SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

AMC/IEM C PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE AMC FCL 1.125

Syllabus
of 1. theoretical knowledge and 2. flight instruction for the private pilot licence (aeroplane) PPL(A)

See JARFCL 1.125 (See Appendix 1 to JARFCL 1.125)

Change 1

2C1

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

Change 1

2C2

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

1. SYLLABUS OF

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
FOR THE PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE (AEROPLANE) PPL(A)

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2C3

June 1999

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AIR LAW
Legislation 1 2 3 The Convention on International Civil Aviation The International Civil Aviation Organisation Articles of the Convention 1 Sovereignty 2 Territory 5 Flight over territory of Contracting States 10 Landing at customs airports 11 Applicability of air regulations 12 Rules of the air 13 Entry and clearance regulations of Contracting States 16 Search of aircraft 22 Facilitation of formalities 23 Customs and immigration procedures 24 Customs duty 29 Documents to be carried in aircraft 30 Use of aircraft radio equipment 31 Certificate of airworthiness 32 Licences of personnel 33 Recognition of certificates and licences 34 Journey log books 35 Cargo restrictions 36 Restrictions on use of photographic equipment 37 Adoption of international standards and procedures 39 Endorsement of certificates and licences 40 Validity of endorsed certificates and licences Annexes to the Convention (ICAO Annexes) Annex 7 8 Aircraft nationality and registration marks definitions aircraft registration marks certificate of registration identification plate Airworthiness of aircraft definitions certificate of airworthiness continuing airworthiness validity of certificate of airworthiness instruments and equipment aircraft limitations and information

Annex

Rules of the air Annex 2 Rules of the air definitions applicability general rules visual flight rules signals (Appendix 1) interception of civil aircraft (Appendix 2)

Air traffic regulations and air traffic services

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Annex 11 Annex 14

Air traffic regulations and air traffic services definitions objectives of air traffic services classification of airspace flight information regions, control areas and control zones air traffic control services flight information services alerting service visual meteorological conditions instrument meteorological conditions in-flight contingencies Aerodrome data definitions conditions of the movement area and related facilities Visual aids for navigation indicators and signalling devices markings lights signs markers signal area Visual aids for denoting obstacles marking of objects lighting of objects Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas Emergency and other services fire and rescue service apron management service Aerodrome ground lights and surface marking colours colours for aeronautical ground lights colours for surface markings

ICAO Document 4444 Rules of the air and air traffic services General provisions definitions ATS operating practices flight plan clearance and information control of air traffic flow altimeter setting procedures wake turbulence information meteorological information air reports (AIREP) Area control service separation of controlled traffic in the various classes of airspace pilots, responsibility to maintain separation in VMC emergency and communications failure procedures by the pilot interception of civil aircraft

Approach control service departing and arriving aircraft procedures in VMC Aerodrome control service function of aerodrome control towers

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2C5

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

VFR operations traffic and circuit procedures information to aircraft control of aerodrome traffic

Flight information and alerting service air traffic advisory service objectives and basic principles

JAA regulations 6 Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) Regulations (JAR) JARFCL Subpart A 1.025 1.035 1.040 1.050 1.065 JARFCL Subpart B 1.085 1.090 1.095 JARFCL Subpart C 1.100 1.105 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.125 1.130 1.135 JARFCL Subpart E 1.175 JARFCL Subpart F 1.215 1.225 1.245 JARFCL Subpart H 1.300 General requirements Validity of licences and ratings Medical fitness Decrease in medical fitness Crediting of flight time State of Licence issue Student pilot Requirements Minimum Age Medical fitness Private pilot licence Minimum Age Medical fitness Privileges and conditions Ratings for special purposes Experience and Crediting Training course Theoretical knowledge examination Skill test

Instrument rating Circumstances in which an instrument rating is required Type and Class Ratings Division of Class Ratings Circumstances in which type or class ratings are required Validity, revalidation and renewal

Instructor ratings Instruction general

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2C6

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Airframe 7 Airframe structure components fuselage, wings, tailplane, fin primary flying controls trim and flap/slat systems landing gear nose wheel, including steering tyres, condition braking systems and precautions in use retraction systems Airframe loads static strength safety factor control locks and use ground/flight precautions

