1

I-8/3, D-17/2, G-13/4

Islamabad
(0308-7894560)



Name:
Class:..
Subject: .






Notes by: M.Saqib Naveed ([email protected])
Compiled by: Wardah Zafar

2

Table of Contents
Q1:- Define reversible reaction, forward reaction, backward reaction and dynamic equilibrium? ............. 3
Q2:- Describe reversible reaction and state of equilibrium during evaporation process?........................... 3
Q3:- a). Define law of mass action. Derive its expression for the equilibrium constant. ............................ 4
b). Also describe way to write expression of K
c
and unit of K
c
?.................................................................... 4
Q4:- Define equilibrium constant.Also enlist factors effecting equilibrium constant. ................................. 5
Q5:- What are conditions required to get and maintain chemical equilibrium? .......................................... 5
Q6:- How we can recognize state of equilibrium? ........................................................................................ 6
Q7:- What is role of catalyst in reversible reaction? .................................................................................... 6
Q8:- How acid should be diluted? ................................................................................................................. 6
Q9:- Why water should not added to any acid? ........................................................................................... 6
Q10:- Describe application of equilibrium constant? ................................................................................... 6
Q11:- Give commercial application of reversible reaction and effective conditions to get maximum
yield? ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Q12:- Define Le-Chatelaines principles also write its applications? ............................................................. 8
Exercise ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Q.2: Give short answers of the following ................................................................................................. 9
Q.3: Following reaction can occur during lightning storm. For this reaction write ................................ 10
Q.4:Coal reacts with hot steam to form CO and H
2
.These substances reacts further in presence of a
catalyst to give methane and water vapour. .......................................................................................... 10
Q.5: Write equilibrium constant expression for each of following reactions. ........................................ 10
Q.6:Determine units of equilibrium constants for these reaction. ........................................................ 11
Q.7: State the ways that equilibrium can be rcognized. ........................................................................ 12
Q.8: Describe macroscopic charcteristics of equilibrium reaction. ....................................................... 12
Think Tank ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Q.9: Bromine Chloride (BrCl) decomposes to form chlorine and bromine. For this reaction write ...... 13
Q.10: K
c
expression for a reaction is given below. Write chemical equation for this reaction and derive
units of K
c
. ............................................................................................................................................... 13
Q.11: For which of the following reactions are both reactants and products likely to be found when
reaction appears to be complete. Explain .............................................................................................. 13
Q.12: Cobalt chloride forms pink crystals(CoCl
3
.6H
2
O). When they are heated water is evolved and
they turn blue(CoCl
3
). Explain how you could use cobalt chloride as a test for water. ......................... 13



3


Chemical Equilibrium
Q1:- Define reversible reaction, forward reaction, backward reaction
and dynamic equilibrium?
Ans: - Reversible reaction:- A reaction in which the products can react together to form the
original reactants. OR
The reaction which proceeds in both forward and reverse direction is called reversible reaction.
For example: - reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen. It is represented by double arrow.
Forward reaction:- The reaction in which reactants convert into products.
Reverse reaction or backward reaction:-Reaction in which products converts into reactants.
Dynamic equilibrium:- Stage during reversible reaction in which rate of forward reaction
become equal to rate of backward reaction/reverse reaction.
Q2:- Describe reversible reaction and state of equilibrium during
evaporation process?
Ans:- In a close container when liquid evaporates and converts into vapours and vapours turns
into liquid again by process of condensation, a reversible reaction occurs.
Liquid gas.
When rate of evaporation becomes equal to rate of condensation, condition exist is called
dynamic equilibrium.

4

Q3:- a). Define law of mass action. Derive its expression for the
equilibrium constant.
b). Also describe way to write expression of Kc and unit of Kc?
Ans:- This Law was proposed by C.M Guld berg and P.waage.
Definition: Rate at which a substance reacts is directly proportional to its active mass and the
rate at which reaction proceeds is directly proportional to product of active mass of reactants.
Description of active mass:Active mass means concentration of reactants and products. Its unit
is mole/dm
3
. It is expressed by square brackets [ ].
Explanation:- Consider a hypothetical reversible reaction.
aA + bB cC + dD.
According to law of mass action.
Rate of forward reaction reactant
R
f
[A]
a
[B]
b

R
f
= k
f
[A]
a
[B]
b

Rate of backward reaction product
R
r

[C]
c
[D]
d

R
r
= k
r
[C]
c
[D]
d

At equilibrium stage:-
Rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction.
R
f
= R
r

K
f
[A]
a
[B]
b
= K
r
[C]
c
[D]
d


5

K
Kr
=
|C] |]
|A] |B]

As K
c
=
K]
K

So K
c
=
|C] |D]
|A] |B]

Product concentration divided by reactant concentration.
b). (Solve and practice at your own. If you find any problem concern teacher)
Q4:- Define equilibrium constant.Also enlist factors effecting equilibrium
constant.
Ans :- It is the ratio of product concentration to the ratio of reactant concentration each raised to
power equal to the coefficient in the balanced chemical equation.
Factor that effect value of k
c
:-
a. K
c
value depends upon temperature.
b. Initial concentrations have no effect on k
c
value.
Q5:- What are conditions required to get and maintain chemical
equilibrium?
Ans:- Following conditions are required to maintain equilibrium.
1. Concentration of the reactants or products should not change during a chemical reaction.
2. Temperature of system should be constant during reaction.
3. Pressure or volume should be constant during chemical reaction.

