REVISION GUIDE

Making Of Modern Britain,

1951-200
1
BRITAIN IN 1951
POLITICS
!"ree ke# t$rning %oint& d$ring t"i& %eriod
1951 e'e(tion ) &tart of 1* #ear& +on&er,ati,e r$'e
199 e'e(tion ) &tart of !"at("er do-inan(e 'a&ting 11 #ear&
199 e'e(tion ) &tart of Ne. /a0o$r do-inan(e 1&o far 1* #ear&2
1951 &a. end of /a0o$r and 3tt'ee in go,ern-ent 4 "ad a("ie,ed a'' %ro-i&e& o$t'ined in 1955 e'e(tion -anife&to and 'ega(# re-ain&
for 1arg$a0'#2 t.ent# #ear&6 I-%a(t on &o(iet# and %o'iti(& $nti' -id 1907& de&%ite +on&er,ati,e do-inan(e, and 8e'fare State and
N9S (ontin$e to date6
1951-199 4 +on&er,ati,e& :nat$ra' %art# of go,ern-ent7 for *5 of t"e 5; #ear&6 /a0o$r <art# &"o.ed a -enta'it# of an o%%o&ition
%art# rat"er t"an go,erning %art# 1e,en ."en in %o.er2 $nti' B'air arri,ed6
!.o %art# e'e(tora' &#&te- 1951 on.ard&= /a0o$r and +on&er,ati,e& en>o# near tota' do-inan(e of %o'iti(&6 D$e in %art to t"e ?<!<
e'e(tora' &#&te- effe(t& a& .e'' a& t"e in&ignifi(an(e of /i0era'&, 'a(k of %ar'ia-entar# &$%%ort for nationa'i&t&, and neg'igi0'e i-%a(t
of ot"er &-a''er %artie&6
Ri&e of (on&en&$& %o'iti(& 4 %o'iti(a' g$'f 0et.een -a>or %artie& narro.er t"an e,er 0efore6 /a0o$r -oderate and %atrioti( 1not
e@tre-e &o(ia'i&- a& e@%e(ted2 and ke# %o'i(# -aker& in +on&er,ati,e& .ere :One Nation !orie&7 1refor-i&t2 keen to 0$i'd on nationa'
(oo%eration to -aintain an e&&entia' %o&t .ar (on&en&$&6
ECONOMY
+ontradi(tion&= a ($rio$& -i@t$re of diffi($'tie& and de('ine ,er&$& o%ti-i&- and gro.t"
9$ge diffi($'tie& 4 da-aged infra&tr$(t$re, &add'ed .it" -a&&i,e de0t&, %re-.ar -arket& 'o&t, o'd &ta%'e ind$&trie& in de('ine,
Britain re'iant on US to 0egin e(ono-i( re(o,er#, ke# ind$&trie& 1(oa', &tee', rai'2 "ad 0een nationa'i&ed 0# 3tt'ee 1"o%e& of fa&ter
-oderni&ation2, -an# (on&$-er good& &(ar(e and e@%en&i,e, rationing on'# >$&t (o-ing to an end6 Britain &'iding do.n t"e 'eag$e
ta0'e& of t"e .or'd e(ono-# 1951-200 4 e(ono-i( gro.t" &'o.er t"an (o-%etitor&, &$((e&&i,e atte-%t& 0# Briti&" go,ern-ent& for
e(ono-i( -oderni&ation 1i-%ro,e %rod$(ti,it#, (o-%etiti,ene&&2 .ere ne,er f$''# rea'i&ed6
O%ti-i&- 4 &ti'' one of 'eading e(ono-i( %o.er& in .or'd, Briti&" (o-%anie& &ti'' at forefront of ke# &e(tor& 1oi'6 +"e-i(a'&, &"i%%ing2,
Briti&" fir-& -a>or -an$fa(t$rer& and e@%orter&, ot"er E$ro%ean (o-%etitor& "ad &$ffered -ore d$ring t"e .ar6 /i,ing &tandard&
.ere ri&ing, %eo%'e 0etter dre&&ed, o.ned -ore (on&$-er good&6 B# 200 :%o,ert#7 ,er# different fro- ,er&ion in 19516
SOCIETY
Mo&t to.n& and (itie& do-inated 0# "ea,# ind$&tr#, fe-a'e e-%'o#-ent re&tri(ted to -ain'# &ing'e .o-en, and &"ortage& of
(on&$-er good&6 Sen&e of nationa' $nit# fo&tered 0# .ar #ear&, "o.e,er ('a&& di,i&ion& re-ained ('ear ($t6
NOR!9-SOU!9 di,ide ea&# to re(ogni&e .it" Establishment do-inating %$0'i( 'ife
%ro%ert# o.ning -idd'e ('a&& 'i,ed in t"e &$0$r0& ,oting +on&er,ati,e
area& of "ea,# ind$&tr# 1e6g6 nort", 8e&t Mid'and&2 &a. .orking ('a&&e& 'i,ing in $r0an area& ('o&e to fa(torie&, 'o#a' to !U7&,
genera''# ,oting /a0o$r6
So(ia' -o0i'it# "ad 0een in(rea&ed 0# &o-e e@tent 0# i-%a(t of .ar 0$t Britain re-ained ,er# ('a&& (on&(io$& and deferentia'
&o(iet# 4 ('a&& &#&te- "ad to 0reak do.n6
FOREIGN POLICY
De(e%ti,e %o&ition in t"e .or'd
O$t.ard'#= &ti'' a .or'd %o.er= %art of t"e Grand 3''ian(e t"at "ad .on t"e .ar, %o&&e&&ion of a great e-%ire, %ride of .ar
,i(tor# a-ong&t %$0'i(, 1 of 5 %er-anent -e-0er& of t"e UN Se($rit# +o$n(i', ke# a''# to US in +o'd 8ar 1e6g6 Aorea2, ,a&t
&tret(" of Na,#, inde%endent n$('ear %o.er, Briti&" e@%e(tation to re-ain at t"e :to% ta0'e7 of internationa' affair&
2
Rea'it#= e-erged fro- .ar .eakened and i-%o,eri&"ed, ro'e a& (o'onia' %o.er de('ining &in(e 881 1195 .it"dra.a' fro- India
&#-0o'i&ed ina0i'it# to -aintain for-er i-%eria' &tat$&2, -i'itari'# and e(ono-i(a''# o,er&tret("ed and (o$'d not (o-%ete .it"
USBUSSR6 Idea of Britain a& a great %o.er 0$i't -ain'# on i''$&ion& ."i(" took a 'ong ti-e to die
1951 .a& a -i&&ed o%%ort$nit#, &"o$'d "a,e 0een -aking a f$nda-enta' rea&&e&&-ent of %o&ition in t"e .or'd 0# &(a'ing do.n
-i'itar# (o--it-ent& and a((e%ting t"e da#& of i-%eria' grande$r .ere o,er -i&&ed EE+ 1950-1 for-ation a& e#e& .ere fi@ed
on t"e .or'd 0e#ond E$ro%e, on t"e :&%e(ia' re'ation&"i%7 .it" t"e US, on t"e E-%ire and +o--on.ea't"6
!.o -o-ento$& de(i&ion&=
Britain7& de(i&ion to go a"ead .it" inde%endent n$('ear deterrent
De(i&ion to &tand a&ide fro- t"e %ro(e&& t"at 'ed to t"e for-ation of t"e EE+ 1195; S$eC +ri&i& &"attered Briti&"
i''$&ion& 0$t 0# t"en door to E$ro%e .a& &'a--ed &"$t 0# De Ga$''e2
/ed to ne@t "a'f (ent$r# of Briti&" foreign %o'i(# (ontin$ing to re,o',e aro$nd t"e (on&eD$en(e& of t"e&e de(i&ion&
THE POST AR CONSENS!S" 1951#19$%
POLITICS
1951= not o0,io$& t"at 1* #ear& of +on&er,ati,e do-inan(e .ere a0o$t to 0egin6 +"$r("i'' 'ooked tired and t"e +on&er,ati,e& $n'ike'#
to 0e a0'e to dea' .it" Britain7& e(ono-i( tro$0'e&6 9o.e,er, t"ere (a-e a &$((e&&ion of * +on&er,ati,e <M7& 4 +"$r("i'', Eden, and
Ma(-i''an6
Not a 'and-ark ,i(tor# a& /a0o$r a'-o&t .on re-e'e(tion 4 /a0o$r ,ote a(t$a''# tota''ed -ore t"an t"e +on&er,ati,e ,ote 10igge&t
a("ie,ed 0# /a0o$r2 and (o$'d "a,e .on -ore "ad 3tt'ee "e'd off t"e e'e(tion $nti' t"e e(ono-# "ad 0eg$n to %i(k $%6
ATTLEE LEGACY&
M3IN 3+9IEVEMEN!S
ELFARE STATE 4 $&ing t"e re(o--endation& of t"e Be,eridge Re%ort, /a0o$r i-%'e-ented a &#&te- of Nationa' In&$ran(e,
Nationa' 3&&i&tan(e, Ind$&tria' In>$rie&, and a Nationa' 9ea't" Ser,i(e6 !"i& %ro,ided for a &#&te- of &o(ia' (are for ea("
(itiCen fro- t"e :(rad'e to t"e gra,e7
NATIONALISATION 4 Ena(ted t"e %rin(i%'e t"at t"e go,ern-ent "ad t"e rig"t to dire(t t"e ke# a&%e(t& of t"e e(ono-# in
order to (reate &o(ia' >$&ti(e and effi(ien(#6 Go,ern-ent o.ner&"i% of (oa' and t"e Bank of Eng'and 1195;2, road tran&%ort and
e'e(tri(it# 11952, ga& 1195E2, iron and &tee' 119592
IN'IAN IN'EPEN'ENCE 19%( 4 Britain a((e%ted t"at i& %o&&e&&ion and retention of (o'onie& in,o',ed $n0eara0'e 0$rden&6
India .a& to 0e di,ided into t.o di&tin(t &tate&= India and <aki&tan in 1956
NATO 4 GB %'a#ed a ke# ro'e in t"e for-ation of N3!O 1Nort" 3t'anti( !reat# Organi&ation2 in 19596 3 defen&i,e a''ian(e
(on&i&ting of 10 8e&tern E$ro%ean (o$ntrie& a& a &afeg$ard again&t So,iet e@%an&ion6 !"e USE eager'# a((e%ted t"e in,itation
to >oin6
N!CEAR POER 4 &tarted t"e %rogra--e ."i(" t$rned Britain into a n$('ear %o.er6 In 195 t"e /a0o$r go,ern-ent initiated
re&ear(" t"at 'ed to t"e detonation of a Briti&" ato- 0o-0 in 1952 and 9#drogen 0o-0 in 1956
HO!SING 4 initiated a -a>or "o$&ing %rogra--e, re&$'ting in a -i''ion ne. "o-e& 0eing 0$i't6
PROBLEMS)HY ERE THEY 'EFEATE' IN 1951*
Attlee+s ,-.e/nment 0as 0-/n 1-0n 4 "ea,# e(ono-i( and finan(ia' diffi($'tie& (o$%'ed .it" &erio$& di,i&ion& 0et.een t"e rig"t
and 'eft of t"e %art# o,er introd$(tion of %re&(ri%tion (o&t& and n$('ear .ea%on&2 E(ono-i( %ro0'e-& in('$ded= .arti-e de0t&,
0a'an(e of %a#-ent& (ri&i&, de('ining e@%ort&, do''ar ga%, defen(e e@%endit$re and "ea,# de-and& on f$e' and %o.er &$%%'ie&6
/a0o$r7& re&%on&e to t"e&e %ro0'e-& ) i-age of a %art# of rationing and "ig" ta@ation - it "ad rationed e&&entia' ite-&,
introd$(ed finan(ia' (ontro'&, introd$(ed .age freeCe& and de,a'$ed t"e F6
In13st/ial 4-n4e/ns 4 !rade Union re&ent-ent at /a0o$r7& %o'i(ie&6 3ngr# at /a0o$r7& &'o.ne&& to re&%ond to .orker7& de-and&6
Ent/5 int- the 1956 7-/ean a/ 4 angered t"e 'eft .it"in t"e /a0o$r <art#6 /eft arg$ed t"at t"e %art# &"o$'d 0e inde%endent
3
in foreign affair& and a(t .it" t"e UN and t"i& e,ent &"o.ed t"at Britain .a& 0e(o-ing too %ro-3-eri(an 1&"ee%i&"'# fo''o.ing
t"e US in a +o'd 8ar engage-ent2, e&%e(ia''# a& it .a& de%endent on t"e US finan(ia''# 1Mar&"a'' 3id26 Rig"t fo$g"t 0a(k &a#ing
t"at .it"o$t US G7& Britain and E$ro%e .o$'d not 0e &$&tained6
Be.anite Rebelli-n 1951 4 for(ed 0# finan(ia' diffi($'tie& to -ake &a,ing& in %$0'i( e@%endit$re, 3tt'ee i-%o&ed ("arge& on
denta' treat-ent, &%e(ta('e& and %re&(ri%tion&6 Be,an 1(on&tr$(ted N9S2 'ed n$-0er of -ini&ter& into re&igning fro- t"e
+a0inet ) :deat" kne''7 of 3tt'ee7& go,ern-ent6
C-nse/.ati.e /e4-.e/5 -8 m-/ale - /a0o$r di,i&ion& &ti-$'ated t"e +on&er,ati,e& into a(tion and &"ar%ened t"eir atta(k&6 !"e#
reorganiCed t"e %art# $nder /ord 8oo'ton and #o$nger !or# M<7& &$(" a& B$t'er 0egan to 0ring ne. idea& and (onfiden(e to t"e
%art#, e&%e(ia''# after t"e 1950 e'e(tion6 !"e nationa'i&ation i&&$e 1e&%e(ia''# of iron and &tee'2 ga,e t"e- a (a$&e ro$nd ."i("
t"e# (o$'d ra''# and on ."i(" t"e# (o$'d atta(k t"e go,ern-ent 1&trong %'atfor- for o%%o&ition atta(k&26
CONCL!SIONS
!"e e@%'anation of 3tt'ee7& 'o&ing offi(e in 1951 i& not &o -$(" /a0o$r de('ine a& +on&er,ati,e re(o,er#6 8"i'e /a0o$r "ad gained an
added 2 -i''ion ,ote& 0et.een 1955 and 1951, t"e +on&er,ati,e& "ad added near'# 5 -i''ion6 Het, t"e# on'# >$&t &D$eeCed into %o.er6
8"at 0enefited t"e- .a& t"e /i0era' <art#7& de(i&ion to %$t $% on'# 109 (andidate&, a dro% of *;; (o-%ared .it" 19506 !"e near'#
2 -i''ion e@-/i0era' ,ote& t"at 0e(a-e a,ai'a0'e .ent 'arge'# to t"e +on&er,ati,e&6
7EY 9!ESTION& H-0 4-3l1 Lab-3/ l-se the O4t-be/ 1951 ele4ti-n" 5et 0in m-/e -8 the :-:3la/ .-te*
Ratio of ,ote&= /a0o$r 5, 2E* = 1 +on&er,ati,e& 52, ** = 1
1951 e'e(tion &a. /a0o$r gain t"e "ig"e&t aggregate ,ote e,er a("ie,ed 0# an# %art# $% to t"at %oint6 Het, in Briti&" e'e(tora'
%o'iti(& it i& &ti'' %o&&i0'e for a %art# to %o'' -ore ,ote& t"an it& o%%onent& #et &ti'' 0e defeated a& &"o.n ."en /a0o$r gained near'#
1I -ore of t"e ,ote t"an t"e !orie& ) d$e to :?ir&t <a&t t"e <o&t7 e'e(tora' &#&te- $&ed 0# Britain=
Mean& t"at to 0e(o-e an M<, a'' a (andidate "a& to do i& to gain -ore ,ote& t"an an# ri,a' in t"at (on&tit$en(#6 !"ere i& no
reD$ire-ent for a (andidate to .in a -a>orit# of t"e ,ote& (a&t, ."i(" i& t"e (a&e in &o-e e'e(tora' &#&te-
LABO!R+S LEGACY
8"i'e t"ere -a# 0e &o-e 'egiti-ate (riti(i&-& of t"e /a0o$r go,ern-ent regarding &o-e %o'i(ie& t"ere i& a 0roader &ignifi(an(e to
t"i& %eriod6 In go,erning d$ring t"at %eriod, /a0o$r 'aid do.n t"e %o'i(ie& t"at .ere to 0e fo''o.ed in a'' e&&entia'& 0# &$((e&&i,e
/a0o$r and +on&er,ati,e go,ern-ent& d$ring t"e ne@t *5 #ear&6 Unti' !"at("er (a-e into %o.er in 199 and de'i0erate'# ("a''enged
t"i& +ONSENSUS, t"ere .a& a BRO3D /EVE/ O? 3GREEMEN! on ."at .ere t"e -a>or do-e&ti( and foreign i&&$e& and "o. t"e#
.ere to 0e "and'ed6
Britain of 1951 .a& &"a%ed 0# it& re(ent "i&tor#=
16 GRE3! DE<RESSION O? 19*07S 4 regarded in 1951 a& a.f$' ti-e of -i&er# and -a&& $ne-%'o#-ent, ne,er to 0e re%eated
26 8OR/D 83R 4 :good .ar7 ."ere nation "ad (o-e toget"er to defeat t"e for(e& of e,i' 0# "eroi( nationa' effort6 Vi(tor# -$&t
'ead to a fairer, 0etter Britain
*6 REBUI/DING O? BRI!3IN UNDER 3!!/EE7S GOVERNMEN!S 3ND ES!3B/IS9MEN! O? 8E/?3RE S!3!E
<$&"ed Britain to.ard& a %eriod of (on&en&$& %o'iti(& in=
ECONOMICS 4 Ae#ne&ian %rin(i%'e& of %$0'i( e@%endit$re and &tate dire(tion, ne,er -ore t"an 2I $ne-%'o#-ent
ELFARE 4 0a&ed on t"e i-%'e-entation of t"e Be,eridge Re%ort6
E'!CATION 4 0a&ed on t"e notion of (reating eD$a' o%%ort$nit# for a''6
FOREIGN AFFAIRS 4 %ro-3-eri(an and anti-So,iet &tan(e
IMPERIAL POLICIES 4 %rin(i%'e of inde%enden(e for Britain7& for-er (o'onie&6
8"# .a& t"ere a %o&t-.ar (on&en&$&J
/ega(# of nationa' $nit#
:Big go,ern-ent7 - +on&er,ati,e& (on,in(ed of need
?$'' e-%'o#-ent 4 %o&t 882 fear& and didn7t .ant to 0e &een a& %art# of $ne-%'o#-ent
I-%ortan(e of trade $nion& 4 +on&er,ati,e& .anted a (oo%erati,e re'ation&"i%
4
8e'fare State 4 i-%'e-entation of Be,eridge Re%ort6 N9S i(oni( and +on&er,ati,e& "ad .ar-ed to it
+on&er,ati,e -a>orit# .a& &'ender in <ar'ia-ent 4 did not fee' &trong eno$g" to di&-ant'e 3tt'ee 'ega(#
Mi@ed E(ono-# 4 'eft -o&t of /a0o$r7& nationa'i&ation& a'one
8"# did t"e +on&er,ati,e& (ontin$e /a0o$r %o'i(e&J
!"ere (o$'d 0e no o$trig"t re>e(tion of t"e .e'fare &tate
!"ere (o$'d 0e no tota' re,er&a' of nationa'i&ation
E@%erien(e of .ar "ad -eant t"at %eo%'e .ere far -ore read# to a((e%t t"e need for &tate inter,ention and %'anning 4 attit$de&
to.ard& ind$&tr#, t"e trade $nion& and &o(ia' %o'i(# .ere going to "a,e to 0e ,er# different fro- t"at of t"e 19*07&
N9S "ad a'read# 0e(o-e i(oni(
K$&t a& /a0o$r "ad -o,ed to t"e rig"t 0# a((e%ting (a%ita'i&- and t"e -i@ed e(ono-#, &o t"e +on&er,ati,e& -o,ed to t"e 'eft 0#
a((e%ting Ae#ne&iani&- and t"e -anaged e(ono-#6
+on&en&$& i& rat"er diffi($'t to define 4 t"ere .ere &"ar% %o'i(# differen(e&, 0$t a'&o 0road 'ine& of (on,ergen(e
8a& t"ere a %o&t-.ar (on&en&$&J
S3::-/ts 4-nsens3s
3ddi&on - &oi' .a& rig"t for (oa'ition6 !"ere .a& a (o''e(ti,e age of %o'iti(& d$e to a &"ared e@%erien(e of 8or'd 8ar One6
Se'don 4 0road agree-ent on t"e f$nda-enta'& of e(ono-i(, &o(ia' and foreign %o'i(ie&
A,ainst 4-nsens3s
<i-'ott 4 L.e need to (on&ider t"e %o&&i0i'it# t"at t"e (on&en&$& i& a -irage, an i''$&ion t"at ra%id'# fade& t"e ('o&er one get& to
it6
E,iden(e in('$de&= +on&er,ati,e& denationa'i&ed t"e &tee' ind$&tr# and road tran&%ort, +on&er,ati,e& .ere dea'ing .it" t"e e,i'& of
%o,ert# a& o%%o&ed to &eeking (on&en&$& .it" /a0o$r
9i&tori(a' o%inion& on %o&t-.ar (on&en&$&=
Hennesse5 4 3tt'ee &et fo$ndation &tone of a'' t"at i& 0e&t a0o$t %o&t .ar Britain :t"e f$&ion of -#riad "o&%ita'& and %ri,ate
%ra(ti(e& into a Nationa' 9ea't" Ser,i(e, t"e tran&fer of a .orkfor(e of 26* -i''ion %eo%'e into nationa'i&ed ind$&trie&, t"e
3tt'ee go,ern-ent a'&o took t"e fir&t &te%& to.ard& ("anging an e-%ire into a +o--on.ea't"
La0s-n 4 :3tt'ee go,ern-ent of 1955-51 &et t"e %o'iti(a' agenda for t"e ne@t D$arter (ent$r#6 !"e t.o ke# %rin(i%'e& ."i("
infor-ed it& a(tion& and for ."i(" it &tood, 0ig go,ern-ent and t"e dri,e to.ard& eD$a'it#, re-ained ,irt$a''# $n("a''enged for
-ore t"an a generation, t"e ,er# "eart of t"e %o&t-.ar (on&en&$&67
C-ates 4 3tt'ee fai'ed to 0ring a0o$t tr$e &o(ia'i&- and 'o&t an o%%ort$nit#6
Ba/nett 4 %o&t .ar (on&en&$& .a& a -i&taken %o'i(#, +on&er,ati,e& &"o$'d "a,e 0roken fro- it &ooner a& it %rod$(ed a :nann#
&tate7 Britain o,er'# de%endent on .e'fari&-6 !"at("eri&- .a& a ne(e&&ar# (orre(tion of t"i& %ro0'e-6 :I''$&ion and t"e drea-&
of 1955 faded a.a# one 0# one 4 t"e i-%eria' and t"e +o--on.ea't" ro'e, t"e .or'd %o.er ro'e, Briti&" ind$&tria' geni$& and t"e
Ne. Ker$&a'e- it&e'f, a drea- t$rned to t"e dank rea'it# of a &egregated, &$0-'iterate, $n&ki''ed, $n"ea't"# and in&tit$tiona'i&ed
.orking ('a&&, "anging on t"e ni%%'e of &tate %aterna'i&-7
POTENTIAL E;AM 9!ESTION& E@%'ain ."# t"ere .a& a %o&t-.ar (on&en&$&
!"i& i& on'# a &$gge&ted idea of "o. #o$ (o$'d a%%roa(" t"e D$e&tion
Int/-134ti-n& o$t'ine ke# .ord& and %eriod, 'i&t fa(tor& to 0e di&($&&ed
Pa/a,/a:h One& 3tt'ee7& 'ega(# and t"e fee'ing of nationa' $nit#
<o%$'arit# of N9S 4 (o$'dn7t re,oke it 1%o'iti(a' &$i(ide2, One Nation +on&er,ati&- -eant t"at it .a& -ore a((e%ta0'e to !or#
ideo'og# 4 a((e%tan(e of %o%$'arit# and a0i'it# to .ea,e it into t"eir o.n %o'i(ie&, 'e&& "o&ti'e to it
+o$'d not 0e an o$trig"t re>e(tion, and in&tead &o-e tink'ing 'ike nationa'i&ation
!orie& re(ogni&ed t"at t"e e@%erien(e& of .ar "ad -ade %eo%'e .ant &tate inter,ention and %'anning
Pa/a,/a:h T0-& Reorgani&ation of +on&er,ati,e& %o&t 1955 e'e(tion
Ri&e of One Nation +on&er,ati&- 4 -ore %rag-ati( and .i''ing to a((e%t rea'tie& of %o'iti(& %o&t 882 4 Nige' /a.&on7& :0ig
5
go,ern-ent7
+"ange in (o-%o&ition of !or# <art# 0# B$t'er and 8oo'ton &a. #o$nger, d#na-i( ("ara(ter&
Rea'i&ed t"e i-%ortan(e of %o&iti,e trade $nion re'ation&
Pa/a,/a:h Th/ee& E'e(tion re&$'t of 1951 1&'i- -a>orit#2
Briti&" %o'iti(& i& %rone to a %end$'$- effe(t 4 fear t"at an# ("ange& .o$'d &.ing t"e e'e(torate 0a(k to.ard& /a0o$r, did not
fee' &trong eno$g" to di&-ant'e t"e 'ega(#
+o--it-ent to f$'' e-%'o#-ent (a-e a& a re&$'t 4 keen to a,oid a re%eat of 1955 ."en t"e# .ere &een a& t"e %art# of
$ne-%'o#-ent and 'o&t t"e e'e(tion
Pa/a,/a:h F-3/& 8a& t"ere a %o&t-.ar (on&en&$&J
Aerr 4 a :-irage7 ,er&$& 3ddi&on :t"ere .a& rea' (on&en&$&7
Denationa'i&ation of &tee' &"o.& t"at t"i& .a& ne(e&&it# rat"er t"an (on,i(tionJ
3tte-%t& to ("a&e t"e e'e(torate fo''o.ing 1951 &'i- -a>orit# rat"er t"an agree-entJ
C-n4l3si-n 4 o$t'ine ke# %oint&, and -o&t &ignifi(ant rea&on
+ONSERV3!IVE DOMIN3N+E 4 89H DID I! O++UR 1951-;5J
16 Reorgani&ation of t"e %art# -a("ine 'ed 0# /ord 8oo'ton after t"e di&'o(ation (a$&ed 0# t"e .ar and &"o(k defeat of 1955 1ne.