Powerplant 9 Engines general principles of the four stroke internal combustion engine basic construction causes of pre-ignition and detonation power output as a function of RPM Engine cooling air cooling cowling design and cylinder baffles design and use of cowl flaps cylinder head temperature gauge Engine lubrication function and methods of lubrication lubrication systems methods of oil circulation oil pump and filter requirements qualities and grades of oil oil temperature and pressure control oil cooling methods recognition of oil system malfunctions Ignition systems principles of magneto ignition construction and function purpose and principle of impulse coupling serviceability checks, recognition of malfunctions operational procedures to avoid spark plug fouling Carburation principles of float type carburettor construction and function methods to maintain correct mixture ratio operation of metering jets and accelerator pump

10

11

12

13

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2C7

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

14

effect of altitude manual mixture control maintenance of correct mixture ratio limitation on use at high power avoidance of detonation idle cut-off valve operation and use of primary controls air induction system alternate induction systems carburettor icing, use of hot air injection systems, principles and operation

Aero engine fuel classification of fuels grades and identification by colour quality requirements inspection for contamination use of fuel strainers and drains Fuel systems fuel tanks and supply lines venting system mechanical and electrical pumps gravity feed tank selection system management

15

16

Propellers propeller nomenclature conversion of engine power to thrust design and construction of fixed pitch propeller forces acting on propeller blade variation of RPM with change of airspeed thrust efficiency with change of speed design and construction of variable pitch propeller constant speed unit operation effect of blade pitch changes windmilling effect Engine handling starting procedures and precautions recognition of malfunctions warming up, power and system checks oil temperature and pressure limitations cylinder head temperature limitations ignition and other system checks power limitations avoidance of rapid power changes use of mixture control

17

Systems 18 Electrical system installation and operation of alternators/generators direct current supply batteries, capacity and charging voltmeters and ammeters

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2C8

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

19

circuit breakers and fuses electrically operated services and instruments recognition of malfunctions procedure in the event of malfunctions

Vacuum system components pumps regulator and gauge filter system recognition of malfunction procedures in the event of malfunctions

Instruments 20 Pitot/static system pitot tube, function pitot tube, principles and construction static source alternate static source position error system drains heating element errors caused by blockage or leakage Airspeed indicator principles of operation and construction relationship between pitot and static pressure definitions of indicated, calibrated and true airspeed instrument errors airspeed indications, colour coding pilots serviceability checks Altimeter principles of operation and construction function of the sub-scale effects of atmospheric density pressure altitude true altitude international standard atmosphere flight level presentation (three needle) instrument errors pilots service ability checks Vertical speed indicator principles of operation and construction function inherent lag instantaneous VSI presentation pilots serviceability checks Gyroscopes principles rigidity precession

21

22

23

24

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2C9

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

25

Turn

26

indicator rate gyro purpose and function effect of speed presentation turn co-ordinator limited rate of turn indications power source balance indicator principle presentation pilots serviceability checks

Attitude indicator earth gyro purpose and function presentations interpretation operating limitations power source pilots serviceability checks Heading indicator directional gyro purpose and function presentation use with magnetic compass setting mechanism apparent drift operating limitations power source pilots serviceability checks Magnetic compass construction and function earths magnetic field variation and deviation turning, acceleration errors precautions when carrying magnetic items pilots service ability checks Engine instruments principles, presentation and operational use of: oil temperature gauge oil pressure gauge cylinder head temperature gauge exhaust gas meter manifold pressure gauge fuel pressure gauge fuel flow gauge fuel quantity gauge(s) tachometer Other instruments principles, presentation and operational use of: vacuum gauge voltmeter and ammeter

27

28

29

30

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2C10

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

warning indicators others relevant to aeroplane type

Airworthiness 31 Airworthiness certificate to be in force compliance with requirements periodic maintenance inspections compliance with flight manual (or equivalent), instructions, limitations, placards flight manual supplements provision and maintenance of documents aeroplane, engine and propeller log books recording of defects permitted maintenance by pilots