6

Q6:- How we can recognize state of equilibrium?
Ans: - Equilibrium states can be determined by determining concentration of reactants and
products at regular intervals. When concentration of reactants and product remains constant,
reaction is at equilibrium. For this purpose physical methods or chemical methods can be used
chemical methods or titration, spectroscopy etc.
Q7:- What is role of catalyst in reversible reaction?
Ans:- Catalyst reduce the time taken to reach equilibrium but they have no effect on position of
equilibrium.
Q8:- How acid should be diluted?
Ans:- Always add acid to water when diluting it. Never add water into acid.
Q9:- Why water should not added to any acid?
Ans:- When acid is added into water, splashes of acid produce which may harm us.
Q10:- Describe application of equilibrium constant?
Ans:- Equilibrium constant( k
c
) can be used to predict many important features of a chemical
reaction.
1. Determine the equilibrium concentration of equilibrium mixture. It initial concentrations
are known.
2. It is used to predict direction of a chemical reaction.
3. It is used to predict extend of a chemical reaction.
4. It predicts the effect of change in condition of equilibrium reaction at equilibrium state.


7

Q11:- Give commercial application of reversible reaction and effective
conditions to get maximum yield?
Ans:- Ammonia and Suphuric acid production involves Reversible reactions. In order to get
maximum production in Industry following conditions are applied to get maximum yield.
Ammonia production:- Ammonia is commercially produced by Haber process.
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3

Conditions: Temperature = 450
o
C ,Pressure = 200 atm
By applying above conditions we get 98% equilibrium mixture yields of ammonia. High
pressure and cooling the equilibrium mixtures favors the production of ammonia.
In normal process we get only 33% ammonia.
Sulfuric acid preparation by contact methods:- To prepare sulphuric acid commercially SO
2

is required. SO
2
is produced by reversible reaction.
First step: Sulphur reacts with Oxygen and SO
2
is produced.
S + O
2
SO
2

Second step: SO
2
is converted into SO
3

2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3

Conditions: Temperature = 450
o
C,Pressure = 200 atm ,Catalyst: Pt or V
2
O
5

High pressure and coolingthe equilibrium mixture produce maximum yield of SO
3

3
rd
step:- SO
3
is converted into 100% sulfuric acid.

8

Q12:- Define Le-Chatelaines principles also write its applications?
Ans:- If a charge is imposed on concentration, temperature, pressure on a chemical system at
equilibrium, the system responds in a way that oppose the change.
APPLICATIONS:- Synthesis of ammonia and H
2
SO
4
involve reversible reactions, so less
quality is produced under normal conditions. By applying the principle we can produce
maximum yield of ammonia and H
2
SO
4
upto 98%.
2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3

Conditions: Temperature 450
o
C, Pressure: 200 atm , Catalyst : V
2
O
5

N
2
+ 3H
2
3NH
3

Conditions: Temperature 400
0
C, Pressure: 200 atm , Catalyst : Fe
First equilibrium is established in the presence of catalyst in minimum time and then by
increasing pressure and temperature equilibrium is shifted towards right. Such conditions tend to
increase yield of Ammonia and SO
3
to about 98%.


9

Exercise
Q.2: Give short answers of the following
I. Differentiate between forward and reverse reactions?



II. What is chemical equilibrium?



III. State the law of mass action.




IV. State conditions for equilibrium.




V. What is the importance of equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction?





10

Q.3: Following reaction can occur during lightning storm. For this reaction
write
3O
2
2O
3

a. Equilibrium constant expression



b. Determine the units of equilibrium constant




c. Forward and reverse reactions



Q.4:Coal reacts with hot steam to form CO and H2.These substances reacts
further in presence of a catalyst to give methane and water vapour.
CO + 3H
2
CH
4
+ H
2
O
a. Write forward and reverse reactions for it.


b. Derive K
c
expression for it.


c. Determine unit of K
c




Q.5: Write equilibrium constant expression for each of following reactions.
a. H
2
O H
2
+
1
2
O
2



11



b. CO + 2H
2
CH
3
OH




c. COCl
2
CO + Cl
2




d. 4HCl + O
2
2Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O

Q.6:Determine units of equilibrium constants for these reaction.
a. COCl
2
CO + Cl
2





b. H
2
+ I
2
2HI




c. 2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O




d. N
2
+ 2O
2
2NO
2


12




Q.7: State the ways that equilibrium can be rcognized.






Q.8: Describe macroscopic charcteristics of equilibrium reaction.







13

Think Tank
Q.9: Bromine Chloride (BrCl) decomposes to form chlorine and bromine. For
this reaction write
I. Chemical equation


II. K
c
expression

III. Units of K
c


Q.10: Kc expression for a reaction is given below. Write chemical equation for
this reaction and derive units of Kc.




Q.11: For which of the following reactions are both reactants and products
likely to be found when reaction appears to be complete. Explain
I. C + O
2
CO
2

II. 2HF H
2
+ F
2

Reason:

Q.12: Cobalt chloride forms pink crystals(CoCl3.6H2O). When they are heated
water is evolved and they turn blue(CoCl3). Explain how you could use cobalt
chloride as a test for water.
CoCl
3
.6H
2
O CoCl
3
+ 6H
2
O