Induction Motor

Why induction motor (IM)?

Robust; No brushes. No contacts on rotor shaft
High Power/Weight ratio compared to Dc motor
Lower Cost/Power
Easy to manufacture
Almost maintenance-free, except for bearing and
other mechanical parts
Disadvantages
Essentially a fixed-speed machine
Speed is determined by the supply frequency
To vary its speed need a variable frequency
supply
Construction
Stator
Construction
Rotor
Squirrel Cage
Construction
p
f
f
P
n
120
60 *
2
= =
s
s
n
n n
s

=
s s
sn n n rpm Slip = =
( )
1 2
120 120
sf sn
p
n n
p
f
s s
= = =
s
sn
p
sf
p
f
n = = =
1 2
2
120 120
Performance of Three-Phase Induction Motor
Example 5.1 A 3-phase, 460 V, 100 hp, 60 Hz, four-pole induction machine
delivers rated output power at a slip of 0.05. Determine the:
(a) Synchronous speed and motor speed.
(b) Speed of the rotating air gap field.
(c) Frequency of the rotor circuit.
(d) Slip rpm.
(e) Speed of the rotor field relative to the
(i) rotor structure.
(ii) Stator structure.
(iii) Stator rotating field.
(f) Rotor induced voltage at the operating speed, if the stator-to-rotor turns ratio is
1 : 0.5.
Solution :
rpm
p
f
n
s
1800
4
60 * 120
120
= = =

( ) ( ) rpm n s n
s
1710 1800 * 05 . 0 1 1 = = =
(b) 1800 (same as synchronous speed)
Equivalent Circuit of the Induction Motor

Equivalent Circuit of the Induction Motor

2 2
2
2
jsX R
sE
I
+
=
2
2
2 2
R I P =
( )
2 2
2
2
/ jX s R
E
I
+
=
( )
s
R
I s
s
R
R I P P
ag
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 =
(