Change 1

2C11

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING

Mass and balance 32 Mass and balance limitations on maximum mass forward and aft limitations of centre of gravity, normal and utility operation mass and centre of gravity calculations aeroplane manual and balance sheet

Performance 33 Take-off take-off run and distance available take-off and initial climb effects of mass, wind and density altitude effects of ground surface and gradient use of flaps Landing effects of mass, wind, density altitude and approach speed use of flaps ground surface and gradient In flight relationship between power required and power available performance diagram maximum rate and maximum angle of climb range and endurance effects of configuration, mass, temperature and altitude reduction of performance during climbing turns gliding adverse effects icing, rain condition of the airframe effect of flap

34

35

Change 1

2C12

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

Basic physiology 36 Concepts composition of the atmosphere the gas laws respiration and blood circulation Effects of partial pressure effect of increasing altitude gas transfer hypoxia symptoms prevention cabin pressurisation effects of rapid decompression time of useful consciousness the use of oxygen masks and rapid descent hyperventilation symptoms avoidance effects of accelerations Vision physiology of vision limitations of the visual system vision defects optical illusions spatial disorientation avoidance of disorientation Hearing physiology of hearing inner ear sensations effects of altitude change noise and hearing loss protection of hearing spatial disorientation conflicts between ears and eyes prevention of disorientation Motion sickness causes symptoms prevention Flying and health medical requirements effect of common ailments and cures colds stomach upsets drugs, medicines, and side effects alcohol fatigue personal fitness passenger care scuba diving precautions before flying

37

38

39

40

41

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2C13

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

42

Toxic hazards dangerous goods carbon monoxide from heaters

Basic psychology 43 The information process concepts of sensation cognitive perception expectancy anticipation habits The central decision channel mental workload, limitations information sources stimuli and attention verbal communication memory and its limitations causes of misinterpretation Stress causes and effects concepts of arousal effects on performance identifying and reducing stress Judgement and decision making concepts of pilots judgement psychological attitudes behavioural aspects risk assessment development of situational awareness

44

45

46

Change 1

2C14

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

METEOROLOGY
47 The atmosphere composition and structure vertical divisions Pressure, density and temperature barometric pressure, isobars changes of pressure, density and temperature with altitude altimetry terminology solar and terrestrial energy radiation, temperature diurnal variation of temperature adiabatic process temperature lapse rate stability and instability effects of radiation, advection subsidence and convergence Humidity and precipitation water vapour in the atmosphere vapour pressure dew point and relative humidity condensation and vaporisation precipitation Pressure and wind high and low pressure areas motion of the atmosphere, pressure gradient vertical and horizontal motion, convergence, divergence surface and geostrophic wind effect of wind gradient and windshear on take-off and landing relationship between isobars and wind, Buys Ballots law turbulence and gustiness local winds, fhn, land and sea breezes Cloud formation cooling by advection, radiation and adiabatic expansion cloud types convection clouds orographic clouds stratiform and cumulus clouds flying conditions in each cloud type Fog, mist and haze radiation, advection, frontal, freezing fog formation and dispersal reduction of visibility due to mist, snow, smoke, dust and sand assessment of probability of reduced visibility hazards in flight due to low visibility, horizontal and vertical

48

49

50

51

52

53

Airmasses description of and factors affecting the properties of airmasses classification of airmasses, region of origin modification of airmasses during their movement development of low and high pressure systems weather associated with pressure systems Frontology formation of cold and warm fronts

54

Change 1

2C15

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

55

boundaries between airmasses development of a warm front associated clouds and weather weather in the warm sector development of a cold front associated clouds and weather occlusions associated clouds and weather stationary fronts associated clouds and weather