+on&er,ati,e M<& .it" ne. idea&2
26 +on&er,ati,e& re(ogni&ed t"e e@tent of %$0'i( a%%ro,a' for t"e 'ega(# of t"e 3tt'ee go,ern-ent& 1%o&t-.ar (on&en&$& %o'iti(&2
*6 1951 -arked t"e end of :a$&terit#7 and t"e &tart of t"e 'ong %o&t-.ar 0oo-
56 !"e ro'e of indi,id$a'& in %o.er - :S$%erMa(7M
56 Infig"ting 0et.een t"e Be,anite& and Gait&ke''ite& ."i(" .eakened t"e /a0o$r <art#
T- /e:eat then& t"e-e& t"e +on&er,ati,e& (ontin$ed d$ring 1951-19;5 a& %art of t"e %o&t-.ar (on&en&$&
Mi@ed e(ono-# 1/a0o$r a((e%t %ri,ate enter%ri&e and (a%ita'i&t, +on&er,ati,e& 'eft -o&t nationa'i&ation& a'one a't"o$g" t"e# did
denationa'i&e &tee' and road tran&%ort 19512
/ega(# of nationa' $nit#
:Big go,ern-ent7 - +on&er,ati,e& (on,in(ed of need go,ern-ent inter,ention in &o(ia' and e(ono-i( %o'i(ie&
?$'' e-%'o#-ent 4 %o&t 882 fear& and didn7t .ant to 0e &een a& %art# of $ne-%'o#-ent
I-%ortan(e of trade $nion& 4 +on&er,ati,e& .anted a (oo%erati,e re'ation&"i% d$e to t"eir %o.er and inf'$en(e
8e'fare State 4 i-%'e-entation of Be,eridge Re%ort6 N9S i(oni( and +on&er,ati,e& "ad .ar-ed to it
+on&er,ati,e -a>orit# .a& &'ender in <ar'ia-ent 4 did not fee' &trong eno$g" to di&-ant'e 3tt'ee 'ega(#
RO/E O? <ERSON3/I!IES
+"$r("i''= <M fro- 1951-556 Not (on&idered to 0e t"e greate&t %o&t-.ar <M6 So-e %eo%'e arg$e t"at t"e -an ."o rea''# 'ed t"e
+on&er,ati,e& .a& 3nt"on# Eden 1a(ting <M2 and ke# -ini&ter& &$(" a& B$t'er and Ma(Mi''an6 Ina(ti,e in %o'iti(& 0$t ,i&ion& of
"i-&e'f a& an internationa' &tate&-an6 9o.e,er, 9enne&&e# arg$e&= One "a& to 0e (aref$' not to o,erdo t"e de%i(tion of t"e o'd
.arrior in "i& %re-ier&"i% a& a kind of .a'king off 'i(en(e-($--%"ar-a(#
Da# to da# r$nning of go,ern-ent 'eft to ke# -ini&ter&6
Eden= 1951-1955 ro'e& a& a(ting <M, a(t$a' <M 1955-56
B$t'er= :0e&t <M Britain ne,er "ad7
Ma(-i''an= S$((e&&f$' "o$&ing -ini&ter $nder +"$r("i'' ) a("ie,ed a-0itio$& target of *00,000 "o$&e& %er #ear6 195 0e(a-e <M6
!en&ion& e@i&ted 0et.een B$t'er and Ma(-i''an, a& .e'' a& 0et.een Eden and +"$r("i''6
3GE O? 3??/UEN+E
+on&er,ati,e& '$(k# in ti-ing a& t"e# (a-e to %o.er at ti-e of 0eginning of e(ono-i( re(o,er#= -en7& .eek'# .age& .ere going $%
1FE6*0 1951 F156*5 19;12, -a&&i,e in(rea&e& in %er&ona' &a,ing&, 0oo- in (ar o.ner&"i% and "o-e o.ner&"i%, Ma(-i''an a("ie,ed
*00,000 "o-e& target, arri,a' of ne. to.n& &$(" a& +or0# in 19507& &a. t"e- e@%and in 19507&, far-er& did .e'' 1&tate &$0&idie&2,
end of rationing 19556
6
S$rge in o.ner&"i% of (on&$-er good& ) !V&, ."ite good&, f$rnit$re6 S#-0o' of aff'$en(e6
1955 GENER3/ E/E+!ION - 8"# did t"e !orie& .inJ 8in 0# "ea't"# -a>orit#= ;E &eat& 1+on&er,ati,e 596I ,ote, /a0o$r 5;65I2
B$t'er 0oo&ted +on&er,ati,e e'e(tion %ro&%e(t& .it" a <,i.e#a0a5+ b31,et t"at %ro,ided t"e -idd'e ('a&& .it" F1*5 -i''ion in ta@
($t&
A88l3en4e 4 :fee' good fa(tor7 -o&t ,oter& .ere "a%%# .it" t"eir ri&ing 'i,ing &tandard&6
Eden 4alle1 the ele4ti-n imme1iatel5 after +"$r("i'' retired 4 re'a@ed and 'o. ke# and ga,e Eden t"e ("an(e to get a -andate
to go,ern 0efore t"e e'e(torate (o$'d >$dge "i- on a(t$a' %erfor-an(e a& a <M6
S3::-/t -8 nati-nal :/ess an1 me1ia
C-ntin3e1 s:lits 0ithin Lab-3/ 4 (onf'i(t 0et.een Gait&ke''ite& and Be,anite& fro- 1951 (ontin$ed to (a$&e tra$-a 1'ong r$nning
&%'it2
3tt'ee retire& a& /a0o$r /eader, t"e# "adn7t e@%e(ted to .in6 9o.e,er, 1955 not a (r$&"ing defeat of /a0o$r a& t"e# &ti'' "e'% $%
t"eir &"are of t"e ,ote6
EDEN !O M3+MI//3N
EDEN BE+OMES <M IN 1955 ) "ig" &en&e of o%ti-i&-6 9ai'&"a- 4 :a rea' %o&t-.ar go,ern-ent, 'ed 0# a <M ."o re%re&ented
(onte-%orar# -an"ood, rat"er t"an t"e %re-?ir&t 8or'd 8ar generation67 O%ti-i&- a0o$t= %rogre&&i,e idea& in do-e&ti( affair&, "i&
0e'ief in %ro%ert# o.ning de-o(ra(# and ind$&tria' %artner&"i%6 9o.e,er, a'' Eden7& (areer "ad 0een foreign affair& and not
do-e&ti( %o'iti(&6
Ironi(a''# "i& do.nfa'' .a& foreign affair&M ) S$eC +ri&i& 195;6 End& in di&a&ter, -i'itar# o%eration (a''ed off in "$-i'iating
(ir($-&tan(e& a& Britain .it"dra.& d$e to 3-eri(an %re&&$re d$e to e(ono-i( rea&on&6 O$t(o-e&=
Di%'o-ati( and -i'itar# fia&(o ) t$rning %oint for Britain7& i''$&ion& of i-%eria' %o.er6
<o'iti(a' (ri&i& 4 Eden &ee-ed .eak, 'o&t in a %o'i(# "e .a& &$%%o&ed to 0e t"e -a&ter of6 +a-e $nder "ea,# atta(k fro- /a0o$r
in %ar'ia-ent and &e(tion& of nationa' %re&& e6g6 Man("e&ter G$ardian6 B# '#ing to <ar'ia-ent a0o$t (o''$&ion .it" ?ran(e and
I&rae', Eden "ad tarni&"ed "i& i-age and %re&tige6
S%'it t"e +on&er,ati,e %art#= N$tting 1+o'onia' Mini&ter2 re&igned fro- (a0inet, re0e''ion of 50 M<&6 9eat" 1("ief ."i%2 .a&
re&%on&i0'e for kee%ing t"e %art# in 'ine 0$t e,en "e .a& &trong'# o%%o&ed to Eden7& a(tion&6 Go,ern-ent .eakne&&e& $n,ei'ed 0#
%re&&$re fro- US a& it e@%o&ed Britain7& finan(ia' .eakne&& and &tarted a r$n on t"e F
E(ono-i( 4 r$n on t"e F 1ra%id fa'' in ,a'$e of F2, Britain e@%o&ed a& finan(ia''# .eak ) +"an(e''or Ma(-i''an 'eading t"e (a-%aign
.it" Eden7& (a0inet for Britain to a0ort S$eC
De-i&e of Eden 4 ne,er re(o,ered fro- S$eC 1t"o$g" re&ign& d$e to %oor "ea't" in 19526 Re%'a(ed 0# Ma(-i''an6
M3+MI//3N !3AES OVER 3S <M 195 ) +on&er,ati,e &$r,i,e S$eC a't"o$g" Eden doe&n7t6 Ma(-i''an take& &trong gri%6 8"#J
+on&er,ati,e <art# re(o,er& D$i(k'# fro- S$eC +ri&i&6 Ma(-i''an e-erged a& <M and %art# $nit# .a& re&tored .it"o$t 'a&ting
&%'it&6
E(ono-i( %ro&%erit# (ontin$ed to gain a%%ro,a' fro- ,oter& 4 (ontin$ing aff'$en(e ke%t ,oter& "a%%#
Re%$tation of Ma(-i''an 4 ni(kna-ed :S$%er-a(7, &$((e&& a& "o$&ing -ini&ter 1*00,000 ne. "o-e& a& %ro-i&ed d$ring 1951
e'e(tion -anife&to2
/a0o$r <art# $nder Gait&ke'' "ad %ro0'e-& of it& o.n
Re-arka0'# a0i'it# of +on&er,ati,e& to -anage ("ange& of 'eader&"i% .it"o$t too -$(" 0'ood 0eing &%'it in %o.er &tr$gg'e&6
Ma(-i''an .a& a &afe ("oi(e, e&%e(ia''# (o-%ared to t"e a'ternati,e B$t'er, and &o .it" fe. ene-ie& t"e %art# &ta#ed $nited6
Eden, t"e -ain (a$&e of t"e (ri&i&, "ad di&a%%eared and &o did t"e (ri&i& .it" "i-6 S$eC "$ng o,er Briti&" foreign %o'i(# for
anot"er 50 #ear&, 0$t did not rea''# dent +on&er,ati,e %o'iti(a' do-inan(e at "o-e6
8in& e'e(tion (o-forta0'# in 1959 4 ke# rea&on for t"i& .a& a ri&e in (on&$-er %ro&%erit#66666666
M3+MI//3N 195-;*
Initia' %eriod of (onfiden(e and %o'iti(a' -a&ter 'eading to 5 #ear& ."ere S$%er-a( a%%eared to 0e in (ontro' of affair&=
<o&t .ar e(ono-i( 0oo- .a& (ontin$ing
/a0o$r %art# in di&arra#, in(rea&ing'# (on(erned .it" interna' 0att'e&
7
Media &ee-ed to 0e in %a'- of "i& "and, $&ed !V .it" f'air
!"eatri(a' &t#'e, e'egan(e and (a'-6
<o&t .ar (on&en&$& %o'iti(ian - : one of t"e t.o -o&t 'eft-.ing <M& of -# fort# #ear& re%orting %o'iti(&7 1Marga("2
+a0inet -e-0er& 1B$t'er, Ma(/eod, Bo#'e2 .ere (a%a0'e and effi(ient %o'iti(a' -anager& in t$ne .it" %o'iti(a' o%inion
1959 E'e(tion 4 (a''ed ."en t"e e(ono-i( &it$ation .a& fa,o$ra0'e6 In(rea&ed +on&er,ati,e %ar'ia-entar# -a>orit# of 100 &eat&6
89H DID !ORIES 8IN 1959 E/E+!IONJ
3ge of 3ff'$en(e (ontin$ing ) <o&t .ar 0oo- and (on&$-er %ro&%erit# and (onfiden(e
S$%er-a( %er&ona'it# and f'air, (a0inet of effi(ient -anager&
E(ono-i( re(o,er# 0# 1959 (oin(iding .it" 3%ri' ta@ ($t&
Ineffe(ti,e o%%o&ition - Di,i&ion& of /a0o$r 1di&agree-ent& o,er ("ara(ter of %art#, "o. far t"e %art# &"o$'d %$&" for a
&o(ia'i&t agenda 'ike nationa'i&ation, &%'it& o,er n$ke&, $n(ertaint# o,er EE+ a%%'i(ation&, o$t-anoe$,red 0# +on&er,ati,e& d$ring
e'e(tion2 and &ide'ining of /i0era' <art# 1d$e in %art to ?<!< e'e(tora' &#&te-2
+on&er,ati,e re(o,er# fro- S$eC and a0i'it# to -anage &%'it& .it"in t"e %art#
/3BOUR DIVISIONS
De&%ite t"e 'o&& 1951 e'e(tion, /a0o$r %o''ed 15 -i''ion ,ote& ) -an# a(ti,i&t& t"o$g"t ret$rn to %o.er .a& ine,ita0'e6 8"# .a&
/a0o$r &o di,idedJ
19507& &a. inten&ifi(ation of &%'it 0et.een Be,an and Gait&ke'' 1%re&(ri%tion ("arge& ro.2 ) "ar-ed effe(ti,ene&& of /a0o$r7&
o%%o&ition to t"e +on&er,ati,e go,ern-ent=
3tt'ee .a& 0e(o-ing a 'e&& effe(ti,e 'eader and deat" of Be,in -eant t"at %art# $nit# .a& on de('ine and t"ere .a& a gro.ing
&%'it in ideo'og# and in %er&ona'itie&
Di&agree-ent& and %er&ona' fe$d& an a'-o&t %er-anent feat$re of /a0o$r in o%%o&ition after 1951 4 'eader&"i% &tr$gg'e 1955
(a$&ed f$rt"er ten&ion& 0et.een Be,an and Gait&ke'' fa(tion& ) Gait&ke'' 0e(o-e& 'eader 1955 e@a(er0ating t"i& a& atte-%t&
.ere -ade to 0ridge t"e ga% 1&o-e Be,anite& re>oined t"e %art# -ain&trea- e6g6 8i'&on2 b3t t"i& .a& %a%ering o,er t"e da-age,
not re%airing it6
?ai'$re to e@%'oit o%%ort$nitie& - S$eC +ri&i& 195; ) /a0o$r 0a(k on t"e atta(k .it" an o%%ort$nit# to 0enefit fro- Eden7&
di&gra(e, if t"ere "ad 0een a genera' e'e(tion in 195 t"en t"ing& -a# "a,e fa,o$red /a0o$r6 9o.e,er, S$eC did not &%'it
+on&er,ati,e& and /a0o$r .a& 'eft .it" fe. o%%o&ition target& to "it ) Gait&ke'' &tr$gg'ed to -aintain %art# $nit#6
+on(ern& o,er ideo'og# of /a0o$r 4 &tan(e on n$('ear .ea%on& 1&o-e ,oter& di&'iked &o-e 'eft .ing /a0o$r7& &trong UD &tan(e2,
E$ro%e, and +'a$&e IV6
N$('ear .ea%on&= 'ed to trade $nion& ("a''enging /a0o$r 'eader&"i% .it" +o$&in& 'eading fier(e o%%o&ition to Gait&ke''6
1959 B'a(k%oo' and S(ar0oro$g" <art# +onferen(e& 1"e'd >$&t 0efore 1959 e'e(tion2 4 0att'e& fo$g"t o,er dire(tion of
%art#6 Gait&ke'' fa-o$&'# %ro-i&ed to Lfig"t and fig"t again to &a,e t"e %art# .e 'o,eN after ."i(" "e .a& defeated
o,er n$('ear di&ar-a-ent6
Mi&&ed t"e o%%ort$nit# to -oderni&e at <art# (onferen(e&
+'a$&e IV= Gait&ke'' %$t& for.ard t"e idea of a0o'i&"ing +'a$&e IV 1(on&tit$tion of t"e %art# ."i(" (o--it& t"e- to
nationa'i&ation2 ) for(ed to 0a(k do.n for fear of 'eft .ingB!U 0a(k'a&" and %otentia' &%'it&6
Did enter t"e 1959 e'e(tion .it" &o-e o%ti-i&- and &o defeat .a& a (r$&"ing e,ent6
)&%'it& in(rea&ed after t"i& e'e(tion 'o&& d$e to
112 gro.ing o%%o&ition to t"e %art# 'eader&"i% fro- t"e !U&
122 &i--ering di,i&ion& o,er Britain7& n$('ear .ea%on& ) -an# /a0o$r 'eft .inger& >oining in .it" +ND (a-%aign& for Uni'tatera'
Di&ar-a-ent 1+ND a an anti-n$('ear .ea%on %re&&$re gro$% %o%$'ar .it" -idd'e ('a&& and inte''e(t$a'&, 0e&t kno.n for 3'der-a&ton
Mar(" 1959 ."i(" attra(ted E000 &$%%orter&2
19;0 4 /a0o$r7& %o&ition &'o.'# i-%ro,ed ) ($'t$ra' &"ift in t"e (o$ntr# ."i(" -eant %$0'i( o%inion .a& 'e&& &ati&fied .it" aff'$en(e
and -ore (riti(a' of go,ern-ent 1ri&e of &atire 4 <ri,ate E#e26
8
P/-blem -8 :a/t5 3nit5
Gait&ke'' &$((eeded 0# 3tt'ee after defeating Be,an
for 'eader&"i%
Gait&ke'' 'ed t"e %art# fro- a (entre-rig"t %o&ition
O::-se1 inte/nall5
Be,anite 'eft
Uni'ateri&t& and +ND
S3mma/5 -8 Lab-3/ 1951#$%
ECONOMICS
+on&er,ati,e <art# (ontin$e& to &$r,i,e and do-inate in 195 de&%ite S$eC +ri&i& d$e to ri&ing 'i,ing &tandard& and t"e age of
aff'$en(e6 Ma(-i''an a.are (o$'dn7t 'a&t ) do$0'e -e&&age in "i& :Ne,er "ad it &o good7 &%ee(" - %'ea&ed a0o$t &%read of aff'$en(e O
(on&$-er %ro&%erit# 1+on& gi,en (redit for itM26 3'&o a &tern .arning a0o$t inf'ation and :ni,htma/e -8 3nem:l-5ment+
M3+MI//3N 3ND E3R/H E+ONOMI+S
S$--er 195 4 ?inan(ia' +ri&i& ) inf'ation .a& ri&ing d$e to .age& r$nning a"ead of %rod$(ti,it#, r$n on F 1danger of de,a'$ation2
!.o o%inion& o,er "o. to re&o',e %ro0'e-= !"orne#(roft .anted to introd$(e for- of -onetari&- 1'i-it .age in(rea&e&, ($t
-one# &$%%'#2 ."erea& Ma(/eod et a' o%%o&ed to t"i& a& it .o$'d 'ead to in(rea&ed $ne-%'o#-ent and ($t0a(k& in "o$&ing6
Ro. .a& &#-0o'iCed t"e %ro0'e-& of :S!O<-GO7 e(ono-i(& 1go %"a&e= e@%anding e(ono-# .it" 'o. intere&t rate& and ri&ing
(on&$-er &%ending ) e(ono-# o,er"eat& .it" .age& and i-%ort& e@(eeding %rod$(ti,it# and e@%ort& ) &to% %"a&e= need for
&'o.ing do.n or def'ation t"ro$g" "ig"er intere&t rate& and &%ending ($t&2
Ma(-i''an &ided .it" e@%an&ioni&t e(ono-i( %o'i(ie& and (ontin$ation of %o&t-.ar (on&en&$& e(ono-i( %o'i(ie& ) 'ed to re&ignation
!"orne#(roft, <o.e'' and Bir(" ."i(" Ma(-i''an &"r$gged off a& a :'itt'e 'o(a' diffi($'t#7
P/-blems -8 e4-n-mi4 m-1e/nisati-n&
3ge of 3ff'$en(e did not (o-e to an end in t"e ear'# 19;07& 0$t go,ern-ent fa(ed diffi($'t# and fr$&tration in it& e(ono-i( %o'i(ie&
16 9o%e& of -oderni&ation not f$'fi''ed
26 Intended tran&for-ation of Britain7& infra&tr$(t$re -ade &t$ttering %rogre&&
*6 19507& 4 (o-%ari&on& .it" 8e&t Ger-an# &"o.ed Britain .a& 0eing 'eft 0e"ind and t"at trade .it" E-%ireB+o--on.ea't" .a&
not &$ffi(ient to kee% it $%
+ONSERV3!IVE RE+ORD
A :e/i-1 -8 <a88l3en4e+*
E(ono-# %i(ked $% after 1950 a& .or'd trade i-%ro,ed 4 0$t Britain fa''ing 0e"ind
(o-%etitor&6 S!O<-GO e(ono-i(& "ad not 0een 0roken6
1951-19;5 4 Britain7& e(ono-# gre. 50I 10$t ?ran(e 50I, 8e&t Ger-an# 250I, Ka%an
500I2
S"are of .or'd e@%ort& of -an$fa(t$re& good&= Britain7& &"are fe'' fro- 20I 119552
to 15I 119;02 ."i'e Ger-an#7& ro&e fro- 15I to 19I6
3'' e@%ort& ro&e 0et.een 1952 and 19;2= Britain P29I, ?ran(e PE;I, Ger-an# P25I,
Ka%an P*EIM
Britain fa''& 0e"ind in %rod$(ti,it# %er %er&on6
19;1 4 (on(ern& a0o$t o,er-"eated e(ono-# 'ed to :%a# %a$&e7 to "o'd do.n .age inf'ation and to a&k for 'oan fro- IM?
19;2 &a. B3/3N+E O? <3HMEN!S <ROB/EM, e(ono-i(& of &to%-go ) Ma(-i''an &et& $% NED+ 1Nationa' E(ono-i( De,e'o%-ent
9
We have sthered from one crss to
another. Sometmes t has been the
balance of payments crss and
sometmes t has been an exchange
crisis. It s a pcture of a naton n
fu retreat from ts responsbtes. It
s the road to run. I do not beeve
that the queston s whether we
shoud use a bank rate or physca
contros; to te the truth, nether of
them works very we. The simple
truth is that we have been
h5 Lab-3/ l-st in 1959
8eakened 0# interna' di,i&ion&
Di&ad,antaged 0# ri&ing UA7& %ro&%erit#
Mo$nted a %oor e'e(tion (a-%aign
Ele4ti-n 1e8eat intensi8ie1 inte/nal 0/an,les
19;0 +onferen(e &a. ,i(tor# of 'eft
!U 0'o(k ,ote for(ed $ni'atera'i&- a& offi(ia' %o'i(#
Gait&ke''7& :fig"t and fig"t and fig"t again7 &%ee("
ra''ied %art#
19;1 +onferen(e re>e(ted $ni'atera'i&-
+o$n(i'2 in atte-%t to get e(ono-i( (oo%eration 0et.een go,ern-ent, e-%'o#er& and $nion&6
19;2 a'&o &a. t"e Nig"t of t"e /ong Ani,e& re&"$ff'e of 19;2 ) /'o#d re%'a(ed .it" Ma$d'ing a& +"an(e''or6 Ma$d'ing atte-%t&
to a,oid ri&ing $ne-%'o#-ent t"ro$g" ta@ (on(e&&ion& and a %o'i(# of :e@%an&ion .it"o$t inf'ation7 Q B3/3N+E O? <3HMEN!S
(ontin$ed to deteriorate .it" i-%ort& r$nning a"ead of e@%ort& and ri&ing inf'ation6
EURO<E3N OU!/OOA
1959 4 Britain took t"e 'ead in for-ing t"e E$ro%ean ?ree !rade 3rea 1E?!32 ) No -at(" for t"e EE+M
19;1 4 Ma(-i''an doe& a Briti&" ,o'te-fa(e and &$0-itted Britain7& a%%'i(ation6
8"#J
16 9o%e of 0oo&ting ind$&tria' %rod$(tion for a 'arge-&(a'e e@%ort -arket
26 9o%e t"at ind$&tria' effi(ien(# .o$'d 0e in(rea&ed 0# (o-%etition
*6 9o%e t"at e(ono-i( gro.t" .o$'d 0e &ti-$'ated 0# t"e ra%id e(ono-i( e@%an&ion a'read# ra(ing a"ead in t"e EE+
Q 19;1 a%%'i(ation &een a& fai'$re in 0ringing a0o$t e(ono-i( -oderni&ation
Go,ern-ent no 'onger &$rfing on a .a,e of %ro&%erit# and e(ono-i( &$((e&&
10
E(ono-i( de('ineJ
Goden age?
Decne?
195E 1959 19;0 19;1 19;2 19;*
?or-ed
E?!3
S'i%%ing
0e"ind US,
Ka%an and
8e&t
Ger-an#
3%%'i(ation to
>oin EE+
Sto%-go
e(ono-i(&
E(ono-i(
gro.t" 'ed to
o,er"eating 4
e@%en&i,e
i-%ort& and
ri&ing .age
de-and&
E(ono-# &ti''
gro.ing,
'i,ing
&tandard& $%
4 $% *0I
!"orne#(roft
and <o.e''
re&ign
:%a# %a$&e7
introd$(ed
to "o'd do.n
.age
inf'ation
3&ked for
'oan fro-
t"e IM?
Ba'an(e of
%a#-ent&
%ro0'e-
E(ono-i(& of
&to%-go
(a$&ing
%ro0'e-&
?e0 4 &et $%
NED+
:Nig"t of t"e
/ong Ani,e&7
ta@ (on(e&&ion&
%o'i(# of
:e@%an&ion
.it"o$t inf'ation
Q ri&ing inf'ation
Re>e(tion fro-
EE+
Bee("ing Re%ort
4 Briti&" Rai' ($t&
Red$(tion& in
%$r("a&e ta@
4 fro- 100I
in 1951 to
25I in 19;*
Ri&ing .age&
Ster'ing
regain& ,a'$e
again&t
do''ar
!a@ ($t&
F*0 -io
Red$(tion& in
in(o-e ta@ 4
fe'' 5 ti-e&
195-;5
Gro.ing
range of
good& in
&"o%&
5 -i''ion
e-%'o#ed in
&er,i(e
ind$&trie&
Me-orie& of
a$&terit# 'aid
to re&t
B$i'ding
&o(ietie&
%ro,ided *2;,
125 ne.
-ortgage&
9o-e
o.ner&"i%
do$0'ed
+on&$-er
&%ending $%
fro- F1;-io
end of 1959
to F1;65-io
0# end of
19;0
+ONSERV3!IVE E+ONOMI+S 4 GO/DEN 3GE OR <ERIOD O? E+ONOMI+ DE+/INEJ
Ba/nett = E4-n-mi4 'e4line>
1907& ine,ita0'e ($'-ination of 'ong ter- e(ono-i( de('ine
?ai'ed to (ontro' &%ending or fa(e do.n .age de-and& fro- $nion&
Briti&" ind$&tr# fai'ed to -oderni&e
Britain7& .or'd trade 4 R 1951 to 1B10
t"
195
!e("ni(a' ed$(ation neg'e(ted
/o. %rod$(ti,it# ,&6 US, Ka%an and 86 Ger-an#
Nationa'i&ation a -i&take
!oo -$(" e-%"a&i& on f$'' e-%'o#-ent ."i(" "ad 'ed to %ro0'e-& .it"
inf'ation
!9E ?3// O? M3+MI//3N
+o--and o,er go,ern-ent fa'tered fro- 19;2
12 Ni,ht -8 the L-n, 7ni.es 19$? 4 +a0inet re&"$ff'e6 Ma(-i''an7& %$rge of t"e (a0inet .a& intended to re>$,enate t"e
go,ern-ent 0$t a(t$a''# .eakened it6 Ma(-i''an a%%eared ('$-&# and o$t of to$(" 0$t da-age .a& not fata'6
22 P/-83m- A88ai/ 19$@ 4 &(anda' ."i(" .a& a %er&ona' di&a&ter for Ma(-i''an6 Gi,en &en&ationa' treat-ent 0# t"e %re&&6 <o'iti(a'
i-%a(t of t"e affair .a& a(t$a''# &"ort 'i,ed 0$t t"e i-age of Ma(-i''an a& o'd and o$t of to$(" .a& reinfor(ed
*2 Se/i-3s illness 19$@ - Ma(-i''an "ad not %a,ed t"e .a# for an#one to &$((eed "i- ) &trong o%%o&ition 0et.een t.o -o&t o0,io$&
(andidate& en&$ed 4 B$t'er and 9ai'&"a-6 DOUG/3S-9OME, (o-%ro-i&e (andidate, &e'e(ted6 8"o'e %ro(e&& -ade
+on&er,ati,e& a%%ear to 0e tra%%ed in a 0#gone era ) &"ar%'# (ontra&ted .it" t"e ne. /a0o$r 'eader and "i& %ro-i&e& to take
Britain into t"e :8"ite "eat of te("no'og#76
11
Hennesse5 = G-l1en A,e>
Go'den age did e@i&t and %rogre&& .a& -ade
/i,ing &tandard& ro&e &teadi'#
Rate of e(ono-i( gro.t" .a& (on&i&tent'# "ig"er t"an
it "ad 0een 0et.een 1900-19*9
Une-%'o#-ent 2I
Hear 0# #ear, -ore %ro&%ero$& and eD$a'
+o-%ari&on& .it" ot"er (o$ntrie& -i&'eading 4
Ger-an# and Ka%an "ad no ("oi(e in (o-%'eting
re&tr$(t$ring t"eir e(ono-# and infra&tr$(t$re and
"ad not 0een a''o.ed to &%end on defen(e 1Britain
&%ent I of GD< on t"i&2
C-nse/.ati.e E4-n-mi4 P-li45
Met"od& !arget Re&$'t& <er&i&tent <ro0'e-&
- -aintaining t"e - atta(k on inf'ation - &to%-go - &'o. gro.t" of GN<
-i@ed e(ono-# - &tagf'ation - "ig" defen(e (o&t&
- o%erating -i'd Ae#ne&ian - 0$dgetar# %o'iti(& - 'i-ited R O D
%o'i(ie& - &%reading aff'$en(e
Ma4millan+s 4ha/a4te/isti4s as Lea1e/& S$%er-a( i-age
S3mma/5& Ma4millan+s ,-.e/nment 195(#$@
Li.in, Stan1a/1s
Ne,er "ad it &o good #ear&
+on&$-er 0oo-
9o$&ing 0oo-
<ro%ert#-o.ning de-o(ra(#
Une-%'o#-ent
Ed$(ation
+'a&& &"ift&
S-4ial tensi-ns
I--igration
Riot& 195E-9
Ho$t" &$0($'t$re
Ma4millan an1 Em:i/e
3((e%tan(e of :.ind of
("ange7
De(o'oni&ation 195-;E
GENER3/ E/E+!ION 19;5
+'o&e r$n (onte&t .it" /a0o$r &D$eeCing to ,i(tor# 0# 5 &eat&6 8"#J
R$n of &(anda'& and :e,ent&7 19;2-* e6g6 <rof$-o, Va&&a'' affair, &%# &(anda'&
Go,ern-ent e-0arra&&ed 0# ?ren(" re>e(tion of EE+ a%%'i(ation
Sen&e of a %o.er ,a($$- fo''o.ing t"e re&ignation of Ma(-i''an and do$0t& o,er ("oo&ing a &$((e&&or
Sen&e of gro.ing i-%atien(e .it" t"e o'd :E&ta0'i&"-ent7 and de&ire for generationa' ("ange ) &"o.ed t"ro$g" <ri,ate E#e and
!"at 8a& !"e 8eek !"at 8a&6
In(rea&ed &$%%ort for /a0o$r6 8i'&on .a& a &trong (a-%aigner ) (onfident in dea'ing .it" -edia and -ore fo($&ed t"at Gait&ke''
S%'it 0et.een Be,anite& and Gait&ke''ite& .a& o,er, 0ot" ke# %er&ona'itie& dead
/a0o$r (o$'d e@%'oit t"e %o.erf$' %$0'i( -ood t"at it .a& :ti-e for a ("ange7 4 /a0o$r e'e(tion &'ogan L!"irteen #ear& of !or#
-i&r$'e7 %ro,ed ,er# effe(ti,e
:/i0era' re,i,a'7 4 &ee-ed dead .it" on'# 265I ,ote t"ro$g" %o&t-.ar era6 9o.e,er, in 19;0 t"ere .ere &ign& of 'ife $nder
Gri-ond7& g$idan(e6 8on 1162I,oteB9 &eat& in 19;5 ) e,iden(e of &oftening of +on&er,ati,e ,ote and %re-e("o to t"e re,i,a' %o&t
19;56 It i& %o&&i0'e t"at ,ote& taken 0# t"e /i0era'& fro- t"e +on&er,ati,e (andidate& a$ "a,e >$&t ti%%ed t"e 0a'an(e in &$(" a
('o&e e'e(tion ra(e6
89H DID !9E +ONSERV3!IVES DOMIN3!E BRI!IS9 <O/I!I+S 1951-19;5J
12 3ge of aff'$en(e and (on&$-er (onfiden(e
22 /a0o$r di,i&ion&
*2 <o&t-.ar (on&en&$& %o'iti(& and (ontin$ation of %o%$'ar %o'i(ie&
52 S$%er-a(
52 30i'it# of +on&er,ati,e& to &$r,i,e &%'it& and 'eader&"i% &tr$gg'e&
;2 Good e'e(tion ti-ing and (a-%aigning
SOCIETY
<o&t 8ar /ega(# ) Britain in 19507& &ti'' (o$ntr# -o$'ded 0# 8826 Sti'' .ide&%read ,i&i0'e &ign& of .ar da-age, nationa' &er,i(e,
regiona' and ('a&& 'o#a'tie& &ti'' &trong6 +'a&& and geogra%"i(a' attit$de& .ere reinfor(ed 0# fi'-& of t"e ti-e6
9o.e,er, Briti&" &o(iet# 1951 not &tati( or froCen in ti-e ) .ar "ad (a$&ed &ignifi(ant &o(ia' ("ange, a& "ad t"e .e'fare &tate6 !"e
?e&ti,a' of Britain 1951 &"o.ed %eo%'e t"at t"e# .ere on t"e ,erge of a ne., -odern .or'd and in t"e #ear& to 19;5 t"ere .o$'d 0e
&ignifi(ant &o(ia' &"ift&, %o%$'ation ("ange& and gro.ing &o(ia' ten&ion&6
DEMOGR3<9I+ +93NGE, 1951-;5
!"ree ke# fa(tor& (reated de-ogra%"i( ("ange in t"e UA6
16 9ea't" and /ife e@%e(tan(# 6 Birt" rate& o$t &tri%%ed deat" rate&, -edi(a' i-%ro,e-ent& .ere &een $nder t"e .e'fare &tate6
26 In.ard Migration6 +ontin$ing inf'$@ of i--igrant& fro- Iri&" Re%$0'i( ) 195E, 250,000 arri,ed6 3't"o$g" -an# (o$ntrie& &ent
i--igrant& to t"e UA, .e a'&o 'o&t -an# a& t"ere .a& a &tead# f'o. of i--igrant& to Nort" 3-eri(a and 3$&tra'ia6 19507&
Britain re(ei,ed ;;,000 i--igrant& 0$t 'o&t 16*2 -i''ion %eo%'e6 In t"e 19;07& t"e in.ard -igration .a& 1625 -i''ion 0$t
o$t.ard, 1692 -i''ion6
*6 !"e differen(e 0et.een to.n and (o$ntr# .a& no. -$(" &"ar%er6 +o$ntr#&ide &ti'' do-inated 0# agri($'t$re6 R$ra' area& "ad not
#et 0een t"reatened 0# (ree%ing $r0ani&ation t"at i& e,ent$a''# &een6 Mo&t %eo%'e 'i,ed in &trong, &-a'' (o--$nitie&6 !"i&
&it$ation .a& a0o$t to ("ange ) -a&& (ar o.ner&"i% and &o(ia' -o0i'it#, %eo%'e 0egan to -o,e a.a# fro- (it# (entre&6
IN?R3S!RU+!URE=
Britain7& infra&tr$(t$re .a& 0ad'# r$n do.n, de&%erate need for "o$&ing to re%'a(e .ar da-aged one&6 1951 ) +on&er,ati,e
go,ern-ent &et a-0itio$& target of 0$i'ding *00,000 ne. "o-e& e,er# #ear ) 'o(a' go,ern-ent &%ent -i''ion& on ('earing %re-.ar
12
&'$-& and 0$i'ding ne. to.n& &$(" a& 9ar'o. and Air0#6
Effe(t of -igration= 8"at %eo%'e did not a%%re(iate .a& t"at inner (itie& "ad ("anged fore,er6 Inner (itie& no. fo$nd t"e-&e',e&
&e%arated fro- t"e &$0$r0& 0# ring of dere'i(tion6 Ma&& o.ner&"i% of (ar ("anged attit$de& to road 0$i'ding, di&tan(e& to .ork and
"o'ida#& Q inner (itie& 0egan to die6
+ar& ) +on&tr$(tion of M1 0et.een /ondon and Bir-ing"a- 0egan 195E) .ork on M; after6 195-19;* 1,200 -i'e& ne. road& or
$%graded -ain road& (o-%'eted Q Road& .ere in rai'.a#& .ere o$t6
De-i&e of rai'.a#& ) Bee("ing Re%ort 19;* re(o--ended ('o&$re of -ore t"an *0I of rai' net.ork6 3rg$ed road offered a ("ea%er
and -ore f'e@i0'e a'ternati,e ) &-a'' 0ran(" 'ine& and &tation& &er,ing &-a'' (o--$nitie& .ere gone6 Re-ain& a -atter of (ontro,er&#
0et.een Ro-anti(& and Rea'i&t&6 8"i("e,er i& rig"t, it ($t off -an# r$ra' area& and affe(ted rea' &o(ia' ("ange
VIO/EN+E, +RIME 3ND 9OO/IG3NISM
I--igration ) %$0'i( an@ietie& .ere often aro$&ed 0# $nfair and ina(($rate re%ort& of (ri-ina' 0e"a,io$r 0# i--igrant&6
B$tM !"i& ,io'ent (ri-e .a& -o&t'# "o-e gro.n
Mid 19507& !edd# Bo#& "ad 0e(o-e %art of &o(ia' fa0ri(
<re,io$& nor-& of 'a. a0iding 0e"a,io$r .ere 0reaking do.n
1956+s
/a. a0iding
S'ig"t 0'i% d$ring t"e .ar 0$t %ro,ed to 0e on'# -inor
!ota' offen(e&= 5;1,500
Ara# !.in&= e-%ire of ('$0& and :%ro%ert# de,e'o%-ent76 O$t.ard'# re&%e(ta0'e 4 a&&o(iated .it" (e'e0ritie&6 De&%ite %eak in
(ri-ina' 0e"a,io$r 19;5 ) RE?/E+!ED !9E +93NGING 3!!I!UDES !O +RIME 3MONG SOME SE+!IONS O? SO+IE!H
Mod& and Ro(ker&= Not organi&ed (ri-ina'&6 Re&$'t of ne., aggre&&i,e #o$t" ($'t$re 4 di&re&%e(tf$' of a$t"orit#, fig"t ($'t$re6
Ho$ng -en fig"ting in t"e &treet .a& "ard'# ne.=
$&$a' &(ene on a Sat$rda# nig"t
19;07& &a. ri&e of foot0a'' "oo'igani&- 1foot0a'' gro$nd& and ,anda'i&ing train&2
D$e to t"eir e-%"a&i& on &t#'e t"at attra(ted a 'ot of attention - ('a&"e& in ear'# 19;07& ) +'a(ton, Margate and Brig"ton Ma# 19;56
MOR3/ <3NI+ rea(tion fro- t"e %$0'i(6 <o'iti(ian&, ("$r("-en and t"e -edia .ent O!! - tried to (on,e# i-age& of knife .ie'ding
"oo'igan& $nder-ining t"e fo$ndation& of &o(iet#6 E@aggerationM
8"# did t"i& o(($rJ
8"# .a& t"i& o(($rring d$ring a ti-e of aff'$en(e and %er&ona' %ro&%erit#J
8"# did it o(($r d$ring a ti-e of nationa' &er,i(e 1&$%%o&ed to in&ti' di&(i%'ine2J
Q Britain "ad to get &'o.'# a(($&to-ed to t"e e-ergen(e of a #o$t" ($'t$re
E134ati-n an1 Class
11P and B$t'er 3(t 1955 - De(ided ."et"er a ("i'd7& ed$(ation .o$'d 0e in a gra--ar &("oo' 1*0I2 or a &e(ondar# -odern 1;0I26
3i-ed to %rod$(e a :tri%artite &#&te-7 gi,ing eD$a' &tat$& to gra--ar &("oo'&, te("ni(a' &("oo'& and &e(ondar# -odern& 4 ne,er
-ateria'i&ed in %ra(ti(e6 On'# "andf$' of te("ni(a' &("oo'& .ere e&ta0'i&"ed and &e(ondar# -odern& (a-e to 0e D$i(k'# regarded a&
re(e%ta('e& for ("i'dren ."o fai'ed t"e e'e,en %'$&6
<ro0'e-& )Midd'e ('a&& $%&et, -an# &a. t"e te&t a& $nfair and ineffi(ient, .a&te of ta'ent and "$-an %otentia'J <&#("o'ogi(a' &train
on &t$dent& and %arent&6
Ro.e arg$e& t"at &o(iet# in 1951 .a& deferentia' and (onfor-i&t - ingrained re&%e(t for a$t"orit#, ('a&& di&tin(tion& o0,io$& 4 dre&&,
&%ee(" and ('a&& 'o#a'tie& &trong .it"in %artie&6
9o. did attit$de& ("angeJ
Grad$a' 0reakdo.n of o'd &o(ia' re&tri(tion& and a 'o&& of defen(e
13
Mi1 1956+s
+ri-e .a,e
1955-19;5 4 +ri-ina' offen(e& do$0'ed
Ara# t.in&
+'a&"e& 0et.een t"e Mod& and t"e Ro(ker&
S3eA 4/isis 195$ e@%o&ed 0'atant '#ing and -ani%$'ation 0# t"e go,ern-ent
Ri&e of +ND en(o$raged t"e tenden(# to ("a''enge a$t"orit#
Ne. trend& in ($'t$re and t"e -edia o%ened t"e .a# for a -ore indi,id$a'i&t and 'e&& (onfor-i&t &o(iet#, 'e&& .i''ing to fo''o.
