CHAPTER ONE

PREHISTORIC ART IN EUROPE

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Multiple Choice
1. Chauvet Cave is located in __________. A. Newgrange, Ireland B. Altamira, Spain C. southern France D. Dordogne, France Answer: C Page reference: 9 Learn About It 1.2 2. Homo sapiens appeared on the earth __________ years ago. A. 300,000 B. 400,000 C. 100,000 D. 50,000 Answer: B Page reference: 2 3. The word Neolithic means __________. A. new stone B. new age C. hard rock D. new history Answer: A Page reference: 2 4. Archaeologists link the emergence of image making to the arrival of __________. A. Homo sapiens B. Paleo sapiens C. Homo sapiens sapiens D. Neo sapiens Answer: C Page reference: 2 See Learn About It 1.1

5. Representational images began appearing in Australia, Africa, and Europe beginning approximately __________ years ago. A. 100,000 B. 40,000 C. 25,000 D. 10,000 Answer: B Page reference: 2 See Learn About It 1.1 6. _________ evidence shows that modern humans moved from Africa, across Asia, into Europe, and finally to Australia and the Americas between 100,000 and 35,000 years ago. A. Geological B. Architectural C. Archeological D. Written Answer: C Page reference: 2 7. The evolutionary origin of art can be traced to the development of humans to _________. A. use tools B. think symbolically C. better control their environment D. communicate verbally Answer: B Page reference: 3-4 See Learn About It 1.1

8. Prehistoric people often coated their floors with powdered __________. A. ash B. bones C. clay D. ocher Answer: D Page reference: 5 9. As long ago as __________ BCE, figurines of people and animals appeared. A. 50,000 B. 30,000 C. 25,000 D. 10,000 Answer: B Page reference: 5

See Learn About It 1.1 10. The Lion-Human sculpture from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany is made of __________. A. cast clay B. molded bronze C. mammoth ivory D. porcelain clay Answer: C Page reference: 5 See Learn About It 1.5 11. The Woman from Brassempouy captures the true essence of a head, also called the __________ __________. A. memory image B. abstracted mind C. soul image D. mind image Answer: A Page reference: 8 12. The earliest known prehistoric cave painting site was discovered in 1994 and is called __________. A. Altamira B. Chauvet C. Pech-Merle D. Lascaux Answer: B Page reference: 9 See Learn About It 1.2 13. Small-scale female sculptures from the Upper Paleolithic period were once called __________figures, which implied a religious association, although this has not yet been proven. A. Aphrodite B. Venus C. Eve D. Goddess Answer: B Page reference: 6 See Learn About It 1.4 14. Prehistoric cave paintings were first discovered in Spain in the________________. A. 20th century B. 19th century C. Middle Ages

D. Roman Empire Answer: B Page reference: 8 See Learn About It 1.2 15. Most Neolithic architecture in Germany and central Europe consisted of wood posts supporting a central beam or __________. A. supporting rail B. ridgepole. C. major post D. common beam Answer: B Page reference: 16 16. Walls of woven branches that were covered with mud or clay, or ______ and______ was a common building technique used in central Europe during the Neolithic period. A. mottle; pole B. hard; fast C. head; daub. D. wattle; daub. Answer: D Page reference: 17 17. Rows of trapezoidal buildings with burial sites beneath and between individual structures characterize the architectural remains at_____________. A. Lepenski Vir B. atalhyk C. Skara Brae D. Sesklo Answer: A Page reference: 13 18. The simplest form of construction used to span space is __________-and__________. A. post; lintel B. post; beam C. brace; cannon D. lintel; strut Answer: A Page reference: 16 19. Current scholarship suggests that the early houses at atalhyk functioned as ____________. A. shrines B. temples C. production centers for tools and pottery

D. historical markers Answer: D Page reference: 14 See Learn About It 1.3 20. The word megalithic means __________. A. middle stone B. new rock C. old stone D. large stone Answer: D Page reference: 17 21. Stonehenge was created in __________ phases of construction and activity, starting in 3000 BCE during the Neolithic Period and stretching over a millennium and a half into the Bronze Age. A. eight B. two C. ten D. four Answer: A Page reference: 19 See Learn About It 1.3 22. Scholars see the transport of bluestones to Stonehenge from more than 150 miles away as a sign of ________________. A. the lack of local stone B. evidence of engineering technology C. connections to an ancestral homeland D. ritual significance of materials Answer: C Page reference: 19 See Learn About It 1.3 23. Stonehenge was built in __________-and-__________ construction. A. post; lintel B. corbel; cantilever C. lintel; beam D. post; corbel Answer: A Page reference: 19 See Learn About It 1.3 24. The lintels of Stonehenge are secured by __________-and-__________ joints. A. post; lintel B. anchor; beam