Ice accretion conditions conducive to ice formation effects of hoar frost, rime ice, clear ice effects of icing on aeroplane performance precautions and avoidance of icing conditions powerplant icing precautions, prevention and clearance of induction and carburettor icing Thunderstorms formation airmass, frontal, orographic conditions required development process recognition of favourable conditions for formation hazards for aeroplanes effects of lightning and severe turbulence avoidance of flight in the vicinity of thunderstorms Flight over mountainous areas hazards influence of terrain on atmospheric processes mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, vertical movement, rotor effects, valley winds Climatology general seasonal circulation in the troposphere over Europe local seasonal weather and winds Altimetry operational aspects of pressure settings pressure altitude, density altitude height, altitude, flight level ICAO standard atmosphere QNH, QFE, standard setting transition altitude, layer and level The meteorological organisation aerodrome meteorological offices aeronautical meteorological stations forecasting service meteorological services at aerodromes availability of periodic weather forecasts

56

57

58

59

60

61

Weather analysis and forecasting weather charts, symbols, signs significant weather charts prognostic charts for general aviation Weather information for flight planning

62

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2C16

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

63

reports and forecasts for departure, en-route, destination and alternate(s) interpretation of coded information METAR, TAF, GAFOR availability of ground reports for surface wind, windshear, visibility

Meteorological broadcasts for aviation VOLMET, ATIS, SIGMET

Change 1

2C17

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

NAVIGATION
64 Form of the earth axis, poles meridians of longitude parallels of latitude great circles, small circles, rhumb lines hemispheres, north/south, east/west Mapping aeronautical maps and charts (topographical) projections and their properties conformality equivalence scale great circles and rhumb lines Conformal orthomorphic projection (ICAO 1.500,000 chart) main properties construction convergence of meridians presentation of meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines scale, standard parallels depiction of height Direction true north earths magnetic field, variation annual change magnetic north vertical and horizontal components isogonals, agonic lines Aeroplane magnetism magnetic influences within the aeroplane compass deviation turning, acceleration errors avoiding magnetic interference with the compass Distances units measurement of distance in relation to map projection Charts in practical navigation plotting positions latitude and longitude bearing and distance use of navigation protractor measurement of tracks and distances Chart reference material/map reading map analysis topography relief cultural features permanent features (e.g. line features, spot features, unique or special features) features subject to change (e.g. water) preparation

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

Change 1

folding the map for use 2C18 June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

methods of map reading map orientation checkpoint features anticipation of checkpoints with continuous visual contact without continuous visual contact when uncertain of position
aeronautical symbols aeronautical information conversion of units

72

Principles of navigation IAS, CAS and TAS track, true and magnetic wind velocity, heading and groundspeed triangle of velocities calculation of heading and groundspeed drift, wind correction angle ETA dead reckoning, position, fix The navigation computer use of the circular slide rule to determine TAS, time and distance conversion of units fuel required pressure, density and true altitude time en-route and ETA use of the computer to solve triangle of velocities application of TAS and wind velocity to track determination of heading and ground speed drift and wind correction angle Time relationship between universal co-ordinated (standard) (UTC) time and local mean time (LMT) definition of sunrise and sunset times Flight planning selection of charts route and aerodrome weather forecasts and reports assessing the weather situation plotting the route considerations of controlled/regulated airspace, airspace restrictions, danger areas, etc. use of AIP and NOTAMS ATC liaison procedures in controlled/regulated airspace fuel considerations en-route safety altitude(s) alternate aerodromes communications and radio/navaid frequencies compilation of flight log compilation of ATC flight plan selection of check points, time and distance marks mass and balance calculations mass and performance calculations

73

74

75

76

Practical navigation

Change 1

2C19

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

compass headings, use of deviation card organisation of in-flight workload departure procedure, log entries, altimeter setting and establishing IAS maintenance of heading and altitude use of visual observations establishing position, checkpoints revisions to heading and ETA arrival procedures, ATC liaison completion of flight log and aeroplane log entries

Radio navigation 77 Ground D/F application principles presentation and interpretation coverage errors and accuracy factors affecting range and accuracy ADF, including associated beacons (NDBs) and use of the RMI application principles presentation and interpretation coverage errors and accuracy factors affecting range and accuracy

78

79

VOR/DME application principles presentation and interpretation coverage errors and accuracy factors affecting range and accuracy GPS

80

application principles presentation and interpretation coverage errors and accuracy factors affecting reliability and accuracy

81

Ground radar application principles presentation and interpretation coverage errors and accuracy factors affecting reliability and accuracy Secondary surveillance radar principles (transponders) application presentation and interpretation modes and codes

