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Apoptosis Usmle

The document summarizes several biological pathways and processes: 1) The intrinsic apoptosis pathway involves mitochondria releasing cytochrome C which activates caspase-9 and executioner caspases, leading to apoptosis. 2) The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is triggered by death ligands binding to receptors, activating caspase-8 and initiating caspase cascades and cell death. 3) Wound healing involves inflammation, proliferation of granulation tissue, and tissue remodeling. Growth factors such as VEGF, PDGF, FGF and TGF-β stimulate processes like angiogenesis and collagen deposition.

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213 views2 pages

Apoptosis Usmle

The document summarizes several biological pathways and processes: 1) The intrinsic apoptosis pathway involves mitochondria releasing cytochrome C which activates caspase-9 and executioner caspases, leading to apoptosis. 2) The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is triggered by death ligands binding to receptors, activating caspase-8 and initiating caspase cascades and cell death. 3) Wound healing involves inflammation, proliferation of granulation tissue, and tissue remodeling. Growth factors such as VEGF, PDGF, FGF and TGF-β stimulate processes like angiogenesis and collagen deposition.

Uploaded by

lovelyc95
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway 1)Mitochondria display Bcl-2.Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis.

2)Damage to the cell releases proapotitic Bax from it inhibits Bcl-2 and cytochrome C is released 3)The released cytochrome c binds to the protein Apaf-1 these complexes aggregate to form apoptosomes. 4)The apoptosomes bind to and activate caspase-9. Caspase-9 cleaves and activates other caspases (caspase-3 and 7). The activation of these "executioner" caspases creates an expanding cascade of proteolytic activity of structural proteins in the cytoplasm,degradation of chromosomal DNA, and Apoptosis triggered by external signals: the extrinsic or death receptor pathway 1)Fas and the TNF receptor on target cell bind to of the complementary death activator (FasL and TNF respectively) transmits a T-cells 2)signal leads to activation of caspase 8 initiates of phagocytosis of the cell.

Wound Healing a. Inflammatory response (immediate) b. Proliferative (2-3days)

i. Formation of blood clot Activation of Factor XII cascade exposed to collagen, increase vessel permeability , neutrophil migration to tissue

1)Formation of Granulation Tissue ,Proliferation of fibroblasts (spindle-shaped) fibrosis, new blood vessel (Angiogenesis),growth factors Growth factors include: A.VEGF Potent inducer of blood vessel formation & central role in growth of new blood vessels B.PDGF-Produced by activated macrophages, endothelial cells.

Causes proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells & monocytes to the site C.FGF D.Transforming Growth Factors 1)Growth inhibitor for most epithelial cells 2)stimulates fibroblast ,production of collagen 3)Has a strong anti-inflammatory effect but may enhance some immune functions 2)Cell Proliferation & Collagen Deposition 3)Wound Contraction i. Involves formation of a network of myofibroblasts ii. Healing by 1o intention: Healing of Thin Wound iii. Healing by 2o intention: Healing with Scar Formation & Contraction 1. More granulation tissue needed with greater wound contraction

C)Tissue Remodeling
1)Replacement of granulation tissue with a scar -Degradation of Collagen & other ECM proteins by Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2) Recovery of Tensile Strength 3)Type III collagen replaced by type I collagen

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