C. mortise; tenon D. link; stem Answer: C Page reference: 19 25. (replace 24) Stonehenge was created A. as a place for Celtic druids to perform rituals B. a site of ceremonies linked to death and burial C. by the magician Merlin in the time of King Arthur D. as an observatory of the sun and moon Answer: B Page reference: 19 See Learn About It 1.3 26. In approximately __________ BCE, prehistoric humans began firing clay in the form of vessels. A. 15,000 B. 12,000 C. 7000 D. 2500 Answer: B Page reference: 20 See Learn About It 1.5 27. The age of metal made its European debut about __________ BCE. A. 10,000 B. 7000 C. 4000 D. 3000 Answer: D Page reference: 22 See Learn About It 1.5

28. Bronze is an alloy of __________ and __________. A. pewter; tin B. gold; silver C. tin; copper D. silver; copper Answer: C Page reference: 22 29. Neolithic ceramic figurines probably functioned as __________________. A. fertility objects B. dolls C. portraits

D. all of the above Answer: D Page reference: 21 See Learn About It 1.4

30. The potters wheel developed in approximately 4000 BCE in __________________. A. Japan B. China C. Egypt D. India Answer: C Page reference: 22 See Learn About It 1.5 31. The term ______________includes all of human existence prior to the emergence of writing. A. prehistory B. paleo-scripto C. non-scribe D. proto-Celtic Answer: A Page reference: 1 32. The earliest use of metal objects was as _________________. A. tools B. ornamentation C. money D. weapons Answer: B Page Reference: 22 See Learn About It 1.51 33. Prehistory includes all of human existence prior to the development of ___________. A. man-made structures used for living B. written records C. metal tools D. painted and carved images Answer: B Page reference: 1 34. Much of what we know about prehistoric people is based on the ______________found in archeological sites. A. artifacts B. art

C. fossils D. all of the above Answer: D Page reference: 1 35. Prehistoric humans included ____________along with images of animals in cave paintings. A. maps B. handprints C. landscapes D. portraits Answer: B Page reference: 1 See Learn About It 1.1 36. Modern humans first appeared in ____________. A. Africa B. Asia C. the Americas D. Europe Answer: A Page reference: 2 37. The worlds earliest pieces of art come from South Africa and were probably used as__________. A. decoration B. devotional objects C. symbols of social status D. crayons Answer: D Page reference: 4 See Learn About It 1.1 38. Which feature has been found in Paleolithic architecture? A. a stone hearth B. painted walls C. arched doorways D. all of the above Answer: A Page reference: 4-5 See Learn About It 1.3 39. Which of the following is an example of a relief sculpture? A. Lion-Human from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany (Fig. 1-6) B. Woman from Willendorf, Austria(Fig. 1-7) C. Bison from Le Tuc dAudoubert, France (Fig. 1-14)

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D. Figures of a Woman and a Man from Cernavoda, Romania (p. 24) Answer: C Page reference: 5, 12 40. The earliest known cave paintings date to approximately ____________BCE. A. 10,000 B. 15,000 C. 20,000 D. 30,000 Answer: D Page reference: 9 41. Handprints at the cave at Pech-Merle were probably created using what technique? A. incising lines with a sharp stick B. spraying paint onto the cave wall C. painting the image with a brush D. drawing with an ochre crayon Answer: B Page reference: 10 See Learn About It 1.2 42. The animals at Lascaux are painted in a system known as _____________,which shows horns, eyes, and hoofs from the front, while heads and bodies are rendered in profile. A. composite pose B. dual perspective C. combined imaging D. primitive positioning Answer: A Page reference: 9 See Learn About It 1.2 43. The artists of Altamira used the ____________ in the cave walls and ceilings to show the form of the animal. A. open spaces B. irregularities C. flat areas D. all of the above Answer: B Page reference: 11 See Learn About It 1.2 44. Which of the following was NOT an effect of the end of the last ice age? A. agricultural development B. the use of art in ritual C. established social communities

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D. domestication of horses Answer: B Page reference: 13 45. A recent theory posits that the small-scale human figures common in the Paleolithic period may have been sculpted by _______________. A. children B. pregnant women C. professional artists D. priests Answer: B Page reference: 7 46. Figures such as the Woman of Willendorf may have functioned to communicate ____________among differing groups of Paleolithic peoples. A. power and superiority B. economic prosperity C. a common religious practice D. shared values and friendliness Answer: D. Page reference: 7 See Learn About It 1.4 47. Archeologists now believe that the confusing combination of architecture, unusual art, multiple burials, and an undomesticated economy at Lepenski Vir indicates ________________. A. an emphasis on historical continuity of the people B. a temporary habitation used for special rites and activities C. a people focused on military concerns D. a settlement built over an older Paleolithic site Answer: B Page reference: 13-16 48. Which historical site challenges previous interpretations that the Neolithic worldview focused on representations of the female body, human fertility, and cults of the Mother Goddess? A. Lepenski Vir A. atalhyk B. Sesklo C. Newgrange Answer: B Page reference: 15 49. In approximately 4000 BCE, Neolithic settlers began to build communities ___________. A. with corbeling