+ = =
( ) s
s
R
I P
mech
= 1
2
2
2
( )
ag mech
P s P * 1 =
( )
2
1
P
s
s
P
mech

=
ag
sP R I P = =
2
2
2 2
( ) s s P P P
mech ag
= 1 : : 1 : :
2
IEEE-Recommended Equivalent Circuit
IEEE recommended equivalent circuit.
Theveninequivalent circuit
( )
1
2
1
2
1
V
X X R
X
V
m
m
th
+ +
=
( )
2
1
2
1 m
X X R If + <<
1 1
1
V K V
X X
X
V
th
m
m
th
=
+
~
( )
( )
th th
m
m
th
jX R
X X j R
jX R jX
Z + =
+ +
+
=
1 1
1 1
If , then, ( )
2
1
2
1 m
X X R + <<
1
2
1
2
1
R K R
X X
X
R
th
m
m
th
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
~
1
X X
th
~
Tests To Determine The Equivalent Circuit
No-load test
2 /
1 LL
R R =
Phase V
V
V
LL
/
3
1
=
1
1
I
V
Z
NL
=
2
1
3I
P
R
NL
NL
=
2 2
NL NL NL
R Z X =
NL m
X X X = +
1
Locked-rotor test
BL
BL
BL
I
P
R
2
1
3
=
BL
BL
fBL
BL
I
V
Z
1
1
=
( )
2 2
BL
fBL
BL
fBL
BL
R Z X =
test rotor blocked at Frequency
Frequency Rated
X X
fBL
BL BL
* =
2 1
X X X
BL
'
+ ~
NL m
X X X = +
1
1
X X X
NL m
=
Blocked-rotor equivalent circuit for improved value for
2
R
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
R
X X R
X
R
m
m
'
+
'
+
'
=
R
X
X X
R
m
m
2
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
| +
'
=
'
2
2
2
R
X X
X
R
m
m
'
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
'
~
1
R R R
BL
=
Example 4.2 A no-load test conducted on a 30 hp, 835 r/min, 440 V, 3-phase, 60 Hz
squirrel-cage induction motor yielded the following results:
No-load voltage (line-to-line): 440 V
No-load current: 14 A
No-load power: 1470 W
Resistance measured between two terminals: 0.5 O
The locked-rotor test, conducted at reduced voltage, gave the following results:
Locked-rotor voltage (line-to-line): 163 V
Locked-rotor power: 7200 W
Locked-rotor current: 60 A
Determine the equivalent circuit of the motor.
Solution:
Assuming the stator windings are connected in way, the resistance per phase is:
O = = 25 . 0 2 / 5 . 0
1
R
From the no-load test:
Phase V
V
V
LL
/ 254
3
440
3
1
= = =
O = = = 143 . 18
14
254
1
1
I
V
Z
NL
O = = = 5 . 2
14 * 3
1470
3
2 2
1
I
P
R
NL
NL
97 . 17 5 . 2 143 . 18
2 2 2 2
= = =
NL NL NL
R Z X
O = = + 97 . 17
1 NL m
X X X
O = = = 6667 . 0
60 * 3
7200
3
2
2
1
BL
BL
BL
I
P
R
From the blocked-rotor test
The blocked-rotor reactance is:
( ) O = = = 42 . 1 6667 . 0 5685 . 1
2 2 2 2
BL BL BL
R Z X
O =
'
+ ~ 42 . 1
2 1
X X X
BL
O =
'
= 71 . 0
2 1
X X
O = = = 26 . 17 71 . 0 97 . 17
1
X X X
NL m
O = = = 4167 . 0 25 . 0 6667 . 0
1
R R R
BL
O =
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
'
=
'
4517 . 0 4167 . 0 *
26 . 17
26 . 17 71 . 0
2
2
2
2
R
X
X X
R
m
m
Example 5.3 The following test results are obtained from a three-phase 60
hp, 2200 V, six-pole, 60 Hz squirrel-cage induction motor.
(1) No-load test:
Supply frequency = 60 Hz, Line voltage = 2200 V
Line current = 4.5 A, Input power = 1600 W
(2) Blocked-rotor test:
Frequency = 15 Hz, Line voltage = 270 V
Line current = 25 A, Input power = 9000 W
(3) Average DC resistance per stator phase: 2.8 O
(a) Determine the no-load rotational loss.
(b) Determine the parameters of the IEEE-recommended equivalent
circuit
(c) Determine the parameters (Vth, Rth, Xth) for the Thevenin equivalent
circuit of Fig.5.16.
Phase V V / 2 . 1270
3
2200
1
= = O = = = 27 . 282
5 . 4
2 . 1270
1
1
I
V
Z
NL
O = = = 34 . 26
5 . 4 * 3
1600
3
2 2
1
I
P
R
NL
NL
(a) No-Load equivalent Circuit (b) Locked rotor equivalent circuit
O = = = 281 34 . 26 27 . 282
2 2 2 2
NL NL NL
R Z X
O = = + 281
1 NL m
X X X
= 281.0 O .
O = = = 8 . 4
25 * 3
9000
3
2 2
1
I
P
R
BL
BL
O = = =
'
2 8 . 2 8 . 4
1 2
R R R
BL
impedance at 15 Hz is :
O = = = 24 . 6
25 * 3
270
1
1
I
V
Z
BL
The blocked-rotor reactance at 15 Hz is
( ) O = = 98 . 3 8 . 4 24 . 6
2 2
BL
X
Its value at 60 Hz is
O = = 92 . 15
15
60
* 98 . 3
BL
X
2 1
X X X
BL
'
+ ~
O = =
'
= 96 . 7
2
92 . 15
2 1
X X
at 60 Hz
O = = 04 . 273 96 . 7 281
m
X
O = = = 2 8 . 2 8 . 4
1
R R R
BL
O =
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
'
12 . 2 2
04 . 273
04 . 273 96 . 7
2
2
R
( c )
1 1
97 . 0
04 . 273 96 . 7
04 . 273
V V V
th
=
+
~
O = = ~ 63 . 2 8 . 2 * 97 . 0 97 . 0
2
1
2
R R
th
O = ~ 96 . 7
1
X X
th
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
s
R
I T
syn
mech
2
2
2
1
'
'
=
e
( ) ( )
s
R
X X s R R
V
T
th th
th
syn
mech
2
2
2
2
2
2
*
/
*
1
'
'
+ +
'
+
=
e
( ) s
s
R
I T P
mech mech mech
= = 1
2
2
2
e
60
2 n
mech
t
e =
( )
syn mech
s e e = 1
( ) s
n
syn
mech
= 1 2
60
t e
P
f
P
f
syn
1
4
60
2
*
120 t t
e = =
ag syn mech
P
s
R
I T = =
2
2
2
e
ag
syn
mech
P T
e
1
=
Where
( )
syn mech
n s n = 1
or
At low values of slip,
th th th
R
s
R
and X X
s
R
R >>
'
'
+ >>
'
+
2
2
2
s
R
V
T
th
syn
mech
* *
1
2
2
'
~
e
( ) ( )
s
R
X X s R R
V
T
th th
th
syn
mech
2
2
2
2
2
2
*
/
*
1
'
'
+ +
'
+
=
e
At larger values of slip,
2
2
X X
s
R
R
th th
'
+ <<
'
+
( )
s
R
X X
V
T
th
th
syn
mech
2
2
2
2
* *
1
'
'
+
=
e
( ) ( )
s
R
X X s R R
V
T
th th
th
syn
mech
2
2
2
2
2
2
*
/
*
1
'
'
+ +
'
+
=
e
Torque-speed profile at different voltages.
Maximum Torque
0 / = ds dT
( )
2
2
2
2
max
X X R
S
R
th th
T
'
+ + =
'
( ) ( )
s
R
X X s R R
V
T
th th
th
syn
mech
2
2
2
2
2
2
*
/
*
1
'
'
+ +
'
+
=
e
( )
2
2
2
2
max
X X R
R
S
th th
T
'
+ +
'
=
Then
( )
2
2
2
2
max
*
2
1
X X R R
V
T
th th th
th
syn
'
+ + +
=
e
Torque speed characteristics for varying
2
R
.
( )
2
2
2
2
max
*
2
1
X X R R
V
T
th th th
th
syn
'
+ + +
=
e
1
R
If is small (hence
th
R is negligibly small)
( )
2
2
2
2
max
X X R
R
S
th th
T
'
+ +
'
=
( )
2
2
2
2
max
*
2
1
X X R R
V
T
th th th
th
syn
'
+ + +
=
e
2
2
max
X X
R
s
th
T
'
+
'
~
2
2
max
*
2
1
X X
V
T
th
th
syn
'
+
=
e
Then
Then
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
max
max
*
/
/
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 max
T
th T th
th th
s
s
X X s R R
X X s R R
T
T
'
+ +
'
+
'
+ +
'
+
=
1
R
If is small (hence
th
R is negligibly small)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
max
max
*
/
/
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 max
T
th T
th
s
s
X X s R
X X s R
T
T
'
+ +
'
'
+ +
'
=
( ) ( )
( )
max
max
max
*
/ 2
/ /
2
2
2
2
2
2
max
T
T
T
s
s
s R
s R s R
T
T
'
'
+
'
=
s s
s s
T
T
T
T
* * 2
max
max
2 2
max
+
=
Efficiency
Power flow in an induction motor.
1 1 1
cos 3 u I V P
in
=
The power loss in the stator winding is:
1
2
1 1
3 R I P =
2
2
2 2
3 R I P =
in
out
P
P
= q
in ag
P P =
ag
sP P =
2
( ) s P P P
ag mecj out
= = 1
( ) s
P
P
in
out
ideal
= = 1 q
Ideal Efficiency
Example 4.4 A three-phase, 460 V, 1740 rpm, 60 Hz, four-pole
wound-rotor induction motor has the following parameters per
phase:
1
R = 0.25 O, 2 . 0
2
= ' R O, 5 . 0
2 1
= ' = X X O, 30 =
m
X O
The rotational losses are 1700 watts. With the rotor terminals
short-circuited, find
(a) (i) Starting current when started direct on full voltage.
(ii) Starting torque.
(b) (i) Full-load slip.
(ii) Full-load current.
(iii) Ratio of starting current to full-load current.
(iv) Full-load power factor.
(v) Full-load torque.
(iv) Internal efficiency and motor efficiency at full load.
(c) (i) Slip at which maximum torque is developed.
(ii) Maximum torque developed.
(d) How much external resistance per phase should be
connected in the rotor circuit so that maximum torque occurs at
start?
RZ = 0.2
ohms