t"e <Establishment+ ) I-%ortan(e of 0a(kgro$nd and (onne(tion&
/a0o$r and ('a&&
/ong 0att'e again&t ('a&& &#&te- 4 .anted 3tt'ee to a0o'i&" %ri,ate &("oo'&, a'ong .it" 9o$&e of /ord&
Moderate& 0e'ie,ed in o%ening $% t"e ro$te to t"e to% 'e,e'& of &o(iet#
Midd'e ('a&& di&(ontent .it" E&ta0'i&"-ent de&%ite 0eing fro- t"e &a-e 0a(kgro$nd and ed$(ation
<RO?UMO 3??3IR 19;*
Satire 0oo- of 19;07& 4 dra-ati( deferen(e to a$t"orit#6 <rof$-o 3ffair &#-0o'i&e& &"ifting attit$de to.ard& ('a&& and %ri,i'ege6
Baro-eter of &o(ia' ("ange, &$gge&ted t"at Britain .a& 0e(o-ing 'e&& deferentia', and 'e&& ('a&&-ridden &o(iet#6
Signifi(an(e=
Idea' e@($&e for %re&& to go after e,er# detai'
<re&& 0e(a-e 'e&& deferentia', -ore intr$&i,e ) %re,io$& ta(ti(& $&ed 0# go,ern-ent to %re,ent %$0'i(ation of &en&iti,e or
e-0arra&&ing infor-ation no 'onger .orked
Booker 4 Lafter #ear& of $nea&# ind$'gen(e, t"e %eo%'e .ere re&t'e&& and di&&ati&fied666.i'd r$-o$r& of &trange and .i'd
"a%%ening& in t"e (o$ntr# ,i''a&, of orgie& and %"i'andering666660ro$g"t t"e (a%ita' into a frenC# of &%e($'ation and (onte-%t
aro$&ed 0# t"e Go,ern-ent in t"e "eart& of t"e great -a&& of t"e %eo%'eN
+93NGING 3!!I!UDES IN +U/!URE 3ND !9E MEDI3 1951-;5
Si--ering &o(ia' ten&ion& ref'e(ted in t"e -edia and ($'t$re6
) 19507& deferen(e %re,ai'ed and (o&#Brea&&$ring !V fro- BB+ and I!V 11955P2, e6g6 !"e 3r("er&, fi'-& &$(" a& !"e +r$e' Sea,
) reinfor(ed e@i&ting attit$de& to ('a&& 1a't"o$g" (ine-a going into de('ine d$e to !V2 ) 19;07& ($'t$re 0egan to ref'e(t ($rrent
&o(iet# .it" gang ,io'en(e 13 +'o(k.ork Orange2, a'ienation of #o$ng .orking ('a&& -a'e& 1Sat$rda# Nig"t and S$nda# Morning2, ra(ia'
ten&ion 1Sa%%"ire2 and gritt# rea'i&- of to.n& 1e6g6 Mer&e#&ide &"o.n in S +ar&26
) Dri,e to 0reak do.n (en&or&"i% and &o(ia' ta0oo& e6g6 "o-o&e@$a'it#, /ad# +"atter'e#7& /o,er (o$rt (a&e $nder O0&(enit# 3(t6
) Ri&e of &atire 4 -i@ of &(anda'iCing t"e nation and de'ig"ting t"e ot"er "a'f6
Midd'e ('a&& 0a(k'a&" again&t ne. :i--ora'it# and de%ra,it#7 'ed 0# %rig Mar# 8"ite"o$&e and %art& of nationa' %re&&6
On ."o'e, -a>orit# o%inion in Britain .a& &o(ia''# (on&er,ati,e and re-ained in &a-e o'd groo,e ) ('a&& &#&te- -a# "a,e 0een dented
0# t"e &"ift& in &o(ia' attit$de& 0$t it (ertain'# .a& not 0roken6
SO+I3/ <RESSURES 1951-;5
16 I--igration 4 in.ard and o$t.ard, Notting 9i'' Riot&, %o'iti(a' %art# (onf$&ion a& to "o. to 'egi&'ate i--igration
26 De-ogra%"i( ("ange& 4 in(rea&e& in %o%$'ation, i--igration, differen(e& 0et.een t"e to.n& and (o$ntr#&ide, &o(ia' -o0i'it# -
drain of %o%$'ation fro- ke# area& 1"o''o.ing o$t of (it# (entre&2
*6 <re&&$re& on Britain7& infra&tr$(t$re 4 "o$&ing
56 +ri-ina'it# 4 in(rea&e in (ri-e and ("ange& in attit$de to.ard& (ri-ina'&
56 9oo'igani&- and ,io'en(e 4 riot& and radi(a'i&ation of #o$t" e6g Mod& and Ro(ker&, Brig"ton and Margate
;6 +'a&& ten&ion& .it"in t"e ed$(ation &#&te- in tande- .it" t"e o%ening $% of o%%ort$nitie&
6 +"anging attit$de& to.ard& ('a&& 4 re>e(tion and ("a''enging of t"e E&ta0'i&"-ent, de(rea&ing deferen(e to.ard& a$t"orit#,
&atire 0oo-
E6 +"ange& in ($'t$re and t"e -edia 4 dri,e to 0reak do.n (en&or&"i% and &o(ia' ta0oo&, &atire, di&%er&ion of idea& ,ia -edia
FOREIGN
!"ree &%"ere& of inf'$en(e t"at &$- $% Briti&" foreign %o'i(#= C-mm-n0ealth" E3/-:e" Ame/i4a
14
EM<IREB+OMMON8E3/!9
9i&torian& di&agree a0o$t h-0 and 0h5 BritainT& e-%ire de('ined and ended6 9o.e,er, -o&t agree fa(tor& 'ike .ar and ("anging
.or'd e(ono-# %'a#ed a ke# ro'e in t"e de('ine of t"e Briti&" E-%ire6
<re 881 ) one of ri("e&t (o$ntrie& in .or'd6 Strong finan(e and ind$&tr# - e,er#one o.ed Britain -one#M 3fter 5 #ear& of
fig"ting, BritainT& .ea't" .a& ,irt$a''# a'' gone6 Mo&t of BritainT& de0t& .ere .it" t"e US36 Britain .a& great'# .eakened 0# t"e
.ar6
Bankr$%ted 0# end of 8826 De0t& .ere e,en greater ) needed "$ge 'oan& and grant& fro- US36 E-%ire and it& %eo%'e& %'a#ed
(r$(ia' ro'e in BritainT& &$r,i,a' and ,i(tor# in 0ot" .or'd .ar&6
End of 882 - -o&t Briti&" %eo%'e fe't t"at re0$i'ding t"eir o.n (o$ntr# .a& -ore i-%ortant t"an "o'ding on to di&tant 'and&6 3t
&a-e ti-e, BritainT& e(ono-# .a& ("anging6 !rade .it" E$ro%e and 3-eri(a 0e(a-e -ore i-%ortant t"an it& trade .it" t"e
e-%ire6
Britain did not 'o&e a'' 'ink& .it" for-er (o'onie&6 Briti&" e-%ire 0e(a-e BRI!IS9 +OMMON8E3/!96 3'' for-er -e-0er& of
e-%ire in,ited to 0e(o-e -e-0er& of +o--on.ea't"6 Ma>orit# did 1Ire'and didn7t and So$t" 3fri(a 'eft +o--on.ea't" 'ater2
!"e +o--on.ea't" .a& ,o'$ntar# organi&ation -ain'# ai-ed at %ro-oting friend&"i% and "ar-on# 0et.een t"e nation& of t"e
for-er e-%ire6 9o.e,er, .ere ot"er 0enefit& &$(" a& &%orting and ($'t$ra' 'ink&, and &%e(ia' agree-ent& in ter-& of trade and
&e($rit#6
5 AEH RE3SONS ?OR DE+/INE O? EM<IRE
Rise -8 S3:e/:-0e/s 4 Britain affe(ted e(ono-i(a''#, &trategi(a''# 1fa'' of Singa%ore2 and %o'iti(a''# 0# 8826 US3, USSR and
+"ina a'' took on -ore i-%ortant ro'e& and e(ono-i( -ira('e& t"at o(($rred in Ka%an and Ger-an# i-%a(ted $%on Britain7&
e(ono-#6
G/-0th -8 In1e:en1en4e M-.ements 4 !"ro$g"o$t 882 t"ere .ere &ignifi(ant de,e'o%-ent& in t"e inde%enden(e -o,e-ent&
in India and 3fri(an territorie&6 Strike&, 0o#(ott&, indi,id$a'& and %o'iti(a' %rote&t& a'' -o,ed (o$ntrie& to.ard& inde%enden(e6
E4-n-mi4 1e4line 4 +o&t of t.o .or'd .ar& and da-age (a$&ed to Briti&" o,er&ea& trade took t"eir to''6 B# 1955 Britain .a&
re'iant $%on t"e US3 for &$%%ort6
Chan,e in :-liti4al -:ini-n in GB - /a0o$r go,ern-ent e'e(ted in 1955 fo($&ed $%on i-%ro,ing (ondition& in Britain 4 going on to
e&ta0'i&" 8E/?3RE S!3!E6 3tt'ee a''o.ed Indian inde%enden(e and -o,ed to.ard& 3fri(an de(o'oniCation 0e(a$&e Briti&"
attit$de& "ad ("anged6 !"e Briti&" 'eft &o-e area& 0e(a$&e t"e# fe't t"e (o$ntr# .a& read# to r$'e it&e'f de-o(rati(a''#, for
e@a-%'e India6
Re134e1 st/ate,i4 /-le 4 Britain no 'onger "ad finan(ia' or -i'itar# &trengt" to do-inate territor# .it"in 3&ia6 !"e Briti&"
.anted to 'ea,e &o-e (o$ntrie& 0e(a$&e t"e area .a& (a$&ing t"e- %ro0'e-&6
Britain and e-%ire %o&t 1955UUG/OB3/ DE+/INE6
B# 1951, Britain "ad to a((e%t t"at i-%eria' de('ine .a& ine,ita0'e6
881 "ad &tarted de('ine, 882 and t"e e-ergen(e of t.o &$%er%o.er& &%ed $% t"e %ro(e&&6
195, Britain "ad to infor- t"e US t"at &"e .a& ('o&e to 0ankr$%t(#6 Britain "ad to re'inD$i&" it& (o--it-ent& in Gree(e,
!$rke# and <a'e&tine6 !"e &a-e #ear inde%enden(e .a& granted to India and <aki&tan6
I''$&ion& ) 'ong ti-e to die and %o'iti(a' and %$0'i( o%inion .a& &'o. to re(ogni&e t"e UA7& de-i&e6 Nor did t"e# &ee i-%'i(ation&
for t"e f$t$re6 Britain (ontin$ed to L%$n(" a0o,e it7& .eig"tN6 De'a#ed Briti&" integration in E$ro%e $nti' 19*, ."en it (o$'d
ea&i'# "a%%ened t.ent# #ear& ear'ier a& a re&$'t of i-%eria' i''$&ion&6
SUES t"at &"o.ed Briti&" %eo%'e t"at Britain .a& no 'onger a g'o0a' &$%er%o.er6
I-%eria' i''$&ion& a'&o "e'd 0a(k de(o'oniCation6 On'# in 9aro'd Ma(-i''an7& 8IND O? +93NGE &%ee(" in 19;0 did %eo%'e (o-e
to ter-& .it" 'o&ing o,er&ea& (o'onie&6 E,en after 19;0, t"e&e i''$&ion& ke%t Britain7& defen(e &%ending "ig" 0# "o'ding a n$('ear
deterrent6 3'&o t"e :&%e(ia' re'ation&"i%7 .it" t"e US3 .a& e@aggerated a& .a& Britain7& ro'e in t"e +o'd 8ar6
B# 19;5 "o.e,er, -$&t of t"e&e -#t"& of Briti&" i-%ortan(e "ad 0een 0'o.n o$t of t"e .ater6
3DKUS!ING !O !9E <OS!-83R 8OR/D
1951 Britain7& retreat fro- E-%ire .e'' $nder .a#6
19507&, %re&&$re fro- (o'onie& .anting inde%enden(e got too -$(" to (o%e .it" ) Briti&" for(e& fo$nd t"e-&e',e& fig"ting
15
again&t inde%enden(e -o,e-ent& in Ma'a#a, Aen#a and +#%r$&6 Ot"er e@-(o'onia' %o.er& .ere fa(ing t"e &a-e i&&$e&, ?ran(e and
Be'gi$- fo$g"t .ar& in for-er (o'onie&6
In t"e ear'# 19507& Britain7& r$'er& fe't t"e# (o$'d -o,e fro- E-%ire to +o--on.ea't"6
No0od# &a. t"e &$dden r$&" for inde%enden(e t"at .o$'d fo''o. e6g6 Ma'a#a6 Aen#a
!9E SUES +RISIS, 195; 1EDEN2
I-%ortan(e J S$eC +ana' a ke# &tone of Britain7& o,er&ea& e-%ire and trade ro$te& ) Main arter# (onne(ting trade ro$te& fro-
t"e Mediterranean to (o$ntrie& e,en 0e#ond 3&ia6 Vita' ro$te for oi' &"i%-ent& ) E0I 8e&tern oi' i-%ort& %a&&ed t"ro$g" t"e
(ana'6
Re&%on&e to t"reat of Na&&ar7& nationa'i&- and inde%enden(e Q -i'itar# a(tion rat"er t"an di%'o-a(#6 89HJ
- Re&%on&e f$e''ed 0# Eden7& %er&ona'it# 1a -an ."o %rided "i-&e'f on -a&ter# of foreign %o'i(#2 and 0e'ief t"at Britain .a& a &ti''
an i-%eria' %o.er6 Sa. Na&&er a& :an e,i' di(tator ."o (o$'d not 0e a''o.ed to get a.a# .it" $n%ro,oked aggre&&ion67
- Eden "ad 'itt'e fait" in di%'o-a(#
- Need to a(t D$i(k'# a& t"e# fe't Na&&er t"reatened 3fri(an &ta0i'it#
- Mo&t of Eden7& (a0inet, in('$ding Ma(-i''an, .ere -inded to take dra&ti( a(tion and not .ait for a &'o., di%'o-ati( %ro(e&&6
Ma(-i''an, 195;= :!"e S$eC &it$ation i& 0eginning to &'i% fro- o$r "and&6 I tr# not to t"ink t"at .e "a,e -i&&ed t"e 0$& 4 it "a&
taken &$(" a 'ong ti-e to get o$r -i'itar# arrange-ent& into &"a%e6 B$t .e -$&t .in t"i& &tr$gg'e 0# one -ean& or anot"er6
8it"o$t oi', and t"e %rofit& fro- oi', neit"er t"e UA nor 8e&tern E$ro%e (an &$r,i,e7
- Eden .a& &$%%o&ed to 0e an e@%ert in foreign %o'i(# &o t"e +a0inet fe't $na0'e to ("a''enge &$(" e@%erti&e
<ROB/EM= ke%t S$eC arrange-ent& &e(ret fro- -o&t of +a0inet and USM ) US anno#ed at 'a(k of (on&$'tation and fear t"at
Na&&ar -a# no. t$rn to USSR for "e'%
?ai'edM <o'iti(a' %rote&t in Britain 0$t -ore i-%ortant'# d$e to US %re&&$re ) Ei&en"o.er &"o(ked at Briti&" g$n0oat di%'o-a(#6
Britain .a& not &trong eno$g" to &tand $% to US %re&&$re d$e to finan(ia' (ri&i& Q Ma(-i''an rea'iCed it .a& e&&entia' to %$'' o$t
de&%ite "a,ing to a((e%t fai'$re and "$-i'iation6
I-%a(tJ
- Eden7& (areer fini&"ed on a %ainf$' anti-('i-a@
- Britain (a$g"t a(ting 'ike an i-%eria' %o.er in a %o&t-i-%eria' .or'd t"at .o$'d not to'erate it6 End of :.or'd %o'i(e-an7 ro'e 4
:'a&t t"ro. of i-%eria' &tone7
- Britain7& %o&ition in t"e .or'd no. "ad to go t"ro$g" a f$nda-enta' rea&&e&&-ent 4 i''$&ion& of i-%eria' grande$r .ere 'e&&ened
and 'e&&on& 0egan to 0e 'earned6
- +"ange in re'ation& 0et.een US and Britain
- Britain no. rea'iCed t"e i-%ortan(e of di%'o-a(# rat"er t"an -i'itar# inter,ention
- /a&t inde%endent -i'itar# inter,ention 0# Britain ) an# f$t$re (onf'i(t .a& %art of organiCation or .it" US ) rea'iCed it no 'onger
"ad t"e %o.er to a(t a'oneM
- 3((e%tan(e of Britain t"at t.o &$%er%o.er& no. e@i&ted 4 Britain .a& not one of t"e-6
!9E 8INDS O? +93NGE 19;0 1M3+MI//3N2
S$eC fia&(o ) re(on&idered t"e %o&ition in 3fri(a6 <re-19;0 (entra' ai- of Briti&" i-%eria' %o'i(# .a& to defeat nationa'i&t
re,o't& and to -aintain (ontro' o,er (o'onie&6
In 195, G"ana Q Britain7& fir&t 3fri(an (o'on# to 0e granted inde%enden(e ) R$&" of ot"er&6 Nigeria and +#%r$& in 19;06 Sierra
/eone in 19;16 Uganda in 19;2 and Aen#a in 19;*6
8ind of +"ange S%ee(" 19;06 SIGNI?I+3N! +93NGE IN <O/I+HM Re(ognition of inde%enden(e -o,e-ent& and -o,e to
DE+O/ONIS3!ION6
Ma(-i''an .a& addre&&ing a -ain'# ."ite a$dien(e in +a%e !o.n ."o 0e'ie,ed in a%art"eid, (on,in(e t"e- of t"e need to fa(e
rea'it# ) -ain a$dien(e "o.e,er .a& not %re&entV "e .a& rea''# ta'king to 9ead7& of &tate fro- aro$nd t"e +o--on.ea't" and to
%$0'i( o%inion 0a(k "o-e6
8"# did "e t"ink ("ange .a& neededJ= arg$-ent t"at if t"e ne@t 20 #ear& .ere to 0e &%ent tea("ing t"e- de-o(ra(# and
'earning ad-ini&tration t"en it .o$'d 0e 0e&t to .ait, 0$t in rea'it# t"e# kne. t"i& .o$'d ne,er "a%%en and t"e inte''igent one&
.o$'d 0e(o-e fr$&trated and re0e' 'eading to ,io'en(e, re%re&&ion and "atred ) t"e#7d 0etter &tart 'earning to r$'e t"e-&e',e& at
16
on(e6 Ba&i(a''#, grant inde%enden(e 1and 'ead t"e %ro(e&&2 in order to 'ook &trong or 'ed e-%ire fe&ter on and "a,e nationa'i&t
gro$%& o,ert"ro. #o$ -aking #o$ 'ook .eak
?ina' %roof t"at ("ange .a& needed66666666
Britain "ad "ad a diffi($'t ti-e in (ontaining Ma$ Ma$ re0e''ion ) &"o.ed Ma(-i''an t"at .ind of ("ange idea .a& (orre(t6
Iain Ma('eod 1Ma(-i''anT& +o'onia' Se(retar#2 .anted to &%eed $% t"i& inde%enden(e %ro(ed$re6
In retro&%e(t t"e %o'i(# .a& ,er# &$((e&&f$'6
!"e %ro(e&& did not a'.a#& go to %'an, 0$t Briti&" de(o'oni&ation .a& (o-%'eted .it" a 'ot 'e&& ,io'en(e t"an %o.er& &$(" a&
Be'gi$- or <ort$ga'6
B# 19;5, t"e tran&ition fro- E-%ire to +o--on.ea't" .a& &ignifi(ant a("ie,e-ent6
BRI!3IN 3ND EURO<E
!"e ,i&ion= EE+ ) ('o&er tie& to %re,ent f$t$re (onf'i(t e6g6 S("$-an <'an of 1950 1%ro%o&a'& for a +oa' and Stee' +o--$nit# t"at
.o$'d integrate ?ren(" and Ger-an "ea,# ind$&tr#2 ) .o$'d %ro-ote ra%id e(ono-i( re(on&tr$(tion and 0ind t"e t.o "i&tori(
ene-ie& toget"er6
!"e o%en door, 1951-195
!"e de(i&ion not to enter in t"i& %eriod did ref'e(t a nationa' (on&en&$&6
- /a0o$r <art#= &$&%i(io$& of free--arket %rin(i%'e& 0e"ind t"e +o--on Market6
- +on&er,ati,e& .anted trade 'ink& .it" (o$ntrie& 'ike 3$&tra'ia, +anada and Ne. Sea'and -ore t"an E$ro%e6
- Man# %eo%'e (o$'d not get t"e .ar o$t of t"eir "ead&6 8e .on6 Ger-an# .ere o$r ene-ie&6 !"e ?ren(" ro''ed o,er and .ere
o(($%ied6
- /eader& .ere [email protected] 'eader& ) -an# &ti'' "ad t"e %er(ei,ed idea t"at Britain .a& to% of t"e tree6
!"e e(ono-i( ad,antage& of t"e EE+ .ere di&regarded6
Briti&" foreign %o'i(# Q en(o$rage E$ro%ean integration fro- &ide'ine& 0$t not get in,o',ed6 /iked idea of integration, >$&t not
for Britain6
!"e agree-ent& -ade at Me&&ina .ere &o'idified in t"e !reat# of Ro-e in Kan$ar# 1956
!"e EEC .a& 0orn .it"o$t t"e UA ) Britain not .orried6 3t t"i& ti-e it& foreign %o'i(# .a& fo($&ed on t"e +o'd 8ar, t"e
+o--on.ea't" and t"e :&%e(ia' re'ation&"i%7 .it" t"e US36
9O8EVER after S$eC, Briti&" %o'iti(a' attit$de& 0egan to &"ift6
/o(ked o$t&ide, 195E-19;* 4 Mi&&ed t"e E$ro%ean B$&J
!"e f$nda-enta' rea&on ."# Britain ("anged it& -ind a0o$t t"e EE+ .a& E+ONOMI+
rea'i&ed t"at t"e o'd %attern& of trade t"at "ad ke%t Britain at t"e to% of t"e tree,
.ere no 'onger a& &trong
nor "ad t"e# fa(tored in t"e :-ira('e7 t"at .a& "a%%ening in 8e&t Ger-an#6
1959 4 EFTA 1E$ro%ean ?ree !rade 3rea2 Moderate &$((e&&6666 0$t not t"e &a-e a& EE+
9o.e,er, t"ere .ere ?OREIGN <O/I+H rea&on& ."# t"e Briti&" a&ked to >oin6
!"e US3 keen to &ee Britain >oin for a& Britain .a& a ,ita' 'ink 0et.een t"e- and E$ro%e 1e&%e(ia''# .it" t"e Ber'in
+ri&i& of 195E2 4 Britain to a(t a& a :!ro>an 9or&e7 for 3-eri(a
!"e &"ift in Briti&" %re&tige .a& a'read# &een .it" S$eC and de(o'oniCation a'ong&ide e&ta0'i&"-ent of E?!36
!er-& of Entr# a %ro0'e-M EE+ "ad a'read# de,e'o%ed -an# %ro(ed$re& e6g6 +o--on 3gri($'t$ra' <o'i(#
."i(" Britain (o$'d not &ee it&e'f a((e%ting ) 9eat" tried to negotiate &%e(ia' trade e@e-%tion& for
I-%eria' nation& 1e6g6 /a-0 fro- NS2
De Ga$''e $&ed ?ran(e7& ,eto to 0'o(k Britain7& a%%'i(ation, deter-ined to
&a,e EE+ fro- :'e& 3ng'o-Sa@on&7 Q %o'iti(a' 0o-0&"e''6
9i& inter,ention (a$&ed ,er# 0ad fee'ing 0et.een Britain and ?ran(e for &o-e (on&idera0'e
ti-e6
17
BRI!3IN 93D :MISSED !9E
EURO<E3N BUS7
EEC
This 0a5222
8"oo%&666
?ran(e7& ,eto %re,ented BritainT& ne@t a%%'i(ation in 19;6
BRI!3IN BH 19;5
Ae# .or'd (o--it-ent& in('$ded= 1959 - %art of N3!O .it" troo%& in 8e&t Ger-an#, Do$g'a& 9$rd arg$e& t"i& .a& a %ro%
."i(" a''o.ed Britain to :%$n(" a0o,e it& .eig"t in t"e .or'd7, 1951 4 in,o',ed in +o'd 8ar, Briti&" troo%& fig"ting in Aorean 8ar
a& %art of UN
BRI!3IN 3ND 3MERI+3
B$rge&& and Ma('ean affair 1Briti&" &%ie& ."o "ad gi,en &e(ret& to t"e So,iet&2 4 :&%e(ia' re'ation&"i%7 $nder &train6
Britain tiring of 3-eri(an %re&&$re to >oin EE+ (o-%o$nded 0# t"e ad,er&e affe(t t"e S$eC +ri&i& "ad on t"i& friend&"i%
O,era'' 4 Britain and US re-ained ('o&e a''ie& in t"e +o'd 8ar
19;* !e&t Ban !reat# 1n$('ear .ea%on&2 &"o.ed &trengt" of re'ation& 0et.een 8i'&on and K?A a& .e'' a& Britain &ti'' "o'ding it&
o.n at t"e to% ta0'e
B$tM
Mi'itari'# o,er&tret("ed 4 %ro0'e- for 8i'&on in 19;5
De%endent on US %o.er 4 &"o.n 0# de%enden(e on 3-eri(an <o'ari& &$0-arine .ea%on& &#&te- in 19;0
:Britain %$n("ing a0o,e it& .eig"t7 - Do$g'a& 9$rd
B# 19;5
Ro.e arg$e& -o&t &ignifi(ant ("ange in Britain7& .or'd ro'e .a& t"e E-%ire and +o--on.ea't"
Ae# &te%& in di&engaging fro- (o'onia' re&%on&i0i'it#
Inde%enden(e to= G"ana to +#%r$& to Singa%ore
+o--on.ea't" &ee-ed to 0e t"ri,ing 0$t 'ega(# of i-%eria' %a&t "ard to &"ake off e6g6 ?a'k'and&, R"ode&ia, 9ong Aong
?$t$re <o'i(# St$d# 19;0
9i&tori(a' o%inion=
:Britain "ad 'o&t an e-%ire and not #et fo$nd a ro'e7 - Dean 3("e&on
POTENTIAL E;AM 9!ESTION& :!"e foreign %o'i(# fai'$re& of Briti&" go,ern-ent& in t"e #ear& 1951 to 19;5 .ere d$e to a 'a(k of
rea'i&- a0o$t Britain7& %o&t-.ar .or'd67 3&&e&& t"e ,a'idit# of t"i& ,ie. 6 3gain t"i& i& on'# a &$gge&ted &tr$(t$reMMMM
Fa4t-/ 1& /a(k of Rea'i&-BO%inion .it"in Britain 'ed to foreign %o'i(# fai'$re&
O%inion &'o. to re(ogni&e Britain7& red$(ed ro'e .it"in t"e .or'd 4 attit$de de'a#ed Britain7& in,o',e-ent in E$ro%ean integration
$nti' 19*, anti-E$ro%ean &enti-ent in Britain e("oed in /a0o$r and +on&er,ati,e&
?ai'$re to a%%'# to EE+ $nti' 19;1 - arrogan(e of Britain and anti-E$ro%ean &enti-ent&
S$eC +ri&i& 195; 4 &ti'' a(ting 'ike a (o'onia' %o.er in a -odern de(ade
I-%eria' i''$&ion& -eant fai'$re to ("ange attit$de& and de(o'oni&e area& &$(" a& 3fri(a $nti' t"e :8ind of +"ange7 &%ee("
In,o',e-ent in +o'd 8ar and -one# &%ent on n$('ear .ea%on&
Fa4t-/ ?& E(ono-i( and Mi'itar# O,er&tret(" 'ed to foreign %o'i(# fai'$re&
Da-age %o&t 882 -eant t"at it (o$'d no 'onger afford E-%ire 1e6g6 9ad agreed to %a# India it7& .ar (o&t& of F1200 -i''ion2
De0t of 555 -i''ion- 3tt'ee go,ern-ent and .e'fare &tate 4 need to finan(e re(o,er# at "o-e 1&"ift in e-%"a&i&2
Di&($&& finan(ia' %ro0'e-& in Britain 1&to%-go, r$n on t"e &ter'ing et(2 4 .o$'d "a,e to retreat fro- E-%ire and t$rn to E$ro%e
E(ono-i( -ira('e& t"at o(($rred in Ka%an and Ger-an# i-%a(ted $%on Britain7& e(ono-#6
S$eC +ri&i& 4 not &trong eno$g" to &tand to 3-eri(a a& it .a& %'$nged into a &erio$& finan(ia' (ri&i&
+o&t of defen(e &%ending and 0$i'ding a n$('ear deterrent -eant t"at it (o$'d not afford (ertain %o'i(ie& e6g6 B'$e Streak
%ro>e(t
De Ga$''e kne. t"at Britain .a& e(ono-i(a''# de('ining and &o (on(erned a0o$t GB >oining t"e EE+
18
Fa4t-/ @& Ri&e of nationa'i&t intention& 'ed to foreign %o'i(# fai'$re
Britain fo$nd it&e'f fig"ting (o'onia' inde%enden(e -o,e-ent& 0e(a-e "arder and "arder to (ontain
Ma'a#a, Aen#a, and +#%r$& 4 $ne@%e(ted ri&e of gro$%& -eant t"at defen(e &%ending (ontin$ed to e&(a'ate e6g6 Ma$ Ma$
Re0e''ion 1952
S$eC +ri&i& 195; 4 %ro,o(ation t"at Britain (o$'d not ignore
Britain (o$'d not afford to (ontro' t"e&e nationa'i&t for(e& and &o "ad to enter into t"e %ro(e&& of de(o'oni&ation - (o--on for
-an# i-%eria' %o.er& d$ring t"i& ti-e
Fa4t-/ %& Ro'e of indi,id$a'& 'ed to foreign %o'i(# fai'$re&
Eden - %er&ona'it# a ke# fa(tor in t"e Briti&" re&%on&e to Na&&er6 <rided "i-&e'f on "i& -a&ter# of foreign %o'i(# and &ti''
0e'ie,ed t"at Britain .a& an i-%eria' %o.er, :e,i' di(tator ."o (o$'d not 0e a''o.ed to get a.a# .it" $n%ro,oked aggre&&ion67
'itt'e fait" in di%'o-a(# and "ad for(ed de(i&ion $%on +a0inet 1a((ording to !"orne#(roft2
De Ga$''e 4 did not .ant anot"er :(o(kere'7 in t"e EE+, (on(erned o,er US inf'$en(e and rea&on& for Briti&" a%%'i(ation, Britain
&een a& an :a.k.ard %artner7
Fa4t-/ 5& NO! 100I UNSU+ESS?U/M
8ind& of +"ange 'ed to a %o&iti,e &erie& of de(o'oni&ed (o$ntrie& (o-%ared to ot"er (o$ntrie&,
>oined N3!O and UN
!e&t Ban !reat# 19;*
ORMMM Ho$ (o$'d atte-%t t"i& D$e&tion in t"i& .a#U66
Retreat fro- E-%ire
'a(k of rea'i&- 4 i-%eria' i''$&ion& -eant no de(o'oni&ation in 3fri(a $nti' 19;0, S$eC +ri&i&, t"o$g"t t"at nationa'i&t gro$%& (o$'d 0e
