%, the release unit must enable the device to close)

Rated frequency (cf. 4.9 IEC 60 694)

Two frequencies are currently used throughout the world: 50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in America, a few countries use both frequencies. The rated frequency is either 50 Hz or 60 Hz.

t Isc Ir

t'

Rated operating sequence (cf. 4.104 IEC 60 056)

c Rated switching sequence according to IEC, O - t - CO - t' - CO. (cf: opposite diagram)
time

O CO

: :

represents opening operation represents closing operation followed immediately by an opening operation

c Three rated operating sequences exist: v slow: 0 - 3 mn - CO - 3 mn - CO v quick 1: O - 0.3 s - CO - 3 mn - CO v quick 2: O - 0.3 s - CO - 15 s - CO
N.B.: other sequences can be requested.

c Opening/closing cycle Assumption: O order as soon as the circuit breaker is closed.

open position

displacement of contacts

current flows
opening-closing duration making-breaking duration contacts are touching in all poles and order O energising of closing circuit current starts to flow in first pole

time

final arc extinction in all poles

separation of arcing contacts in all poles

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Switchgear definition

Medium voltage circuit breaker

c Automatic reclosing cycle Assumption: C order as soon as the circuit breaker is open, (with time delay to achieve 0.3 sec or 15 secs or 3 min).
closed position

displacement of contacts open position

current flows making-breaking duration opening-closing duration remaking duration reclosing duration final arc extinction in all poles separation of arc contacts in all poles and order C energising of opening release unit

current flows

time
the contacts are touching in all poles the contacts touch in the first pole

start of current flow in the first pole

Example 1: c For a circuit breaker with a minimum opening duration of 45 ms (Top) to which we add 10 ms (Tr) due to relaying, the graph gives a percentage of the aperiodic component of around 30 % for a time constant 1 = 45 ms: %DC = e
-(45 + 10) 45

Rated short-circuit breaking current (cf. 4.101 IEC 60 056)

The rated short-circuit breaking current is the highest value of current that the circuit breaker must be capable of breaking at its rated voltage. c It is characterised by two values: v the rms. value of its periodic component, given by the term: "rated short-circuit breaking current" v the percentage of the aperiodic component corresponding to the circuit breaker's opening duration, to which we add a half-period of the rated frequency. The half-period corresponds to the minimum activation time of an overcurrent protection device, this being 10 ms at 50 Hz. c According to IEC, the circuit breaker must break the rms. value of the periodic component of the short-circuit (= its rated breaking current) with the percentage of asymmetry defined by the graphs below.
Percentage of the aperiodic component (% DC) as a function of the time interval ()

= 29.5 %

Example 2: c Supposing that % DC of a MV circuit breaker is equal to 65% and that the symmetric short-circuit current that is calculated (Isym) is equal to 27 kA. What does Iasym equal? Iasym = Isym
= 27 kA

% DC 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

1 + 2( %DC )2 100 1 + 2 (0.65)

2

[A]

4= 120 ms
(alternating time constant)

= 36.7 kA c Using the equation [A], this is equivalent to a symmetric short-circuit current at a rating of:
36.7 kA = 33.8 kA for a %DC of 30%. 1.086

1= 45 ms
(standardised time constant)

70

80

90

(ms)

t : circuit breaker opening duration (Top), increased by half a period at the power frequency (r)

c The circuit breaker rating is greater than 33.8 kA. According to the IEC, the nearest standard rating is 40 kA.

c As standard the IEC defines MV equipment for a %DC of 30%, for a peak value of maximum current equal to 2.5 Isc at 50 Hz or 2.6 Isc at 60 Hz. In this case use the 1 graph.

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Switchgear definition

Medium voltage circuit breaker

c For low resistive circuits such as generator incomers, %DC can be higher, with a peak value of maximum current equal to 2.7 Isc. In this case use the 4 graph. For all constants of between 1 and 4, use the equation: -(Top + Tr) % DC = 100 e 1, , 4 c Values of rated short-circuit breaking current: 6.3 - 8 - 10 - 12.5 - 16 20 - 25 - 31.5 - 40 - 50 - 100 kA.
I (A)

c Short-circuit breaking tests must meet the five following test sequences:
Sequence 1 2 3 4 5* % Isym. 10 20 60 100 100 % aperiodic component %DC 20 20 20 20 according to equation

IAC IMC
t (s)

IDC

* for circuit breakers opening in less than 80 ms

IMC IAC Idc %DC

: : : :

making current periodic component peak value (Isc peak) aperiodic component value % asymmetry or aperiodic component:
- (Top + Tr)

