Order

SN CN Habitat FH 1 IH
st

Pseudophyllidea Diphyllobothrium latum Broad fish tapeworm Man, other mammals Cyclops, Copepods spp., Diaptomus spp. nd *2 : Fish (Cyprinidae, salmon, pike, perch, trout) Plerocercoid larva in fish Ingestion (infected fish) Oblong Golden yellow Unsegmented Operculated Immature 9-12 days maturation distinct terminal knob (abopercular knob) Almond shaped

Taenia solium Pork tapeworm Man Pig (may be surpassed)

Taenia saginata Beef tapeworm

Cattle, cow, carabao

IS

Cyticercus cellulosae

Cysticercus bovis

Cyclophyllidea Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis diminuta Dipylidium caninum Dwarf tapeworm Rat tapeworm Dog tapeworm Small intestine Man (DH or IH) Rat, Man (accidental) Dogs, Man (accidental) Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea) Ctenophalides canis & Ctenophalides canis & felis (dog & cat flea) felis (dog & cat flea) Tribolium spp. (cockroaches, beetles) *With or without IH *Pulex irritans (human flea) Embryonated ova Cysticercoid larva Cysticercoid larva Ingestion (contaminated food/water) Round to oval Thin shell Bipolar thickenings 4-8 polar filaments Ingestion (contaminated food: wheat, grains, cereals) Round Striated shell, colorless fried egg/ sunny side up appearance With polar thickenings No polar filaments Ingestion (flea/IH tissue)

Raillietina garrisoni Rat tapeworm Rat, Man (accidental) Tribolium confusum (flour beetle) Tribolium sp. Tenebrio sp. (rice & flour beetle)

Echinococcus granulosus Hydatid worm Dog, Fox, Canine spp. Sheep, Ox Man (dead end) Goat, Swine Cattle, Horse Camel Hydatid cyst Embryonated ova Ingestion (cysts in organs, egg in feces) Round, Subspherical Thick yellow brown striated shell (embryophore) Same with Taenia

MOT (source) Ova

Ingestion (infected meat) Round, Yellow-brown thick shell w/ striations *embryophore Segmented Non-operculated *no species identification

Ingestion

Enclosed in egg Spindle shaped membrane/capsule Enclosed in an outer (8-15 individual eggs elongated membrane In egg packet) Spherical inner Resembles Taenia eggs membrane (up to 8 eggs only)

Embryo Scolex

Globular Armed rostellum Double rows of 25- 30 hooks

Pyriform Very minute/no rostellum Unarmed/no hooks

Oncosphere/ hexacanth embryo w/ 3 pairs of hooklets Rhomboidal Club/knobs-haped Globular Armed rostellum Unarmed Armed rostellum 20-30 hooks Retractable rostellum 1-7 circlets of spines

Subglobular Armed rostellum 90-140 hammer- shaped alternating hooks

Globular Armed rostellum w/ double rows of 28-40 hooks

Suckers Strobila Segment/ Proglottid

2 Slit-like Bothria/ suctorial grooves Up to 3000 segments 3-10m Broader than long Central uterine pore Highly coiled/ rosette- like/ flower-like uterus

4 cuplike suckers 800-1000 5-10m Dendritic uterus 5-13 uterine branches 1000-2000 5-10m 15 or more tree- like uterine branches 96-200 25-45mm Broader than long Sac-like uterus Lateral genital pore 800-1000 60cm Rectangular Sac-like uterus Lateral genital pore

4 muscular suckers 200 60cm Melon/ cucumber/ pumpkin seed-shaped Has 2 sets of reproductive organs About 5000 60cm rice grain appearance 1 genital pore 3 proglottids only 4.5mm
*notes: Hydatid Cyst Connective Tissue (host) outer Laminar layer middle Germinal layer inner Brood capsules w/ protoscolices Hydatid sand in hydatid fluid

Geni.Pore Vitellaria

Ventral Diffuse

Lateral Compact

2 lateral genital pores

Lateral 3A-MT. 2013. MMY

PARASITOLOGY PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES CLASS CESTODA (CESTODES)