Xm - 30
Ohms
=163.11 N.m
% 5 . 87 100 *
4 . 32022
3 . 28022
= =
motor
q
( ) ( ) % 7 . 96 100 * 0333 . 0 1 100 * 1
int
= = = s
ernal
q
(c) (i)
(c) (ii)
Note that for parts (a) and (b) it is not necessary to use Thevenin
equivalent circuit. Calculation can be based on the equivalent
circuit of Fig.5.15 as follows:
A three-phase, 460 V, 60 Hz, six-pole wound-rotor induction motor
drives a constant load of 100 N - m at a speed of 1140 rpm when
the rotor terminals are short-circuited. It is required to reduce the
speed of the motor to 1000 rpm by inserting resistances in the
rotor circuit. Determine the value of the resistance if the rotor
winding resistance per phase is 0.2 ohms. Neglect rotational
losses. The stator-to-rotor turns ratio is unity.
Example The following test results are obtained from three
phase 100hp,460 V, eight pole star connected induction machine
No-load test : 460 V, 60 Hz, 40 A, 4.2 kW. Blocked rotor test is
100V, 60Hz, 140A 8kW. Average DC resistor between two stator
terminals is 0.152 O
(a) Determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit.
(b) The motor is connected to 3 , 460 V, 60 Hz supply and runs
at 873 rpm. Determine the input current, input power, air
gap power, rotor cupper loss, mechanical power developed,
output power and efficiency of the motor.
(c) Determine the speed of the rotor field relative to stator
structure and stator rotating field
Solution: From no load test:
( ) O = = 64 . 6
40
3 / 460
NL
Z a
O = = = 875 . 0
40 * 3
4200
* 3
2 2
1
I
P
R
NL
NL
O = = 58 . 6 875 . 0 64 . 6
2 2
NL
X
O = + 58 . 6
1 m
X X
From blocked rotor test:
O = = 136 . 0
140 * 3
8000
2
BL
R
O = = 076 . 0
2
152 . 0
1
R
O = = 412 . 0
140
3 / 100
BL
Z
O = = 389 . 0 136 . 0 412 . 0
2 2
BL
X
O = =
'
= 1945 . 0
2
389 . 0
2 1
X X
3855 . 6 1945 . 0 58 . 6 = =
m
X
O = = = 06 . 0 076 . 0 136 . 0
1
R R R
BL
0637 . 0 06 . 0 *
3855 . 6
3855 . 6 1945 . 0
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
'
R
0.076
j0.195
j6.386
j0.195
s
0637 . 0
O O
O
O
389 . 0
2 1
=
'
+ X X
( ) rpm
P
f
n b
s
900
8
60 * 120 120
= = =
03 . 0
900
873 900
=