IDC IAC

100 = 100 e

(1, , 4)

c Symmetric short-circuit current (in kA): Isym = IAC r

c Asymmetric short-circuit current (in kA): Iasym2 = I2AC + I2DC

Iasym = Isym

1 + 2( %DC )2 100

Rated Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) (cf. 4.102 IEC 60 056)

This is the voltage that appears across the terminals of a circuit breaker pole after the current has been interrupted. The recovery voltage wave form varies according to the real circuit configuration. A circuit breaker must be able to break a given current for all recovery voltages whose value remains less than the rated TRV. c First pole factor For three-phase circuits, the TRV refers to the pole that breaks the circuit initially, in other words the voltage across the terminals of the open pole. The ratio of this voltage to a simple voltage is called the first pole factor, it is equal to 1.5 for voltages up to 72.5 kV.

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Switchgear definition

Medium voltage circuit breaker

c Value of rated TRV v the TRV is a function of the asymmetry, it is given for an asymmetry of 0%.
U (kV) Uc

Rated voltage
(Ur in kV) 7.2 12 17.5 24 36

TRV value
(Uc in kV) 12.3 20.6 30 41 62

Time
(t3 in s) 52 60 72 88 108

Delay
(td in s) 8 9 11 13 16

Increase rate
(Uc/td in kV/s) 0.24 0.34 0.42 0.47 0.57

0 td t3 t (s)

Uc = 1.4 1.5

r Ur = 1.715 Ur e

td = 0.15 t3 v a specified TRV is represented by a reference plot with two parameters and by a segment of straight line defining a time delay.
Td : t3 : Uc : TRV increase rate: time delay time defined to reach Uc peak TRV voltage in kV Uc/t3 in kV/s

X1

X2

Rated out-of-phase breaking current (cf. 4.106 IEC 60 056)

When a circuit breaker is open and the conductors are not synchronous, the voltage across the terminals can increase up the sum of voltages in the conductors (phase opposition).

U1

U2

c In practice, standards require the circuit breaker to break a current equal to 25% of the fault current across the terminals, at a voltage equal to twice the voltage relative to earth. c If Ur is the rated circuit breaker voltage, the recovery voltage (TRV) at power frequency is equal to: v 2e Ur for networks with a neutral earthing arrangement v 2.5e Ur for other networks. c Peak values for TRV for networks other than those with neutral earthing: e Ur r Rate of increase
(Uc/td in kV/s) 0.18 0.26 0.31 0.35 0.43

UA - UB = U1 - (-U2) = U1 + U2 si U1 = U2 so UA - UB = 2U

Uc = 1.25 2.5

Rated voltage
(Ur in kV) 7.2 12 17.5 24 36

TRV value
(Uc in kV) 18.4 30.6 45 61 92

Time
(t3 in s) 104 120 144 176 216

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Switchgear definition

Medium voltage circuit breaker

Rated cable-charging breaking current (cf. 4 .108 IEC 60 056)

The specification of a rated breaking current for a circuit breaker located at the head of no-load cables is not compulsory and is considered as not being necessary for voltages less than 24 kV. c Normal rated breaking current values for a circuit breaker located at the head of no-load cables: Rated voltage
(Ur in kV) 7.2 12 17.5 24 36

Rated breaking current for no-load cables

(Ic in kA) 10 25 31.5 31.5 50

Rated line-charging breaking current (cf. 4.107 IEC 60 056)

The specification of a rated breaking current for a circuit breaker switch situated at the head of no-load lines is limited to overhead, three-phased lines and to a rated voltage 72 kV.

B Ic

Rated single capacitor bank breaking current (cf. 4.109 IEC 60 056)
The specification of a breaking current for a circuit breaker switch located upstream of capacitors is not compulsory. Due to the presence of harmonics, the breaking current for capacitors is equal to 0.7 times the device's rated current. Rated current
(A) 400 630 1250 2500 3150

Breaking current for capacitors

(A) 280 440 875 1750 2200

By definition

pu = Ur

r e

c The normal value of over-voltage obtained is equal to 2.5 pu, this being:
X1

2.5 Ur

r e

Rated back-to-back capacitor bank breaking current (cf. 4.110 IEC 60 056)
G U

The specification of a breaking current for multi-stage capacitor banks is not compulsory. c If n is equal to the number of stages, then the over-voltage is equal to:
C1 C2 C3

2n 2n + 1

pu with pu = Ur

r e

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