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Introduction To OFDM and The IEEE 802.11a Standard

This document provides an introduction to OFDM and the IEEE 802.11a wireless networking standard. It discusses how OFDM can enable high data rate wireless applications in multipath environments without high complexity receivers. OFDM works by converting a high-data rate stream into multiple low-rate streams that are modulated onto orthogonal subcarriers, allowing the data symbols to be recovered without interference. The IEEE 802.11a standard uses OFDM with a 64-point FFT, supports multiple data rates through modulation and coding, and has a useful symbol duration of 3.2us with a 0.8us guard interval. Key aspects of OFDM receivers include synchronization, channel estimation, FFT, demapping and decoding.

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22 views

Introduction To OFDM and The IEEE 802.11a Standard

This document provides an introduction to OFDM and the IEEE 802.11a wireless networking standard. It discusses how OFDM can enable high data rate wireless applications in multipath environments without high complexity receivers. OFDM works by converting a high-data rate stream into multiple low-rate streams that are modulated onto orthogonal subcarriers, allowing the data symbols to be recovered without interference. The IEEE 802.11a standard uses OFDM with a 64-point FFT, supports multiple data rates through modulation and coding, and has a useful symbol duration of 3.2us with a 0.8us guard interval. Key aspects of OFDM receivers include synchronization, channel estimation, FFT, demapping and decoding.

Uploaded by

pasricharaghu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Introduction to OFDM and the


IEEE 802.11a Standard
2
Motivation
High bit-rate wireless applications in a multipath radio
environment.


OFDM can enable such applications without a high
complexity receiver.

OFDM is part of WLAN, DVB, and BWA standards
and is a strong candidate for some of the 4G wireless
technologies.

3
Multipath Transmission
Fading due to constructive and destructive addition of
multipath signals.

Channel delay spread can cause ISI.

Flat fading occurs when the symbol period is large compared
to the delay spread.

Frequency selective fading and ISI go together.
4
Delay Spread
Power delay profile conveys the multipath delay spread
effects of the channel.

RMS delay spread quantifies the severity of the ISI
phenomenon.

The ratio of RMS delay spread to the data symbol period
determines the severity of the ISI.


5
A Solution for ISI channels
Conversion of a high-data rate stream into several low-rate
streams.

Parallel streams are modulated onto orthogonal carriers.

Data symbols modulated on these carriers can be recovered
without mutual interference.

Overlap of the modulated carriers in the frequency domain -
different from FDM.
6
OFDM
OFDM is a multicarrier block transmission system.

Block of N symbols are grouped and sent parallely.

No interference among the data symbols
sent in a block.


7
OFDM Mathematics
1
2
0
( )
k
N
j f t
k
k
s t X e
t

=
=

t | 0,T
os
]
Orthogonality Condition
*
1 2
0
( ). ( ) 0
T
g t g t dt =
}
In our case
2 2
0
. 0
p q
T
j f t j f t
e e dt
t t
=
}
For p = q Where f
k
=k/T
8
Transmitted Spectrum
9
OFDM terminology
Orthogonal carriers referred to as subcarriers {f
i
,i=0,....N-1}.

OFDM symbol period {T
os
=N x T
s
}.

Subcarrier spacing Af = 1/T
os
.


10
OFDM and FFT
Samples of the multicarrier signal can be obtained using
the IFFT of the data symbols - a key issue.

FFT can be used at the receiver to obtain the data symbols.

No need for N oscillators,filters etc.

Popularity of OFDM is due to the use of IFFT/FFT which
have efficient implementations.
11
OFDM Signal
1
,
0
( ) ( ( ))
N
n k k os
n k
s t X g t nT

= =
=

2
( )
0
k
j f t
k
e
g t
t

t | 0,T
os
]
Otherwise
k
os
k
f
T
=
K=0,..........N-1
12
By sampling the low pass equivalent signal at a rate N times
higher than the OFDM symbol rate 1/T
os
, OFDM frame
can be expressed as:
1
,
0
( ) ( ) ( )
N
n n k k os os
k
m
F m X g t nT t n T
N

=
= = +

{ }
1
2
, ,
0
( ) .
m
N
j k
N
n n k n k
k
F m X e N IDFT X
t

=
|
|
= =
|

\
.

m = 0....N-1
13
Interpretation of IFFT&FFT
IFFT at the transmitter & FFT at the receiver

Data symbols modulate the spectrum and the time
domain symbols are obtained using the IFFT.