(ontained 'eading to ri&e in defen(e &%ending 4 a&&$-ed re%re&&ion& (o$'d 0e dea't .it" 0# for(e
not d$e to 'a(k of rea'i&-= a(tion& of Na&&er, o%inion in Britain "ad not #et ad>$&ted, $ne@%e(ted ri&e of nationa'i&t gro$%& in
Ma'a#a and Aen#a 1e@%erien(ed 0# a'' (o'onia' %o.er& 4 not >$&t GB2, de(o'oni&ation .o$'d "a,e to 0e a &'o. and grad$a' %ro(e&&, 8ind
of +"ange &"o.ed t"at de&%ite fai'$re& Britain .a& 0eginning to ad>$&t
S$eC +ri&i&, 195;
'a(k of rea'i&- 4 t"o$g"t t"at Britain (o$'d &ti'' a(t a& an i-%eria' %o.er, ignored e(ono-i( i-%'i(ation&, ri&e of di%'o-a(# ."i("
Britain needed to re&%e(t, Eden &ti'' a(ting 'ike a (o'onia' 'eader, t"o$g"t t"at it (o$'d e@('$de 3-eri(a
not d$e to 'a(k of rea'i&-= a(tion& of Na&&er, o%inion in Britain "ad not #et ad>$&ted, $ne@%e(ted and &o Britain "ad to a(t, ro'e of
3-eri(a
E$ro%e and t"e EE+BE?!3
'a(k of rea'i&- 4 did not tr# to >oin $nti' 19;1 after S$eC and di&(ontent .it" US 1&ti'' t"o$g"t it .a& a &$%er%o.er2, tried to
(reate E?!3 to ri,a' EE+, did not &ee &"ort ter- nat$re of +o--on.ea't" 0enefit& and ignored 8e&t Ger-an e(ono-i( re,i,a',
t"o$g"t it (o$'d "o'd inf'$en(e in a'' t"ree &%"ere&, 'a(k of rea'i&- of +"$r("i'', Eden and 3tt'ee
not d$e to a 'a(k of rea'i&- 4 (o$'d not a0andon +o--on.ea't" and EE+ de-anded (ertain re&tri(tion&, ro'e of De Ga$''e 0'o(king
a%%'i(ation&, anti-E$ro%ean &enti-ent of Britain
3-eri(aBS%e(ia' Re'ation&"i%
/a(k of rea'i&- 4 t"o$g"t it .a& an eD$a' %artner in t"e re'ation&"i%, -one# &%ent on 0$i'ding a n$('ear deterrent, in,o',e-ent in
t"e +o'd 8ar
not d$e to 'a(k of rea'i&- 4 e(ono-i( re'ian(e on US, i&o'ation fro- E$ro%eBEE+ d$e to re>e(ted a%%'i(ation&, %re&&$re fro-
3-eri(a to >oin EE+
NO! 100I UNSU+ESS?U/M 8ind& of +"ange 'ed to a %o&iti,e &erie& of de(o'oni&ed (o$ntrie& (o-%ared to ot"er (o$ntrie&, >oined
N3!O and UN, !e&t Ban !reat# 19;*
19
THE EN' OF CONSENS!S" 19$%#19(5
POLITICS
8"# did /a0o$r .in in 19;5J
Ro'e of +on&er,ati,e& and &(anda'&
- !ired of E&ta0'i&"-ent
Do$g'a&-9o-e no -at(" for
8i'&onJ
/a0o$r %art# re$nited
89I!E 9E3! O? !E+9NO/OGH
Di&i''$&ioned 0# aff'$en(e
/$(kJ
/i0era' t"ird %art# effe(tJ
8"# did t"e# .in in 19;;J
9eat" no -at(" for 8i'&on
- Una0'e to (onne(t .it" ,oter&
8i'&on an e@%erien(ed
(a-%aigner
More in t$ne .it" %o%$'ar ($'t$re
and &o(iet#
9ad (reated de%t of te("no'og#
and &trengt"ened &(ien(e and
ed$(ation 4 ne. $ni7& 0# 19;;
S(ienti&t& e-%'o#ed a& go,
ad,i&or&
/i0era'i&ation 'a.& $nder Kenkin&
4 Ra(e Re'ation& 3(t, (a%ita'
%$ni&"-ent a0o'i&"ed
/3BOUR7S E+ONOMH
MODERNIS3!ION ke# fo($& for /a0o$r 19;5 ) Britain 'agging 0e"ind -ore ad,an(ed e(ono-ie& e6g6 8e&t Ger-an#, Ka%an,
aff'$en(e of %o&t .ar 0oo- not ref'e(ted in %rod$(ti,it# or gro.t" rate, tr#ing to 0reak o$t of (#('e and reorgani&e t"e
e(ono-# .a& ke# ai- of 8i'&on7& go,ern-ent,
8"i(" e(ono-i( %ro0'e-& (ontri0$ted to t"i& fo($&J !ra%%ed in &to%-go (#('e, 0$r&t& of %ro&%erit# a'.a#& 'eading to inf'ation,
%re&&$re on t"e %o$nd and reg$'ar (ri&e& o,er t"e 0a'an(e of %a#-ent&, 0a'an(e of %a#-ent& (ri&i& a.aiting 8i'&on ."en "e (a-e
into %o.er 1defi(it .a& B%66 milli-n 4 ("oi(e of de,a'$ation of def'ation2
De,a'$ation or def'ationJ
De,a'$ation= -ig"t "a,e 0een a good idea a& t"e e@("ange rate in 19;5, G26E0 to t"e F, .a& too "ig" 0$t 8i'&on de&%erate not to
0e &een a& t"e %art# of de,a'$ation 4 3tt'ee "ad to de,a'$e in 19596 8anted %o'i(ie& for E+ONOMI+ GRO8!9 to (at(" $% .it"
foreign (o-%etitor&
Def'ation= .anted to e&(a%e t"e o'd %ro0'e-& of :&to% go7
20
/a0o$r in <o.er
19;5-190
ils-n int- '-0nin, St
19$%
19$$
C-ns-li1ates :-siti-n in
ele4ti-n .i4t-/5 %(29C
.-tes)9D seats
Heath n- mat4h 8-/ ils-n =
4-3l1n+t 4-nne4t 0ith .-te/s
an1 Lab-3/ :la5e1 -n+1@
5ea/s -8 T-/5 mis/3le+
P-li45 :/-,/amme
be4ame 1isa::-intin,
19(6
C-nse/.ati.es ba4E in
:-0e/" Lab-3/ in
:-liti4al 0il1e/ness
ils-n /et3/ns t-
:-0e/ in 19(%
C-3nt/5 is 8a4in, h3,e
e4-n-mi4 :/-blems an1
s-4ial 1i.isi-ns
O%ti-i&- and good.i'' 4 in to$("
.it" 19;07& &o(ia' and ($'t$ra'
trend&
:8"ite "eat of te("no'og#7
Sen&e of fre&" &tart
+on(erned a0o$t &-a'' -a>orit#
and BB+ (o,erage &o (a''& an
e'e(tion to (on&o'idate %o&ition
E(ono-i(& in tro$0'e= De,a'$ation in
19;
O%inion %o''&= 'ag 0e"ind +on&er,ati,e&
?r$&tration 4 /a0o$r :0'o.n off (o$r&e7J
Man# 0'a-ed
8i'&on for
inde(i&i,e
'eader&"i% and
.a&ting a go'den
o%%ort$nit#
8i'&on ("o&e not to de,a'$e 4 "e t"o$g"t -oderni&ation, &%ending on &(ien(e and e(ono-i( -anage-ent .o$'d re&o',e %ro0'e-&
.it" t"e e(ono-#6666666
DE<3R!MEN! O? E+ONOMI+ 3??3IRS (reated to -oderni&e t"e e(ono-# and re&o',e e(ono-i( %ro0'e-&6 !"i& fai'ed6 89HJ
- DE3 o,er'a%%ed .it" t"e !rea&$r# and t"e ro'e of +"an(e''or, +a''ag"an 4 didn7t kno. ."i(" 0o&& to 'i&ten to 4 Bro.nBDE3 in
(o-%etition .it" ("an(e''or +a''ag"an and t"e trea&$r#
- Bro.n 4 i-%$'&i,e and 'a(ked (on&i&ten(# 1drink %ro0'e-26 +a-e $% .it" Nationa' <'an 4 (reated in $ni&on .it" trade $nion& and
ind$&tr# 0$t did not "a,e &$%%ort of $nited go,ern-ent6
- <otentia' t"ird %ro0'e-= 8i'&on tr#ing to kee% e,er#one "a%%# rat"er t"an %i(k 0e&t tea- for t"e >o06
<ri(e& and in(o-e& %o'i(# introd$(ed = ai- .a& to kee% do.n in8lati-n6 Go,ern-ent inter,ention to &et 'i-it& on %ri(e ri&e& and to
(a'' for .age re&traint in negotiation& 0et.een $nion& and e-%'o#er&6 In 19;;, t"e 8i'&on go,ern-ent &et $% t"e <ri(e& and
In(o-e& Board to i-%'e-ent t"i&6
Ae# e,ent& ."i(" 'ed fro- inf'ationar# %o'i(ie& to t"e de(i&ion to 'EFAL!E=
- Ster'ing (ri&i& in 19;; 4 d$e in %art to &trike 0# Nationa' Union of Sea-en
- 19; 4 -a>or do(k& &trike
Q No, 19; 4 de(i&ion to de,a'$e= %o$nd dro%%ed 0# 15I to G2650, :<OUND IN HOUR <O+AE!7 &%ee("
Britain .a& re>e(ted fro- t"e EE+ in 19; on 0a&i& of e(ono-i(& ) De,a'$ation (ri&i& da-aged /a0o$r7& (redi0i'it# 1:%o$nd in #o$r
%o(ket7 &%ee("2, re>e(tion fro- EE+ 0# De Ga$''e .a& -ade on E+ONOMI+ GROUNDS de&%ite Britain7& o.n '$ke.ar- fee'ing&,
re>e(ted after de,a'$ation (ri&i&6
Kenkin& 0e(o-e& +"an(e''or 4 U&ed def'ationar# -et"od& ) rai&ed ta@e& and tig"tened $% go,ern-ent &%ending of t"e e(ono-#,
to% %riorit# to i-%ro,ing t"e 0a'an(e of %a#-ent& ) 3't"o$g" $n%o%$'ar -ea&$re& t"e# a("ie,ed a 0a'an(e of %a#-ent& &$r%'$&
and e(ono-i( &it$ation "ad i-%ro,ed 0# 19;9 Q /a0o$r (onfident a0o$t 190 e'e(tion d$e to i-%ro,ed e(ono-i( &it$ation6
S$- $% 8i'&on7& e(ono-i( re(ord in one %aragra%"= <eak& and tro$g"& 4 in"erited a 0ad &it$ation 0$t inde(i&i,e a& to "o. to dea'
.it" it6 +on(erned .it" e'e(tora' .in& a& to ."at .a& 0e&t for t"e e(ono-# 4 dit"ered o,er de,a'$ation6
/3BOUR 3ND !R3DE UNIONS
!rade Union& "ad (o-e to .ie'd &$(" inf'$en(e d$e to %o&t .ar (on&en&$& %o'iti(& - i-%ortan(e of -aintaining f$'' e-%'o#-ent
?a,o$ra0'e .it" genera' %$0'i( ) O%inion %o''& in t"e 19;07& &"o.ed ;0I %eo%'e "ad fa,o$ra0'e ,ie. of t"e-
Ma(-i''an and 8i'&on tried to (o$rt trade $nion& ) Re'ied on $nion (oo%eration ."en 0ringing in %ri(e& and in(o-e& %o'i(ie&,
8i'&on -ade +o$&in& 1trade $nioni&t2 -ini&ter of te("no'og# ) tried to -aintain good re'ation& .it" !U+
8i'd (at &trike& 0roke o$t and t"i& %re&ented i&&$e& for 0ot" go,ern-ent& and trade $nion 0o&&e&
19;;6; ) (o&# re'ation&"i% .it" $nion& 0egan to de('ine
Strike& &"o.ed t"at $nion 0o&&e& .ere 'o&ing (ontro' 4 .i'd (at &trike& 0# 'o(a' a(ti,i&t& ."o .o$'d not take order& fro- t"e
to%
:IN </3+E O? S!RI?E7 19;9 4ne(e&&ar# to ($r0 $nion& ."o .ere getting o$t of (ontro' and for good of Briti&" e(ono-#6
8o$'d &trengt"en t"e $nion in dea'ing .it" e-%'o#er&
2E da# (oo'ing off %eriod 0efore a &trike .ent a"ead
Go,ern-ent (o$'d i-%o&e a &ett'e-ent ."en $nion& .ere in di&%$te .it" ea(" ot"er in :de-ar(ation di&%$te&7
21
Strike 0a''ot& (o$'d 0e i-%o&ed
Ind$&tria' re'ation& (o$rt .o$'d 0e a0'e to %ro&e($te %eo%'e ."o 0roke t"e r$'e&
Q U%&et !U7& and /a0o$r ) &tor- of %rote&t& in('$ding t"e Nationa' Union of Mine.orker&, +a''ag"an and Gor-'e#, 50 M<& read# to
re0e', (on(ern& o,er &%'it&6 3rg$-ent& t"at I<OS "ad (o-%ro-i&ed /a0o$r ,a'$e&6
One of -an# &et0a(k& 1R"ode&ia, Nort"ern Ire'and2, 8i'&on ga,e in after -an# -ont"& 0# &triking a (o-%ro-i&e .it" !U+ )
"$-i'iating ('i-0 do.n 0# go,ern-ent
<i-'ott7& %er&%e(ti,e on 8i'&on and "i& go,ern-ent=
3rg$e& t"at 19;5 &o(ia'i&- (o''a%&ed 4 a'' t"e "o%e& and drea-&6 !"e# "ad 0een $nrea'i&ti( fro- t"e off in ter-& of
e(ono-i( t"eor# and no. t"e rea'it# .a& ki(king in6 30andoning t"i& t"eor# -eant t"at /a0o$r &$((e&&i,e 'eader& (o$'d not
0ring t"e %art# 0a(k toget"er 4 too -$(" of an ideo'ogi(a' ga%6
8i'&on fe't (onfident at t"e %o''& 190 d$e to i-%ro,e-ent& in e(ono-# 1Kenkin&7 -ea&$re&2 and t"e (a'-ing of trade $nion&
ten&ion&
STRENGTHS OF LABO!R
+OM<RE9ENSIVE S+9OO/SBO<EN UNIVERSI!H 4 In(rea&e in n$-0er& of (o-%re"en&i,e &("oo'& in order to 0reak do.n ('a&&
0arrier& of tri%artite &#&te-, ina$g$ration of t"e O%en Uni,er&it# 19;9, in(rea&e in n$-0er of $ni,er&itie&
/IBER3/IS3!ION O? /38S 4 30ortion 3(t 19;, Se@$a' Offen(e& 3(t 19;, (reation of O-0$d&-an 19; 1%rote(t& ordinar#
(itiCen2, !"eatre& 3(t 19;E, 30o'ition of deat" %ena't# 19;9, Di,or(e Refor- 3(t 19;9
E+ONOMI+S 4 0# 190 Kenkin& "ad 0egan to ta-e e(ono-i( %ro0'e-& $&ing def'ationar# -et"od&Q0a'an(e of %a#-ent& &$r%'$&
0# 190
8I/SON7S IM3GE 4 Lone of $&N, -odern 0reed of %o'iti(ian, in t$ne .it" ($rrent ($'t$re, &tate &("oo' ed$(ated, <R fir&t do(tor
of &%in6
:89I!E 9E3! O? !E+9NO/OGH7
19;; GENER3/ E/E+!ION 4 de(i&i,e ,i(tor#, -a>orit# of 9E &eat&, I of ,ote 0igge&t &"are &in(e 1955
EA7NESSES OF LABO!R
B3/3N+E O? <3HMEN!S 1in"erited2 - F500 -i''ion defi(it and (#('e of &to%-go, -an$fa(t$ring ind$&trie& &"rinking, &er,i(e and
finan(e e@%anding
3!!EM<!S !O RES!RU+!URE !9E E+ONOMH e6g6 Nationa' <'an 1dro%%ed 19;2, (reation of DE3 1and &$0&eD$ent fai'$re
19;;2, gro.ing inf'ation, ri&ing $ne-%'o#-ent
DEV3/U3!ION 4 fai'ed to take initiati,e and de,a'$e in 19;5 ."en t"i& -ea&$re (o$'d "a,e 0een %a&&ed off a& a ne(e&&ar#
"i(($% re&$'ting fro- in"erited %ro0'e-6 Sta''ing -eant t"at 0# 19; de,a'$ation .a& &een a& fai'$re, L%o$nd in #o$r %o(ketN
+RI!I+ISM 3ND <3R3NOI3 O? BB+ 4 'ed to "i- (a''ing 19;; e'e(tion
<ERMISSIVE SO+IE!H 4 age of Kenkin& and /i0era'i&ation 'a.& $&"er& in (riti(i&- of a %er-i&&i,e &o(iet#
SO+I3/ UNRES! 4 go,ern-ent re&%ond& to ra(ia' ,io'en(e .it" re&tri(ti,e +o--on.ea't" I--igration 3(t 19;E 1i--igration
(ontro'&2
+RI!I+ISM 8I!9IN !9E <3R!H 4 'eader&"i%, E$ro%e, dire(tion of %art#, kit("en (a0inet 1reinfor(ed 8i'&on7& &$&%i(ion& of
%art# ri,a'rie& and %re,ented -ini&ter& fro- "a,ing a((e&& to "i-2
?3I/URE !O 3SSER! 3U!9ORI!H
!R3DE UNIONS 4 Sea-an7& and Do(ker& &trike&, In <'a(e of Strife 19;9, "$-i'iating ('i-0 do.n (o-%ro-i&e .it" !U+
?3I/URE !O GE! IN!O EE+ 4 de,a'$ation and e(ono-i( &it$ation 'ed to ,eto 0# De Ga$''e
OVERSE3S 4 (o&t& and ("anging attit$de to %o'i(e-an ro'e 'ead& to a0andoning of Britain7& Ea&t of S$eC %o&ition
/3BOUR7S DE?E3! 190
S"o(k re&$'t - 8i'&on go,ern-ent "ad &ee-ed 'ike it "ad o,er(o-e it& diffi($'tie& of 19;-;9
Kenkin& "ad i-%ro,ed t"e e(ono-# %rod$(ing finan(ia' &ta0i'it#
22
/a0o$r "ad ("o&en t"e ti-e to (a'' t"e e'e(tion 1t"o$g"t it .a& a ri%e ti-e2
8i'&on a -a&ter (a-%aigner (o-%ared to ine@%erien(ed 9eat"
9o.e,er66666
9eat" "ad greater &trengt"& t"an e@%e(ted
/a0o$r7& %o&ition in 190 .a& a(t$a''# D$ite fragi'e
&et0a(k& 19;;-;9 1!rade Union&, de,a'$ation, e-%ire, EE+2 4 /a0o$r a'&o did not %rod$(e di&ting$i&"ed e(ono-i( %o'i(ie&
+on&er,ati,e& a"ead in o%inion %o''& de&%ite a ri&e in rating& for /a0o$r in S%ring of 190
+on&er,ati,e& did .e'' in 'o(a' go,ern-ent e'e(tion&
S%e(ia' %o''& &"o.ed a narro. +on&er,ati,e 'ead in 190
9eat" did not in('$de i--igration in (a-%aign 1&a(ked <o.e'' 19;E fo''o.ing ri,er& of 0'ood &%ee("2 and ref$&ed to "a,e
<o.e'' in t"e (a-%aign de&%ite "i& %o%$'arit# in (ertain (on&tit$en(ie&
Q 9eat" (a-e to %o.er e@%e(ting a &trong go,ern-ent (o--itted to -oderni&ing Britain6 Did not fore&ee t"e e(ono-i( and %o'iti(a'
eart"D$ake a0o$t to "it Britain 19*-5
E/E+!IONS 3RE /OS! 3S 8E// 3S 8ONUU +on&er,ati,e &trengt" or /a0o$r .eakne&& t"at 'ed to t"eir defeatJ
Rea&on& ."# +on&er,ati,e& .on=
9eat" "ad greater &trengt"& t"an a((o$nted for and .a& not E&ta0'i&"-ent 1ne. fa(e of !orie&J2
Ref$&a' to in('$de i--igration in (a-%aign
+on&er,ati,e re(ord 1951-19;* 4 %o&iti,e %art# re(ord
Be&t of a 0ad %$n("J Anee >erk rea(tion a.a# fro- /a0o$rJ
De(rea&e in /i0era' &"are of t"e ,ote 4 ,oter& ret$rn to !orie&J
Rea&on& ."# /a0o$r 'o&t
!rade $nion& 4 &erie& of .i'd(at &trike& and in %'a(e of &trife
Ba'an(e of %a#-ent&, atte-%t& to re&tr$(t$re t"e e(ono-#
De,a'$ation
EE+ 19; re>e(tion
Di&i''$&ion-ent .it" /a0o$r fai'$re to de'i,er on %ro-i&e& of 19;5 4 /a0o$r 0'o.n off (o$r&e
8i'&on -agi( .orn off 4 inde(i&i,e 'eader&"i%
!en&ion .it"in %art# (ontin$ed o,er trade $nion &tan(e and ideo'og# 1+'a$&e IV g"o&t2
9eat" 190-5
* i&&$e& t"at 9enne&&e# arg$e&
9eat" "ad 0# t"e ti-e of 19*
16 E+ONOMI+ VI!3/I!H 4
e@%an&ion and -oderni&ation
to (o-%ete .it" ot"er (o$ntrie&
26 ENDING O? !9E <OS!-83R
+ONSENSUS 4 "ad "e'd Britain
0a(k
*6 !"e need to &"ake off
t"at Britain "ad 0een -aintaining
Ro.e arg$e& t"at=
9eat" .a& a for-ida0'e %o'iti(ian6
<M .it" a ('ear and detai'ed
%rogra--e of %o'i(ie& for t"e
-oderni&ation of Britain and "e (a-e
('o&e to &e($ring a %o'iti(a' &o'$tion
in Nort"ern Ire'and
23
9eat"= an o,er,ie.
190
Ne. +on&er,ati,e
go,ern-ent $nder
9eat"
191
De(i-a'i&ation of t"e
($rren(#
192
:B'ood# S$nda#7 in
Nort"ern Ire'and
19*
O%e( oi' (ri&i&
Briti&" entr# into t"e
EE+
Miner7& Strike and *
da# .eek
195
?e0 e'e(tion and fa''
of 9eat"
+o''a%&e of
S$nningda'e
3gree-ent for
Nort"ern Ire'and
In(on('$&i,e O(to0er
genera' e'e(tion
195
Vi(tor# for :#e&7 ,ote in
t"e referend$-
9eat" re%'a(ed 0#
!"at("er a& %art#
'eader
19(@#(5 Ee5
:e/i-1 8-/ Heath
S$((e&& in E$ro%e
?ai'$re in %o'iti(a'
and e(ono-i(
%o'i(ie&
9eat"7& re%$tation take& a
0attering fro- !"at("er
&$%%orter& ."o D$e&tioned "i&
'ega(#
9eat"7& :/ong &$'k7 195-1990
16 I//USIONS
9o.e,er,
Bad '$(k of TIMING 4 <M at t"e end of
%o&t-.ar 0oo- in 19* and t"e
%o'iti(a' and e(ono-i( (ri&i& ."i("
en&$ed6
190-195 %eriod of tran&ition
fro- era of 3tt'eeBMa(-i''an
%o&t .ar (on&en&$& %o'iti(& to t"at
of !"at("er and B'air
9eat"=
/eader of t"e o%%o&ition for 5 #ear&
Ne. 0reed of +on&er,ati,e - &tate &("oo' ed$(ated, different &o(ia' 0a(kgro$nd
<er(ei,ed to 0e %ri(k'# ."en dea'ing .it" %eo%'e
8i'&on &ee-ed to o,er&"ado. "i- in %o'iti(a' &ki''& - ne,er &een a& de,io$&, too "one&t for "i& o.n goodJ
Ro.e arg$e& 9eat" .a& :good at %o'i(ie&, not at %o'iti(&7M
+a0inet 4 a0'e %o'iti(ian& t"o$g" not kno.n for t"eir 'o#a't# to 9eat"
S$%%orter& Q Bar0er 1+"an(e''or2, 8"ite'a. 1N6I6 Se(2, <rior 1E-%'o#-ent2
/$ke.ar- Q Ko&e%" and !"at("er 1Ed$(ation2
8e'' %re%ared for go,ern-ent 4 ti-e in o%%o&ition -eant "e "ad %re%ared detai'ed %o'i(ie& on ind$&tria'i&ation and e(ono-i(
-oderni&ation
EE+ e@%erien(ed 4 ("ief negotiator in 19;1-* ."i(" -eant "e kne. E$ro%e in&ide and o$t
Kan 190 Se'&don <ark +onferen(e o$t'ined 9eat"7& %o'i(# %rogra--e 4 to$g" a%%roa(" to e(ono-i(& 4 if an ineffi(ient 0$&ine&&
.a& to go 0$&t t"en to$g" '$(kM !"e# .o$'d get n- ai1 fro- t"e go,ern-ent6
9eat"& ai-&=
16 EE+ entr#
26 Re&o',ing :tro$0'e&7 in Ire'and
*6 Re&o',ing e(ono-i( %ro0'e-& and -oderni&ing t"e e(ono-#
56 3,oiding trade $nion ten&ion and ind$&tria' di&%$te& ."en tr#ing to -oderni&e
8"ere did it a'' go .rongJ
Setba4E -ne&:U-t$rn7 191-192 4 retreat fro- free -arket %rin(i%'e& "e "ad o$t'ined at Se'&don <ark +onferen(e6 De&ire to
-aintain f$'' e-%'o#-ent 1+on&en&$& and One Nation !or# -anM2 'ed "i- to gi,e &tate aid to ke# ind$&trie& e6g6 Ro''& Ro#(e
Q <o.e'', !"at("er and Ko&e%" (riti(i&ed t"i& -o,e a& t"e# o%%o&ed &tate inter,ention in ind$&tr#6 :U-t$rn7 of 192 Q 9eat" &een a&
too .i''ing to gi,e $% on "i& ai-& and o0>e(ti,e&, t"at "e 'a(ked a ('ear &en&e of dire(tion6
Not t"e (a&eM B'o.n off (o$r&e 0# e(ono-i( %ro0'e-&6 9e &ta#ed tr$e to One Nation +on&er,ati&- and +on&en&$& %o'iti(&
Se'&don <ark %rogra--e "ad ne,er -eant to 0e a re>e(tion of (on&en&$& %o'iti(&
Setba4E t0-& 19* O<E+ oi' (ri&i&
Setba4E th/ee& Miner7& Strike 195
<riorit# 1= E$ro%e
!er-& of entr# into E$ro%e no 0ig i&&$e, getting %ar'ia-entar# a%%ro,a' .a& t"e ta&k6
+on&er,ati,e& 4 &o-e "o'ding onto +o--on.ea't" and &(e%ti(a' of E$ro%e, ot"er& &$%%orted E$ro%ean entr#
/a0o$r di,ided 4 %ro--arketeer& 'ike Kenkin& ,&6 /a0o$r 'eft "o&ti'e ,&6 <art# 'eader&"i% %reo(($%ied .it" $nif#ing %art#
In t"e end entr# to EE+ got %ar'ia-entar# a%%ro,a' a& ;9 re0e' /a0o$r M<& "e'%ed t"e +on&er,ati,e go,ern-ent to .in de(i&i,e
+o--on& ,ote
Q /a0o$r di,i&ion& in(rea&ed 4 idea of %art# $nit# .a& 0'o.n o$t of .ater Q 8i'&on "ad to %ro-i&e t"at if /a0o$r (a-e 0a(k to %o.er
t"ere .o$'d 0e a nati-nal /e8e/en13m on t"e EE+ entr# D$e&tion
9eat" "ad taken $& into E$ro%e 0$t t"ere .a& a ('o$d of $n(ertaint# ."i(" fo''o.ed
24
} T0- main :/i-/ities
G-.e/nment en1e1 3: bein, 1e4i1e1 b5 these
e4-n-mi4 an1 in13st/ial iss3es
}
<riorit# 2= Ire'and
In"erited 'ong &tanding %ro0'e-
E@%'o&ion of &e(tarian ,io'en(e 4 +i,i' rig"t& of 19;07& &a. Briti&" ar-# &tr$gg'ing to kee% %ea(e and Be'fa&t .a& going into
0reakdo.n6 Gro$%& ("a''enged Stor-ont 3&(endan(# 1.anted 0etter ed$(ation, a''o(ation of %$0'i( "o$&ing, a Lone -an one ,oteN
&#&te-, fair e-%'o#-ent %ra(ti(e&2
B/OODH SUND3H= 3tte-%t to (ontro' a de-on&tration again&t %o'i(# of intern-ent in Derr#6 Started off a& a %rote&t
-o,e-ent, 0e(a-e a da# of ,io'en(e6 InD$ir# in 192 .a& 'arge'# re>e(ted 0# t"e +at"o'i( (o--$nit# 1rein,e&tigated $nder B'air
in 199E26
Q <ro,oked (o$nter rea(tion fro- t"e +at"o'i( nationa'i&t (o--$nitie& and a(ted a& t"e &ing'e greate&t &o$r(e of
re(r$it-ent for t"e <ro,i&iona' IR36 ?or t"e (at"o'i( (o--$nit# in Nort"ern Ire'and it .a& no. not &o -$(" a0o$t (i,i'
rig"t& a& t"e need to defend t"eir (o--$nitie& again&t 'o#a'i&t and Briti&" ar-# ,io'en(e
Q 9eat" &$&%ended t"e Stor-ont <ar'ia-ent and 0ro$g"t in dire(t r$'e fro- 8e&t-in&ter6 8anted to tr# to defeat t"e
IR3 0$t a'&o 0ring a0o$t a %ea(ef$' &o'$tion to ten&ion&6
3tte-%t& to re&o',e i&&$e&=
SUNNINGD3/E 3GREEMEN! 19* 1(o-%'e@ %'an for %o.er &"aring %ar'ia-ent2 ?3I/EDM 9eat" %reo(($%ied 0# e(ono-i( and
%o'iti(a' (ri&i& at "o-e 1Miner7& Strike, E-ergen(# Mea&$re&26 9eat"7& %er&i&tent negotiating &t#'e, (o$'d "a,e re&o',ed %ro0'e-
"ad it not 0een for t"e e(ono-#
ECONOMICS
8"# did t"e Briti&" e(ono-# fa(e &$(" diffi($'tie& in t"e ear'# 1907&J SUMM3RH
End of %o&t .ar 0oo- d$ring 9eat"7& %re-ier&"i% 4 ra%id inf'ation -ade "o'ding do.n %ri(e& i-%o&&i0'e
/eft o$t of E$ro%e and (o''a%&e of E?!3
De('ine of E-%ire and fai'$re of +o--on.ea't" to #ie'd eno$g" trade
Gro.ing %o.er and ten&ion& of !U 4 * da# .eek Q %eo%'e t"o$g"t go,ern-ent "ad 'o&t (ontro'
Strike& "ad 'ed to de('ine in %rod$(ti,it#
Une-%'o#-ent rea("ed ne. 'e,e'&
Britain "ad not -oderni&ed 4 o$t of date
No de(i&i,e a(tion "ad 0een taken in Ma(-i''an7&B8i'&on7& #ear& Q ($'-ination of dit"ering and inde(i&i,ene&&
O<E+ oi' (ri&i&
<ro0'e-& of E(ono-i( -oderni&ation $nder 9eat"=
<o'iti(& and e(ono-i(& 9eat"7& &trengt"&, #et t"e# .ere t"e %ro0'e-& t"at 'ed to "i& de-i&e
8e'' %re%ared and e@%erien(ed
- gen$ine (o--it-ent to e(ono-i( -oderni&ation and "ad for-$'ated detai'ed %'an&
<ro0'e-& fro- t"e &tart666666
<ro0'e- One
9o%ed t"at "i& fir&t ("oi(e for ("an(e''or M(/eod .o$'d 0e t"e eD$i,a'ent of Kenkin& to 8i'&on6 M(/eod7& &$dden deat" in 190 Q
ke# a&&et "ad 0een re-o,ed fro- 9eat"7& tea-
<ro0'e- !.o
!"e ne. ("an(e''or Bar0er introd$(ed ta@ ($t& and ($t& in %$0'i( &%ending in('$ding t"e end of free &("oo' -i'k6 !"at("er t"re.