82

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2C20

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
83 ICAO Annex 6, Part II Operation of aircraft foreword definitions general statement flight preparation and in-flight procedures performance and operating limitations instruments and equipment communications and navigation equipment maintenance flight crew lights to be displayed ICAO Annex 12 Search and rescue definitions alerting phases procedures for pilot-in-command (para 5.8 and 5.9) search and rescue signals (para 5.9 and Appendix A) ICAO Annex 13 Aircraft accident investigation definitions national procedures Noise abatement general procedures application to take-off and landing Contravention of aviation regulations offences penalties

84

85

86

87

Change 1

2C21

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
88 The atmosphere composition and structure ICAO standard atmosphere atmospheric pressure

89

Airflow around a body, sub-sonic air resistance and air density boundary layer friction forces laminar and turbulent flow Bernoullis principle venturi effect Airflow about a two dimensional aerofoil airflow around a flat plate airflow around a curved plate (aerofoil) description of aerofoil cross section lift and drag Cl and Cd and their relationship to angle of attack Three dimensional flow about an aerofoil aerofoil shapes and wing planforms induced drag downwash angle, vortex drag, ground effect aspect ratio parasite (profile) drag form, skin friction and interference drag lift/drag ratio Distribution of the four forces balance and couples lift and mass thrust and drag methods of achieving balance Flying controls the three planes pitching about the lateral axis rolling about the longitudinal axis yawing about the normal axis effects of the elevators (stabilators), ailerons and rudder control in pitch, roll and yaw cross coupling, roll and yaw mass and aerodynamic balance of control surfaces Trimming controls basic trim tab, balance tab and anti-balance tab purpose and function method of operation Flaps and slats simple, split, slotted and Fowler flaps purpose and function operational use slats, leading edge purpose and function normal/automatic operation

90

91

92

93

94

95

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2C22

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

96

The

stall stalling angle of attack disruption of smooth airflow reduction of lift, increase of drag movement of centre of pressure symptoms of development aeroplane characteristics at the stall factors affecting stall speed and aeroplane behaviour at the stall stalling from level, climbing, descending and turning flight inherent and artificial stall warnings recovery from the stall

97

Avoidance of spins wing tip stall the development of roll recognition at the incipient stage immediate and positive stall recovery Stability definitions of static and dynamic stability longitudinal stability centre of gravity effect on control in pitch lateral and directional stability interrelationship, lateral and directional stability Load factor and manoeuvres structural considerations manoeuvring and gust envelope limiting load factors, with and without flaps changes in load factor in turns and pull-ups manoeuvring speed limitations in-flight precautions

98

99

100

Stress loads on the ground side loads on the landing gear landing taxying, precautions during turns

Change 1

2C23

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

COMMUNICATIONS
101 Radio telephony and communications use of AIP and frequency selection microphone technique phonetic alphabet station/aeroplane callsigns/abbreviations transmission technique use of standard words and phrases listening out required readback instructions Departure procedures radio checks taxi instructions holding on ground departure clearance En-route procedures frequency changing position, altitude/flight level reporting flight information service weather information weather reporting procedures to obtain bearings, headings, position procedural phraseology height/range coverage Arrival and traffic pattern procedures arrival clearance calls and ATC instructions during the: circuit approach and landing vacating runway Communications failure Action to be taken alternate frequency serviceability check, including microphone and headphones in-flight procedures according to type of airspace Distress and urgency procedures distress (Mayday), definition and when to use frequencies to use contents of Mayday message urgency (Pan), definition and when to use frequencies to use relay of messages maintenance of silence when distress/urgency calls heard cancellation of distress/urgency

102

103

104

105

106

General flight safety 107 Aeroplane seat adjustment and security harnesses and seat belts emergency equipment and its use

Change 1

2C24

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

fire extinguisher engine/cabin fires de-icing systems survival equipment, life jackets, life rafts carbon monoxide poisoning refuelling precautions flammable goods/pressurised containers

108

Operational wake turbulence aquaplaning windshear, take-off, approach and landing passenger briefings emergency exits evacuation from the aeroplane forced landings gear-up landing ditching

Change 1

2C25

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

Change 1

2C26

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

2. SYLLABUS OF

FLIGHT INSTRUCTION
FOR THE PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE (AEROPLANE) PPL(A)

ENTRY TO TRAINING
Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the appropriate medical certificate must be obtained before solo flying is permitted.

