CHAPTER 3

ANIMAL ARCHITECTURE

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS EXPLAIN THE FIVE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN ORGANISMS. DESCRIBE THE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN THE TYPES OF ANIMAL SYMMETRY (RADIAL, BIRADIAL, AND BILATERAL). CHARACTERIZE THE THREE MAJOR BODY PLANS (ACOELOMATE, PSEUDOCOELOMATE AND EUCOELOMATE). DIFFERENTIATE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROTOSTOMIA AND DEUTEROSTOMIA.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
3.1 New Designs for Living A. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity 1. Zoologists recognize 32 major phyla of living multicellular animals.. 2. 500 million years ago in the Cambrian, nearly 100 phyla had evolved representing nearly all major modern body plans. 3. Major body plans are the result of extensive selection and are a limiting determinant of future adaptation variants. 4. Animals share structural complexities that reflect common ancestry. The Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity A. Unicellular versus Multicellular Organisms 1. Unicellular protozoan groups are the simplest animal-like organisms. a. Within the cell, they perform all basic functions. 2. Metazoa are multicellular animals. a. Cells become specialized parts of a whole organism; these cells cannot live alone as do protozoan cells. b. Simplest metazoans show a cellular grade of organizations and are not strongly associated to perform a collective function. Division of labor is evident, so cells are concerned with reproduction, others with nutrition. Poriferians (sponges) operate at the cellular level of organization. c. More complex metazoans have a cell-tissue grade organization with cells working closely together as a unit. Cnidaira (jellyfish) demonstrate the tissue plan. The nerve net in which nerve cells function in coordination is an example of celltissue organization. d. Many tissues work together in an organ; Aggregation of tissues into organs that have a more specialized function is the tissue-organ level of organization. Platyhelminthes (flatworms) have organs as eyespots, digestive tract and reproductive organs.
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e. When organs work together to form specific functions there is an organ system. Systems are associated with basic body functions-circulation, respiration, digestion, etc. Most metazoans operate at the organ system level of organization. 3. Parenchyma are the chief functional cells of an organ; supporting tissues are named stroma. Complexity and Body Size A. Comparisons 1. More complex grades of metazoan organization permit and promote evolution of large body size. 2. Copes Law of Phyletic Increase noted that lineages began with small individuals and eventually evolved toward giant forms; it holds for nonflying vertebrates and many invertebrates. 3. Benefits of Being Large a. Larger size buffers against environmental fluctuations in temperature, etc. b. Size provides protection against predators and promotes offensive tactics. c. Cost of maintaining body temperature is less per gram of weight in large than in small animals. Extracellular Components of the Metazoan Body A. Body fluids and extracellular structural elements are noncellular components of metazoan animals. 1. In contrast to intracellular fluids, extracellular fluids are outside the cells. 2. Blood plasma and interstitial fluid (lymph) are part of the extracellular fluids in open and closed circulatory systems. 3. Architectural extracellular structural elements include loose connective tissue and bone in vertebrates, cartilage in mollusks, and cuticles in arthropods, nematodes, and annelids. Animal Body Plans A. Animal Symmetry 1. Spherical symmetry occurs when any plane divides the body into mirrored halves, as in cutting a globe in half. This symmetry occurs in protozoans and is rare in metazoans. 2. Radial symmetry occurs when any plane passing through the longitudinal axis divides the body into mirrored halves, as in cutting a pie; the Cnidaria and Ctenophora, sea urchins and some sponges are the Radiata. 3. Biradial symmetry occurs in an animal that is radial except for some paired feature that allows only two mirrored halves. Sea walnuts and comb jellies are an example. 4. In bilateral symmetry, an organism can be cut in a sagittal plane into two mirror halves; this usually provides for a head (cephalization) in bilateral animals classified in the Bilateria. Echinoderms are primarily bilateral (larvae are bilateral) they become secondarily radial as adults. B. Body Regions 1. Anterior indicates the head end; the opposite or tail end is posterior. 2. Dorsal is the back side and ventral is the front or belly side. 3. Medial is on the midline of the body; lateral is to the sides.
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4. Distal parts are far from the body; proximal parts are near. 5. A frontal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral halves. 6. A sagittal plane divides an animal into right and left halves. 7. A transverse plane (or cross section) separates anterior and posterior portions. Patterns of Cleavage 1. Cleavage patterns illustrate a fundamental dichotomyan early divergence into two separate groups of phyla: Protostomia (mouth first) and Deuterostomia (anus first). Body Cavities and Mesoderm and Coelomic Formation 1. The Coelom a. The major evolutionary innovation of Bilateria is the coelom. b. The coelom is a fluid-filled space around the gut; it provides a tube-within-atube arrangement with greater flexibility. c. A coelom provides more space for organs and surface area for exchange. d. Worms rely on the coelom for a hydrostatic skeleton to aid in burrowing. 2. Acoelomate Bilateria a. Acoelomate animals lack a body cavity surrounding the gut. b. Internal regions are filled with mesoderm and a spongy mass of parenchyma from ectodermal cells. c. Flatworms are acoelomate. 3. Pseudocoelomate Bilateria a. Nematodes and some others have a cavity around the gut but it is derived from the blastocoel of the embryo. b. It provides a tube-within-a-tube but it is not derived from mesoderm. c. Mesoderm only lines the outer edge of the blastocoel, it lacks peritoneum. 4. Eucoelomate Bilateria a. A true coelom is lined with mesodermal peritoneum. Metamerism (Segmentation) 1. Metamerism is serial repetition of similar body segments. 2. Each segment is a metamere or somite. 3. True metamerism is found in Annelida, Arthropoda and Chordata; other groups show a superficial segmentation. Cephalization 1. Differentiation of the head, or cephalization, is mainly found in bilaterally symmetrical animals. 2. Concentrating the sense organs at the head, as well as the mouth, is efficient for sensing and responding to the environment and food.

CHAPTER 3: ANIMAL ARCHITECTURE VOCABULARY ____Metazoa____ ____metamerism____ ____parenchyma____ ____stroma____ ____spherical symmetry____ ____radial symmetry_____ ____bilateral symmetry____ ____anterior____ ____posterior____ ____dorsal ____ ____ventral____ ____lateral____ ____distal____ ____sagittal plane____ ____frontal plane____ ____transverse plane____ ____cepahalization____ ____coelom____ ____Protostomia____ ____Deuterostomia____ Before looking up the terms place a symbol on the line to left side of the word: 0=no clue what the word means >=heard of the word +=understand the definition After completing the chapter assignments place the symbol on the right side of the word: