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UCT PHY2014F: Electromagnetism 04 April 2010

This document contains lecture notes from a UCT PHY2014F electromagnetism course. It discusses several topics: 1) How an electric field can induce dipole moments in molecules and atoms in a dielectric material. 2) The concepts of bound surface and volume charges that arise from polarization in a material. 3) How the electric displacement field D accounts for polarization and is used to derive the proper boundary conditions at dielectric interfaces. 4) Properties of linear dielectric materials, including how the electric susceptibility χe relates to the dielectric constant κ and relative permittivity εr.

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Reddyvari Venugopal
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70 views

UCT PHY2014F: Electromagnetism 04 April 2010

This document contains lecture notes from a UCT PHY2014F electromagnetism course. It discusses several topics: 1) How an electric field can induce dipole moments in molecules and atoms in a dielectric material. 2) The concepts of bound surface and volume charges that arise from polarization in a material. 3) How the electric displacement field D accounts for polarization and is used to derive the proper boundary conditions at dielectric interfaces. 4) Properties of linear dielectric materials, including how the electric susceptibility χe relates to the dielectric constant κ and relative permittivity εr.

Uploaded by

Reddyvari Venugopal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

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UCT PHY2014F
Electromagnetism 04 April 2010
Professor David Aschman Room 540, Physics Department University of Cape Town
UCT PHY2014F electromagnetism
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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

General
Email: See UCT PHY2014F electromagnetism website Google

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 Ch 4

Electric elds in matter


E in dielectric may cause electron cloud in molecules or atom to move. Induced dipole is p = E. Simple model gives = 3 0 v, where v is the volume.
Polar molecules (e.g. water) may rotate and align. In uniform E dipole feels a torque N = p E In non-uniform E dipole also feels a force F = (p )E Measure of polarization is dipole moment per unit volume, P.

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 4.2.1

Bound charge
Potential of polarized material

V=
can be written as

1 4 0

vol

Pr d 2 r

V=

1 4 0

surf

1 1 b da + r 4 0

vol

1 b d r

where the bound charges are b = P n surface bound charge b = P volume bound charge

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 4.2.1

Bound charge

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 4.2.1

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 ex 4.2

E from sphere of polarized material

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G3 ex 4.2

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G3 ex 4.2

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 g 4.10

E from sphere of polarized material

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 4.2.2

Intepretation of bound charge in polarized material

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 4.2.3

E eld inside dielectric


Microscopic electric eld is complicated, uctuating. Dene macroscopic eld as average over sphere of radius R containing thousands of atoms, E = Eout +Ein . Now Eout is due to distant dipoles, use

Vout =

1 4 0

out

Pr d 2 r

For dipoles inside, need only average eld

Ein =

1 p 1 = P 3 4 0 R 30 Pr d 2 r
12

Now P is uniform over sphere, so E given by E = V where

V=
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1 4 0

all

UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 4.3.1

Electric displacement D
In dielectric total charge density is = b + f Differential Gauss Law for total E

E = = b + f = P + f ( 0 E + P) = f D = f
0

where electric displacement is

D=

0E

+P

D da = Q f ,enc
surf

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G3 4.3.3

Boundary conditions using D and E


At a boundary, we had
= / Ebelow Eabove 0

Eabove Ebelow = 0

Now, using D =

0E

+P Dabove Dbelow = Pabove Pbelow

D above Dbelow = f

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G3 4.4

Linear Dielectrics
Total eld E causes P. Often P = e is electric susceptibility.
0 e E

in linear media.

D= = = D= =
r 0

+P 0 E + 0 e E 0 (1 + e )E E
0E

is permittivity of material.
0

Dielectric constant K = = 1 + e = /

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 table 4.2

Dielectric constants

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G3 ex 4.7

Sphere of polarized material in electric eld

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G3 ex 4.7

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G3 ex 4.7

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 ex 4.7

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G3 ex 4.7

Sphere of polarized material in electric eld

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G3 ex 4.7

Sphere of polarized material in electric eld


Successive approximations; a sequence of steps. E0 causes P0 = 0 e E0 P0 sets up E1 = (1/3 0 )P0 = (e /3)E0

E1 causes P1 = 0 e E1 = ( 0 )(e /3)E0 P1 sets up E2 = (1/3 0 )P1 = (e /3)2 E0


The nth contribution is En = (e /3)n E0 , and so

E = E0 + E1 + E2 + . . . =

(e /3)n E0

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G3 ex 4.7

Summing the geometric series

E=

1 3 E0 = E0 1 + e /3 2+K
0 e

Consistency check: This E causes polarization

P=

0 e E

1 + e /3

E0

This polarization sets up a eld

Esphere =

1 e P= E0 30 3 + e

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G3 ex 4.7

Total electric eld is

E = E0 + Esphere = E0
Yes, it is consistent.

e 1 E0 = E0 3 + e 1 + e /3

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G3 4.4.3

Energy in dielectric systems


Work to charge a capacitor is W = CV 2 /2 If lled with linear dielectric r = K = , then C = Energy in eld in vacuum W = ( 0 /2) E 2 d Energy in eld in dielectric W = ( 0 /2) r E 2 d Perhaps W ? =? (1/2) D E d
r C vac

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G3 4.4.3

Energy in dielectric system


Work to bring in some free charge f

W =
Since D = f ,

( f )V d

f = (D) W = [ (D)]V d

Now

[(D)V ] = [ (D)]V + D (V )

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G3 4.4.3

and, integrating by parts

W =

[(D)V ] d +

(D) E d

First term becomes surface integral at innity, and vanishes, so

W =

(D) E d

If medium is a linear dielectric, D = E

1 1 (D E) = ( E 2 ) = (E) E = (D) E 2 2 W =
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1 2

D E d
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G3 4.4.3

Integrating from zero to the nal conguration

W=

1 2

D E d

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G3 problem 4.26

Spherical conductor with dielectric layer


A spherical conductor, of radius a, carries a charge Q. It is surrounded by linear dielectric material of susceptibility e , out to a radius b. Find the energy of this conguration. Spherical symmetry, so D determined by the f

D(r) =

Qenc =0 4r2 Qenc Q D(r) = = r 2 4r 4r2

r<a a<r

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 problem 4.26

Linear dielectric, so E = D/( 0 (1 + e )) For vacuum e = 0 For conductor e =

E(r) =0 D 1 Q r = 4 0 (1 + e ) r2 0 (1 + e ) D 1 Q E(r) = = r 4 0 r 2 0 E(r) =

r<a a<r<b b<r

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G3 problem 4.26

D and E are parallel. Energy of the system W= 1 2 D E d =


b

4 2

DE r2 dr
a

1 Q2 2 = 2 r dr 2 4 a 16 0 (1 + e ) r 1 Q2 2 + 2 r dr 2 4 b 16 0 r Q2 1 1 1 1 = + 8 0 (1 + e ) a b b 2 Q 1 e = + 8 0 (1 + e ) a b

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 4.4.4

Capacitor with dielectric and battery

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 4.4.4

Capacitor with dielectric and no battery

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009

G3 4.4.4

Forces on dielectrics

Dielectric slab is pulled into a capacitor.

F = ... =
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0 e

2d

V2
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G3 Ch 4

End Electromagnetism 04

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