Life Cycle

Egg (feces, mature in water) Coracidium st (ingested by 1 IH) Procercoid st nd (in 1 IH, ingested by 2 ) Plerocercoid (Sparganum) nd (in 2 IH, ingested by FH)

Egg (in feces, ingested by IH) Oncosphere/ Hexacanth (in intestines of IH) Cysticercus (in muscles, ingested by man) Adult (in small intestine of man)
Cysticercosis due to larva; accidental ingestion of egg; more dangerous Neurocystecercosis (NCC) migration of larva to the brain; headache, coma Taeniasis solium due to adult; abdominal discomfort, hunger, malabsorption

Pathology

Diphyllobothriasis Sparganosis due to larva (ingestion of procercoid in cyclops) Brothriocephalus anemia (Pernicious/Megaloblast ic anemia) due to lack of Vit B12 (cyanocobalamine) Eggs/ova in stool
Stool exam DFS, KK, CT Double slide compression method flatten/stretch segment b/w 2 slides India ink stain to visualize branching uterus

Taeniasis saginata due to adult *no cysticercosis

*Direct Cycle *No direct cycle Egg directly ingested by man *Indirect cycle: Egg (in feces, ingested by IH) Oncospheres/ Hexacath (penetrate intestinal villi) Cysticercoid (in IH, ingested by man) *Autoinfection: Embryo released in intestines Hymenolepiasis Intestinal irritation (enteritis) Pruritus Diarrhea Abdominal pain Epigastric pain Intestinal Discomfort Nausea Dizziness Vomiting Anorexia Eggs/ova Stool exam Stool exam (eggs) (recovery scolex/eggs)

Gravid proglottids (intact in feces, in perianal region) Egg (released, ingested by IH) Oncosphere (penetrate IHs intestine) Cysticercoid (in IHs homocoel/body cavity, ingested by DH, break lumen of intestine) Dipylidiasis Intestinal/abdominal discomfort Epigastric pain Diarrhea Allergic reactions Appetite loss indigestion Anal puritus - caused by migrating gravid proglottids Eggs, gravid proglottids Stool exam Scotch Tape Swab Double Slide Compression India Ink Asymptomatic (man is unsuitable host)

Eggs (in feces, ingested by IH, hatches in small bowel) Oncosphere (penetrates intestinal wall, migrate through circulatory system, liver, lungs, organs) Hydatid cyst (ingested by DH)
Hydatidosis (Cystecercosis) due to larva Liver: jaundice Lung: bloody sputum, chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath Brain: epilepsy Necrosis of infected tissues, pressure buildup Anaphylactic shock, eosinophilia, allergic reactions MAY CAUSE DEATH

Dx stage Diagnosis

Eggs/ova, gravid proglottid/segment Stool exam Double slide compression method India ink Scotch Tape Swab*

Egg/ scolex Stool exam: ova Gravid segment

Hydatid cysts Biopsy of Hydatid cyst X-Ray, MRI, Ultrasound, CT scan Serologic: Casoni Test, ELISA, Western Blot, Indirect hemagglutination
Surgical Removal of cysts (PAIR) Mebendazole, Albendazole, Praziquantel, Hibitane

Rx

Niclosamide & Praziquantel

Niclosamide, Praziquantel, Bithionol

Notes

Taenia saginata asiatica common in Phils. *accessory ovary smaller, not yet gravid = bladder cyst

Smallest tapeworm of man Previously Vampirolepis nana

Other CN: Double pored tapeworm Pumpkin seed tapeworm

Other name: Raillietina madagascariensis

Usually in toddlers because of pets

Smallest tapeworm Related to E. multilocularis, E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus Puncture (w/ fine needle) Aspirate (hydatid fluid) Inject (protoscolicidal) Reaspirate
No local transmission (?)

PARASITOLOGY PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES CLASS CESTODA (CESTODES)

3A-MT. 2013. MMY

PARASITOLOGY PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES CLASS CESTODA (CESTODES)

3A-MT. 2013. MMY