=
s
s
n
n n
s
123 . 2
03 . 0
0637 . 0
2
= =
'
s
R
Input impedance
( )( )
( )
O Z =
+ +
+
+ + =
o
j
j j
j Z 16 . 27 121 . 2
195 . 0 386 . 6 123 . 2
195 . 0 123 . 2 386 . 6
195 . 0 076 . 0
1
o
Z
V
I 16 . 27 22 . 125
16 . 27 12 . 2
3 / 460
1
1
1
Z =
Z
= =
Input power:
( ) kW P
o
in
767 . 88 16 . 27 cos 22 . 125 *
3
460
* 3 = =
Stator CU losses:
kW P
st
575 . 3 076 . 0 * 22 . 125 * 3
2
= =
Air gap power
kW P
ag
192 . 85 575 . 3 767 . 88 = =
Rotor CU losses
kW sP P
ag
556 . 2 192 . 85 * 03 . 0
2
= = =
Mechanical power developed:
( ) ( ) kW P s P
ag mech
636 . 82 192 . 85 * 03 . 0 1 1 = = =
rot mech out
P P P =
From no load test:
W R I P P
NL rot
2 . 3835 076 . 0 * 40 * 3 4200 * 3
2
1
2
1
= = =
kW P
out
8 . 78 2 . 3835 10 * 636 . 82
3
= =
% 77 . 88 100 *
767 . 88
8 . 78
100 * = = =
in
out
P
P
q
Example A three phase, 460 V 1450 rpm, 50 Hz, four pole
wound rotor induction motor has the following parameters per
phase (
1
R =0.2O,
2
R
'
=0.18 O,
2 1
X X
'
= =0.2O,
m
X =40O). The
rotational losses are 1500 W. Find,
(a) Starting current when started direct on full load voltage.
Also find starting torque.
(b) (b) Slip, current, power factor, load torque and efficiency
at full load conditions.
(c) Maximum torque and slip at which maximum torque will
be developed.
(d) How much external resistance per phase should be
connected in the rotor circuit so that maximum torque
occurs at start?
phase V V / 6 . 265
3
460
1
= =
( )
O Z =
+
+
+ + =
o
j
j
j Z 59 . 46 55 . 0
2 . 40 18 . 0
2 . 0 18 . 0 * 40
2 . 0 2 . 0
1
O Z =
Z
= =
o
o
st
I
V
I 3 . 46 91 . 482
59 . 46 55 . 0
6 . 265
1
1
0333 . 0
1500
1450 1500
=

