Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 18

18

Probability

1. (a) S = {Heads, Tails}

n(A) = 4
4
P(A) =
6
2
=
3

(b) S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(c) S = {(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6),
(T, 1), (T, 2), (T, 3), (T, 4), (T, 5), (T, 6)}
(d) S = (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}

4.

(e) S = {50 students of the class}

Let A = {red or yellow balls}

= {2 red and 5 yellow}
n(A) = 7

(f) S = {win, lose, draw}

2. (a) n(heads) = 1
n(heads)
P(heads) =
n(sample)
1
=
2

7
P(A) =
10
5. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = {6}, B = {2, 4, 6}, A B = {6}
P(A B} = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
1
3
1
=+
6
6
6
3
=
6
1
=
2
Alternative
A B = {2, 4, 6}
n(A B) = 3
3
P(A B) =
6
1
=
2

(b) A = {multiple of 3}
= {3, 6}
n(A) = 2
2
P(A) =
6
1
=
3
(c) S = {first 10 positive integers}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {prime number}
= {2, 3, 5, 7}
n(A) = 4
4
P(A) =
10
2
=
5

6.

(d) A = {5 black balls}

n(A) = 5
5
P(A) =
10
1
=
2
3.

S = {3 white, 2 red, 5 yellow}

n(S) = 10

S = {(1, H), (2, H), (3, H), (4, H), (5, H), (6, H),
(1, T), (2, T), (3, T), (4, T), (5, T), (6, T)}
n(S) = 12
A = {odd number}
= {1, 3, 5}
B = {T}
P(A B) = P(A) P(B)
1
3
=
2
6
1
=
4

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
n(S) = 6
Let A = {2 or odd number}
= {1, 2, 3, 5}

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 18

9. (a) {heads} {tails} = { }

Therefore, the events are mutually exclusive.

Alternative
A B = {(1, T), (3, T), (5, T)}
n(A B)
P(A B) =
n(S)
3
=
12
1
=
4

(b) (i)

(ii) {prime number} {even number}

= {2, 3, 5} {2, 4, 6}
= {2}
Therefore, the events are not mutually
exclusive.

7. SA = {2 red, 3 yellow}
SB = {4 blue, 5 green}
Let A = {red marble},
B = {green marble}
n(A) = 2
n(B) = 5
2
P(A) =
5
5
P(B) =
9

10. A = {heads}, B = {tails}

P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
1
1
=+0
2
2
=1

P(A B) = P(A) P(B)

2
5
=
5
9
2
=
9
Alternative
4

9
2

11. A = {even number}

= {2, 4, 6}
B = {3}
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
1
3
=+0
6
6
2
=
3

Blue

Red
5

9
4

Green

12. A = {prime number}

= {2, 3, 5}
B = {2, 4, 6}
A B = {2}

Blue

Yellow
5

Green

P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

3
3
1
=+
6
6
6
5
=
6

P(red and green)

2
5
=
5
9
2
=
9
8.

5
3

13. S = {3 red, 2 blue, 1 yellow}

A = {red marble}
= {3 red marbles}
B = {yellow marble}
= {1 yellow marble}

Even number

Prime number
3

5
2

Odd number

P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

3
1
=+0
6
6
2
=
3

Even number

Non-prime number
3

Odd number

Prime number = {2, 3, 5}

P(prime number and even number)
3
2
=
5
5
6
=
25

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{even number} {odd number} =

Therefore, the events are mutually
exclusive.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 18

15.

14. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

(a) A = {2}
B = {odd number}
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
C = {double-digit number}
= {10, 11, 12}
S

B
1

10

11

12

Q = {prime number}
= {2, 3, 5}
n(Q) = 3
1
3
P(A) =
P(Q) =
2
6
1
=
2
1
1
P(A) P(Q) =
2
2
1
=
4
S = {(1, T), (2, T), (3, T), (4, T), (5, T), (6, T), (1, H),
(2, H), (3, H), (4, H), (5, H), (6, H)}
A Q = {(2, T), (3, T), (5, T)}

6
C

3
P(A Q) =
12
1
=
4

ABC=
n(A B C) = 9
9
P(A B C) =
12
3
=
4
Alternative
P(A B C)
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) P(A B) P(A C)
P(B C) P(A B C)
1
6
3
1
= + + 0 0 0
12
12
12
12
9
=
12
3
=
4

Since P(A Q) = P(A) P(Q),

then A and Q are independent events.
2
16. (a) P(R) =
3
1
P(B) =
3
1
2
P(R) P(B) =
3
3
2
=
9
R1
R2

R1

(b) A = {2}
B = {prime number}
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
C = {even number}
= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
S

A = {tails},
n(A) = 1

R1
R2

R2
B
R1

R2

3
5
7

n(S) = 9
R B = {red and black}
n(R B) = 2
2
P(R B) =
9
Since P(R B) = P(R) P(B),
then R and B are independent events.

