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Hardness Brittleness Ductility Castability Formability Weldability Machinability

This document discusses the properties and uses of various types of iron, steel, and cast iron. It provides information on how the carbon content affects properties like hardness, brittleness, ductility. It also summarizes the characteristics and applications of gray cast iron, white cast iron, malleable cast iron, ductile cast iron and alloy cast iron. Furthermore, it covers the basics of heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering and how they influence the microstructure and properties of metals.

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Deepak Logeson
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55 views

Hardness Brittleness Ductility Castability Formability Weldability Machinability

This document discusses the properties and uses of various types of iron, steel, and cast iron. It provides information on how the carbon content affects properties like hardness, brittleness, ductility. It also summarizes the characteristics and applications of gray cast iron, white cast iron, malleable cast iron, ductile cast iron and alloy cast iron. Furthermore, it covers the basics of heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering and how they influence the microstructure and properties of metals.

Uploaded by

Deepak Logeson
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CAST IRON /STEEL (ALLOY OF Fe & C) If C%

Hardness Brittleness Ductility Castability Formability Weldability Machinability

Increases Decreases

PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON High Compressive strength . High Damping capacity . ( generally with Gray C.I from which lathe bed are made .) High Casting capability. High Machinability .( even it is hard and brittle ) , so its exception . Poor Weldability because of high % of carbon . Poor Formability .

IRON
STEEL
.008% to 2% Carbon
CAST IRON 2% to 6.67% C

PLAIN STEEL

ALLOY STEEL

Low Carbon Steel Upto .35% C Parts , Components

Medium Carbon Steel

High Carbon Steel

Stainless Steel 18 : 8 Cr : Ni Syringes,knifes,

HIGH Speed Steel


TUNGSTEN BASED

.35% to .83% C

.83% to 2% C

MOLEYBEDNUM BASED

Screw drivers, Knife, Shafts, Chiesels

Cutting tools,Single point , Chiesel, Dril bits, Hacksaw Blade

Shaving Blades. (Diificult to machine , difficult to weld ) . More tougher and harder.

W : Cr : V 18 : 4 : 1

10 % TO 12% Moleybednum

Cutting tool materials

Used in industries nowdays, Cheaper

TUNGSTEN ( W)

Has Hot hardness Property


( improved hardness even at high temperatures)

TUNGSTEN based H.S.S W : Cr : V (18 : 4 : 1)

CHROMIUM (Cr)

Improves Corrosion Resistance as well as Strength of material.

VANADIUM (V)

Improves Impact Strength , Fatigue Strength of the Material

IRON

STEEL
.008% to 2% Carbon

CAST IRON
2% to 6.67% C

Through Hardening (Quenching)

Through Annealing

GRAY C.I (soft)

WHITE C.I(hard)

MALLEABLE C.I

DUCTILE C.I (spheroidical


C.I)

ALLOY C.I

1. Self Lubricating Property. 2. when cut , Gray colour appears on cutting portion. 3. Carbon content is in the form of Graphite 4.In Lathe Stock , where tailstock move ( sideways) , made up of Gray C.I

1.mostly water quenching. (rapid cooling in water) 2.Railway Tracks, Railway wheels.

1. As compared to other C.I , Malleable C.I has more malleability

1.By small addition of magnesium or cerium . 2.Has more fluidity and castibility. 3.In general it is used for intricated castings as well as big sized castings due to excellent casting property.

1. By small addition of alloying elements like Nickel , Chromium , Moleybednu m, Vanadium.

NICKEL

Improves machinability and corrosion resistance .

CHROMIUM

Improves corrosion resistance and prevents formation of graphite .

ALLOY C.I
MOLEYBEDNUM
Improves strength and wear reasistance property , but decrease the machinability. Improves carbide formation and this improves the impact strength and hardness .

VANADIUM

ANNEALING (furnace cooling)

1.For softening , improving the ductility of metals through very slow cooling in furnace . 2.internal stresses can be relieved.

3.Remove surface defects.

NORMALIZING (air cooling)

1.Similar to annealing, but cooling rate is higher than annealing.


2.So, softness is less compared to annealing. 1.Rapid cooling in the form of water quenching or oil quenching . 2. More internal stresses produced . 3.Surface cracks produced . 1. Always done after hardening process to remove internal stresses and surface defects

HEATING ABOVE CRITICAL TEMPERATURES.

HARDENING

HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES

(rapid cooling)or (Quenching)

TEMPERING

2.Improves toughness
3. But loss in surface hardness occurs .

ALWAYS DONE BELOW LOWER CRITICAL TEMPERATURE. (Heat around 200 deg - 300 deg celsius , maintain temp. for long period of time and furnace cooling is done .)

CASE HARDENING

1. Used to generate outer surface hardening .

Carburizing , Nitriding , Cyaniding , Flame Hardening , Induction Hardening .

AUSTENITE (727 deg celsius)

Water Quenching
will form

Oil Quenching /cooling


will form

Air cooling
will form

Furnace cooling
will form

( Martensite Structure ) ( More hard and brittle)

( Very fine Pearlite )

( Fine Pearlite )

( Coarse Pearlite )

Lower critical temp.


( after this phase change , properties change occurs) upper critical temp.

Critical temp.

Temperatures

( after this no change occurs) It is approxi. equal to 40% of melting point of the metal , but it depend upon prior working of the metal

Working on metal below rec. temp. is called Cold Working and above this temp. is called hot working processes.

Recrystallization temp.

1539

BCC
1403

delta -Iron

TEMP

FCC
908 768

Non-magnetic

gamma - Iron

BCC

magnetic

alpha - Iron

IRON

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