Change 1

2C27

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

Exercise 1 Exercise 1E Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4

Familiarisation with the aeroplane characteristics of the aeroplane cockpit layout systems check lists, drills, controls Emergency drills action in the event of fire on the ground and in the air engine cabin and electrical system fire systems failure escape drills, location and use of emergency equipment and exits Preparation for and action after flight flight authorisation and aeroplane acceptance serviceability documents equipment required, maps, etc. external checks internal checks harness, seat or rudder panel adjustments starting and warm up checks power checks running down system checks and switching off the engine parking, security and picketing (e.g. tie down) completion of authorisation sheet and serviceability documents Air experience flight exercise Effects of controls primary effects when laterally level and when banked further effects of aileron and rudder effects of: airspeed slipstream power trimming controls flaps other controls, as applicable operation of: mixture control carburettor heat cabin heating/ventilation airmanship Taxiing pre-taxi checks starting, control of speed and stopping engine handling control of direction and turning turning in confined spaces parking area procedure and precautions effects of wind and use of flying controls

Exercise 5

Change 1

2C28

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

Exercise 5E Exercise 6 Exercise 7 Exercise 8

effects of ground surface freedom of rudder movement marshalling signals instrument checks air traffic control procedures airmanship Emergencies Brake and steering failure Straight and level at normal cruising power, attaining and maintaining straight and level flight flight at critically high airspeeds demonstration of inherent stability control in pitch, including use of trim lateral level, direction and balance, trim at selected airspeeds (use of power) during speed and configuration changes use of instruments for precision airmanship Climbing entry, maintaining the normal and max rate climb, levelling off levelling off at selected altitudes en-route climb (cruise climb) climbing with flap down recovery to normal climb maximum angle of climb use of instruments for precision airmanship Descending entry, maintaining and levelling off levelling off at selected altitudes glide, powered and cruise descent (including effect of power and airspeed) side slipping (or suitable types) use of instruments for precision flight airmanship

Exercise 9

Turning entry and maintaining medium level turns resuming straight flight faults in the turn (in correct pitch, bank, balance) climbing turns descending turns slipping turns (or suitable types) turns onto selected headings, use of gyro heading indicator and compass use of instruments for precision airmanship

Change 1

2C29

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

Exercise 10A

Slow flight

NOTE: The objective is to improve the students ability to recognise inadvertent flight at critically low speeds and provide practice in maintaining the aeroplane in balance while returning to normal airspeed.

Exercise 10B

safety checks introduction to slow flight controlled flight down to critically slow airspeed application of full power with correct attitude and balance to achieve normal climb speed airmanship Stalling airmanship safety checks symptoms recognition clean stall and recovery without power and with power recovery when a wing drops approach to stall in the approach and in the landing configurations, with and without power, recovery at the incipient stage Spin avoidance airmanship safety checks stalling and recovery at the incipient spin stage (stall with excessive wing drop, about 45) instructor induced distractions during the stall

Exercise 11

NOTE 1: At least two hours of stall awareness and spin avoidance flight training shall be completed during the course. NOTE 2: Consideration of manoeuvre limitations and the need to refer to the aeroplane manual and mass and balance calculations.

Exercise 12 Exercise 13

Take-off and climb to downwind position pre-take-off checks into wind take-off safeguarding the nosewheel crosswind take-off drills during and after take-off short take-off and soft field procedure/techniques including performance calculations noise abatement procedures airmanship Circuit, approach and landing circuit procedures, downwind, base leg powered approach and landing safeguarding the nosewheel effect of wind on approach and touchdown speeds, use of flaps crosswind approach and landing glide approach and landing short landing and soft field procedures/techniques flapless approach and landing wheel landing (tail wheel aeroplanes) missed approach/go around noise abatement procedures airmanship