11

6
4
10
8 12

1
9

A B C = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12}

n(A B C) = 10

2
1
(b) P(R) = , P(B) =
3
2
1
2
P(R) P(B) =
2
3
1
=
3

n(A B C)
P(A B C) =
n(S)
10
=
12
5
=
6

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 18

19. (a) P(even number red)

= P(even number) P(heads)
3
1
=
6
2
1
=
4

R2
R1
B
R1

R2

B
R1

(b) Multiple of 3 = {3, 6}

P(multiple of 3 and tails)
= P(multiple of 3) P(tails)
1
2
=
2
6
1
=
6

R2

n(R B) = 2
2
P(R B) =
6
1
=
3
1
Since P(R B) = P(R) P(B) = ,
3
then R and B are independent events.
17.

9
5

10
3

10

10

Black

9
5

9
Yellow
2

9
5

9
White
1

3
3
3
20. (a) P(all even numbers) =
6
6
6
1
=
8

Black

(b) P(prime number odd number odd number)

= P(prime number) P(odd number)
P(odd number)
3
3
3
=
6
6
6
1
=
8

Yellow
White
Black
Yellow
White
Black

(c) P(all same number)

= P(111) + P(222) + P(333) + P(444) + P(555)
+ P(666)
1 3
= 6
6
6
=
216
1
=
36

Yellow
White



P(yellow and black) = P(yellow) P(black)

5
3
=
9
10
1
=
6
18. A = {3 blue, 2 yellow, 1 red}
B = {4 white, 2 red}
(a) P(R R) = P(R) P(R)
2
1
=
6
6
1
=
18

21. A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {6, 7, 8, 9}
C = {3, 6, 9}
P(multiple of 3 from each set)
3
2
1
=
3
4
3
1
=
6

(b) P(R W) = P(R) P(W)

1
4
=
6
6
1
=
9
(c) P(B Y) = P(B) P(Y)
0
3
=
6
6
=0

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 18

38
=
132
19
=
66

1. {5 yellow, n red}
n
P(red) =
8
n
n

=
8
5+n
1
1
=
8
5+n
5 + n= 8
n= 3

2. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {odd number}
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {prime number}
= {2, 3, 5, 7}
(a) (i) P(odd number and prime number)
4
5
=
10
10
20
=
100
1
=
5

2. P(prime number prime number)

2
1
=
4
3
1
=
6

(ii) C = {perfect square}

= {1, 4, 9}

2
3. (a) P(Siti wins) =
5

P(both are perfect square)

3
3
=
10
10
9
=
100

1
P(Fatimah wins) =
4
P(both of them fail)
2
1
= 1 1
5
4
3
3
=
5
4
9
=
20



(b) (i)

P(multiple of 3 or odd number)

= P(D A)
= P(D) + P(A) P(D A)
3
5
2
= +
10
10
10
6
=
10
3
=
5

(b) P(one of them win)

= P(S F) + P(S F)
3
1
2
3
= +
4
4
5
5
3
6
= +
20
20
9
=
20



(ii) E = {multiple of 2}
= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
E B = {2}
P(multiple of 2 or prime number)
= P(E B)
= P(E) + P(B) P(E B)
1
4
5
= +
10
10
10
8
=
10
4
=
5

1. S = {4 blue, 3 yellow, 5 white}

5
(a) P(white) =
12
(b) P(similar colour)
= P(blue and blue) + P(yellow and yellow)
+ P(white and white)
3
2
4
4
3
5
= + +
11
11
11
12
12
12
20
6
12
= + +
132
132
132



D = {multiple of 3}
= {3, 6, 9}
D A = {3, 9}



Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 18

3. (a) A = {number greater than 2}

= {3, 4, 5, 6}
4
P(greater than 2) =
6
2
=
3

7. P(same number)
= P(111) + P(222) + P(333) + P(444) + P(555)
+ P(666)
1 3
= 6
6
1

=
36



(b) B = {factor of 6}
= {1, 2, 3, 6}

1
2
8. P(R) = , P(T) =
5
3
(a) P(both fail) = P(R T)
= P(R) P(T)
1
4
=
3
5
4
=
15