"er&e'f to t"e fore in t"i& di&agree-ent and (a-e to 0e kno.n in t"e %$0'i( e#e
<ro0'e- !"ree
!"e :Bar0er 0oo-7 0egan .it" a ra%id ri&e in .age inf'ation 1&tee% ri&e in .age&2
<ro0'e- ?o$r
Man# 0'a-ed &tee% ri&e in .age& on t"e %o.er of t"e trade $nion& and t"eir .i''ingne&& to "o'd t"e go,ern-ent to ran&o- t"ro$g"
&trike a(tion
25
<ro0'e- ?i,e
Inf'ation .a& not a((o-%anied 0# e(ono-i( gro.t"6 Une-%'o#-ent .ent $%, $n$&$a' d$ring ti-e& of inf'ation6 !"i& 'ed to
<STAGFLATION+ 4 $n$&$a' (o-0ination of inf'ation and &tagnant e(ono-i( gro.t" 1often %rod$(e& $ne-%'o#-ent2 o(($rring at t"i&
ti-e6
Q !"i& 'ed to 9eat"7& fa-o$& :U-t$rn7 4 t"e go,ern-ent "ad .anted to red$(e &tate inter,ention in ind$&tr# 0$t no. fe't (o-%e''ed to
take a(tion e6g6 Ro''& Ro#(e nationa'i&ed in 191, go,ern-ent finan(ia' aid to U%%er +'#de S"i%0$i'der&
<ro0'e- Si@
Ind$&tria' Re'ation& 3(t 191 1&i-i'ar to +a&t'e7& In <'a(e of Strife2
Set $% Ind$&tria' Re'ation& +o$rt 1Ineffe(ti,e at &ett'ing di&%$te&2
Strike 0a''ot&
:+oo'ing off %eriod7 0efore offi(ia' &trike& 0egan
!rade Union& +ongre&& 1!U+2 and +onfederation of Briti&" Ind$&tr# 1+BI2 .ere o%%o&ed to it
<ro0'e- Se,en
191 Une-%'o#-ent ro&e a0o,e 1 -i''ion 4 fir&t ti-e &in(e 19*07&
<ro0'e- Eig"t
192 4 -a>or &trike&
Miner& &trike6 Virt$a''# &to%%ed -o,e-ent of (oa' aro$nd t"e (o$ntr#6 Ind$&tr# nation.ide %'a(ed on a * da# .eek to (on&er,e
energ# &$%%'ie&
NUM 'eader Gor-'e# negotiated a genero$& .age &ett'e-ent a((o-%anied 0# ot"er (on(e&&ion&
Q 'ooked 'ike ,i(tor# for -iner& again&t e-%'o#er& and go,ern-ent en(o$raging 'eft .inger& to &ee ind$&tria' a(tion a& a %o'iti(a'
.ea%on, not >$&t a .a# of 0argaining for 0etter %a# and (ondition&
Rig"t .ing 0a(k'a&" again&t e@(e&&i,e $nion %o.er
Rai'.a# .orker& &trike in 3%ri'
192 .a& a .rite off 0$t 19* 'ooked 0etter
Keffre#7& arg$e& t"at=
!"ere .a& .ide &$%%ort for &tage& one and t.o of "i& %ri(e& and in(o-e& %o'i(#= 'i-it& on .age in(rea&e& i-%o&ed 0# t"e
go,ern-ent7& %a# 0oard in 'ine .it" ri&e& in (o&t of 'i,ing
!"e n$-0er of .orking da#& 'o&t t"ro$g" &trike a(tion .a& ($t in "a'f (o-%ared to 192
!"ere .a& a 'ot of go,ern-ent in,e&t-ent to 0oo&t t"e e(ono-#
Une-%'o#-ent dro%%ed &"ar%'#, to a0o$t 500,000
Nort" Sea oi' .a& d$e to (o-e on &trea- in t"e ne@t fe. #ear&
!"e go,ern-ent &tarted to 0e(o-e -ore %o%$'ar, dra.ing a0o$t
'e,e' .it" /a0o$r in t"e o%inion %o''&
19* (onfir-ed t"e :?3I/URE O? +ONSENSUS7
?OR= (o$'dn7t (ontro' $ne-%'o#-ent, ("a''enged %o&t-.ar
Ae#ne&iani&- at Se'&don &%ee(" 4 going again&t idea of
:0ig go,ern-ent7, trade $nion tra$-a& 4 end of %o&iti,e
re'ation&"i%&, ret$nred to .age 0argaining and -arket for(e&
3G3INS!= 9eat" nationa'i&ed Ro''& Ro#(e and a''o.ed
&tate to inter,ene, 9eat" a (on&en&$& <M
No ("oi(e in end of (on&en&$&J 9eat" .a& a (on&en&$& -an6
/a(k of ("oi(eJ Didn7t .ant "ig" $ne-%'o#-ent or trade $nion
tra$-aM
END O? <OS!-83R BOOM=
O<E+ Oi' +ri&i& 19*
O<E+ 3 Sa$di 3ra0ia (arte' to %rote(t t"e intere&t& of oi' e@%orting (o$ntrie& fro- t"e %o.er of ad,an(ed ind$&tria'
e(ono-ie&6 ?i@ed 'e,e'& of oi' %rod$(tion
O(to0er 19* 4 Ho- Ai%%$r 8ar
8ar %ro-%ted O<E+ to de('are an oi' e-0argo
26
End of %o&t .ar 0oo-
+ea&ed to 0e an ind$&tria' &tr$gg'e o,er .age& and (ondition& and in&tead 0e(o-e& a
D$e&tion of :."o go,ern& BritainJ7
3n&.er t$rned o$t to 0e= :Not 9eat"7
<o'iti(a' +ri&i&
+oa' (ri&i& t$rn& into a (onfrontation 0et.een t"e NUM and t"e go,ern-ent
E(ono-i( +ri&i&
O<E+ oi' %ri(e (ri&i& 19*
Q 'engt"# %eriod of %o'iti(a' t$r-oi' 'eading to t.o genera' e'e(tion& in t"e &a-e #ear
e@%ort& &$dden'# &to%%ed
%ri(e ro(keted to 5 ti-e& $&$a' %ri(e
'ong D$e$e& o$t&ide %etro' &tation&
NUM t"en de-anded a "$ge %a# ri&e in No,e-0er 19*
B# 19* 9eat" .a& fa(ed .it"=
16 Oi' &$%%'# (on(ern&
26 E(ono-i( (on(ern& 4 S!3G?/3!ION and $ne-%'o#-ent
*6 +on(ern& o,er %ri(e& and in(o-e& %o'i(#
56 3tte-%t& at a %o'iti(a' &ett'e-ent in Nort"ern Ire'and
56 I-%o&ition of a * da# .eek
Q Dra-ati( &tr$gg'e 0et.een NUM and t"e go,ern-ent
:8"o go,ern& BritainJ7 4 9eat", 195
192 ,i(tor# in &trike (on,in(ed -an# in t"e NUM t"at it& ind$&tria' -$&('e .a& &trong eno$g" to get it& o.n .a# again&t
go,ern-ent and e-%'o#er& 4 f$e''ed 0# -oderate Gor-'e#, (o--$ni&t M(Ga"e#, and radi(a' Hork&"ire -iner S(argi''
Go,ern-ent .a& eD$a''# deter-ined 4 &en&e t"e $nion& .ere ("a''enging a de-o(rati(a''# e'e(ted go,ern-ent and &o -o,ed
8"ite'a. into %o&ition a& -ini&ter of e-%'o#-ent to -ake $&e of "i& :%o.er& of %er&$a&ion7 on Gor-'e#
t"i& fai'ed
Q Kan 195 t"e NUM (a''ed a nationa' &trike
Ma&&i,e &$%%ort for t"e &trike a-ong -iner& 0$t 9eat" .o$'dn7t 0$dge - .anting to i-%o&e &tage * of t"e %ri(e& and in(o-e&
%o'i(#
Oi' +ri&i& and &"ortage of (oa' Q 0a'an(e of %a#-ent& (ri&i&
Q9eat" (a''& genera' e'e(tion ?e0 195 : 89O GOVERNS BRI!3INJ7
195 ?e0r$ar# E'e(tion
?or -o&t of t"e (a-%aign t"e %o''& fa,o$red t"e +on&er,ati,e& BU! t"e fina' re&$'t &"o.ed &-a'' &.ing again&t t"e- 4 /a0o$r .on 0#
5 -ore &eat&,
Indire(t'#, t"e Miner& Strike "ad 0ro$g"t do.n t"e go,ern-ent
In(on('$&i,e o$t(o-e 4 <h3n, :a/liament7 1no %art# "ad an o,era'' -a>orit#2
Q reinfor(ed idea t"at 195 .a& %o'iti(a' a& .e'' a& e(ono-i( (ri&i&
/a0o$r 0igge&t &ing'e %art# 0$t 0# on'# 5 &eat&
hat ha::ene1*
In(rea&e in re%re&entation for ot"er %artie&=
/i0era'& 0a(k fro- %o'iti(a' dead 15 &eat&
Nationa'i&t %artie& 1S(ot, 8a'e&, Ire'and2 2* &eat&
9eat" needed &$%%ort of ot"er %artie& to &ta# a& <M 4
"ad t"e U'&ter Unioni&t& &$%%orted +on&er,ati,e& t"e# .o$'d
"a,e .on an#.a# 0$t <o.e'' "ad >oined t"e Unioni&t& and (a-%aigned
again&t 9eat"
9eat" atte-%t& to forge a dea' .it" /i0era'& 0$t fai'&
8a& 9eat" a di&a&terJ
YES&
!"e atte-%t to a0andon an in(o-e& %o'i(# and "i& 0ig :U-t$rn76
!"e o$t(r# o,er t"e .it"dra.a' of free &("oo' -i'k
!"e %ro0'e-& .it" trade $nion&= t"e -iner&7 &trike and t"e * da# .eek
!"e a%%arent :'a(k of (ontro'7 0# 195 and 9eat"7& e'e(tion 'o&&
NO&
!"e 'o(a' go,ern-ent refor-&
Britain7& entr# into E$ro%e
QLab-3/ ba4E in ,-.e/nment in Ma/4h 19(%2 8on on'# a 5 &eat -a>orit#6 No 19;5 o%ti-i&-=
27
Party Seats Votes %
Labour 301 37.1
Conservatives 297 37.9
Liberal 14 19.3
M$(" 'e&& %ro-i&ing %o&ition t"an in 19;5
/itt'e ("an(e of free "and in <ar'ia-ent 0e(a$&e /a0o$r "ad to de%end on &$%%ort fro- ot"er %artie& to get 'egi&'ation t"ro$g"
%ar'ia-ent d$e to 5 &eat -a>orit#
E(ono-i( &it$ation .a& %oor 1end of %o&t .ar 0oo-2
/a0o$r <art# 'e&& $nited t"an e,er 1ideo'og#, E$ro%e2
8i'&on o'der and 'e&& energeti( and 'e&& (ertain of t"e .a# "e .anted to go,ern 4 %'anned to "a,e 'e&& %er&ona'i&ed &t#'e
Q an@io$& to (a'' anot"er e'e(tion a& &oon a& %o&&i0'e in order to o0tain a .orking -a>orit#
ils-n = :No %re&identia' non&en&e t"i& ti-e, not fir&t one "$ndred da#&, and no 0eer and &and.i("e& in No 10 to &o',e (ri&e& 4
&.ee%er in defen(e, not &triker in atta(k7 4 go,ern-ent .a& not a0o$t &$r,i,a' and :&.ee%er in defen(e7, not d#na-i&- and :&triker in
atta(k7
8i'&on de(ide& not to &trike a dea' .it" /i0era'& in Mar(" 195 to o0tain a .orking -a>orit# 4 didn7t .ant to (o-%ro-i&e or
-ake a (oa'ition
E(ono-i( %ro0'e-& -eant "e needed to a(t D$i(k'# ) Ind$&tria' Re'ation& 3(t and %a# 0oard a0o'i&"ed
!U7& &ent a -e&&age t"at go,ern-ent .a& not 'ooking for (onfrontation& 4 3nnan "o.e,er identifie& t"at t"e $nion& Lno. fa(ed
8i'&on, a genera' t"e# "ad on(e defeated 0efore (o--anding an ar-# t"at .a& di,ided and $nder &iege6 Miner& .on anot"er
22I %a# ri&e, .age& nationa''# ro&e **I 0# 1957
O+!OBER 195 E/E+!ION
8i'&on fe't &afe eno$g" to (a'' anot"er e'e(tion
Voter& &ti'' a&&o(iated 9eat" .it" * da# .eek and (onf'i(t .it" -iner&
Q 8i'&on a("ie,e& .orking -a>orit#, >$&t ) /a0o$r gained 1E &eat&
O0,io$& t"at 8i'&on7& -ain ai- for "i& &e(ond ter- .a& &e'f %re&er,ation and a,oidan(e of di&a&ter& rat"er t"an inno,ation6
EURO<E3N RE?ERENDUM 195 4 o0&e&&ion .it" do-e&ti( %o'iti(& and %art# $nit# &"o.ed t"ro$g", referend$- .ent a"ead -ore a&
a de,i(e to &to% &%'it& in t"e /a0o$r <art# t"an 0e(a$&e of 8i'&on7& (o--it-ent to E$ro%e ) Britain ,ote& HESM 89HJ
E(ono-i( -e&& of t"e (o$ntr# &ee-ed to %ro,e Britain needed to 0e in
<re&& &trong'# in fa,o$r
:He&7 (a-%aign .a& .e'' finan(ed 0# 0$&ine&& &$%%orter&
<o'iti(ian& at "ead of :#e&7 (a-%aign -ade 0igger i-%re&&ion on %$0'i( o%inion 19eat", Kenkin&2
Q 1 -i''ion ,ote #e&, E -i''ion ,ote no
8i'&on "ad a,oided a &%'it in /a0o$r, E$ro%e 'e&& of an i&&$e in t"e $%(o-ing #ear& for t"e %art#
EMERGEN+E O? !93!+9ER
Une@%e(ted
See-ed 'ike 'itt'e ("an(e of to%%'ing 9eat"6 /i-ited e@%erien(e in (a0inet, 0$t -an# &$%%orted "er a& t"ere .a& no one e'&e in
t"e fra-e 1:an#one 0$t !ed72 and d$e to effe(ti,e (a-%aigning 0# Nea,e ."o e@%'oited &en&e t"ing& .ere going .rong .it" %art#
and (o$ntr#6 !ea-ed .it" 9eat"7& ina0i'it# to .in o,er ,oter&, 9eat" $ndere&ti-ating !"at("er, &e'f (onfiden(e and (on,i(tion
of !"at("er Q !"at("er 0e(o-e& 'eader after .inning &e(ond 0a''ot6
!"at("er got &$%%ort of -o&t of %art# after.ard& ) 8i''ie 8"ite'a. 0e(o-e de%$t# <M &e($ring &$%%ort, -o&t of 9eat"7&
&"ado. (a0inet &ta#ed on ) 9eat" &tarted L'ong &$'kN and !"at("er era a0o$t to 0egin
SOCIETY
8i'&on7& Britain 19;5-190=
Britain getting $&ed to :aff'$ent &o(iet#7
/a0o$r deter-ined to 0reak a.a# fro- :E&ta0'i&"-ent7 ne. 0eginning& and t"e :."ite "eat of te("no'ogi(a' re,o'$tion7
So(iet#= 19507& ti-e of &o(ia' ("ange& 19;5 (ontin$it# rat"er t"an an# ("ange
8"at ("ange& e@i&tedJ
28
}
16 Ho$ng %eo%'e -ain'# -idd'e ('a&&, ed$(ated
26 8o-en
*6 Re&%e(tf$', deferentia' &o(iet# of %o&t-.ar Britain .a& 0e(o-ing -ore o%en and (on(erned .it" indi,id$a' freedo-& and
took %art in de-on&tration&
56 Ba(k'a&" again&t &o(ia' (on&er,ati,e& ."o di&a%%ro,ed of t"e :0reakdo.n in -ora'it#7
9o. did t"i& i-%a(tJ
!.o %art# &#&te- fo$nd a'' t"i& diffi($'t to (o%e .it"=
di,i&ion& .it"in t"e %artie& .idened in t"e 1907&
-ore and -ore %eo%'e t$rned a.a# fro- traditiona' 'o#a'tie&
in(rea&ed &$%%ort for ot"er %artie& /i0era'&, nationa'i&t %artie&2 and e@tra-%ar'ia-entar# %re&&$re gro$%& 1S"e'ter and O@fa-
(a-e to %ro-inen(e, de-on&tration&, en,iron-enta' -o,e-ent took off2
Q i-%a(t on "arder edge& of ($'t$re
De-ogra%"i( ("ange - !"ree ke# ("ange& affe(ted %o%$'ation gro.t" and -o,e-ent
16 +ontin$ed inf'$@ of i--igrant&
26 3((e'erated &"ift of %o%$'ation to ne. "o$&ing de,e'o%-ent& and (o$n(i' e&tate& t"at .ere re%'a(ing o'd $r0an area& affe(ted
0# &'$- ('earan(e and $r0an rede,e'o%-ent
*6 Road tran&%ort and %ri,ate (ar o.ner&"i% 4 frag-ented e&ta0'i&"ed (o--$nitie& and 'ed to t"e :?/IG9! !O !9E SUBURBS7
re&$'ting in $r0an 0'ig"t in t"e (itie&
Q %o%$'ation in(rea&ed 50 -i''ion 1951 ) 5; -i''ion 195 1in(rea&e not &tead# or (on&i&tent, ,arie& on &o(ia' and e(ono-i( 0a(kgro$nd
of t"e #ear2
So(ia' trend& 19;5-5
16 The im:a4t -8 immi,/ati-n 4 (ontin$ing inf'$@ fro- Ne. +o--on.ea't" Q &o(ia' ten&ion& 19507& t"at 0# 19;07& "ad not faded6
/a0o$r %$t for.ard f$rt"er (ontro'& on i--igration and &et $% R3+E RE/3!IONS BO3RD to i-%'e-ent (ontro'& and ("ange&6
S$dden inf'$@ of Aen#an 3&ian& 'ed to introd$(tion of +OMMON8E3/!9 IMIGR3!ION 3+! 1'i-ited t"e rig"t of ret$rn
to Britain for non-."ite +o--on.ea't" (itiCen&26
19;E )<o.e''7& :Ri,er& of B'ood7 inf'a--ator# &%ee(", &enti-enta' i-%eria'i&t ."o .a& (on(erned &o(ia' ten&ion& a& a re&$'t of
i--igration &een in 3-eri(a .o$'d o(($r in Britain, %andered to ra(i&t& ) /i0era' e&ta0'i&"-ent and %art# &a. "i- &a(ked
0$t %$0'i( &$%%orted "i-= &trike& 0# do(ker&, -ar(" to Do.ning Street, and Ga''$% %o'' fo$nd 5I &$%%orted ."at <o.e''
"ad &aid6
I--igration re-ained a (ontentio$& &o(ia' and %o'iti(a' i&&$e .it" +on&er,ati,e7& introd$(ing ne. IMMIGR3!ION 3+! in
192 f$rt"er re&tri(ting i--igration 1of -ain'# non-."ite&26 9o.e,er, %o'iti(a' 'eader& re-ained (o--itted to -anaging
i--igration and -aintaining &o(ia' (o"e&ion ) 3SSIMI/I3!ION 1Ugandan& and Indian& e&%e(ia''#2 and in(rea&ed
i--igration %ro,ed to Britain t"at t"e# needed t"e e(ono-i( (ontri0$tion of ne. -igrant& and .a& a0'e to (o%e .it" &o(ia'
(on&eD$en(e& 10egan to &ee 'i-ited 0enefit& of i--igrant& 0$t not .i''ing to ad-it it2
26 Im:a4t -n 4-mm3nities -8 in13st/ial 1is:3tes 4 traditiona' $nion 'eader& %art of %o&t .ar (on&en&$& and "ad a("ie,ed
i-%ro,e-ent& in %a#B(ondition& 0# (o''e(ti,e 0argaining and in,ite& to No 106
BU! t.o trend& 0egan to e-erge 19;5-5= go,ern-ent 0e(a-e -ore in,o',ed 1&trike& -ore :%o'iti(a'72 and $nion 'eader& 0egan to 'o&e
(ontro' of t"e 'o(a' -e-0er&"i%&6
1907& ) nat$re of ind$&tria' di&%$te& 4han,e ) in(rea&e .i'd(at &trike&, in(rea&e& in n$-0er of .orking da#& 'o&t t"ro$g" &trike&
119;5= 'e&& t"an 5 -i''ion, 192= 25 -i''ion, 195= 15 -i''ion, 199= 29 -i''ion26
Man# &trike& rea(tion& again&t 'ong-ter- ind$&tria' ("ange and nat$re of ind$&tria' di&%$te& 0egan to ("ange e6g6 -iner& fa(ing
(ontra(tion of (oa' ind$&tr# ) 192-5 -iner& in,o',ed in &erie& of (onfrontation& .it" e-%'o#er& and go,ern-ent, #o$nger and
-ore radi(a' $nion 'eader& $&ed -ore radi(a' ta(ti(& e6g6 f'#ing %i(ket&
I-%a(t of 19* O<E+ Oi' +ri&i& ) %o'ari&ation of &o(iet#, .orking ('a&& (o--$nitie& fe't .a# of 'ife .a& t"reatened
* da# .eek 4 nation fe't (o-0ination of oi' (ri&i& and -a>or ind$&tria' di&%$te& 1engineer&, do(ker&, fire-en, 'oo-ing (oa' &trike
t"reat26 I-%o&ed to (on&er,e energ# ) f$e' rationing, &%eed 'i-it of *0 -%", ($t& in 'ig"ting ) &$rge in ind$&trie& 'a#ing off
29
.orker& and n$-0er of %eo%'e &igning $% for te-%orar# e-%'o#-ent %a#-ent&6
Q * da# .eek 'ed to ("ange of go,ern-ent and %$0'i( attit$de& 4 $nion -i'itan(# &trengt"ened and %$0'i( o%inion again&t it
*6 The bi/th -8 en.i/-nmentalism 4 19507& ) +ND a& forer$nner of -o,e-ent& t"at .orked o$t&ide traditiona' fra-e.ork of
%o'iti(& en(o$raging dire(t a(tion6 19;E ) Batt'e of Gro&,enor SD 1anti-.ar %rote&t&2 ) a'' %ro,ided 0a(kgro$nd for e-ergen(e of
en,iron-enta'i&-6
En,iron-enta'i&-= ind$&tria' %o''$tion, %rote(tion of .i'd'ife, organi( far-ing, danger& of radiationBn$('ear .a&te
In(rea&ed intere&t in :e(o'og#7 4 Si'ent S%ring 19;2 10ook on de('ine in 0ird& et( d$e to %e&ti(ide&2, 9$nt Sa0ote$r& 19;*
1dire(t a(tion again&t fo@"$nting2, 19; !orre# +an#on oi' tanker &%i''
1907& ) di&%arate en,iron-enta' %rote&t& 0egan to (oa'e&(e into organi&ed (a-%aign& ) e-ergen(e of %re&&$re gro$%& e6g6
?riend& of t"e Eart" 11912, Briti&" E(o'og# <art# 19* 1'ater Green <art#2, Green%ea(e 1191 ) Green%ea(e UA 0# 192
S%'it& o,er ."at t#%e of a(tion to take e6g6 dire(t a(tion 0# ani-a' %rote&tor& &a. ,io'ent atta(k& fro- 19*, 3ni-a'
/i0eration ?ront 119;2 ado%ted e@tre-e ,io'en(e and 'etter 0o-0& 1in('6 to !"at("er 19E5MM2
In ."at .a#& did en,iron-enta' i&&$e& inf'$en(e &o(iet# in Britain 0et.een 19;5 and 195J
Gro.t" of de-on&tration& e6g6 +ND
De,e'o%-ent of %re&&$re gro$%&
Genera' in(rea&e in t"e nat$ra' en,iron-ent and t"e need for (on&er,ation
+$'t$re 4 !V %rogra--e& 1BB+ Nat$ra' 9i&tor#, 3tten0oro$g"7& /ife on Eart"2
+ar,ed a %'a(e on t"e %o'iti(a' &(ene 0# end of 1907&4 %artie& no. "ad to (on&ider and di&($&& en,iron-enta' i&&$e&
+reation of t"e .ord :e(o'og#7 4 ("ange in attit$de of &o(iet# and D$e&tioning of tradition& &$(" a& fo@ "$nting a& .e'' a& energ#
(reation and (on&$-%tion
5 ke# a&%e(t& of e(ono-i( ("ange (a$&ed &o(ia' ten&ion& in t"e 'ater 19;07& and ear'# 1907&
16 Ri&ing inf'ation and t"e de('ine of aff'$en(e 4 end of %o&t .ar 0oo- $nder 9eat"
26 Gro.ing $ne-%'o#-ent
*6 +"ange in nat$re of !U -o,e-ent 1$nion -i'itan(#2 - Union& (o''e(ti,e ind$&tria' %o.er and di&%$te& ."i(" took on a %o'iti(a'
nat$re
56 Moderni&ation 4 ('earing of &'$-& and $r0an rede,e'o%-ent, ne. road&
56 Oi' (ri&i& and &trike& 'eading to * da# .eek
S$--ar#=
195 4 %o&t .ar (on&en&$& .a& 0reaking do.n
3ge of aff'$en(e "ad 1te-%orari'#2 (o-e to an end
Britain &ee-ed to 0e 'o&ing it7& &o(ia' (o"e&ion
Ri&ing (ri-e 'e,e'&
So(io'ogi&t& &t$d#ing t"e i''& of &o(iet#
In(rea&ed -i'itan(# of trade $nion& d$e to ne. 0reed of $nion a(ti,i&t& 'ooking for 3rt"$r S(argi'' t#%e %o'iti(a' (onfrontation
FOREIGN POLICY
Sit$ation in Britain at ti-e=
8i'&on7& /a0o$r go,ern-ent 4 atte-%t to fo($& on
-oderni&ation of Britain, %ro-3-eri(an 0$t did not
.ant to 0e dra.n into (onf'i(t in Vietna-, rea'i&ed
t"e e(ono-i( %otentia' of E$ro%ean entr# 0$t
dogged 0# a %art# di&$nited on EE+ i&&$e
9eat"7& +on&er,ati,e go,ern-ent 4 .anted to
(ontin$e e(ono-i( refor- 0$t &tr$(k 0# trade
$nion ten&ion& and a &erie& of e(ono-i( %ro0'e-&6
8anted to re&o',e Iri&" i&&$e and to gain EE+ entr#
De(o'oni&ation .a& a %ro(e&& ."i(" 0egan %o&t
30
19;5-195
EM<IRE EURO<E 3MERI+3
NU+/E3R
8E3<ONS
8ind& of +"ange7 &%ee(" of
19;0 "ad t"e re&$'t t"at 0#
19;5, 1E Ne. +o--on.ea't"
&tate& "ad 0een granted
inde%enden(e6
9ad 0een a re'ati,e'# &-oot"
%ro(e&& &o far and 8i'&on
"o%ed to (ontin$e t"i&
retreat %ea(ef$''#6
!"i& .o$'d in,o',e= granting
inde%enden(e to (o'onia'
%er&on& ."o "ad not #et
a("ie,ed it, and red$(ing
-i'itar# re&%on&i0i'itie& e6g6
Ea&t of S$eC
9o.e,er, %o'iti(a' and %$0'i(
o%inion &ti'' ('$ng to t"e
i''$&ion t"at Britain "ad an
i-%ortant .or'd ro'e6
atte-%ted to
>oin 19;1-;* -
,etoed

8i'&on
.anted to
atte-%t again
19;
Re'iant on US
'oan&
S$eC +ri&i&
&(ar&
Ko"n&on $rging
Britain to get
in,o',ed
-i'itari'# in
Vietna-
/a0o$r (onf$&ed
o,er n$('ear
&tan(e 4 &o-e
rift& "ad 0een
-ended
+ND -ar("e&
Britain di&engaged
fro- o,er&ea&
De Ga$''e 'eft
t"e %o'iti(a'
&(ene in 19;9
Britain7&
a((e&&ion to
t"e EE+
Inf'$en(e of
+ND .aned and
/a0o$r
(ontin$ed it&
a((e%tan(e of
n$('ear
deterrent&
Britain "ad
a,oided
in,o',e-ent in
Vietna-
881 and -ore noti(ea0'# after 882 4 t"i&
%ro(e&& (o$'d not 0e a0andoned fo''o.ing
&$((e&& in India, (ri&i& in S$eC, and Ma(-i''an7&
8ind of +"ange &%ee("
E(ono-i(& 4 Britain &ti'' re'iant on US
'oan& and "ad to a&k for IM? 'oan&
Q da.ning rea'i&ation t"at it .a& no 'onger t"e
'eading %o.er in t"e .or'd
3ttit$de& .ere 0eginning to ("ange 4
Britain .anted to fo($& on re&o',ing i&&$e& at
"o-e 18e'fare &tate, ne. "o$&ing2, no 'onger .anted to 0e &een a& an o'd fa&"ioned (o'onia' %o.er 0eing (a$g"t a(ting i-%eria''#
in a -odern, de-o(rati( era
Britain7& o0>e(ti,e& 19;5-195
16 +ontin$e de(o'oni&ation 4 grad$a' %ro(e&& to t"o&e (o$ntrie& :re&%on&i0'e7 eno$g" to 0e inde%endent
26 Gain entr# into t"e EE+
*6 !r# to en&$re Britain .a& &ti'' a %ro-inent %o.er on t"e .or'd &tage
56 +ontin$e %re&en(e in N3!O and UN
56 Maintain &%e(ia' re'ation&"i%
;6 En&$re +o--on.ea't" &$((e&&
Britain7& (on(ern&
16 Nationa'i&t intention& and t"e e(ono-i( i-%a(t of granting inde%enden(e to (o$ntrie&
26 E(ono-i( (ondition& in Britain
*6 <o&ition in t"e 3t'anti( 3''ian(e 4 0ond of tr$&t "ad 0een affe(ted 0# S$eC
56 !"e f$t$re of Briti&" foreign %o'i(# - 3-eri(a or E$ro%eJ
56 9o. to -aintain +o--on.ea't" and .o$'d it 0e &$((e&&f$'J
Britain and R"ode&ia, 19;5-5
Bigge&t ("a''enge d$ring t"i& ti-e .a& not De Ga$''e or Ko"n&on, 0$t Ian S-it" in So$t"ern R"ode&ia
:8ind& of +"ange7 &%ee(" 4&een a& a ("a''enge to &o$t" ) Main target .a& ."ite -inorit# regi-e& ."o .ere re&i&tant to ("ange
!"e# .eren7t %er&$adedM
Q 19;1 So$t" 3fri(a 'eft +o--on.ea't" and -o,ed fa&ter to.ard& a%art"eid6
+a$&e& of ten&ion in So$t"ern R"ode&ia =
Ri&e of ."ite nationa'i&-
Britain7& atte-%ted .it"dra.a'
Britain7& inter,ention effort&
Intrin&i( %ro0'e-& .it"in t"e (o$ntr#
31
E-%ire and +o--on.ea't"=
Britain and R"ode&ia, 19;5-5
8it"dra.a' Ea&t of S$eC
8i'&on7& o,er&ea& (o--it-ent&
32
EVEN! 9O8 DID BRI!3IN 3!!EM<! !O
RESO/VE !9E SI!U3!IONJ
IM<3+! 3ND OU!+OMEJ
B/itain an1 Rh-1esia
19;1 S636 'eft t"e Briti&" +o--on.ea't"
-o,ing ('o&er to a%art"eid6
19;5 4 Sa-0ia and Ma'a.i inde%endent
0$t not S6 R"ode&ia d$e to %o'iti(a'
do-ination of t"e ."ite6
Ian S-it" 0e(o-e& <M 19;5 S-it"
r$&"ed into UDI 1Uni'atera' De('aration
of Inde%enden(e2 for R"ode&ia
1(o--it-ent to ."ite r$'e2
Dire(t ("a''enge to 8i'&on7& go,ern-ent
."o "ad ot"er %rioritie&6 !"o$g"t it
.o$'d 0e re&o',ed in .eek& not -ont"&
&"o$'dered on for 15 #ear& at
/an(a&ter 9o$&e +onferen(e 19E0
DI</OM3+HM 8i'&on -et S-it" 9MS
!iger 19;; 4 &ee-ed to -ake %rogre&&
0$t S-it" di&a,o.ed e,er#t"ing "e
&aid a& &oon a& "e got 0a(k "o-e6
S3N+!IONSM Oi' &an(tion& 4 no
effe(t 1got &$%%'ie& e'&e."ere 4
MoCa-0iD$e and oi' (o-%anie&
di&regarding &an(tion2
9MS ?ear'e&& 19;E 4 ta'k& again 0$t
S-it" fee'ing &tronger rat"er t"an
.eaker and fe't "e (o$'d re'# on
+on&er,ati,e& 1.ait for Britain to gi,e
in2
Di%'o-a(# got 8i'&on no."ere
Di%'o-a(# got 8i'&on no."ere 4 $%&et
+o--on.ea't" and -an# on /a0o$r 'eft
and Britain 'ooked .eak
Ot"er (o$ntrie& "ad &"o.n a 'a(k of
re&%e(t for Briti&" a$t"orit# 0#
f'o$ting &an(tion& and ignoring
di%'o-a(# ) $nder'ined Britain7& %o&ition
in t"e .or'd at t"i& ti-e
S-a'' far-er a0'e to "o'd (o$ntr# to
ran&o-
Britain $n.i''ing to ri&k $%&etting
3-eri(a and UN 'ike S$eC
B$t, &"o.ed t"at Britain .a& ("anging
and 0e(o-ing -ore re&%on&i0'e 0# $&ing
di%'o-a(#, a 0ig ("ange fro- S$eC in
195;
Bia8/a C/isis 19$(
I0o %eo%'e tried to (reate inde%endent
&tate in o.n rig"t in Nigeria in %'a(e
(a''ed Biafra Q 0itter (i,i' .ar
<re&& and %$0'i( o%inion &$%%orted
Biafra and +o'one' O>$k.$
Britain 8elt b-3n1 to &$%%ort t"e
offi(ia' go,ern-ent of Nigeria and t"e
idea of territoria' integrit#
Defeat for Biafra
8i'&on on .rong &ide of %re&& and
%$0'i( o%inion
Diffi($'t ti-e d$ring diffi($'t
go,ern-ent
S-3th A8/i4an /elati-ns 19(6
Re'ation& deteriorating
S3 (ri(ket to$r of Britain a0andoned
d$e to t"reat of anti-a%art"eid a(ti,i&t&
&$(" a& 9ain S3 -o,ing to.ard&
&%orting i&o'ation
S3 gi,ing &$%%ort to S-it"7& R"ode&ia
9eat" (ontin$ed &an(tion& de&%ite
0eing ineffe(t$a' and 0eing o%%o&ed
0# -an# on t"e +on&er,ati,e rig"t
&$(" a& t"e Monda# +'$0 and 0ig
0$&ine&& and trade intere&t& in S36
Do$g'a&-9o-e &ent to R"ode&ia in
191 for $noffi(ia' ta'k& 4 %e&&i-i&ti(
re%ort .it"o$t an# &ign& of re&o'$tion6
9eat" &a. di,ide& in %art#
Britain (ontin$e& to 'ook .eak
S-it"7& %o&ition &trengt"ened 0# a
&$rge in ."ite i--igration to R"ode&ia
in 19;07&
R"ode&ia i&&$e &tagnated
Britain 'ooked ineffe(ti,e and did not
tr# to effe(ti,e'# end a%art"eid
B3sh a/ 19(?
Mar@i&t& in&$rgent& &tarted a g$eri''a
.ar
S-it"7& regi-e (o$'d (o%e .it" t"i& a&
'ong a& t"e# "ad &$%%ort fro- S3 0$t
S3 "ad o%ted for a 'e&& (onfrontationa'
a%%roa(" to it& 0'a(k neig"0o$r& in 195
Q red$(ed f'o. of oi' and ar-a-ent& into
R"ode&ia
19; S-it" a((e%ted t"e Ai&&inger
<'an dra.n $% 0# US and a%%ro,ed 0#
S3 and Britain 4 &et o$t t"e &te%& for
-a>orit# r$'e6
<re&&$re fro- S3 and US "ad done
."at Briti&" di%'o-a(# and &an(tion&
"ad fai'ed to do6
199 4 Si-0a0.e-R"ode&ia "e'd -$'ti-
ra(ia' e'e(tion&
?or 15 #ear& t"e Briti&" go,ern-ent
"ad 0een -ade to 'ook f$ti'e 0# S-it"
and "i& a0i'it# to def# t"e-6
O!TCOME
8"at i-%a(t did 3fri(an ten&ion& "a,e on BritainJ
Di,ided %artie&
Made <M& and Britain 'ook .eak
S%'it go,ern-ent& fro- %re&& and %$0'i( o%inion
Di&tra(ted %artie& fro- ot"er e,ent& in Britain
+ontin$ed to 0e a drain on -one# and effort
8"# doe& R-0e arg$e t"at S-it" end$red t"e 0igge&t fai'$reJ
9ad "e negotiated a rea&ona0'e &ett'e-ent in 19;; t"en t"e 'ater "i&tor# of Si-0a0.e $nder M$ga0e -ig"t "a,e taken a 'e&&
di&a&tro$& (o$r&e t"an it did
Kan$ar# 19;E= :a((e'eration d$e to (o&t&7
Ro# Kenkin&7 &%ending ($t& after 19;
de,a'$ation (ri&i& 4 .it"dra.a' fro-
ea&t of S$eC .a& a((e'erated ra%id'#
- troo%& to 0e %$''ed fro- 3den, t"e
3ra0ian G$'f and Ma'a#&ia 0# 191
- de,e'o%-ent of ne. "ig"-te("
.ar%'ane, t"e ?111 a0andoned d$e to (o&t
19;5= :&'o. and 'ong ter-7
8o$'d "a,e to 0e red$(tion in -i'itar# (o--it-ent&
Deni& 9ea'e# 1Mini&ter of Defen(e2 &tarted a %ro(e&& of
&%ending ($t& to 0ring defen(e 0$dget 0e'o. F2-i''ion 0# 190
19; 8"ite <a%er 19ea'e#2 4 ti-eta0'e for troo% .it"dra.a'&
fro- 3den, t"e Midd'e Ea&t, Ma'a#&ia and Singa%ore
+riti(i&ed for not going far or fa&t eno$g" d$e to "i& 0e'ief& in
t"e 3t'anti( a''ian(e and Britain "a,ing a (ontin$ing .or'd ro'e6
No rea' de0ate o,er gi,ing $% t"e e@%en&i,e Briti&" n$('ear deterrent6
8o$'d (ontin$e to de%'o# it& <o'ari& -i&&i'e& .it" a (o--it-ent in 19;
to $%grade at great e@%en&e
9eat" a& <M 190 ) Di&($&&ion a0o$t de'a#ing or re,er&ing &o-e .it"dra.a'& e&%e(ia''# G$'f d$e to oi' tie&6 8it"dra.a' of troo%& not
(o-%'ete 0# 191, not o(($r $nti' 'ate 1907&6 No -ore far-f'$ng ("ain& of Briti&" 0a&e& 4 E$ro%e and t"e Med .o$'d no. 0e t"e
f$rt"e&t rea("6
3rg$-ent& for and again&t 9eat" re,er&ing 8i'&on7& %o'i(ie& ."en "e (a-e to %o.er in 190
?OR= needed oi' &$%%'ie&, %re&tige, $n&$re e(ono-i( &it$ation, 'a(k of &%eed in %ro(e&& &o far, "a,ing to fini&" ."at %rede(e&&or
"ad &tarted
3G3INS!= -i'itar# (o&t&, %ro(e&& .a& a'read# $nder.a# and (o$'d not 0e "a'ted, e(ono-i( &it$ation of Britain, ."at .a& t"e
a'ternati,eJ
9IS!ORI+3/ O<INION ON EM<IREUU6
Marr arg$e& 0# 195 t"e :E-%ire .a& for-a''# o,er67 89HJ
S.ee% of (o$ntrie& t"at "ad 0e(o-e inde%endent
Britain "ad a((e%ted it .a& o,er 4 end of i''$&ion&
+o--on.ea't" not #ie'ding finan(ia' 0enefit& 4 re'ian(e on EE+ and US
+o$'dn7t (ontro' (o$ntrie& e6g6 R"ode&ia
On'# rea&on &o-e area& .ere &ti'' $nder (ontro' .a& 0e(a$&e t"e# .ere too &-a'' and .eak to %'$-% for inde%enden(e
/o&& of (ontro' and -eaning'e&& o$t%o&t& and (o'onia' go,ernor ro'e&
+o--on.ea't" .a& a :"a'f 'ife7 e-%ire 4 &tradd'ed t"e .ord 0$t t"ere .a& no 'ogi( or &en&e 0e"ind it6 <ro0'e- .a& t"at in it&
&.ee% of de(o'oniCation and (reation of an atte-%t to (ontro' t"e&e (o$ntrie& &ti'' to &o-e degree, t"e# "ad e-0ra(ed
de&%oti&-& and de-o(ra(ie&, &o-e ad-irer& and &o-e o%%onent&6
<otentia' "ot &%ot for tro$0'e
:!"e 'a&t %reten(e of 0eing a .or'd %o.er .a& 0eing &tri%%ed a.a#7 A6 Morgan ) <$''ing o$t of t"e G$'f in t"e 'ater 1907& 4 &igna'ed
end of E-%ire in Midd'e Ea&t and 'i-it& of Britain7& finan(e&
+ri&i& of t"e S%e(ia' Re'ation&"i%
19;5 Vietna- 8ar 4 /BK de&%erate for &$%%ort and a%%ro,a' 4 .anted a :(oa'ition of t"e .i''ing7 ) 3$&tra'ia &ent in &$%%ort,
Britain did not
89HJ
ils-n (o$'d "a,e %ro,ided a token for(e
B$t, 19;; &a. t"e Vietna- 8ar 0e(o-e in(redi0'# $n%o%$'ar in Britain 4 anti-.ar de-on&tration& o$t&ide t"e 3-eri(an E-0a&&# in
19;E Q gi,e& di%'o-ati( &$%%ort 0$t not finan(ia' or -i'itar# &$%%ort
Heath Orientated to.ard& E$ro%e
33
Re>e(ted atte-%t& 0# Ai&&inger 13-eri(an Se(retar#2 to $&e Britain a& 'ink to E$ro%e 4 -$&t negotiate .it" a'' 9 &tate& not >$&t
Britain a& a go-0et.een Q S!3NDING U< !O 3MERI+3N IN?/UEN+E
Re'ation& .it" US deteriorated e&%e(ia''# after 19* Ho- Ai%%$r 8ar ) Britain and E$ro%e ref$&ed to a''o. N3!O 0a&e& to 0e
$&ed to air'ift &$%%'ie& to I&rae' 0# t"e US
Re'ation&"i% re(o,er& d$ring !"at("er-Reagan era in re&%on&e to fee'ing& t"at t"e +o'd 8ar .a& 0eing 'o&t and t"at N3!O -a# 0e
fa''ing a%art 4 &en&e t"e# -$&t re,er&e -i'itar# .eakne&&e& and &tart .inning t"e :+o'd 8ar7 again
1951-19;5
S$--ar# of ke# e,ent& and de,e'o%-ent&
19;5-195
9o. "ad t"e&e
&it$ation&
("anged 0# t"i&
%eriod
19;5-195
8"at "ad re-ained t"e &a-eJ
8"at &it$ation .a& Britain in 0#
195J
S
<
E
+
I
3
/
R
E
/
3
!
I
O
N
S
9
I
%
Dee%'# e-0roi'ed in +o'd 8ar 4
in,o',ed in Aorean 8ar a& %art of
UN
?o$nding -e-0er of N3!O 1959
+'o&e (oo%eration .it" US on n$('ear
.ea%on&
Briti&"BUS re'ation& &trained 4
B$rge&& and Ma('ean &%# affair,
S$eC +ri&i& 195;, Britain re&entf$'
of US %$&"ing t"e- to.ard& E$ro%e
Re-ained ('o&e a''ie& in t"e +o'd
8ar 4 good re'ation& .it" K?A, !e&t
Ban !reat# 19;*, &ti'' at :to% ta0'e7
in &o-e re&%e(t&
De%endent on US %o.er 4 a0andoned
B'$e Streak for 3-eri(an <o'ari&
.ea%on&
Vietna-
8ar &o
Britain
-o,e a.a#
fro- US
US re'ation&"i% &ti''
&trained and in D$e&tion 0#
19;5
8i'&on &ti'' 0e'ie,ed in t"e
3t'anti( 3''ian(e and
Britain "a,ing a .or'd ro'e
U&e <o'ari& -i&&i'e&
Strained= Britain "ad not
"e'%ed US d$ring Vietna-
8ar nor Ho- Ai%%$r 8ar
+a-e 0a(k ('o&er to US d$e
to (on(ern& in %at" of +o'd
8ar and N3!O 0# 19E1
Sti'' re'iant on US for &o-e
%o.er 0$t no. "ad E$ro%ean
('$0 $%on ."i(" it (o$'d not
&eek &$%%ort e(ono-i(a''#,
%o'iti(a''# and in foreign %o'i(#
E
U
R
O
<
E
S("$-an <'an 1950 4 %ro%o&a'& for
(oa' and &tee' (o--$nit# for ra%id
e(ono-i( re(on&tr$(tion 4 &$%%orted
0# GB 0$t E$ro%ean integration not
for Britain
1959 4 E?!3 (reated 0# Britain
19;1 4 fir&t EE+ a%%'i(ation and
negotiation& 0egan, re>e(ted in 19;*
4 &o-e e(ono-i( (on&ideration& 0$t
foreign %o'i(# ai-& .ere ke# 1.anted
to 0e in a'' * &%"ere& of inf'$en(e2 4
deter-ined to kee% 'ink& .it"
+o--on.ea't"
Briti&" %$0'i(, %re&& and -o&t
%o'iti(ian& not in fa,o$r of E$ro%ean
integration 4 ?ran(e "ad 'o&t t"e
.ar, Ger-an# "ad &tarted it, and
/a0o$r &$&%i(io$& of free--arket
%rin(i%'e& 0e"ind t"e +o--on
Market 4 %re&er,ing 'ink& .it"
+anada and 3$&tra'ia -ore
i-%ortant6 E(ono-i( ad,antage& of
EE+ entr#
no.
e&&entia'
for
E+ONOMI
+ rea&on&
rat"er t"an
foreign
%o'i(#
rea&on&
3("ie,ed
entr# 19*
Mo,ed
('o&er to
E$ro%e
De Ga$''e
"ad 'eft
t"e
%o'iti(a'
&(ene in
19;9
Ed.ard
+ontin$ation in
a%%'i(ation&
/a0o$r &ti'' $n&$re a0o$t
entr# into EE+ 4 di,ide&
0et.een %ro--arketeer&
&$(" a& Kenkin& and t"o&e
&ke%ti(a'6 Needed
referend$- to $nite t"e-6
19; 4 Britain &ti'' ('inging
to US re'ation&"i% o,er
E$ro%e 4 8i'&on &a#& "e
.o$'d not gi,e into De
Ga$''e7& a&&$ran(e& for
Britain to deta("
t"e-&e',e& fro- US
In E$ro%ean +'$0
0$t not f$''#
eng$'fed, &ti'' $n&$re of
ro'e 4 fa(t t"at a
referend$- "ad to 0e
"e'd .a& a .orr#ing &ign
34
EE+ di&regarded 9eat" .a&
%ro-E$ro%e
E
M
<
I
R
E
Rea'i&ation of i-%eria' de('ine %o&t-
..2 4 de0t&, &$%er%o.er& 4 %$0'i(
o%inion &'o. to ad>$&t 1defen&e (o&t&
"ig" and n$('ear .ea%on&
in,o',e-ent2
:retreat fro- e-%ire7 4 India
Nationa'i&t -o,e-ent& $%ri&ing 4
Ma'a#a, Aen#a, +#%r$&, Ma$ Ma$
S$eC +ri&i& 195; 4 Eden 'itt'e fait"
in 'ong %ro(e&& of di%'o-a(#, dra&ti(
-i'itar# a(tion .a& ke#6 ?or(ed to
retreat d$e to US
8ing& of ("ange 19;0 4 r$&" to
inde%enden(e in 3fri(a 4 %ro(e&&
fo''o.ed 0# Ma(-i''an and M(/eod
.a& &$((e&&f$' 1(o-%ared to ot"er
(o$ntrie&2
9ad gone a 'ong .a# 0# 19;5
+o--on.ea't" &ee-ing'# t"ri,ing
organiCation
Senti-enta' -#t"& a0o$t Britain7&
g'orio$& i-%eria' %a&t .ere "ard to
&"ake off
B# 19;5 4 1E Ne. +o--on.ea't"
&tate&
19;5 4
Briti&"
%$0'i( &ti''
"$ng to t"e
idea t"at
Britain "ad
an i-%ortant
.or'd ro'e
R"ode&ia 4
$&ed
di%'o-a(#
and
&an(tion&
in&tead of
-i'itar#
a(tion 19MS
?ear'e&& and
!iger, oi'
&an(tion&2 4
("ange in
ta(ti(& fro-
S$eC
I-%ortan(e
of e(ono-i(&
in Britain 4
&%ending
($t&
de&igned to
0ring
defen(e
0$dget to
0e'o. F2
-i''ion
De&ire to (ontin$e to
de(o'oniCe 0# granting
inde%enden(e and red$(ing
-i'itar# re&%on&i0i'itie&
R"ode&ia &ti'' an i&&$e
+"ange in &%eed of
de(o'oniCation fro- 19;E 4
fro- &'o. and 'ong ter- to
-ore ra%id fo''o.ing
de,a'$ation and
anno$n(e-ent of defen(e
($t&
E-%ire .a& o,er 4
3ndre. Marr
Britain di&engaged
fro- 0a&e& a0road
Idea of far f'$ng
0a&e& Briti&" 0a&e&
.a& fini&"ed
3ttit$de& "ad ("ange
4 no 'onger (o'onia' i''$&ion
<ro(e&& not (o-%'ete a&
en,i&aged
8"# .a& Britain in de('ine 0# 195J
Retreat fro- e-%ire
I-%a(t of e(ono-i( (ri&i& at "o-e 4 end of %o&t .ar 0oo-, trade $nion ten&ion&,
US %er(ei,ed to 0e .eakened 0# Vietna- 8ar and &%e(ia' re'ation&"i% .a& $nder &train a& Britain "ad not "e'%ed US d$ring t"i&
(onf'i(t and in t"e Midd'e Ea&t of 19*
THE THATCHER REFOL!TION" 19(5#
1996
POLITICS
35
!"e /a0o$r Go,ern-ent, 195-9
E-ergen(e of !"at("er did not "e'% +on&er,ati,e ("an(e& of 0eating /a0o$r in &"ort ter-6 !orie& 'inked .it" ind$&tria' $nre&t and
t"ree da# .eek6 8i'&on and "i& go,ern-ent &ee-ed to 0e in a &trong %o&ition6
9o.e,er, t"e #ear& 195 4 9 0egan a &'o. /a0o$r de('ine t"at re&$'ted in 1E #ear& of !or# r$'e6
P/-blem 1& E(ono-i(&
!"ere .a& a &$rge in inf'ation d$e to t"e in(rea&e in .age& needed to &ort o$t t"e ind$&tria' di&%$te&6
So-e &ett'e-ent& a& "ig" a& *0I, go,ern-ent .a& in no %o&ition to 0arter6
O,era'' inf'ation r$nning at 20I - (on&eD$en(e of oi' %ri(e ri&e of 19*
De('ine in ,a'$e of -one# and gro.ing de0it in it& trade 0a'an(e t"reatened to -ake Britain 0ankr$%t
9ea'e# de(ided t"at inf'ation "ad to 0e 0ro$g"t $nder (ontro' and t"at %$0'i( &%ending "ad to 0e ($rtai'ed6
195 0$dget i-%o&ed 'arge ta@ ri&e& ) 19; 0$dget tried to 'i-it .age ri&e& to *I6
Mar(" 19; - F dro%%ed 0e'o. G2 in e@("ange ,a'$e
P/-blem ?& Di,i&ion&
/eft .inger& in /a0o$r 'ike ?oot and Benn did .ant &o -$(" %re&&$re %$t on t"e $nion&6
Go,ern-ent (a$&ed (ontro,er&# 0# nationa'i&ing Briti&" /e#'and ) a(($&ed of &a,ing :'a-e-d$(k7 ind$&trie&6
S!3G?/3!ION .a& a'&o 0a(k again6
P/-blem @& !rade Union&
+$t& in %$0'i( e@%endit$re and ri&e in $ne-%'o#-ent t"at fo''o.ed t"e IM? agree-ent e-0ittered t"e !U7& and .eakened t"eir
traditiona' 'o#a't# to /a0o$r
+redit gained 0# re%ea'ing 9eat"7& Ind$&tria' Re'ation7& 3(t in 195
9o%e& of %o&iti,e re'ation&= 8i'&on on good ter-& .it" Kone& 1!G8U 'eader2 and ta'k of a :&o(ia' (ontra(t7 1.age re&traint %o'i(#
in ret$rn for %ro-.orker ind$&tria' %o'i(ie&2
9o.e,er, fe. e@a-%'e& of $nion& a(t$a''# re&tri(ting .age& and &ee-ed to 0e a re%eat of %ro0'e-& t"at "ad %'ag$ed 9eat"
P/-blem %& +"ange in /eader&"i%
19; 8i'&on re&igned
+a''ag"an .a& &een a& a &afe %air of "and& to take o,er= good 'ink& to t"e $nion& and .a& &een a& %erfe(t to $nif# t"e %art#, e,en
t"o$g" t"e# .ere 'o&ing 0#-e'e(tion& ) "ad to dea', D$ite D$i(k'#, .it" t"e Iri&" i&&$e and t"e e(ono-#6
CALLAGHAN AS PM = HAT 'I' HE ENCO!NTER*
!"e IM? 'oan
19; 9ea'e# "ad to go to IM? for e-ergen(# 'oan ) F* 0i''ion6
!er-& of t"e 'oan= t"e (o$ntr# "ad to ($t %$0'i( &%ending6
/a0o$r +onferen(e 19; 4 9ea'e# get& ro$g" re(e%tion6 S"o.ed 'ong r$nning fe$d 0et.een 'eft 1t"o$g"t t"e# .ere +on&er,ati,e
%o'i(ie&2 and (entre rig"t1('ai-ed %art# 'ooked fee0'e ."en dea'ing .it" !U7& and .ere 'o&ing %o.er2 of %art# .a& a fier(e a&
e,er ) &een 0# o%%onent& a& a "$-i'iation6
9o.e,er, +a''ag"an "and'ed t"e IM? (ri&i& .e'', 0$t it did reinfor(e t"at t"e UA .a& in e(ono-i( de('ine6
3rg$-ent& fro- !orie& t"at it .a& gi,ing a.a# Britain7& inde%enden(e O fro- /a0o$r t"at (a%ita'i&- .a& 0eing gi,en in to6
+a''ag"an 0egan to &ee a gro.t" of 'eft .ing $nion -i'itan(#, 0$t .a& a0'e to dea' .it" t"i&6
!9E /IB /3B <3+!
O,era'' -a>orit# t"ro$g"o$t 5 #ear& in go,ern-ent .a& ne,er -ore t"an * &eat&
!o &trengt"en %o&ition )+a''ag"an -ade /i0-/a0 <a(t6 B# t"i& dea', 12 /i0era' M<7& ,oted for t"e go,ern-ent in %ar'ia-ent and in
ret$rn +a''ag"an .o$'d go a"ead .it" de,o'$tion for S(ot'and and 8a'e&6
Q Ga,e t"e /i0era' <art# inf'$en(e
!"e e(ono-i( &it$ation a'&o got 0etter a& Nort" Sea Oi' (a-e on &trea- 119E - 9 oi'fie'd& in %rod$(tion2
Inf'ation fe'' b3t at (o&t of in(rea&ed $ne-%'o#-ent 116; -i''ion 0# 19E2
So-e e(ono-i( "i&torian& &ee t"i& a& a gen$ine i-%ro,e-ent, ot"er& &ee it a& a 0'i% on an e(ono-i( de('ine6
19E 4 e(ono-i( re(o,er# took t"e "eat o$t of t"e agoni&ing a0o$t Britain7& ro'e a& t"e :e(ono-i( &i(k -an of E$ro%e7
36
B$t 5I (ei'ing on .age ri&e& "ad angered !U7& 'eading to &trike& in 19 1fire-en2, 199 1?ord Motor&, 'orr# dri,er&2
DEVO/U!ION
/i0era'& de-anded t"i& i&&$e to 0e dea't .it" a& %art of t"e /i0-/a0 %a(t agree-ent
Referend$- - 8a'e& ,oted 5=1 again&t de,o'$tion6
In S(ot'and -ore %eo%'e ,oted for rat"er t"an again&t de,o'$tion6
No."ere near t"e 50I of a'' t"o&e e'igi0'e to ,ote6
<eo%'e too di&tra(ted 0# t"e :8inter of Di&(ontent7 of 19E-9
/3BOUR7S 8IN!ER O? DIS+ON!EN! 199
Ind$&tria' di&%$te& 19E 9 .ere not &erio$& ("a''enge
to go,ern-ent of t"e da#6
B$t t"e %&#("o'ogi(a' effe(t of t"e .inter of di&(ontent "ad a
de,a&tating effe(t on t"e %$0'i( -ood, and t"$& on Ka-e&
+a''ag"an7& go,ern-ent6
8a,e of ind$&tria' a(tion 0# a'' &%"ere& of t"e .ork
for(e in('$ding 'orr# and train dri,er&, ref$&e .orker&, and gra,e
digger&
Q ?$e''ed t"e idea t"at :/a0o$r i&n7t .orking7
+on&eD$en(e&= !"at("er 'ed +on&er,ati,e& in o$trig"t (onde-nation of de,o'$tion ."i(" in t"e 'ong r$n, t"i& %o'i(# "ad a dra-ati(
effe(t on t"e !or# %art# ) 190 t"e# "ad *; &eat& in S(ot'and, 0# 199 t"e# "ad none6
RISE O? !93!+9ER=
Man# %eo%'e &a. a different !"at("er 0et.een 195-96 S"e "ad not #et f$''# -o$'ded "er %o'iti(a' 0e'ief& or "er %o'iti(a' &t#'e6
!"ere .ere fo$r ke# fa(tor& t"at "e'%ed "er do t"i& d$ring "er ti-e in o%%o&ition=
Fa4t-/ 1& <er&ona'it#
?or(e of %er&ona'it#, dri,e and (onfiden(e in "er %art# and o.n a0i'itie& 1(ontra&t to %e&&i-i&- of %art# and (o$ntr# at ti-e2
+$'ti,ated %o'iti(a' %re&entation &ki''& - .orked "ard at "o. to %re&ent "er&e'f and $&ed t"e <R fir- Saat("i O Saat("i to "e'%
"er .it" t"i&6
S"e ga,e off %o&iti,e ,i0e& t"ro$g"o$t t"e %eriod6
Fa4t-/ ?& De%$t# /eader 8i''ie 8"ite'a.
Aeen to i-%re&& on t"e %art# t"e i-%ortan(e of $nit#6
9e .a& tota''# 'o#a' and "e .a& ke# in .inning o,er 9eat"7& &$%%orter& to t"e ne. 'eader6
Fa4t-/ @& E(ono-i( <o'i(#
9er nat$ra' in&tin(t& .ere again&t :0ig go,ern-ent7 and (on&en&$& %o'iti(&6
S"e .a& inf'$en(ed 0# %eo%'e 'ike <o.e'' and Ko&e%" ) 0egan to ado%t a %o'i(# of MONE!3RISM 1not at forefront $nti' after
199 e'e(tion2 Monetari&- 4 (ontro' inf'ation 0# red$(ing &%ending and 0orro.ing in('$ding, -o&t i-%ortant'#, &tri(t ($r0& on t"e
-one# &$%%'#
3d,o(ated a 'o. 'e,e' of &%ending and a ('o&e (ontro' of -one# &$%%'# to t"e (o$ntr#6
Fa4t-/ %& <o'iti(a' Sa,,# and Ski''
Aee% #o$r o%tion& o%en6
3& t"e# -o,ed to.ard& t"e e'e(tion, t"e +on&er,ati,e %o'i(e& .ere de'i0erate'# ,ag$e &o t"at &"e (o$'d de(ide on t"e 0e&t
(o$r&e of a(tion at an# gi,en ti-e6
C-n4l3si-n& It i& .rong to t"ink t"at !"at("er &.e%t into %o.er .it" -a&&i,e %$0'i( &$%%ort6 Mo&t of 195 4 9 &"e .a& 0e"ind
+a''ag"an in rating&6 Gen$ine fear6 &"e &aid to a friend, :I &"a'' 0e re-e-0ered a& t"e .o-an ."o .a& a''o.ed one go 4 to 'ead t"e
%art# to defeat67
199 E/E+!ION
37
!o &$- $%666
UNDER/HING <ROB/EMS
S-a'' /a0o$r -a>orit# in t"e
+o--on&
!"e gri- effe(t& of t"e oi' %ri(e
(ri&i& of 19*
!"e &tr$gg'e .it" t"e (o-0ati,e
trade $nion&
+3//3G93N SU++EEDED 8I/SON IN 19;, BU!6666
19; IM? (ri&i& dee%ened di,i&ion& in go,ern-ent and %art#
Gro.ing n$-0er of &trike& 19-9
Ind$&tria' a(tion 0# t"e %$0'i( &e(tor $nion& 'ed to :.inter of di&(ontent7
/a0o$r go,ern-ent 0ad'# .eakened 0# it& fai'$re& to (ontro' t"e (ri&i&
End of /i0-/a0 %a(t %ro,ed di&a&tro$& for /a0o$r
Door o%ened to Mr& !"at("er7& +on&er,ati,e&
195 EE+ referend$- (onfir-ed UA7&
-e-0er&"i% of EE+
The mistaEe& One ke# "i&tori(a' D$e&tion a0o$t t"e 199 e'e(tion i& ."# didn7t it "a%%en in 19EJ D$ring t"at #ear, 0efore t"e
.inter of di&(ontent, /a0o$r .a& doing fine, !"at("er .a& 0e"ind in t"e %o''& and &ee-ing'# $n'ike'# to "a,e "er t$rning %oint
e'e(tion6
B# ti-e +a''ag"an 0e'ated'# (a''ed t"e e'e(tion in 199, "i& go,ern-ent "ad 0een da-aged 0#=
E(ono-i( and finan(ia' (ri&e&
Ri&ing $ne-%'o#-ent 16; -i''ion
Be''igerent trade $nion& 4 'o.e&t e00 &in(e .ar
<o'iti(a' -i&>$dge-ent& 1-i&treat-ent of -inorit# %artie& $%on ."o- t"eir (ontin$ation in offi(e de%ended on 4 19E /i0-/a0
%a(t 'a%&ed, SN< .a'k& a.a# after de,o'$tion i& a0andoned 2 and t"e i-%a(t of t"e 8inter of Di&(ontent
!"en, in Mar(" 199, t"e go,ern-ent 'o&t a ,ote of no (onfiden(e in %ar'ia-ent6
!"e go,ern-ent .a& for(ed to re&ign 1fir&t ti-e &in(e 1925 t"at a go,ern-ent "ad 0een for(ed to do t"i&2
It no. -eant t"at a genera' e'e(tion .o$'d "a%%en in -id 199 4 >$&t ."en "e didn7t .ant one ) entered t"e e'e(tion (a-%aign in a
'o. &tate of -ora'e6
E,en .it" a'' of t"e&e negati,e ,i0e&, t"e o$t(o-e for /a0o$r .a& not a foregone (on('$&ion6
!"e +on&er,ati,e& -ain ta(ti( .a& to "a--er a.a# at $n%o%$'arit# of go,ern-ent 4 L/3BOUR ISN7! 8ORAINGN (a-%aign
%o&ter %'a#ing on $ne-%'o#-ent and 'a. and order
In rea'it#, t"e %o%$'ar ,ote for /a0o$r "e'd $% D$ite .e'', di%%ing 0# on'# *I6
9o.e,er, t"e +on&er,ati,e& 0enefited great'# fro- a dro% in &$%%ort for t"e /i0era'& and t"e SN<6
Q !"e re&$'t .a& 0# no -ean& a 'and&'ide, 0$t ga,e !"at("er a .orka0'e -a>orit#6
+on= **9 &eat&6 /a0= 2;9 &eat&6 Ot"er&= 2 &eat& 1-a>orit# of 5*2 +on I &"are= 5*69I6 /a0 I &"are= *;69I6 Ot"er& I &"are=
1962I
POTENTIAL E;AM 9!ESTION= :Ind$&tria' Di&(ontent .a& t"e -ain rea&on ."# /a0o$r 'o&t t"e 199 e'e(tion7 3&&e&& t"e ,a'idit#
of t"i& ,ie.