= s
4 . 5
0333 . 0
18 . 0
2
= =
'
s
R
( )
O Z =
+
+
+ + =
o
j
j j
j Z 83 . 10 959 . 4
4 . 45 4 . 5
2 . 0 4 . 5 * 40
2 . 0 2 . 0
1
A I
o
o
FL
83 . 10 56 . 53
83 . 10 959 . 4
6 . 265
1
Z =
Z
=
Then the power factor is: 9822 . 0 83 . 10 cos =
o
lag.
. sec / 08 . 157 2 *
60
1500
rad
sys
= = t e
( )
( )
V
j
j
V
o
th
285 . 0 275 . 264
2 . 40 2 . 0
40 * 6 . 265
Z =
+
=
Then,
( )
2 . 0 198 . 0 285 . 45 281432 . 0
2 . 40 2 . 0
2 . 0 2 . 0 * 40
j
j
j j
Z
o
th
+ = Z =
+
+
=
O
( )
( ) ( )
Nm T 68 . 228
2 . 0 2 . 0 4 . 5 198 . 0 * 08 . 157
4 . 5 * 275 . 264 * 3
2 2
2
=
+ + +
=
Then, W T P
sys ag
1 . 35921 08 . 157 * 68 . 228 * = = = e
Then, W sP P
ag
1197 1 . 35921 * 0333 . 0
2
= = =
And, ( ) W P s P
ag m
7 . 34723 1 = =
Then, W P P P
rot m out
7 . 33223 1500 7 . 34723 = = =
W P
in
41917 9822 . 0 * 56 . 53 * 6 . 265 * 3 = =
Then, % 26 . 79
41914
7 . 33223
= = =
in
out
P
P
q
( )
( ) ( ) | |
Nm T
m
56 . 862
2 . 0 2 . 0 198 . 0 198 . 0 5 . 188 * 2
275 . 264 * 3
2 / 1
2 2
2
=
+ + +
=
( ) | |
4033 . 0
2 . 0 2 . 0 198 . 0
18 . 0
2 / 1
2
2
max
=
+ +
=
T
s
(d)
( ) | |
2 / 1
2
2
2
2 . 0 2 . 0 198 . 0
1
max
+ +
'
+
'
= =
ext
T
R R
s
Then, 446323 . 0
2
=
'
+
'
ext
R R
Then, 26632 . 0 18 . 0 446323 . 0 = =
'
ext
R O
Example 5.6 The rotor current at start of a three-phase, 460 volt,
1710 rpm, 60 Hz, four pole, squirrel-cage induction motor is six
times the rotor current at full load.
(a) Determine the starting torque as percent of full load torque.
(b) Determine the slip and speed at which the motor develops
maximum torque.
(c) Determine the maximum torque developed by the motor as
percent of full load torque.
Note that the equivalent circuit parameters are not given. Therefore equivalent circuit
parameters cannot be used directly for computation.)a) The synchronous speed is
s
R I
s
R I
T
syn
2
2
2 2
2
2
o
e
=
Example 4.9 A 4 pole 50 Hz 20 hp motor has, at rated voltage
and frequency a starting torque of 150% and a maximum torque of
200 % of full load torque. Determine (i) full load speed (ii) speed
at maximum torque.
Solution:
5 . 1 =
FL
st
T
T
and 2
max
=
FL
T
T
then, 75 . 0
2
5 . 1
max
= =
T
T
st

75 . 0
1
2
2
max
max
max
=
+
=
T
T
st
s
s
T
T

Then, 0 75 . 0 2 75 . 0
max max
2
= +
T T
s s
Then 21525 . 2
max
=
T
s (unacceptable) Or 451416 . 0
max
=
T
s
2
* 2
max
max
2 2
max
=
+
=
FL T
FL T
FL
s s
s s
T
T

But 451416 . 0
max
=
T
s
Then 2
* 451416 . 0 * 2
451416 . 0
2 2
max
=
+
=
FL
FL
FL
s
s
T
T