4
P(a factor of 6) =
6
2
=
3
4. {4 black, 2 red, k white}
1
Given P(white) =
4
k
1

=
4
6+k
4k = 6 + k
3k = 6
k=2

(b) P(one of them fails) = P(R T) +

4
2
= +
5
3
9
=
15
3
=
5

5. (a) P(prime number and tails)

= P(prime number) P(tails)
3
1
=
6
2
1
=
4

(b) P(at most once in 4th quadrant)

= P(none in 4 th quadrant) + P(once in 4 th
quadrant)
3
3
1
3
= +
4
4
4
4
3
9
= +
16
16
12

=
16
3
=
4

6. S = {3 yellow, 2 red, 1 blue}

(a) P(both blue)
1
0
=
6
5
=0



2
1
10. P(hit the bull eye) =
3
8
3
1
P(hit the bull eye) =
2
8
3
=
16
3
Area
of
circle
=
16
Area of rectangle
3
Area of circle = (4 8)
16
= 6 cm2

(b) P(at least one red)

= 1 P(without red)
= 1 P(yellow and blue) P(yellow and yellow)
P(blue and blue)
3
1
3
2
=10
6
5
6
5
3
= 1
10
7
=
10

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9. (a) P(on quadrant 2 twice)

1
1
=
4
4
1
=
16

(b) P(heads is obtained)

= P(H, 1) + P(H, 2) + P(H, 3) + P(H, 4)
+ P(H, 5) + P(H, 6)
1
1
= 6
2
6
1
=
2

P(R T)
1
1

5
3

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 18

11. (a)

8
6
12
= + +
60
60
60
26
=
60
13
=
30

S = {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19}
n(S) = 10
A = {prime number}
= {11, 13, 17, 19}
B = {multiple of 3}
= {12, 15, 18}

(b) R = {2 black, 3 red}, Q = {4 red, 1 green}

{factors of 2} = {1, 2}
2
2
(i) P(black) =
5
6
2
=
15

(i)

P(a prime number and a multiple of 3)

4 3
=
10 9
2
=
15
(ii) C = {sum of digits greater than 8}
= {18, 19}
P(sum of the digits greater than 8)
1
2
=
9
10
1
=
45




2
3
4
4
(ii) P(red) = +
6
5
6
5
11
=
15

(iii) P(green or red) = P(green) + P(red)

5
3
4
2
= +
5
5
6
6
6
20
= +
30
30
26
=
30
13
=
15

(b) S = {6 yellow, 2 blue, 4 green}

(i) P(all of the same colour)
= P(YYY) + P(GGG)
6 3
4 3
= +
12
12







1 3
1
= +
2
3
1
1
= +
27
8
35
=
216

13.
1

(ii) P(two blue marbles)

= P(BBB) + P(BBB) + P(BBB)
10
2
2
= 3
12
12
12
5
=
72

Car
5

6
1

10

Not
raining

Late to office

On time to office
Late to office

Bus
9

10

On time to office

9
4
(b) P(on time if not raining) =
10
5
18
=
25
(c) P(late to the office)
= P(raining and late) + P(not raining and late)
1
1
1
4
= +
6
10
5
5
2
1
= +
25
30
5 + 12
=
150
17
=
150

(ii) P(one of them gets the 1st place)

= P(A B C) + P(A B C)
+ P(A B C)
2
2
4
1
1
3
= +
3
3
5
5
4
4
1
4
3
+
3
5
4

Rain

1
1
(a) P(late if raining) =
6
5
1
=
30

12. Let A = Mr Chong

B = Mr Ong
C = Mr Lim
1
1
1
(a) P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) =
3
5
4
(i) P(all fail to get the 1st place)
= P(A B C)
= P(A) P(B) P(C)
2
4
3
=
3
5
4
2
=
5





Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 18

(b) P(red and blue)

= P(red blue)
2
4
=
5
9
8
=
45

14. S = {x red, y green}

1
(a) P(red) =
5
1
x

x+y = 5
5x = x + y
y = 4x
(b) x + y = 20 ........................
y = 4x ........................