Fa4t-/ 1& 8inter of Di&(ontent - %&#("o'ogi(a' i-%a(t, idea t"at /a0o$r .a& a"ead in t"e o%inion %o''& in 3$t$-n 19E, &"o.ed
/a0o$r .a& $na0'e to ($r0 !U %o.er d$e to t"eir 'eftBtrade $nion root&
Fa4t-/ ?& Di,i&ion& .it"in /a0o$r 4 IM? 'oan, ideo'og# and dire(tion of t"e %art#, ."at re'ation&"i% t"e# &"o$'d "a,e .it" !U7&,
"ere .ere 0egin to &ee "o. di,i&ion& .o$'d 'ead to 'ater 0reaka.a#&
Fa4t-/ @& /o&& of t"e /i0 /a0 %a(t and t"e i-%a(t of de,o'$tion 4 'o&& of /i0era' (oa'ition o,er de,o'$tion i&&$e -eant t"e# 'o&t
.orking -a>orit# in go,ern-ent ) &tr$gg'e to get -a>orit# in %ar'ia-ent Q .eak go,ern-ent6 ?ai'$re to get de,o'$tion on t"e go
-eant ri&e in ,oter& &$%%orting nationa'i&t %artie& &$(" a& SN<
Fa4t-/ %& E(ono-i(&6 !"ere .a& a &$rge in inf'ation d$e to t"e in(rea&e in .age& needed to &ort o$t t"e ind$&tria' di&%$te&6
O,era'' inf'ation .a& r$nning at 20I - (on&eD$en(e of t"e oi' %ri(e ri&e of 19*6 De('ine in ,a'$e of -one# and gro.ing de0it in
it& trade 0a'an(e t"reatened to -ake Britain 0ankr$%t6 Nationa'i&ation of 'a-e d$(k ind$&trie&6 9ea'e# de(ided t"at inf'ation
"ad to 0e 0ro$g"t $nder (ontro' and t"at %$0'i( &%ending "ad to 0e ($rtai'ed6 195 0$dget i-%o&ed 'arge ta@ ri&e& and 19; "i&
0$dget tried to 'i-it .age ri&e& to *I6 Mar(" 19; - F dro%%ed 0e'o. G2 in e@("ange ,a'$e6 IM? 'oan i& re&$'t ) %art# &%'it
Fa4t-/ 5& E-ergen(e of !"at("er 4 (ontra&t of "er o%ti-i&- .it" (o$ntrie& %e&&i-i&-, for(e of %er&ona'it#, <R of !"at("er
1Saat("i and Saat("i2 and effe(ti,e (a-%aign e'e(tioneering 1/a0o$r i&n7t .orking %o&ter2, ,ag$e %o'i(ie& &$(" a& e(ono-i(&
-eant &"e (o$'d 0and.agon %o%$'ar %o'i(ie& ."en ne(e&&ar#, $nited %art# 1t"ank& to 8"ite'a.2 in (o-%ari&on to /a0o$r
!93!+9ER IN <O8ER 199
?ir&t (a0inet
Not a0'e to %$t "er &ta-% on t"e ne. +on&er,ati,e go,ern-ent rig"t fro- t"e &tart - took ti-e for "er to e&ta0'i&" (o-%'ete
do-inan(e o,er %art#6
?ir&t (a0inet (ontained &e,era' ETS, 19eat"ite& ."o &ti'' 0e'ie,ed in :One Nation7 %o'iti(&2 and 'RIES" ."o .ere -ore in t$ne
.it" "er rig"t-.ing in&tin(t&6
8i''ie 8"ite'a. .a& "o-e &e(retar# .it" /ord +arrington a& foreign &e(retar#6 Mi("ae' 9e&e'tine .a& -ini&ter for t"e
en,iron-ent6
3t fir&t66666
!"at("er "ad no de&ire to "a,e a (onfrontation .it" t"e $nion& 1not read# for "er 19E5 0att'e #et2
38
<a# &ett'e-ent& 19E0-E1 &ti'' genero$& ) 19E1, t"e go,ern-ent inter,ened in a di&%$te 0et.een NUM and t"e Nationa' +oa' Board
4 and (a-e do.n in &$%%ort of t"e -iner&MMM <it ('o&$re& .ere &(ra%%ed and >o0& &e($red6
Monetari&-= deter-ined to %$&" for.ard .it" radi(a' refor-& in ta@ation and go,ern-ent &%ending6
- 199 0$dget 19o.e2 4 red$(e go,ern-ent &%ending and to ($t "ig" 'e,e'& of ta@ation in"erited 0# /a0o$r= ta@ation on ."at #o$r
earned 1in(o-eB%ro%ert#2 .a& a di&in(enti,e to effort and &o in(o-e ta@ ($t **I)*0I6 !a@ed in&tead on good& and &er,i(e&=
V3! in(rea&ed
G in4/ease1 3nem:l-5ment an1 sha/: 4-nt/a4ti-n -8 in13st/ial :/-134ti-n
19E0 e(ono-# gri%%ed 0# re(e&&ion= inf'ation 15I and $ne-%'o#-ent 2 -i''ion P S!3G?/3!ION 0a(k 4 Britain &a,ed 0# Nort"
Sea Oi' ."i(" %re,ented 0a'an(e of %a#-ent (ri&i& and r$n on t"e %o$nd
19E1 0$dget 4 -onetari&- a%%'ied -ore &tringent'# ai-ing in e'i-inate inf'ation 0# (ontro' of t"e -one# &$%%'#6 !a@e& on %etro',
(igarette and a'(o"o' in(rea&ed6 Go,ern-ent 0orro.ing .ent do.n ) grant& to 'o(a' (o$n(i'& ($t6
Q &"ort r$n t"e&e %o'i(ie& -ade t"e re(e&&ion .or&e6 8ent again&t %o&t-.ar (on&en&$& of f$'' e-%'o#-ent 0# &eeing $ne-%'o#-ent
a& a :%ri(e .ort" %a#ing7 to ta(k'e t"e greater e,i' of inf'ation and to for(e Briti&" ind$&tr# to 0e -ore (o-%etiti,e ) &tee'
%rod$(tion ($t 0# *0I, &o-e ind$&tria' %'ant& ('o&ed %er-anent'#, i-%a(t fe't Mid'and&, nort", (entra' S(ot'and6
DEINDUS!RI3/IS3!ION O? BRI!3INJ
Q -a>or rioting in Briti&" inner (itie& 1Bri&to' 19E1, /i,er%oo', Mo&& Side, Bri@ton2 ) 0reakdo.n of &o(ia' (o"e&ionJ
Q %art# di,i&ion& o%ened .ider and &e,era' :.et&7 .ere &a(ked or dri,en to re&ign ) Gi'-o$r 'eft &tating !"at("er .a& :&teering t"e
&"i% of t"e &tate &traig"t on to t"e ro(k&7
Go,ern-ent 0e(a-e "$ge'# $n%o%$'ar ) 3%ri' 19E1 o%inion %o''& !"at("er dro%%ed to 2I ) $n%o%$'arit# (arried on $nti' 19E2
!9E ?3/A/3NDS ?3+!OR
!"at("er .a& one of t"e -o&t $n%o%$'ar <M7& e,er in 19E2 12I o%inion %o''&2 ) Une-%'o#-ent at * -i''ion, di&t$r0an(e& r$-0'ed in
inner (itie&, and !"at("er7& atta(k& on 'o(a' (o$n(i'& .ere (a$&ing (on(ern
SD< /i0era' 3''ian(e %o%$'arit# .a& in(rea&ing and a gen$ine fear e@i&ted t"at t"e# (o$'d defeat !"at("er in 19E*
T!RNING POINT2222222
!"e %o'iti(a' 'and&(a%e of 19E2 .a& t"en
tran&for-ed 0# t"e ?a'k'and& ,i(tor#
O$t(o-e=
16 Do-e&ti( %o'iti(&, !"at("er7&
%re,io$&'# $n%o%$'ar go,ern-ent &oared
in o%inion %o''& 4 it .a& t"e
&%ring0oard to "er 19E* e'e(tion ,i(tor#
26 Gra&& root +on&er,ati,e a(ti,i&t& .ere
ga',ani&ed
*6 !"at("er gained &e'f (onfiden(e and 0egan
to do-inate t"e %art# in a .a# &"e "ad ne,er done
0efore
56 Gained &$%%ort of %re&&
56 <atrioti( nationa' -ood took -$&t %eo%'e, in('$ding
%re&& ) :!"e E-%ire &trike& 0a(k76 !"i& .a& in (ontra&t
39
S$--ar# diagra-
RE3SONS ?OR 83R
Di&%$ted &o,ereignt# o,er t"e i&'and&
?ai'$re of 'ea&e0a(k %ro%o&a'
3rgentinian in,a&ion 3$g$&t 19E2
MRS !93!+9ER7S RES<ONSE
So,ereignt# no 'onger negotia0'e
3 -atter for t"e UA not UN to de(ide
De-o(rati( rig"t of i&'ander& to 0e
%rote(ted
!a&k for(e di&%at("ed
E@('$&ion Cone i-%o&ed
Ordered &inking of Be'grano
OU!+OME O? MI/I!3RH S!RUGG/E
Na,a' &$%re-a(# gained
I&'and& retaken 0# ta&k for(e
I&'and& %er-anent'# garri&oned
<O/I!I+3/ OU!+OME
U%&$rge in !"at("er7& %o%$'arit# in
(o$ntr# at 'arge
8rongfooted t"e o%%o&ition
<re%ared t"e .a# for 19E* e'e(tion
&$((e&&
to fee'ing& in t"e 1907& t"at Britain internationa'
%o&ition .a& in -i&era0'e de('ine6
;6 !"e S%e(ia' Re'ation&"i% .a& &trengt"ened 4 Britain
(o$'d not fig"t a .ar E000 -i'e& a.a# .it"o$t t"e
$&e of US 0a&e&6 !"e 3-eri(an& ga,e t"e green 'ig"t and t"e %er&ona' tie& 0et.een !"at("er and Reagan 0e(a-e e,en
&tronger6
6 Negati,e'#, it .a& &$gge&ted t"e ?a'k'and& di-ini&"ed re'ation&"i%& .it" E$ro%e and !"at("er attra(ted (riti(i&- for tr#ing to
-ake o$t t"at t"e ?a'k'and& .a& a 882 &t#'e ,i(tor#
DIVISIONS IN !9E /3BOUR <3R!H
Bet.een 199 and 19E*, t"e /a0o$r <art# (a-e ('o&e to %o'iti(a' o0'i,ion6 Interna' di,i&ion& ke%t in ("e(k 0# 8i'&on and
+a''ag"an &%i''ed o,er6
<re&& (o,erage of t"e %art# .a& a'-o&t $ni,er&a''# "o&ti'e6
!"at("er %ro,ed to 0e a &tronger <M t"an an#one t"o$g"t6
!"e ri&e of t"e /i0era'& again -eant t"ere .a& anot"er o%tion to t"e ,oter&6
8"o'e &e(tion& of /a0o$r7& traditiona' %o'iti(a' &$%%ort 0egan to 'eak a.a#6
So-e /a0o$r ,oter& 0e(a-e :!"at("er +on&er,ati,e&7, ."i'e &o-e ,oted /i0era'6
So-e 0e(a-e a%at"eti( and t"i& (o&t /a0o$r dear'# in 19E*6
Ae# %er&ona'itie& 0roke a.a# to fo$nd a ne. SD< <3R!H IN 19E16
Q 'ed to a -a&&i,e defeat in 19E*, -$(" .or&e t"an 199 ) &"are of t"e ,ote %'$nged to on'# 2I, 10I do.n on 1996
On'# t"e fir&t %a&t t"e %o&t &#&te- &a,ed /a0o$r 'o&ing -a&&i,e n$-0er& of &eat& ) <eo%'e .ere &ti'' ta'king of f$rt"er de('ine6
EMERGEN+E O? !9E SD<=
!"e So(ia' De-o(rati( <art# 19E1 fo$nded 0# a gang of 'eading /a0o$r %o'iti(ian& 1t"e&e M<7& &een a& traitor&2
!"e# .ere= O.en, Kenkin&, 8i''ia-& and Rodger&6
Fie0& fe't t"e# "ad 0een dri,en o$t of t"e /a0o$r <art# and t"at it .a& no. r$n 0# e@tre-i&t&6 !"e# .anted to find t"e (entre
gro$nd 10a&ed on /i-e"o$&e De('aration26 BB+ Di-0'e0# 'e(t$re, Kenkin& %$t for.ard t"e idea of a ne. (entre %art# t"at .o$'d
0reak a.a# fro- t"e -ain&trea-6
Q 'ed to infig"ting in /a0o$r 1did not &tart i--ediate'#26 +a''ag"an did not re&ign $nti' 19E0 &o t"e %art# &ta#ed &trong ) ne. 'eader
e-erged a& Be,anite MI+93E/ ?OO!, a &trong 'efti&t /a0o$r %o'iti(ian ) &"o.ed a /a0o$r tenden(# to t$rn in.ard& and ignore t"e
i&&$e t"at -ig"t &to% t"e- .inning t"e ne@t e'e(tion,
SD< /IBER3/ 3//I3N+E
Re,i,a' of /i0era'& 0egan $nder !"or%e ) in(rea&e& in ,oting I /i0era' 190 and 195 did not re&$'t in -ore &eat& in
8e&t-in&ter 1d$e to ?<!< &#&te-2 0$t -ono%o'# of t.o 'eading %artie& .a& 'oo&ened
/i0era'& and ot"er nationa'i&t %artie& did .e'' ) S(ot'and, %art& of 8a'e&, &o$t"-.e&t Eng'and 4 ,oter& re>e(ting +on&er,ati,e&
and /a0o$rJ
!"or%e re%'a(ed 0# S!EE/ ) -ode&t re,i,a' of /i0era'& (ontin$ed
+o''a%&e of &$%%ort for /a0o$r after 199 ga,e /i0era'& 0igge&t %o'iti(a' o%%ort$nit# for 50 #ear&
- &$((e&&f$' &trategie& for fig"ting 0#-e'e(tion& and 'o(a' (o$n(i' e'e(tion&
- good at %a,e-ent %o'iti(& 1'o(a' i&&$e&2
Rise in Libe/al .-te 4ame in tan1em 0ith stee: 1e4line in Lab-3/ .-te2 9o.e,er, ?<!< &#&te- .orked again&t t"e /i0era'&,
."o&e in(rea&ed &"are of t"e tota' ,ote .a& not -at("ed 0# an# in(rea&e in &eat& in %ar'ia-ent
SD< and /i0era'& for-ed SD< /IBER3/ 3//I3N+E6
Re'ation& 0et.een t"e /i0era'& and SD< .ere often ten&e 12 %er&ona'it# differen(e& 0et.een t"e !.o Da,id& 22 differen(e& in
ideo'og# 1di&'ike of !"at("er .a& not eno$g" of a $niting fa(tor2 *2 So-e .it"in 0ot" %artie& "ad not .anted a -erger at a''
B$tM Sti'' %o&&i0'e to arg$e t"e# took o,er fro- /a0o$r a& t"e (redi0'e o%%o&ition to !"at("er6666$nti' t"e ?a'k'and&
19E* E/E+!ION
40
?a'k'and& ) in(rea&ed &e'f (onfiden(e and gra&% of t"e %art#, 'ed to +on&er,ati,e ri&e in o%inion %o''& and a %atrioti( -ood
.a&"ing t"ro$g" Britain6
S"e "ad, "o.e,er, t"e e(ono-i( re(ord of 199-E2 t"reatening to derai' "er &$((e&&6 S"e "ad "o.e,er &'a(kened -onetari&t
%o'i(ie& 19E2-* &oftening $ne-%'o#-ent "ard&"i% 1at * -i''ion2
/a0o$r .a& e@%erien(ing %o'iti(a' .i'derne&& a& a re&$'t of interna' di,i&ion& and t"e 0reak a.a# of t"e SD<6
!"e SD<-/i0era' a''ian(e .a& gaining &$%%ort and e@%erien(ing &-a'' &$((e&&e&, e,en 0e(o-ing t"e offi(ia' o%%o&ition %art# in
&o-e area& of Britain
O3t4-me&
1951 19D@
/a0o$r 5E6EI ,ote 115 -i''ion2 /a0o$r 26;I ,ote 1E65 -i''ion2
/i0era' 265I ,ote 1'e&& t"an 1 -i''ion2 /i0era' 2565I ,ote
+on&er,ati,e& 5EI 10$t &ti'' .onMM ?<!< &#&te-2 +on&er,ati,e& 5265I ,ote
+on&er,ati,e& &e($red a 155 &eat -a>orit#6
/a0o$r 'ooked 'e&& and 'e&& 'ike a %art# of go,ern-ent t"an 0efore6
SD< /i0era' 3''ian(e e@%erien(ed a ri&e in &$%%ort, 0$t not a& -$(" a& t"e# "ad e@%e(ted in 19E2
19E* e'e(tion .a& anot"er e@a-%'e of t"e di&torting effe(t of t"e ?<!< &#&te-
!"e 3''ian(e "ad on'# got W -i''ion ,ote& 'e&& t"an /a0o$r 0$t .ere 1E; fe.er &eat& t"an t"e- in %ar'ia-ent
!"e a-o$nt of non-+on&er,ati,e ,ote& .a& 1; -i''ion (o-%ared to t"e tota' of +on&er,ati,e ,ote& at 1* -i''ion
8"# did t"e# .in t"e 19E* E'e(tionJ
16 FalElan1s 8a4t-/ 4 ri&e of %atrioti&- and
&$%%ort of t"e go,ern-ent6 9o.e,er t"i&
-$&t not 0e o,er&tated and i& often $&ed 0#
/a0o$r &#-%at"i&er& a& an a'i0i6 +on&er,ati,e
&$((e&& .a& not d$e to -a&& a%%ro,a' of !"at("er6
?2 S:linte/in, -8 :-liti4al -::-siti-n
*6 Lab-3/ la4Ee1 4/e1ibilit5 4 ?oot a(ted a& a
%rin(i%'ed o%%o&ition %art# 0$t no one (o$'d i-agine
"i- a(t$a''# 0eing t"e 'eader of t"e go,ern-ent of
t"e da#6
56 Lab-3/+s ele4ti-n mani8est- 4 :t"e 'onge&t &$i(ide
note in "i&tor#7 - a -i&" -a&" of 'eft-.ing %ro-i&e&
in('$ding UND and t"e a0o'ition of fo@"$nting6
56 Fi/st :ast the :-st .-tin, s5stem 4 di&torting effe(t
on re&$'t& in('$ding t"e 3''ian(e7& 'a(k of &eat& in
<ar'ia-ent and t"e tota' non-!or# ,ote e@(eeding t"e
tota' !or# ,ote 0# * -i''ion
POTENTIAL E;AM 9!ESTION&
:S$((e&& in t"e ?a'k'and7& 8ar en&$red
Margaret !"at("er7& e'e(tion ,i(tor# of 19E*7
3 &$((e&&f$' an&.er to t"i& D$e&tion .i'' 0a'an(e t"e
effe(t& of t"e ?a'k'and& 8ar again&t ot"er fa(tor&
(ontri0$ting to !"at("er7& e'e(tora' ,i(tor# of 19E*6
Fa4t-/ Im:-/tan4e -8 the FalElan1s a/
O,er."e'-ing ,i(tor# in(rea&ed "er %o%$'arit# .it" t"e
%$0'i( and %re&&
!"e ,i(tor# .eakened t"e %o&ition of t"o&e ."o o%%o&ed -i'itar# a(tion
Vi(tor# $nder-ined t"e a$t"orit# of Ainno(k and ?oot ."o a%%eared %a(ifi&t and $n%atrioti(
Vi(tor# derai'ed t"e SD< /i0era' 3''ian(e &$((e&&e&
41
If you ook, the Conservatves % of vote
s actuay ess than 1951 so ts not that
they are the more popuar party. Its that
Labour has ost 20% of ther vote to
Lberas.
Dd the Conservatves ony wn because
Labour was so unpopuar?
!"e !"at("er Re,o'$tion
Stage 1= 199-E;
!93!+9ERISM
+on,i(tion %o'iti(&
IN?/UEN+ES
Aeit" Ko&e%" and t"e ne. rig"t
Von 9a#ek7& free -arket idea&
ME!9ODS
Monetari&-
!rade $nion refor-
/o(a' go,ern-ent refor-
S9OR! !ERM +ONSEXUEN+ES
Re(e&&ion and ri&ing
$ne-%'o#-ent
So(ia' $nre&t
3IMS
End t"e %o&t-1955 (on&en&$&
Re,er&e Ae#ne&iani&-
+$t go,ern-ent &%ending
+$t ta@e&
Re&tri(t 0$rea$(ra(#
!ake go,ern-ent off t"e 0a(k&
of t"e %eo%'e
Othe/ 8a4t-/s Hea4h 8a4t-/ 0ill nee1 a :a/a,/a:hI 0hi4h ma5 ha.e 4-nt/ib3te1 t- That4he/+s s344ess at the :-lls&
Di,i&ion& of /a0o$r 4 interna' di&%$te& o,er dire(tion of t"e %art# regarding nationa'i&ation and UND, SD< 0reak a.a#
/a0o$r 'eader&"i% 4 $na0'e to in&%ire %art# or engage %$0'i(, '$r(" to 'eft and &o(ia'i&t o0>e(ti,e&, :'onge&t &$i(ide note in "i&tor#7
(o-%o$nded 0# 'o&& of traditiona' &$%%ort 0a&e&, "a$nted 0# %re,io$& go,ern-ent7& fai'$re&
!"at("er7& ending of t"e %o&t .ar (on&en&$&
:!"at("er7& e(ono-i( re,o'$tion7
+on&er,ati,e %art# $nit# and %re&entation
?<!< E'e(tora' &#&te-
POTENTIAL E;AM 9!ESTION& U&e a (o-0ination of &trengt"& and .eakne&&e& to an&.er t"e&e D$e&tion&M
16 Rea&on& ."# t"e (on&er,ati,e& .ere &o %o'it(a''# do-inant 199-EJ
26 ."# .a& %o'iti(a' o%%o&ition to.ard& t"at("er &o ineffe(ti,eJ
42
!9E ?3/A/3NDS ?3+!OR
!$rning %oint in
!"at("erB+on&er,ati,e %o%$'arit# 4
&a. o%inion %o''& a'ter
Gained &$%%ort of %re&& e6g6 !"e
S$n
/ed to in(rea&e in !"at("er7& &e'f
(onfiden(e and gra&% on t"e %art# 4
0egan to do-inate
:forgi,en7J for ear'ier e(ono-i(
tra$-a&
Un'ea&"ed a .a,e of %atrioti&-
Seen a& a 0o'd 'eader
!"at("er7& ai-& for 199-E
End t"e %o&t .ar (on&en&$&
Re,er&e Ae#ne&iani&-
+$t go,ern-ent &%ending
!93!+9ER7S E+ONOMI+ REVO/U!ION
* %o'i(ie&= re,er&e e(ono-i( de('ine, (o&t a'' %o'i(ie& and if t"e# (o$'d not 0e a((o--odated
.it"in %$0'i( e@%endit$re %'an& t"e# .o$'d not 0e a%%ro,ed, and to introd$(e a ne. ("ange in
dire(tion no -atter t"e (o&t& a'ong t"e .a# 4 offered a ne. a%%roa("= &ti-$'ation of free
enter%ri&e t"ro$g" ta@ ($t& and reg$'ation
Re&toration of free -arket %rin(i%'e& to re%'a(e Ae#ne&iani&- 4dereg$'ation of finan(ia'
-arket&
!a(k'e inf'ation t"ro$g" -onetari&- 'eading to go,ern-ent &%ending ($t&6 Un%o%$'ar and 'ed
to $ne-%'o#-ent of near'# * -i''ion, 0$t &$((e&&f$' in it7& %ri-ar# o0>e(ti,e to ($t inf'ation=
19I in 199 to 5I in 19E*
!rade $nion refor- 4 Miner7& &trike& &a. "er &-a&" $nion& and S(argi''
/o(a' go,ern-ent refor- and :taking on7 of 'eft .ing 'o(a' (o$n(i'& 4 /o(a' Go,ern-ent 3(t
19E;
<ri,ati&ation of ind$&tr# 4 Lro''ing 0a(k t"e frontier& of t"e &tate7 B< 199, Briti&" !e'e(o-
ENDING O? !9E <OS! 83R
+ONSENSUS
End (on&en&$& ."i(" "ad a''o.ed Britain to
&'i% into "ar-f$' &o(ia' and e(ono-i( "a0it&
It .a& fa'&e e(ono-i( and 0ad &o(ia' %ra(ti(e
!"e &tate "ad %'a#ed too 'arge a %art in
%eo%'e& 'i,e& and t"ere needed to 0e a ret$rn
to t"e %rin(i%'e of indi,id$a' a((o$nta0i'it#
/a0o$r g'orified in %'anning, reg$'ation and
(ontro'& and &$0&idie&, tr#ing o forge a t"ird
.a# 0et.een E$ro%ean (o''e(ti,i&- and
3-eri(an (a%ita'i&-6 !"e !or# %art# "ad
0een -ore a0i,a'ent and at t"e 'e,e' of
%rin(i%'e "ad o%%o&ed t"e&e do(trine&6 B$t in
t"e fine %rint of %o'i(#, t"e !or# <art#
-ere'# %it("ed (a-% in t"e 'ong -ar(" to t"e
'eft6 It ne,er rea''# tried to re,er&e it6
!"at("er arri,ed and o$t.ard'# re>e(ted
t"i&, in('$ding (riti(i&ing 9eat"6 !"i&
"era'ded a ("ange t"at t"e e'e(torate
needed6
<3R!H UNI!H 3ND <RESEN!3!ION
8"ite'a. a& de%$t# 4 .on o,er 9eat"ite& and
en&$red %art# $nit#6 Different in 0a(kgro$nd,
&t#'e and %o'i(# idea&
U&e of Saat("i and Saat("i for <R and
(a-%aign& 4 :/a0o$r i&n7t .orking76
Ma&ter# of t"e %re&& $&ing Bernard Ing"a-
+a0inet (o-%o&ed of :.et&7 and :drie&7 6 8"en
%art# di,i&ion& o%ened .ider and &e,era' :.et&7
.ere &a(ked or dri,en to re&ign !"at("er &ti''
-anaged to -aintain %art# $nit# and
-argina'iCed .et&
Se($red gri% and (ontro' of t"e <art# %o&t-
?a'k'and& en&$red %art# $nit#
43
O!9ER <O!EN!I3/ ?3+!ORS6666666
?<!< &#&te-
Ri&e of nationa'i&t %artie& and SD<
."i(" &%'it ,ote&
!9ESE ?3+!ORS
SUGGES! I! 83S
+ONSERV3!IVE
S!RENG!9S !93!
/ED !O
DOMIN3!IONM
IN!ERN3/ DIVISIONS 3ND !9E
SD< BRE3A383H
/ed t"e- ('o&e to %o'iti(a' o0'i,ion 4
di,i&ion& &i--ering in 1907& e6g6 IM? 'oan
0$t &%i''ed o,er after 199
Gro$%& "ad 0een for-ing d$ring t"e
1907& 4 Mi'itant !enden(# and Manife&to
Gro$%
Di,i&ion &%$rred 0# t"e re&ignation of
+a''ag"an in 19E0 and t"e &e'e(tion of
?oot a& &$((e&&or
B'a(k%oo' %art# (onferen(e in 19E1 -
/eader&"i% &$((e&&ion &"o.ed /a0o$r7&
tenden(# to &e'fi&"'# t$rn in on it&e'f
in&tead of fo($&ing on t"e e'e(torate7&
i&&$e& of t"e da# 4 -ore (on(erned .it"
interna' .rang'e&
Gang of fo$r and for-ation of 3''ian(e 4
effe(ti,e o%%o&ition to go,ern-ent and
.on 'i-ited &$((e&&e&6 SD< "ad 0een
SD< 3//I3N+E 8E3ANESSES
?<!< &#&te- di&torting effe(t& -eant
t"at t"e# (o$'dn7t a(D$ire t"e
%ro%ortionate &eat& in 8e&t-in&ter 4
19E* e'e(tion W -i''ion fe.er ,ote& t"an
/a0o$r 0$t 1E; &eat& fe.er in
<ar'ia-ent
/a(k of $nit# 4 :t.o Da,id&7 &"ar%
differen(e in %er&ona'it# and a%%roa("6
Ideo'ogi(a' differen(e& 4 o%%o&ition to
!"at("er .a& not eno$g" for $nit#6
19E* /a0o$r7& ne. 'eader Ainno(k .a&
deter-ined to re$nite t"e %art# and
('a. 0a(k (redi0i'it#6 !"e re,i,a' of
/a0o$r .a& -at("ed 0# a 'o&& of
-o-ent$- of t"e 3''ian(e6 More
(entri&t a%%roa(" of /a0o$r $nder
Ainno(k -eant t"e SD< "ad no rea'
identit# or %$r%o&e
SO+I3/IS! OBKE+!IVES 4 !9E
/UR+9 !O !9E /E?!
/eft .ing inf'$en(e in(rea&ing in t"e %art#
d$ring t"e 1907& .it" gro.ing &$%%ort for
Benn and t"e e-ergen(e of t"e "ard 'eft e6g6
Mi'itant tenden(#
199 .a& &een 0# Benn a& /a0o$r not 0eing
'eft eno$g" 4 $rged %art# to e-0ra(e
gen$ine'# &o(ia'i&t idea'& in&tead of tinkering
.it" (a%ita'i&t idea&6
8anted to ("ange %art#7& (on&tit$tion - 'ed
to re&e'e(tion of /a0o$r M<7& 0#
(on&tit$en(ie&
19E0 e-ergen(e of ?oot a& 'eader 1Be,anite2
&a. t"e %art# '$r(" f$rt"er to t"e 'eft
19E* e'e(tion -anife&to .a& a -i&" -a&" of
'efti&t %o'i(ie& in('$ding UND, de&ire to 0ring
0a(k nationa'i&ation and t"e a0o'ition of fo@
"$nting 4 'onge&t &$i(ide note in "i&tor#6
/3BOUR /E3DERS9I<
/ed /a0o$r f$rt"er to t"e 'eft
/ed to t"e e-ergen(e of t"e SD< in
re&%on&e
?oot .a& &een a& a di&a%%oint-ent a&
'eader 4 $na0'e to in&%ire t"e %art# or
engage t"e e'e(torate
/ed t"e %art# and t"e (a-%aign in 19E* in
a doddering $nin&%iring .a#
<art# (a-e o$t 0ad'# in t"e ?a'k'and& 8ar
in 19E2 4 it7& o0>e(tion to -i'itar#
inter,ention .a& read 0# t"e e'e(torate a&
'a(k of &$%%ort for t"o&e fig"ting in t"e
/OSS O? !R3DI!ION3/
SU<<OR! B3SE
So-e /a0o$r ,oter& 0e(a-e :!"at("er
+on&er,ati,e&7
So-e ,oted /i0era'
De-ogra%"i( ("ange 'oo&ened ('a&&
0a&ed 'o#a'tie& of t"e .orking ('a&&
Union& no 'onger &$(" a &o$r(e of
&trengt"
8inter of di&(ontent &a. &trong
rea(tion& fro- t"e -idd'e ('a&& and
&ki''ed and $n&ki''ed .orker& ."o 0egan
to &.it(" a.a# fro- /a0o$r
G9OS!S O? <REVIOUS
GOVERNMEN!3/ ?3I/URES
<re&& "o&ti'e
8inter of di&(ontent
IM? 'oan&
Ret$rn of &tagf'ation
Une-%'o#-ent
/a0o$r7& &trong 'ink& .it" t"e $nion& .ere
&een 0# ,oter& a& a (ontri0$tor# fa(tor to
ind$&tria' &trife and /a0o$r7& ina0i'it# to
go,ern
!9ESE ?3+!ORS SUGGES! I! 83S !9E
?3I/INGS O? !9E O<<OSI!ION !93! /ED !O
DOMIN3N+EM

!9E 9IG9 !IDE O? !93!+9ERISM, 19E*-19E
19E* E'e(tion
?ir&t ter- in offi(e 1199-E*2 4 $ntried 'eader
&$rro$nded 0# -ore e@%erien(ed (o''eag$e& to ."o-
&o-e (on(e&&ion& .ere -ade and a &%ate of %o'i(ie&
."i(" -ade "er $n%o%$'ar
?a'k'and& t$rning %oint 19E2 to &a. "er 0oo&ted to
.in t"e 19E* e'e(tion
!"at("er .a& libe/ate1=
%er&ona' %re&tige .a& 0oo&ted
:.et&7 in "er %art# -argina'iCed
&"e .a& no. a (o--anding 'eader at t"e "ead of a tea- of !"at("erite&
!"at("er a'&o -a&tered t"e %re&& $&ing Bernard Ing"a- to great effe(t6 S"e &e($red fa,o$ra0'e %re&& t"ro$g" infor-a'
(onta(t& and 'eak&6
!"at("er "ad no. (on&o'idated "er %o&ition and fe't &trong eno$g" to a(t666666
AEH 3IMS=
16 <ri,ati&ation of ke# ind$&trie&
26 Sti-$'ation of free enter%ri&e t"ro$g" ta@ ($t& and reg$'ation
!"at("er took on and defeated * ene-ie&=
Enem5 1& /eft 8ing +o$n(i'&
8"# a %ro0'e-J
Regarded a& ene-ie& 0ot" in ter-& of ideo'og# and for .a&ting re&o$r(e&
?ier(e&t 0att'e= Greater /ondon +o$n(i' 1G/+2 "eaded 0# /i,ing&ton ."o .a& de-oni&ed a& t"e fa(e of t"e :'oon# 'eft7
3(tion takenJ
19E; /o(a' Go,ern-ent 3(t a0o'i&"ing t"e 0ig -etro%o'itan 'o(a' a$t"oritie& t"at "ad 0een &et $% 0# t"e 9eat" go,ern-ent
<o.er& of t"e (entra' go,ern-ent .ere great'# in(rea&ed at t"e e@%en&e of t"e 'o(a' go,ern-ent
S$((e&&J
+'ear ,i(tor# again&t t"e :'oon# 'eft7 0$t, in t"e 'onger ter-, (reated %ro0'e-& for (entra' go,ern-ent6 +entra' go,ern-ent .a&
no. in t"e firing 'ine dea'ing .it" i&&$e& it %re,io$&'# "ad not needed to .orr# a0o$t6
Kenkin& ter-& it= LNationa'i&ation of 0'a-eN
Enem5 ?& !rade Union&
8"# a %ro0'e-J
44
3 D$i(k g$ide to t"e %eriod
19E*
C-ns-li1ati-n -8 :-0e/
E'e(tion ,i(tor#
!"at("er do-inate&
&o(iet# and %o'iti(&
19E5
Batt'e of Orgrea,e 0et.een
%o'i(e and &triking -iner&
IR3 0o-0 atta(k on <art#
+onferen(e
19E5
Miner& ,ote to end &trike
3ng'o-Iri&" agree-ent
19E;
Re&ignation of 9e&e'tine o,er
8e&t'and 3ffair
Big 0ang dereg$'ation of t"e +it#
19E
!"ird &$((e&&i,e ,i(tor# 4
hi,h ti1e -8 That4he/ism
9ad ('i%%ed .ing& of 'o(a'
(o$n(i'&, &-a&"ed $nion& and
dereg$'ated finan(ia'
-arket&
19E9
?a'' of Ber'in 8a'' and
end of +o'd 8ar
1990
3nti-%o'' ta@ riot&
Re&ignation of 9o.
