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1 8 Subsets of Real Numbers

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557 views

1 8 Subsets of Real Numbers

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api-233527181
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

8: SUBSETS OF REAL NUMBERS


Objectives: Perform operations with sets. Associate numbers with subsets of the real numbers. Factor whole numbers into the product of prime factors. Reduce fractions to lowest terms.

Things to consider and remember: A set is a collection of objects. The objects are called elements or members of the set. Set braces, { }, are used to enclose the elements. Sets are denoted by capital letters. Elements of sets are denoted by lowercase letters. If we can count the number of elements in a set such as {1,2,3}, it is a finite set. If we consider the counting numbers {1,2,3,}, it is an infinite set. The symbol is used to show that an element is contained in a set. Ex. If A is the set {1,2,3},

Definitions:
Set A is a subset of set B, written A B, if every element in A is also an element of B. That is: A B if and only if A is contained in B

The set with no members is called the empty set, or null set. It is denoted by the symbol . The empty set is considered a subset of every set.

Operations with Sets


Definition: The union of two sets A and B, written A B, is the set of all elements that are either in A or in B, or in both A and B. The key word here is or. For an element to be in A B it must be in A or in B. In symbols, the definition looks like this:

xA B

if and only if

x A or x

Operations with Sets


Definition: The intersection of two sets A and B, written written A B, is the set of elements in both A and B. B. The key word in this definition is the word word and. For an element to be in A B it must be in both A and B, or

xA B

if and only if

x A and x

Example: Problem Set 1.8 (p. 64) Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, and C = {1, 3, 5, 7}. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 1.) A B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} 2.) A C = {2, 4} 3.) A B = {0, 2} 9.) {x |x A and x < 4} = {0, 6} 11.) {x |x A and x B}=

Sets of Numbers

Natural numbers or counting numbers


Whole numbers Integers Rational numbers Irrational numbers Real numbers

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, }
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, } {, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }

p q

| p and q are integers, q 0

line

x | x is any real number tha t is not rational x | x is represented by a point on a number

Rational Numbers ( Q )
can be expressed as an Integer divided by an integer; either terminating or repeating in decimal form.
1 77 , , 14.39, 232323 ... 3 2

Irrational Numbers ( I )
neither repeat nor terminate; cannot be expressed as an integer divided by an integer.

3,

2 , , 0.3030030003 ...

Example: Problem Set 1.8 (p. 64) Identify the following statements as either true or false.
27.) Every whole number is also an integer True 29.) A number can be both rational and irrational. False

False 31.) Some whole numbers are also negative integers.


True 33.) All integers are also rational numbers.

What numbers are prime?


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
A prime number cannot be divided by anything other than 1 and itself.

The Prime Numbers


2 11 31 41 61 43 3 13 23 37 47 5 7 17 19 29

53
67

59 79
89 97

71

73
83

After taking out numbers that have a composite factor of 2, 3, 5, and 7.

Prime Factorization A way to write a composite number as the product of its prime factors.

Factor a number that is multiplied by another to give a product.

7 x 8 = 56
factors

product

Prime Factorization A way to write a composite number as the product of its prime factors.

2 x 2 x 3 = 12
or

2 x 3 = 12

Example: Problem Set 1.8 (p. 64)


Factor the following into the product of primes. When the number has been factored completely, write its prime factors from smallest to largest.

1212 = 223223 = 24 32
41.) 144 = 577 = 5711 49.) 385 =
Reduce each fraction to lowest terms by first factoring the numerator and denominator into the product of prime factors and then dividing 3557 out any factors = 5 they have in common.

59.) 525 = 35 77 7 735 5 43 = 5 67.) 215 = 22 243 8 344

Example: Problem Set 1.8 (p. 64)


81.) Factor 63 into product of prime factors by first factoring 6 and then raising each of its factors to the third power. 3 3

6 6 6 = (2 3) (2 3) (2 3) = 2 3

86.) Simplify the expressions 5 4 + 5 9 + 5 3, and then factor the (5 4) + (5 9) + (5 3) = 20 + 45 + 15 result into the product of primes. 4

= 80 =2 5

Problem Set 1.8 (pp.64-66)


Individual Practice: Homework Multiples of 4 Questions Nos. 4, 8, 12,88

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