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Linear Elastic Solids: RD - Mech@yahoo - Co.in Ramadas Chennamsetti

Deals with linear constitutive relations. Generalised Hooke's in 3D was derived and simplified to apply it to two dimensional problems. Stresses due to thermal strains was also discussed

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151 views23 pages

Linear Elastic Solids: RD - Mech@yahoo - Co.in Ramadas Chennamsetti

Deals with linear constitutive relations. Generalised Hooke's in 3D was derived and simplified to apply it to two dimensional problems. Stresses due to thermal strains was also discussed

Uploaded by

rd_mech
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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[email protected].

in
Ramadas Chennamsetti
Linear Elastic Solids
Introduction
Stress => load => Newtons second law
kinetics force / traction / moment
Strain => deformation => geometry
kinematics displacement / rotation
Relation between stress & strain constitutive
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2
Relation between stress & strain constitutive
relations material properties
Various constitutive laws linear elastic, non-
linear elastic, elastic-plastic, power law
Ramberg-Oswgood
Linear elastic Hookean materials
Linear Non-linear Material
Linear and non-linear elastic behavior
Linear elastic behavior

Non-linear elastic behavior


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3

P
In-elastic behavior
E
Slope constant in elastic region

In-elastic behavior
Slope changes in elastic region
Linear Non-linear Material
Un-loading beyond yield point
OYA => Loading
Y Yield point
AB unloading
Yield point

Y
A
Y
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4
AB unloading
Permanent deformation -
loaded beyond yield point
OB => Plastic strain -
p
BC => Elastic strain -
e
Elastic strain recoverable
Total strain, =
p
+
e
Plastic strain
E
o
B C

Elastic strain
Generalized Hookes law
Unknowns in stress analysis six stress
components, six strain components and
three displacements => fifteen unknowns
Known equations three stress equilibrium
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Known equations three stress equilibrium
equations, six strain-displacement relations
=> nine equations
Six more relations required for complete
solution
Constitutive equations - = ()
Isotropic material
Same properties in all directions independent of
orientation

(
(
(
(

yy
xx
yy
xx
C
C C
C C C

12 11
12 12 11
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
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6

(
(
(
(
(
(

xy
zx
yz
zz
xy
zx
yz
zz
C
C Symm
C
C

44
44
44
11
0
0 0
0 0 0
C
44
= (C
11
-C
12
)
Number of non-zero coefficients => 12
Number of independent coefficients => 2
Isotropic material
Poisson ratio
Definition => = lateral strain / longitudinal strain
xx
zz
xx
yy

= =
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7
P
x
y

xx

yy
w
w
b
b
l
l
zz yy xx
zz yy
xx xx



= = =
=
, ,
If material is constrained in lateral direction more
load is required to get same strain in longitudinal
direction in-plane & out of plane behavior coupled
Isotropic material
Normal stresses & strains

zz
z
E E E
E E E
zz
yy
xx
yy
zz
yy
xx
xx

+ =
=
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xx

yy
x
y
E E E
zz
yy
xx
zz

+ =
No shear is induced by normal stresses
E Youngs modulus
- Poisson ratio
Isotropic material
Shear stresses & strains
B
B

xy
Linear shear strain = BB/AB
Tan = BB/AB
For small angles
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9
x
y
A
For small angles
infinitesimal strains
=> Tan =
xy
Linear elastic isotropic material Hookes law
G G G
zx
zx
yz
yz
xy
xy

= = = , , G Shear modulus
No Poissons effect in shear
Isotropic material
All six constitutive relations in indices notation
ij kk ij ij
E E


+
=
1
Inverting this equation
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10
( )( ) ( )


+
= =
+
=
+ =
1 2
,
1 2 1
Where,
2
E
G
E
ij ij kk ij
and => Lames constants
Isotropic material
Decomposition
( )
3
1
3
1
'
'


=
=
ij kk ij ij
ij kk ij
ij
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11
( ) ( )
2 , 2 , 2
2
3
1
2
2 3
3
1
2
'
33
'
33
'
22
' '
11
'
' '
'
22 11



= = =
=
|

\
|
=
+ + =
ij ij kk ij
ij kk ij ij kk
ij
ij
Deviatoric stresses are like shear stresses change in shape distortion
Constraints on elastic constants
General observation tensile stress =>
tensile strain, compressive stress =>
compressive strain, +ve shear stress => +ve
shear strain
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Youngs and shear modulus => +ve values
Finite values of stresses give finite values
of strains => moduli are finite
E = 2G (1+) Since E and G finite
and +ve => > -1
Constraints on elastic constants
Isotropic body subjected to finite hydrostatic
pressure => finite volume decreases
|