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B. on defensible sites C. connected by a network of roads D. all of the above Answer: B Page reference: 17 50. Megalithic tomb architecture reflects _________________in Neolithic communities. A. the concept of an afterlife B. the accumulation of material goods C. a stratified class system D. the importance of ritual performance Answer: D Page reference: 17 See Learn About It 1.3 51. Which Neolithic site is an example of a passage grave? A. Stonehenge B. Newgrange C. Durrington Walls D. Cernavoda Answer: B Page reference: 17 52. Which of the following is NOT a type of ceramics? A. Porcelain B. Earthenware C. Kiln D. Stoneware Answer: C Page reference: 22 53. More than 40,000 examples of ______________produced during the Bronze Age have been found at sites in the northern Swedish region of Bohusln. A. metal helmets B. rock art C. jewelry D. cave paintings Answer: B Page reference: 23 54. Which materials properties make it best suited for weapons and tools? A. Bronze B. Copper C. Stone D. Ceramics Answer: A

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Page reference: 23 See Learn About It 1.5

Fill in the Blank

55. The word Paleolithic means __________. Answer: old stone Page reference: 2 56. Historians use the term BCE to mean __________. Answer: Before the Common Era Page reference: 2 57. The Woman from Willendorf was created from __________. Answer: limestone Page reference: 6 58. Prehistoric cave painting was an unknown art form until the 1879 discovery of a cave in __________ in northern Spain. Answer: Altamira Page reference: 8 See Learn About It 1.2 59. The cave of Lascaux is in the country of __________. Answer: France Page reference: 9 See Learn About It 1.2 60. The Sculpted Bison at Le Tuc Audoubert, France are created in __________ relief. Answer: high Page reference: 12 61. Current scholarship suggests that early stone tools functioned socially as ______________. Answer: status symbols Page reference: 3 62. The transitional period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods is sometimes called the __________ period. Answer: Mesolithic Page reference: 2 63. The period that followed the debut of metalworking is generally known as the __________ Age. Answer: Bronze Page reference: 22

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Short Answer
64. What formal artistic devices did the artists of the Chauvet cave in Southern France use to convey images of horses, mammoths, aurochs, and other animals? See Learn About It 1.4 65. Why does the date for the transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic vary? 66. What constituted the distinction between the Lower, Middle, and Upper Paleolithic phases? 67. How does the author make the distinction between shelter and architecture? 68. Why is the Lion-Human sculpture remarkable for the Paleolithic period? 69. Why was the Woman from Willendorf represented as full figured? 70. How does the Woman from Willendorf differ from the Woman from Doln Vestonice? 71. Why do scholars believe female figures such as the Woman from Willendorf were so common in prehistoric time? 72. Why was the cave of Lascaux closed to the public? 73. How do some of the animals in Lascaux show twisted perspective? 74. How did the artists of Lascaux fuel the lamps that they used to see within the deep recesses of the cave? 75. Why might the shaman be pictured as a stick figure in the Lascaux scene of the shaman and bison? See Learn About It 1.4 76. What three things determined the onset of a Neolithic culture? 77. How did the artist of the Sculpted Bison at Le Tuc Audoubert, France make the animals look life-like? 78. How does the Lamp with Ibex design show prehistoric mans ability to create objects that were both functional and still aesthetically pleasing? 79. What new hunting technologies emerged in the Neolithic period? 80. How did climatic change affect Neolithic people?

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81. Why did prehistoric humans only begin using pottery vessels in the period 7000 BCE?

Essay
82. How would you compare the artistic representations of the Paleolithic period to the Neolithic period? 83. What types of shelters did prehistoric humans construct and why? 84. Why might prehistoric humans have painted on cave walls? 85. What are the particular challenges and rewards of studying prehistoric art? 86. Discuss the integration of prehistoric art and architecture using specific examples. 87. Many early vessels of clay or metal were covered with decorative motifs. Why would early people have made the effort to decorate their functional objects? What drives people to go beyond the purely functional? Support your viewpoint with specific examples of early art. 88. Discuss issues of restoration and authenticity in terms of prehistoric art and artifacts. How have ideas about these issues changed over recent years?

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