1
1. (a)
8
3
(b)
8

Substitute into ,
x + 4x = 20
5x = 20
x= 4

2. (a) P(B Y) = P(B) + P(Y)

0
3
= +
12
12
1
=
4

y = 4(4)
= 16
1
1
1
15. P(A) = , P(B) = , P(C) =
5
4
3
(a) P(all qualify for the final)
= P(A B C)
= P(A) P(B) P(C)
1
1
1
=
5
4
3
1

=
60

(b) P(B W) = P(G)

4
=
12
1
=
3
3. (a) A B =
P(A B) = 0

(b) P(none qualify for the final)

= P(A B C)
2
3
4
=
3
4
5
2
=
5

(b) n(A) = 4 3 2
= 24
n(B) = 4 3 3
= 36
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
24
36
= + 0
60
60
=1

(c) P(at least 2 teams qualify)

= P(A B C) + P(A B C)
+ P(A B C) + P(A B C)
1
1
1
4
1
3
1
= + +
60
3
4
5
3
4
5
1
1
2
+
5
4
3
1
1
1
1
= + + +
30
20
15
60
1
=
6



4. (a) P(both are M) = 0

(b) P(V1 V2) = P(V1) P(V2)

3
2
=
8
7
3
=
28
(c) P(M V) + P(V M)
= P(M) P(V) + P(V) P(M)
1
3
3
1
=+
7
8
7
8
3
=
28

16. (a) R = {3 yellow, 2 red}

Q = {x yellow, 4 blue}
2
P(getting a yellow marble from box Q) =
3
2
3 x+1
2
x

+
=
3
5 x+5
5 x+4
x
+
1
x
9 + 6 = 10
x+5
x+4
9(x + 1)(x + 4) + 6x(x + 5) = 10(x + 5)(x + 4)
9(x2 + 5x + 4) + 6x2 + 30x = 10(x2 + 9x + 20)
9x2 + 45x + 36 + 6x2 + 30x = 10x2 + 90x + 200
5x2 15x 164 = 0










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There is only 1 M




Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 18

(b) P(H L H H) + P(L H H H)

+ P(H H L H)
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
= + +
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
2

3
3
3
3
8
=
27

1
5. (a) 1200 = 600
2
2
1
(b) 1200 = 400
3
2
Alternative
Let x be the number of Indian.
2x + x = 600
3x = 600
x = 200

1
9. P(3) =
5
4
P(other numbers) = 5
5
4
=
25

Number of Chinese = 2 200

= 400
2+5
6. (a) P(Y R) =
10
7
=
10

(a) P(3 6) + P(4 5) + P(5 4) + P(6 3)

1
4
4
4
4
4
= + + +
5
25
25
25
25
25
1
4

5
25
72
=
625

(b) P(GGG) + P(RRR)

1
3
2
4
3
5
= +
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
=
120



(b) P(at least one old number)

= 1 P(even number even number)
4
4
= 1 3 3
25
25
481
=
625

(c) P(No green ball)

= P(G G G)
5
6
7
=
8
9
10
7
=
24

7. (a) P(W W) + P(B B) + P(R R)

1
2
2
3
4
5
= + +
9
10
9
10
9
10
14
=
45

75

100
1

Wake up
late

Not late
in waking
up

25

100
1

60

100
Drive to
office
Other
means

40

100

Late to
office
Not late
to office

Take a bus
to office

2
1
2
25
1
(a) + = +
3
12
3
100
3
3
=
4
1
75
60
3
(b) =
3
100
100
20

2
8. P(Hashim wins) =
3
1
P(Lee wins) =
3
(a) P(H H H) + P(L L L)
2
1
2
1
2
1
= +
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
8
= +
27
27
1
=
3



10.

(b) P(R R) + P(R R)

2
8
8
2
= +
9
10
10
10
76
=
225



11. Multiple of 3 = {3, 6}

Not multiple of 3 = {1, 2, 4, 5}

x white marbles
10 x non-white marbles

y white marbles
10 y non-white marbles

Bag A

Bag B

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 18

Substitute x = 15 2y into ,
15 2y + y
15 2y + y 1
18
=
95
20
19
18
(15 y)(14 y) = 20 19
95
210 15y 14y + y2 = 72
y2 29y + 138 = 0
(y 6)(y 23) = 0
y = 6, 23
Since y 10.
therefore, y = 6 is taken.

1
P(getting white marble) =
2
y
1
2
x
4
+ =
2
6
10
6
10
y
1
x
+ =
2
15
30
x + 2y = 15
x = 15 2y ................



x+y

x+y1

18
 = .......................


20 

19
95

Substitute y = 6 into ,
x = 15 2(6)
=3
Hence, x = 3, y = 6

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