\
|
=
V
V d
K dp
K => finite and +ve
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13
\
V
E = 3K(1-2)
Both E and K +ve and finite
1>2 => <
-1< < 0.5
Thermo elasticity
Structures subjected to high or low
temperatures
Temperature rise or fall size of body
increases or decreases unconstrained
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14
T L L =
L, E, A, , T
L
T
L
L
T
=

=
Thermal strain =
Thermal strain depends on coefficient of thermal
expansion and temperature rise
Thermo elasticity
If the body is constrained no free
expansion takes place
Initial length => L + L T
Final length => L
Change in length = Final initial
L = L (L + L T) = - L T
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15
L, E, A, , T
L
=
+
L
F
L = L (L + L T) = - L T
Strain, = L /(L + L T)
= - L T/(L + L T)
L >> L T
= - L T/L = - = - T
Compressive strain
Stress = E * Strain
Linear elastic material Hookes
law
Thermo elasticity
Body subjected to external load and
temperature change not constrained
L, E, A, , T
L
T
F
L
M
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16
T M t
+ =

t
= Total strain

M
= Mechanical strain

T
= Thermal strain
Linear elastic materials Hookes law
holds good
Mechanical strain is related to stress
E
E
M M

= => =
Thermal strain,
L, E, A, , T
L
T

T
= T
Thermo elasticity
Total strain in 1D case
( ) T E T
E
T
E
t t
T M t
= => =
+ = + =



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In 3D writing in indices form
( ) T E T
E
t t
= => =
T
ij
T
ij
T
ij
M
ij ij
=
+ =


If the material is isotropic,
ij
is same
in all direction & doesnt induce any
shear stresses
Only normal strains get modified
ij
T
ij
T =
Thermo elasticity
Isotropic materials no shear strains when
there is a change in temperature
y
y
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18
x O
x O
No change in angle between two orthogonal lines
ox oy before and after heating => No shear is induced due to T
2D Thermo elasticity
Linear elastic materials superposition
holds good
T

yy

xy

yy

xy
T
= + +
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19
T

xx

xx
T
= + +
Total strain = strain due to normal stress + strain due to shear stress +
strain due to temperature rise
=
N
+
S
+
T
2D Thermo elasticity
Plane stress
( )
yy xx yy xx yy
yy xx yy xx xx
T
E E
T
E E
T
E E
T
E E


+ + = + + + =
+ = + + =

1
0
1

1
0
1
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20
( )
xy
xy
xy
E G
E E E E

+
= + + + =
1 2
0 0 0
Write in matrix form
( )

)

(
(
(
(
(
(

0
1
1

1 2
0 0
0
1
0
1
T
E
E E
E E
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx

2D Thermo elasticity
Strains
( ) 1 2
0
1
0
1
0
1
1

(
(
(
(
(
(

E E
E E
T
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
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21
( )
{ } { } ( ) [ ]{ } matrix complaince [S] ;
1 2
0 0
0
=> =

(
(

S
E
T
xy xy
{ } [ ] { } { } ( ) [ ] { } { } ( )
T T
C S = =
1
Thermo elastic plane strain
Plane strain

z
= 0,
yz
= 0,
xz
= 0
( )
( ) + + + =
+ + =

1

1
T
E E
T
E E
yy zz xx yy
zz yy xx xx


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22
( ) ( )
( )

(
(
(

\
|
+
=

+
=
+ = => + + = =
0
1
1

2 0 0
0 1
0 1
1
1 2
1
0
T
E
E
E E
E E
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
xy xy
yy xx zz zz yy xx zz

Thermo elastic plane strain


( )

(
(
(

\
|
+
=

0
1
1
1
2 0 0
0 1
0 1
1

T
E
xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
{ } [ ]{ } { } [ ]{ } { } { } S S = => + =
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23
{ } [ ]{ } { } [ ]{ } { } { }
{ } [ ] { } { } ( )
[ ]{ } { } { } ( )
T
T
T T
C
S
S S



=
=
= => + =
1
( )( )
( )
( )

+
+
(
(
(
(

+
=

xy
yy
xx
xy
yy
xx
T
T
E

1
1
2
2 1
0 0
0 1
0 1
2 1 1

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