Exercise 12/13E Emergencies

Change 1

2C30

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

abandoned take-off engine failure after take-off mislanding/go-around missed approach In the interests of safety it will be necessary for pilots trained on nosewheel aeroplanes to undergo dual conversion training before flying tail wheel aeroplanes, and vice-versa. Exercise 14 Exercise 15 Exercise 16 Exercise 17 First solo instructors briefing, observation of flight and de-briefing procedures for leaving and rejoining the circuit the local area, restrictions, map reading use of radio aids for homing turns using magnetic compass, compass errors airmanship Advanced turning steep turns (45), level and descending stalling in the turn and recovery recoveries from unusual attitudes, including spiral dives airmanship Forced landing without power forced landing procedure choice of landing area, provision for change of plan gliding distance descent plan key positions engine cooling engine failure checks use of radio base leg final approach landing actions after landing airmanship Precautionary landing full procedure away from aerodrome to break-off height occasions necessitating in-flight conditions landing area selection normal aerodrome disused aerodrome ordinary field circuit and approach actions after landing airmanship

NOTE: During flights immediately following the solo circuit consolidation the following should be revised.

Exercise 18A

Navigation

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2C31

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

Flight planning weather forecast and actuals map selection and preparation choice of route controlled airspace danger, prohibited and restricted areas safety altitudes calculations magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route fuel consumption mass and balance mass and performance flight information NOTAMS etc. radio frequencies selection of alternate aerodromes aeroplane documentation notification of the flight pre-flight administrative procedures flight plan form Departure organisation of cockpit workload departure procedures altimeter settings ATC liaison in controlled/regulated airspace setting heading procedure noting of ETAs maintenance of altitude and heading revisions of ETA and heading log keeping use of radio use of navaids minimum weather conditions for continuation of flight in-flight decisions transiting controlled/regulated airspace diversion procedures uncertainty of position procedure lost procedure Arrival, aerodrome joining procedure ATC liaison in controlled/regulated airspace altimeter setting entering the traffic pattern circuit procedures parking security of aeroplane refuelling closing of flight plan, if appropriate post-flight administrative procedures Exercise 18B Navigation problems at lower levels and in reduced visibility actions prior to descending hazards (e.g. obstacles, and terrain) difficulties of map reading effects of wind and turbulence avoidance of noise sensitive areas

Change 1

2C32

June 1999

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JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

Exercise 18C Use Use Use Use

joining the circuit bad weather circuit and landing Radio navigation

of VHF Omni Range availability, AIP, frequencies selection and identification omni bearing selector (OBS) to/from indications, orientation course deviation indicator (CDI) determination of radial intercepting and maintaining a radial VOR passage obtaining a fix from two VORs of automatic direction finding equipment (ADF) non-directional beacons (NDBs) availability, AIP, frequencies selection and identification orientation relative to the beacon homing of VHF direction finding (VHF/DF) availability, AIP, frequencies R/T procedures and ATC liaison obtaining a QDM and homing of en-route/terminal radar availability, AIP procedures and ATC liaison pilots responsibilities secondary surveillance radar transponders code selection interrogation and reply

Use of distance measuring equipment (DME) station selection and identification modes of operation distance, groundspeed, time to run Exercise 19 Basic instrument flight physiological sensations instrument appreciation attitude instrument flight instrument limitations airmanship basic manoeuvres straight and level at various airspeeds and configurations climbing and descending standard rate turns, climbing and descending, onto selected headings recoveries from climbing and descending turns

Change 1

2C33

June 1999

SECTION 2

JAR-FCL 1 Subpart C

IEM FCL 1.135

PPL(A) skill test form

See JARFCL 1.135

APPLICATION AND REPORT FORM for the PPL(A) skill test

Applicants last name:

First name:

Details of the flight Departure aerodrome: Destination aerodrome: Block time on: Take-off time:

Type of aeroplane: Registration: Block time off: Total block time: Landing time:

Result of the test

*delete as necessary

Passed*

Failed *

Partial pass *

Remarks

Location and date: Signature of FE:

Type and number of FEs licence: Name of FE, in capitals:

Change 1

2C34

June 1999