0 451416 . 0 451416 . 0 * 4
2 2
= +
FL FL
s s
0 203777 . 0 80566 . 1
2
= +
FL FL
s s
6847 . 1 =
FL
s (unacceptable) or 120957 . 0 =
FL
s
rpm n
s
1500
4
50 * 120
= =
then (a) ( )
s FL FL
n s n * 1 =
( ) rpm n
FL
1319 1500 * 120957 . 0 1 = =
(b) ( ) ( ) rpm n s n
s T T
823 1500 * 451416 . 0 1 * 1
max max
= = =
Example 4.10 A 3|, 280 V, 60 Hz, 20 hp, four-pole induction
motor has the following equivalent circuit parameters.
12 . 0
1
= R O, 1 . 0
2
=
'
R O, 25 . 0
2 1
=
'
= X X O, and 10 =
m
X O
The rotational loss is 400 W. For 5% slip, determine (a) The
motor speed in rpm and radians per sec. (b) The motor current. (c)
The stator cu-loss. (d) The air gap power. (e) The rotor cu-loss. (f)
The shaft power. (g) The developed torque and the shaft torque.
(h) The efficiency.
rpm n
s
1800
4
60 * 120
= = , sec / 5 . 188 2 *
60
1800
rad
s
= = t e
Solution:
0.12 j0.25
j10
j0.25
2
05 . 0
1 . 0
=
O O
O
O

e e
X R j Z + + + = 25 . 0 12 . 0
1

( )
o
j
j j
j Z 55 . 23 1314 . 2
25 . 10 2
25 . 0 2 * 10
25 . 0 12 . 0
1
Z =
+
+
+ + = O
1 . 120
3
208
1
= = V V
o
o
I 55 . 23 1314 . 2
55 . 23 1314 . 2
1 . 120
1
Z =
Z
= A
(c) W P 031 . 1143 12 . 0 * 3479 . 56 * 3
2
1
= =
(d) ( ) W P
o
s
9794 . 18610 55 . 23 cos * 3479 . 56 * 1 . 120 * 3 = =
W P P P
s ag
9485 . 17467
1
= =
(e) W sP P
ag
3974 . 873 9785 . 17467 * 05 . 0
2
= = =
(f) ( ) W P s P
ag m
5511 . 16594 1 = =
(g) m N
P
T
ag
. 6682 . 92
5 . 188
9485 . 17467
5 . 188
= = =
Nm
P
T
shaft
shaft
9127 . 85
5 . 188
5511 . 16194
5 . 188
= = =
(h) % 02 . 87 100 * = =
s
shaft
P
P
q
Example 4.11 A 30, 100 WA, 460 V, 60 Hz, eight-pole induction
machine has the following
equivalent circuit parameters:
07 . 0
1
= R O, 05 . 0
2
=
'
R O, 2 . 0
2 1
=
'
= X X O, and 5 . 6 =
m
X O
(a) Derive the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the
induction machine.
(b) If the machine is connected to a 30, 460 V, 60 Hz supply,
determine the starting torque, the maximum torque the machine
can develop, and the speed at which the maximum torque is
developed.
(c) If the maximum torque is to occur at start, determine the
external resistance required in each rotor phase. Assume a
turns ratio (stator to rotor) of 1.2.
Solution:
V V
X X
X
V
m
m
th
7 . 257 6 . 265 *
5 . 6 2 . 0
5 . 6
*
1
1
=
+
=
+
=
( ) ( )
1947 . 0 06589 . 0
5 . 6 2 . 0 07 . 0
07 . 0 2 . 0 * 5 . 6
j
j j
j j
jX R
th th
+ =
+ +
+
= + O
0.06589
j0.1947 j0.2
s
05 . 0
O O
O
257.7V

(b)
( ) ( ) | |
Nm T
st
7 . 624
2 . 0 1947 . 0 05 . 0 06589 . 0 25 . 94
05 . 0 * 7 . 257 * 3
2 2
2
=
+ + +
=
( ) | |
Nm
T
8 . 2267
2 . 0 1947 . 0 06589 . 0 06589 . 0 25 . 94 * 2
7 . 257 * 3
2 2
2
max
=
+ + +
=
( )
1249 . 0
2 . 0 1947 . 0 06589 . 0
05 . 0
2 2
max
=
+ +
=
T
s
Speed in rpm for which max torque occurs
=( ) ( ) rpm n s
s T
5 . 787 900 * 1249 . 0 1 * 1
max
= =
(c)
( )
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
max
R
X X R
R
s
T
'
' + +
'
= o
or 4 . 0 05 . 0 *
1249 . 0
1
*
1
2 2
max
= = '
=
= ' R
s
s
R
T
start
start
O
Then ( ) 243 . 0 2 . 1 / 05 . 0 4 . 0
2
= =
ext
R O