Time domain symbols are then sent on the
channel.

FFT at the receiver to obtain the data.
14
Interference between OFDM Symbols
Transmitted Signal
Due to delay spread ISI occurs
Delay Spread
IOSI
OS1 OS2 OS3
Solution could be guard interval between OFDM symbols
15
Cyclic Prefix
Zeros used in the guard time can alleviate interference
between OFDM symbols (IOSI problem).

Orthogonality of carriers is lost when multipath channels
are involved.

Cyclic prefix can restore the orthogonality.
16
Cyclic Prefix
Convert a linear convolution channel into a circular
convolution channel.

This restores the orthogonality at the receiver.

Energy is wasted in the cyclic prefix samples.
17
Cyclic Prefix Illustration
T
os

T
g

Cyclic Prefix
OS 1 OS 2
OS1,OS2 - OFDM Symbols

T
g
- Guard Time Interval

T
s
- Data Symbol Period


T
os
-

OFDM Symbol Period - N * T
s

18
Serial
to
Parallel
X
0

X
N-1
x
0
x
N-1
IFFT
Parallel
to
Serial
and
add CP
Add
CP
Windowing
DAC RF Section
Input
Symbols
OFDM Transmitter
19
ADC
and
Remove
CP
Serial to
Parallel
FFT
Parallel
to Serial
and
Decoder
X
0

X
N-1
x
0

x
N-1
Output
Symbols
OFDM Receiver
20
Synchronization
Timing and frequency offset can influence performance.

Frequency offset can influence orthogonality of subcarriers.

Loss of orthogonality leads to Inter Carrier Interference.
21
Peak to Average Ratio
Multicarrier signals have high PAR as compared to single
carrier systems.

PAR increases with the number of subcarriers.

Affects power amplifier design and usage.
22
Peak to Average Power Ratio
23
The IEEE 802.11a Standard
Belongs to the IEEE 802.11 system of specifications
for wireless LANs.
802.11 covers both MAC and PHY layers.
Five different PHY layers.
802.11a belongs to the High Speed WLAN category
with peak data rate of 54Mbps
PHY Layer very similar to ETSIs HIPERLAN
Type 2
24
Key Physical Layer Things
Use of OFDM for transmission.

Multiple data rate modes supported using
modulation and coding/puncturing.


25
Multiple Data Rates/Modes
26
Useful Symbol Duration - 3.2s

Guard Interval Duration - 0.8s

FFT Size - 64

Number of Data Subcarriers - 48

Number of Pilot Subcarriers - 4

Subcarrier Spacing - 312.5 kHz


OFDM Parameters
27
Scrambler
Convolution
Encoder
Interleaver
BPSK/
QPSK/
64QAM/
16QAM
Constellation
Mapping
OFDM
Symbol
Construction
IFFT
and
Add CP
Input
Bits
OFDM Transmitter
DAC
28
Transmitter Features
1/2 rate convolution encoder combined with puncturing
to obtain different coding rates

Interleaving of bits within an OFDM symbol.

Variable number of bits within an OFDM symbol.

Sampling period-50ns-64 data samples,16 samples for the
cyclic prefix.

Windowing operation for pulse shaping.
29
Data Subcarriers
DC subcarrier (0th) not used since it can cause
problems in the DAC

-32 to -27 and 28 to 32 not used.(Guard band on
both extremes)

Null subcarriers help in reducing out of band
power
30
Receiver
Synchronization
Channel Estimation and Equalization
FFT (OFDM demodulation)
Demapping
De-Interleaver
Viterbi Decoder
De-Scrambling
31
Synchro-
nization
Channel
Estimation
And
Equalization
FFT
Demapping
Deinterleaver
Viterbi
Decoder
Descrambler
Received
Samples
802.11a Receiver
Data
32
Frequency offset estimation continued.
Implementing the self correlation scheme for short
preamble sequence,








so that;
1 1
4 4
2
2
*
4
0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
4
est
M M
f
j
c c c
n n
M
J y n y n e y n
t

= =
= + =

M Number of samples in the short preamble.
*
1
arg ....................................................(1)
4 2
est
f J
J t
=

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