!"at("er for(ed to
re&ign 0# %art#
Miner7& &trike 19E5-5
S(argi'' ref$&ed to "o'd a &trike 0a''ot6 !"i& -eant "e did not
gain tota' &$%%ort for a nationa' &trike and .eakened "i& (a&e in
tande- .it" a fai'$re to o,er(o-e t"e "i&tori( regiona' di,i&ion&
a-ong&t t"e -iner& 1Notting"a- for-ed t"eir o.n a 0reaka.a#
UDM $nion and &o-e di&a%%ro,ing -iner& ret$rned to .ork2
8"# did t"e -iner& 'o&eJ
P-li4e .ere a ke# fa(tor 1e@%erien(ed d$e to 19E1 &o(ia'
$nre&t and $&ing ne. ta(ti(& and eD$i%-ent2 re&$'ting in Batt'e of
Orgrea,e6 +riti(& arg$ed %o'i(e .ere %o'iti(i&ed 0# atta(king
-iner& in&tead of 0eing i-%artia' %rote(tor& of t"e 'a.
S4a/,ill 4 "e a'ienated -oderate& and fai'ed to get &$%%ort of
/a0o$r 'eader&"i%6
That4he/ 1em-nise1 S4a/,ill 0# $&ing "er (onta(t& in t"e
%re&&6 3't"o$g" -an# fe't &#-%at"# for t"e -iner& !"at("er
%re&ented S(argi'' a& a dangero$& re,o'$tionar# ("a''enging t"e
de-o(ra(ti(a''# e'e(ted go,ern-ent
:All -/ n-thin,+ ta4ti4s 4 %it ('o&$re& .o$'d "a,e "a%%ened
an#.a# 0$t -ore %it& .ere ('o&ed a& a re&$'t of t"e %o'iti(a''#
-oti,ated &trike& t"an .o$'d "a,e 0een "ad t"e# negotiated .it"
t"e N+B
+on(erned a0o$t %o.er of trade $nion&, in %arti($'ar NUM and it7&
'eader S(argi''
19E1 %re,io$& di&%$te "ad 0een &ett'ed 0# (o-%ro-i&e a& it .a&
&ti'' .ar# of t"e e@%erien(e of 19*-5
3(tion taken
19E2 4 ne. 'a.& %a&&ed -aking &trike 0a''ot& (o-%$'&or# and
0anned -a&& %i(keting
9$ge &to(k& of (oa' .a& 0$i't $% and t"e Nort" Sea re&er,e&
"e'%ed to %rote(t t"e go,ern-ent fro- a re%eat of t"e * da#
.eek of 19*
19E5 !"at("er7& go,ern-ent .ere %re%ared and (onfident for
t"e :ene-# .it"in7
19E5-5 4 !"at("er &-a&"ed t"e $nion& and took t"i& a& an o%%ort$nit#
to &trengt"en "er 'eader&"i% and %re,ent t"e $nion& fro- 0eing an
effe(ti,e o%%o&ition to go,ern-ent& in t"e f$t$re
?ar rea("ing i-%a(t, 0e#ond t"e rea'-& of t"e (oa' ind$&tr#6
Seen a& defining %oint of !"at("er7& reign and do-inated t"e %re&& for o,er a #ear, (on&o'idating "er %o&ition,
%o%$'arit# and a$t"orit# 1a& &een 0# 19E e'e(tion26 S"e en&$red &"e -ade (o-%ari&on& 0et.een "er 0o'd 'eader&"i% ."en
dea'ing .it" $nion& in (ontra&t to 9eat"7& fai'$re& in 19*-5 and +a''ag"an7& .inter of di&(ontent
<ro(e&& "ad &%'it t"e NUM 0ad'#
!"at("er L&-a&"ed t"e $nion&N 0# Mar(" 19E5 .itne&&ing t"eir ne. ina0i'it# to inti-idate go,ern-ent& )!U %o.er .a&
dra-ati(a''# ) 0# 1990 !U -e-0er&"i% on'# 2B* of 199
<ro(e&& "ad (a$&ed -an# traditiona' -ining (o--$nitie& to &$ffer &e,ere "ard&"i%
Ot"er ind$&trie& .ere reorgani&ed= Briti&" Stee', Briti&" 3ir.a#& 1>o0 'o&&e&2
!"at("er (ontin$ed to 0enefit fro- t"e .eakne&&e& and di,i&ion& of t"e o%%o&ition %artie&6
<o'i(e fa(ed (riti(i&- for 0eing too %o'iti(i&ed
Enem5 @= State +ontro''ed Ind$&tr#
8"# a %ro0'e-J
!"at("er regarded &tate o.nedB%$0'i( &e(tor ind$&tr# a& ineffi(ient and (o&t'#
!"at("er t"o$g"t= :%ri,ate good, %$0'i( 0ad7
3(tion takenJ ) DEREGU/3!ION 3ND <RIV3!IS3!ION
16 DEN3!ION3/IS3!ION
Denationa'i&ation ke# ai- of !"at("erite e(ono-i( %o'i(# 4 L%$''ing 0a(k t"e frontier& of t"e &tateN 0# %ri,ati&ation of &tate
(ontro''ed enter%ri&e&6 O,er 50 enter%ri&e& &o'd offM
<ri,ati&ation dri,en 0# anti-&o(ia'i&t ideo'og#6 Mo&t %ri,ati&ed ind$&trie& .ere &o'd off ("ea%'# to en&$re a'' &"are& .ere taken
$%6 !"e go,ern-ent a(D$ired "$ge a-o$nt& of -one# fro- t"i&
?ir&t ter- 4 &o-e &te%& taken
199 B< nationa'i&ed, 19E0 Briti&" aero&%a(e
Mo-ent$- %i(ked $% .it" t"e &a'e of Briti&" !e'e(o- in 19E56 !"i& .a& fo''o.ed 0#666
Briti&" 3ir%ort& 3$t"orit#, Nationa' B$& +o-%an#, Briti&" Ga& and Briti&" 3ir.a#& 119E;2,
Ro''& Ro#(e 119E2, Briti&" Stee' 119EE2, regiona' e'e(tri(it# and .ater 0oard&
<'an& .ere t"o$g"t $% to %ri,ati&e %art& of t"e N9S 0$t .ere not %$r&$ed $nti' 1990&
26 9OUSING 3+! 19E0
Sa'e of (o$n(i' "o$&e& and a tenant& :RIG9! !O BUH7 "o-e& and &"are& to tr# to -ake Britain a :%ro%ert# o.ning de-o(ra(#7 and
fo&ter a sha/eh-l1e/ mentalit5
*6 ?IN3N+I3/ DEREGU/3!ION
+it# of /ondon and finan(ia' -arket& freed fro- t"e tig"t (ontro'& reg$'ated 0# Bank of Eng'and
<Bi, Ban,+ 19D$ 4 0'e. a.a# o'd tradition& and internationa'i&ed t"e &to(k -arket
45
Government revenue derved
from prvatsaton:
1979-80 377 mon
1985-6 2600 mon
1988-9 7000 mon
S$((e&&J
Ne. 0reed of dea'er& and &%e($'ator& 1#$%%ie&MM2 4 +it# 0e(a-e %'a(e of 0igger ri&k& and 0igger fort$ne& -ade fa&ter
Ed$(ation= &("oo'& (o$'d not o%t o$t of t"e &tate &e(tor
S$((e&&J
Marked a &ignifi(ant &"ift in t"e Briti&" e(ono-# 4 &igna''ed end of t"e %o&t .ar (on&en&$& a0o$t e(ono-i( -anage-ent
!"o$&and& of %eo%'e took ad,antage of t"e :rig"t to 0$#7 &("e-e and 0o$g"t t"eir "o-e&
199-1990 &"are"o'der n$-0er& ro&e fro- * -i''ion ) 9 -i''ion
9o.e,er, &"are& in %ri,ati&ed ind$&trie& .ere -ain'# 0o$g"t 0# 0ig (o--er(ia' (on(ern&, not t"e L'itt'e %eo%'eN a& go,ern-ent
ad,erti&ing "ad %redi(ted6
Ot"er e(ono-i( &te%& taken=
S"ift in e-%"a&i& of e(ono-i(& - Monetari&- &ide'ined
in %'a(e of :&$%%'# &ide e(ono-i(&76 !"i& in,o',ed ($r0ing
!U %o.er, en(o$raging (o-%etition to 'o.er %ri(e&, and
($tting .a&tef$' .e'fare %a#-ent&
!"at("erite agenda a'&o in('$ded 'o.er ta@e& and -ore
in(enti,e& for %eo%'e to generate .ea't" 1red$(ed in(o-e
ta@ %ro,ided e-%'o#ee& .it" an in(enti,e to .ork2
/a.&on7& 0$dget 19E 4 0a&i( rate of in(o-e ta@ ($t fro-
29I to 2I 1($t to 25I 0# 19EE2
<er&ona' %en&ion& 'a$n("ed en(o$raging %eo%'e to &a,e for
t"e-&e',e& rat"er t"an re'# on &tate on &tate or (o-%an#
%en&ion&
Nort" Sea Oi' &o'd off 4 /a0o$r "ad e&ta0'i&"ed BNO+ a&
a -ean& of kee%ing Nort" Sea oi' $nder %$0'i( (ontro'6
9o.e,er, in 19E2 !"at("er &o'd -a>orit# &"are& to t"e %ri,ate &e(tor arg$ing t"at .or'd oi' %ri(e& .ere in 'ong ter- de('ine
+riti(& arg$ed t"e go,ern-ent "ad &D$andered a nationa' a&&et for &"ort ter- gain and .ere de&tro#ing Britain7& ind$&tria'
e(ono-#
!9E DIVIDED O<<OSI!ION 19E*-19E
RE+3<= +a''ag"an <M $nti' 199 1'o&t e'e(tion to !"at("er2 and /a0o$r 'eader $nti' 19E06 In No,e-0er 19E0, "o.e,er, ?oot 0e(a-e
'eader ) L'$r(" to t"e 'eftN 1:/oon# /eft72 in('$ding t"e L'onge&t &$i(ide note in "i&tor#N e'e(tion -anife&to of 19E*6 3 gang of fo$r
"ad 0roken a.a# .it" ot"er ke# -e-0er& of /a0o$r to for- SD< in 19E1 a& t"e# .anted a -ore (entri&t %art#, en>o#ing &o-e 0#-
e'e(tion &$((e&&e& e6g6 8arrington6 !"e# for-ed an initia' infor-a' a''ian(e .it" t"e /i0era'&, ."i(" t"en 0e(a-e for-a' ) SD<
/IBER3/ 3//I3N+E6 !"i& en>o#ed 'i-ited &$((e&& at 'o(a' and 0#-e'e(tion 'e,e', "o.e,er infig"ting 0et.een t.o 'eader& of t"e SD<
and /i0era'& 1!.o Da,id&2, ideo'ogi(a' differen(e& 1di&'iking !"at("er not eno$g" to $nite t"e-2, and t"e ?a'k'and& derai'ed t"eir
&$((e&&UU
/a0o$r7& Diffi($'tie&
16 !ook ti-e to 'i,e do.n t"e -e-or# of t"e :8inter of Di&(ontent7
26 Interna' di,i&ion& 0et.een 'eft and rig"t a (ontin$a' &o$r(e of .eakne&&
*6 ?oot a di&a%%oint-ent a& 'eader 4 $na0'e to in&%ire t"e %art# or engage t"e e'e(torate
56 3ngered 0# t"e %re,ai'ing inf'$en(e of +ND, Mi'itant !enden(# and t"e $nion&, ."i(" "ad (a$&ed t"e SD< &%'it 19E1
56 <art# (a-e o$t 0ad'# fro- ?a'k'and& 8ar 4 o0>e(tion to -i'itar# inter,ention .a& read 0# t"e e'e(torate a& a 'a(k of &$%%ort for
t"o&e fig"ting in t"e .ar
;6 Di&a&tro$& %erfor-an(e in 19E* 4 %art# o$t of to$("

) AINNO+A BE+OMES /3BOUR /E3DER 19E*
Belie8s&
+"anged -ind on ke# 'eft-.ing (a$&e& e6g6 $ni'atera'i&-, nationa'i&ation, E$ro%e 1(riti(i&ed for a0andoning %rin(i%'e&2
Aims&
!o &i'en(e t"e "ard 'eft of /a0o$r
46
SUMM3RH
!"at("er E(ono-i(& 19E*-E
Am
To create economc growth by:
Reducng taxaton
Provdng ncentves
Encouragng competton
Lmtng trade unon powers
Cuttng wastefu wefare payments
Creatng accountabty
Methods
Dereguaton
Decentrasaton
Prvatsaton
Key areas affected:
Loca government
Soca servces
educaton
Consequences :
Unempoyment n some areas
|ob creaton n others
No rea reducton n taxaton
Growth n GDP
Increase n rea wages
Large ncrease n nfaton
Mo,e t"e /a0o$r <art# 0a(k to.ard& t"e %o'iti(a' -idd'e gro$nd
Moderni&e t"e /a0o$r <art# organi&ation& and i-%ro,e %art# di&(i%'ine
O3t4-me&
/o&t e'e(tion& 19E, 1992
Did -$(" to re&tore /a0o$r7& %o'iti(a' (redi0i'it#
19E5 &%ee(" .a& 'and-ark in t"e e,o'$tion of Ne. /a0o$r
8"at %ro0'e-& did Ainno(k fa(e d$ring "i& ti-e a& 'eaderJ
P/-blem One= /eft 8ing 3(ti,i&t& in $nion& and 'o(a' go,ern-ent ."o "ad great %re,ai'ing inf'$en(e
9ard 'eft Mi'itant !enden(# gro$% infi'trated -an# 'o(a' (o$n(i'&
/i,ing&tone, 'eft .ing 'eader of G/+, engaged in r$nning %o'iti(a' 0att'e& again&t t"e go,ern-ent
S(argi''7& 'eader&"i% of -iner7& &trike f$e''ed a 'ot of anti-!"at("erite radi(a'i&-
9o. did Ainno(k atte-%t to &o',e t"e %ro0'e-J
<o&t 19E5 Miner7& Strike Ainno(k atte-%ted to a&&ert (ontro' o,er t"e %art# and to regain t"e initiati,e fro- "ard 'eft a(ti,i&t&
19E5 Bo$rne-o$t" %art# (onferen(e 4 o$t&%oken atta(k on t"e a(tion& of t"e Mi'itant !enden(# and on t"e 'eader& of t"e (it#
(o$n(i' in /i,er%oo' for t"eir %o'i(ie&
/e&& dire(t'#, Ainno(k di&tan(ed "i-&e'f fro- t"e &$%%orter& of Benn and S(argi''
P/-blem T0-& /a0o$r7& 'a(k of (redi0i'it# and &erie& of defeat&
<ar'ia-entar# %art# "ad 0een .eakened 0# it& "ea,# defeat in 19E*
19E Ainno(k "ad a'read# done a 'ot to re&tore %art# di&(i%'ine and to -ake t"e %art# organi&ation -ore effi(ient 0$t &ti'' 'o&t
"ea,i'# in 19E e'e(tion
9o. did Ainno(k atte-%t to &o',e t"e %ro0'e-J
?ro- 19E -oderni&ation of t"e %art# .a& gi,en to% %riorit#
/a0o$r7& i-age 0e(a-e -$(" -ore -oderate 1$&ing rea&&$ring &"ado. ("an(e''or S-it" and 0# re(r$iting ta'ented #o$nger
%o'iti(ian& &$(" a& Mande'&on, B'air and Bro.n2
1990 4 /a0o$r re,i,a' %rogre&&ed far eno$g" for t"e %art# to "a,e &erio$& "o%e& of .inning t"e ne@t e'e(tion
SD< /IBER3/ 3//I3N+E
19D1#19D?
En>o#ed -oderate 'e,e'& of &$((e&& in 0# e'e(tion& d$e to %a,e-ent %o'iti(& and 'o(a' (o$n(i' e'e(tion &trategie&
50I ,ote %re-?a'k'and& 8ar
hat 0ent 0/-n,*
19E 4 dro%%ed to 25I ,ote
!"e SD< 0egan to &"rink
h5 1i1 it ,- 0/-n,*
16 19E* - /o&& of -o-ent$- -eant t"at t"e# fo$nd it "ard to -aintain t"e &a-e 'e,e'&
of &$%%ort
26 !.o Da,id& infig"ting
- %art'# d$e to ideo'ogi(a' differen(e&V o%%o&ition to !"at("er .a& not eno$g" to
%ro,ide $nit# 0# it&e'f
- %art'# d$e to %er&ona' differen(e&
*6 Re,i,a' of /a0o$r 4 t"e on'# rea&on t"e SD< for-ed .a& 0e(a$&e /a0o$r .a& a
%o'iti(a' 0a&ket (a&e in 19E16 3& Ainno(k e&ta0'i&"ed "i& gri% on t"e /a0o$r %art#, it &ee-ed t"at -oderate &o(ia'i&- .a& 0a(k in
0$&ine&& and t"e SD< "ad no rea' identit# or %$r%o&e6 ?or-er /a0o$r M<7& t"at "ad de&erted 0egan to t$rn 0a(k to t"e %art#6
O3t4-me&
Man# /a0o$r M<& &.it("ed t"eir a''egian(e 0a(k to /a0o$r
SD< /i0era' 3''ian(e -erged to for- t"e /i0era' De-o(rat& in 19EE and re-ained a for(e in %o'iti(& t"ro$g" t"eir &'i(k
(a-%aigning in 0#-e'e(tion& 0$t t"e "o%e& of :0reaking t"e -o$'d7 -e'ted a.a#
Re(a%= 8"# .ere t"e +on&er,ati,e& &o do-inant d$ring t"e %eriod 199-19EJ
47
Year Election Result
1979 Conservatve 43.9%
Labour 36.9%
Lbera 13.8%
1983 Conservatve 42.4%
Labour 27.6%
SDP Lbera 25.4%
1987 Conservatve 42.4%
Labour 30.8%
SDP Lbera 22.6%
16 !"e ?a'k'and& 8ar
26 Di,i&ion& in /a0o$r and 'a(k of %o'iti(a' (redi0i'it#
*6 Ideo'ogi(a' and %er&ona'it# differen(e& 0et.een SD< 3''ian(e
56 /eader&"i% of !"at("er
56 Re-o,a' of !"at("er7& e(ono-i( and trade $nion ene-ie&
;6 E(ono-i( %o'i(ie& of !"at("er
6 ?ir&t <a&t t"e <o&t E'e(tora' S#&te-
!9E DO8N?3// O? !93!+9ER
Reas-n 1& E(ono-i(& 1'ong ter- fa(tor2
E(ono-i( re(e&&ion of 19E 0egan to 0ite 0# 1990
Great &to(k -arket (ra&" 19E 4 (a-e a #ear after t"e Big Bang dereg$'ation of t"e /ondon Sto(k E@("ange in 19E; ."i(" &a.
t"e ad,ent of (o-%$ter &(reen trading in tande- .it" free (o-%etition re%'a(ing t"e :o'd 0o#&7 net.ork
/a.&on 0oo- 4 !"at("er7& ne. ("an(e''or /a.&on 1e&%e(ia''# in t"e 19EE 0$dget2 introd$(ed %o'i(ie& re&$'ting in t"e ra%id
e@%an&ion of t"e e(ono-# 1/a.&on 0oo-26 9o.e,er, t"i& a'&o re&$'ted in a 0a'an(e of %a#-ent& %ro0'e-6
Inf'ation 4 1990 "ad ri&en to 1069I, "ig"er t"an in 19E06 3n i-%ortant rea&on ."# Britain entered t"e E@("ange rate -e("ani&-
Reas-n ?& <o'iti(a'
3fter 11 #ear& in offi(e !"at("er .a& 'o&ing "er %o'iti(a' to$("
8e&t'and 3ffair 19E; 4 re&ignation of 9e&e'tine dre. di&affe(ted M<7& to "i& (a$&e6
+a-e at a ti-e ."en -an# %re,io$&'# 'o#a' M<7& fe't %$&"ed to t"e &ide'ine& &o 0egan to t$rn a.a# fro- !"at("er, 'eading to "er
in(rea&ing i&o'ation6
/o&& of 8i''ie 8"ite'a. 4 re&igned 19E6 :E,er# <M need& a 8i''ie7 referring to t"e in,a'$a0'e (o--on &en&e t"at 8"ite'a.
a%%'ied to a'' i&&$e&6
<oor go,ern-enta' %o&ition de(i&ion& and di&%$te& o,er E$ro%e and t"e e(ono-#=
!"at("er7& $&e of <rof 8a'ter& in 19E9 a& an e(ono-i( ad,i&or inf$riated +"an(e''or /a.&on
!"at("er a'ienated 9o.e 0# -o,ing "i- fro- t"e foreign offi(e to a 'e&&er %o&ition
'o&& of Ni("o'a& Rid'e# d$e to for(ed re&ignation in 1990
$&e of ine@%erien(ed and #o$ng Ma>or in * great (a0inet %o&t& .it"in 1E -ont"& 1"o-e &e(, foreign &e(, ("an(e''or2 .a& an
indi(ator of t"e t$r0$'en(e in t"e go,ern-ent
9o.e7& re,enge 1990 4 %ro,o(ation of 9o.e 'ed to "i& re&ignation6 9o.e7& re&ignation &tate-ent 1in t"e 9o$&e of +o--on&,
0road(a&t on !V2 .a& f$'' of (riti(i&- of !"at("er7& a$to(rati( .a#& and 0a(ktra(king on t"e E$ro%ean D$e&tion6 !"e i-%a(t
t"at t"i& &%ee(" "ad .a& &en&ationa'
Reas-n @& <o'' !a@
Intention .a& to re%'a(e &#&te- 1finan(ing 'o(a' go,ern-ent t"ro$g" "o-eo.ner& %a#ing rate&2 .it" (o--$nit# ("arge6 !"i& .a&
to en(o$rage a((o$nta0i'it# in 'o(a' go,ern-ent6
/a#-an7& ter-&= ta@ %eo%'e not %ro%ert#
De&(ri0ed a& a "$0ri& and :a refor- too far7
/ed to fa'' a& it a'ienated t"e %$0'i( and %re&& a& .e'' a& &o-e of t"e +on&er,ati,e7&
&ta$n("e&t &$%%orter& 1-idd'e ('a&&2= <ro,ed to 0e 0itter'# $n%o%$'ar .it" %$0'i(
o%inion and %re&& 4 &a. !orie& a& a :gra&%ing go,ern-ent intent on tra%%ing
e,er#one in t"e &a-e net7 1/#n("2
3'ienated -e-0er& of go,ern-ent = !"at("er ad,i&ed to dro% &("e-e6 Ignored
t"i& and %re&&ed on de&%ite 0a(k0en(" re0e''ion& 19EE6 3ngered
:One Nation +on&er,ati,e&7 1:.et&72 ."o arg$ed t"e# &"o$'d $&e redi&tri0$ti,e ta@ation
in&tead to "e'% di&ad,antaged -e-0er& of &o(iet#
3nti-%o'' ta@ de-on&tration& o(($rred in /ondon 1200,000 %eo%'e2 re&$'ting in &erio$& rioting, "$ndred& of in>$rie&, and -i''ion&
of %o$nd& of da-age
Go,ern-ent7& %o%$'arit# in t"e o%inion %o''& dro%%ed dra-ati(a''#
/ed to fa'' a& it ga,e "er o%%onent& a (a$&e aro$nd ."i(" to ra''# 4 o%%o&ition (a-e fro- a'' a(ro&& t"e %o'iti(a' &%e(tr$- e6g6
48
+o--$nit# ("argeB<o'' !a@
ad-ini&tered $&ing t"e e'e(tora' ro''
to identif# t"o&e reD$ired to %a#6
Meant to rationa'i&e &#&te- and
introd$(e a fairer &#&te- t"an
("arging %eo%'e a((ording to t"e
,a'$e of t"eir "o$&e
8e'' organi&ed o%%o&ition a ke#
rea&on for it& fai'$re to 0e
SN<7& :(an7t %a#, .on7t %a#7 (a-%aign
Reas-n %& Re,i,a' and &$((e&& of t"e o%%o&ition
Ro'e of Ainno(k and S-it" 4 /a0o$r re(o,er# .a& e,ident 0# 19906
+on&er,ati,e 'o&& of :&afe7 &eat& to o%%o&ition %artie&
- Ea&t0o$rne 'o&t to /i0era'& 1$'tra &afe &eat26 If t"e# 'o&t "ere t"e# (o$'d 'o&e an#."ere
Man# +on&er,ati,e M<7& no. gen$ine'# feared defeat at ne@t e'e(tion 4 t"e&e fear& (ontri0$ted to do.nfa'' of !"at("er a&
.it"o$t fear& for t"eir o.n &$r,i,a' a-ong +on&er,ati,e M<7& t"ere .o$'d not "a,e 0een a ("a''enge to 'eader&"i% in fir&t %'a(e
Reas-n 5& R$nning o$t of ene-ie& to atta(k and a &"ort &$%%'# of friend&
<re-ier&"i% .a& -arked 0# 0att'e& again&t o%%onent& ."o- &"e de-oni&ed and t"en defeated=
- :.et&7 in %art#, Ga'tieri 1?a'k'and&2, ?oot 1/a0o$r 'eader 19E0-E*2, S(argi'' 1Miner7& Strike&2, /i,ing&tone 1'a&t 'eader of G/+2
3fter 19E !"at("er7& -ain target E$ro%e 4 not an ea&# 0att'efie'd a& it t"reatened to (a$&e &erio$& da-age to %art# $nit#
Ene-ie& %ro,ided a (a$&e aro$nd ."i(" !"at("er (o$'d ra''# &$%%ort .it"in t"e go,ern-ent or a-ong&t t"e %$0'i(, &"e (o$'d
ga',eni&e t"e %art# fait"f$', and de-on&trate "er 0o'd 'eader&"i% &ki''&6 It ga,e "er a (a$&e aro$nd ."i(" to fo($& "er attention
and a 'o&& of o%%onent& -eant &"e 'o&t dire(tion
/a(k of friend& 0# 1990 t"ro$g" re&ignation& and di&-i&&a'& (o-%o$nded t"i& a& .it"o$t 'o#a' &$%%ort &"e .a& $na0'e to
effe(ti,e'# 'ead t"e go,ern-ent again&t an# %otentia' o%%onent&
Reas-n $& Regi(ide 1(a0inet -$tin#2 - !"e fina' &%ark
+on&er,ati,e& 'o&t a'' 5 0# e'e(tion& 19E9-1990
3%ri' 1990 4 /a0o$r "ad 20 %oint 'ead in o%inion %o''& o,er !orie& at !"at("er7& %er&ona' %o%$'arit# at 'o.e&t %oint in "er
%re-ier&"i%
/eading +on&er,ati,e& 0e'ie,ed t"e# (o$'d not .in t"e ne@t e'e(tion .it" !"at("er a& 'eader
9e&e'tine anno$n(ed "i& (andida(# for 'eader&"i% of t"e %art#6 ?ir&t 0a''ot 4 !"at("er 205 ,ote& ,&6 9e&e'tine 152
Margin of ,i(tor# .a& not 'arge eno$g" to r$'e o$t a &e(ond 0a''ot a& !"at("er "ad 'o&t &$%%ort of 2B5
t"
of %art#
!"at("er7& initia' intention& to fig"t on ended fo''o.ing indi,id$a' di&($&&ion& .it" "er -ini&ter&6 +on&$'tation& fo$nd t"at -o&t
of t"e- ad,i&ed "er to re&ign 4 t"e -o&t dire(t and 0'$nt (o-ing fro- Aen +'arke 1Ed$(ation Se(2
!"at("er re&igned t.o da#& 'ater 4 of t"e regi(ide &"e &aid :It i& &o-et"ing I .i'' ne,er forget and ne,er forgi,e7
SOCIAL
893! ?3+!ORS +3USED SO+I3/ +93NGE 195-1990J
+o-0ination of %o'iti(a' %re&&$re& fro- a0o,e, and &o(ia' and e(ono-i( ("ange& fro- 0e'o. re&$'ting in re($rrent &o(ia' $%"ea,a'&6
End of %o&t-.ar (on&en&$& i-%a(ted great'# on &o(iet#
E(ono-i( ri&e& of 1907& and t"e %ro'onged %eriod of $ne-%'o#-ent in t"e 19E07& %$t a &train on s-4ial 4-hesi-n - &o(ia' ten&ion&
.ere inten&ified and attit$de& %o'ari&ed6
Ideo'og# of !"at("eri&- 1e-%"a&i& on indi,id$a'i&- and "er ('ai- :t"ere i& no &$(" t"ing a& &o(iet#72 &ee-ed to 0e a dire(t
atta(k on t"e idea& of t"e .e'fare &tate and (i,i( re&%on&i0i'it#
/ong ter- e(ono-i( trend& .ere ("anging Britain7& ind$&tria' &o(iet#6 !"e o'd, 'a0o$r inten&i,e ind$&trie& .ere fa(ing ("a''enge&
fro- foreign (o-%etitor& and fro- te("no'ogi(a' inno,ation Q fo$ndation& of .orking ('a&& and of (o--$nitie& t"e# 'i,ed in .ere
(r$-0'ing6
!"at("er7& de&ire for Britain to a,oid t"e :%o,ert# tra%7 and ta(k'e t"e :8"# .orkJ7 %ro0'e-
:!"ere i& no &$(" t"ing a& &o(iet#7
Vi(torian /i0era' a%%roa(" to &o(iet# 4 .i&" to re&tri(t t"e %o.er& of t"e &tate and to %re,ent irre&%on&i0'e &%ending of %$0'i(
-one#
!"at("er7& e(ono-i( %o'i(ie& generated .ea't" and 'ed to t"e (reation of a -ore indi,id$a'i&t &o(iet# ."i(" .a& %art of
!"at("er7& $'ti-ate goa' ) :3& #o$ kno., t"ere i& no &$(" t"ing a& &o(iet#6 !"ere are indi,id$a' -en and .o-en and t"ere are
fa-i'ie&6 Go,ern-ent (an do an#t"ing e@(e%t t"ro$g" %eo%'e, and %eo%'e -$&t 'ook to t"e-&e',e& fir&t6 It i& o$r d$t# to 'ook
after o$r&e',e&, and t"en to o$r neig"0o$r67
49
!93!+9ER, 19E
:Se'fi&"ne&&7 and 'a(k of (o-%a&&ion of !"at("erJ
3nti-!"at("erite %re&& >$-%ed on t"i& D$ote e6g6 G$ardian ne.&%a%er
Ref'e(ti,e of t"e #$%%ie generation and t"e in(rea&ing ga% 0et.een t"e ri(" finan(ier& of Britain and t"e %oor o'd ind$&tria'
fa-i'ie&6
8"at e,ent& (a$&ed &o(ia' $%"ea,a' 195-1990J
8inter of di&(ontent 19E-9
Serio$& $r0an /i-tin, in inner (itie& 1!o@tet" and Mo&& Side 19E1,
anti-%o'' ta@ riot& /ondon 19902
Great Miner7& Strike 19E5-5 1in('$ding t"e Batt'e of Orgrea,e2
E-ergen(e of radi(a' e@tra-%ar'ia-entar# o%%o&ition
De-ogra%"i( ("ange
!"ree ke# fa(tor& ."i(" (a$&ed de-ogra%"i( ("ange=
12 Immi,/ati-n 4 (ontin$ed to 0e a (a$&e for (on(ern
Stead# f'o. of i--igrant& fro- &$0-(ontinent
Indian& tended to a&&i-i'ate -ore ea&i'# a& t"e#
(a-e fro- an $r0an 0a(kgro$nd (o-%ared to
<aki&tani7& ."o (a-e fro- a r$ra' 0a(kgro$nd
R$&" of i--igrant& fro- Bang'ade&" 11952 ) Bri(k /ane kno.n a& :Bang'ato.n7, 3&ian %o%$'ation of Bradford 50,000
Negati,e
Nationa' ?ront 0e(a-e ,er# a(ti,e in %art& of /ondon ."ere i--igrant& "ad &ett'ed e6g6 Bri(k /ane, So$t"a''
Ae# fa(tor 1a'ong&ide $ne-%'o#-ent2 for $r0an ,io'en(e 19E1-19E5
!"at("er go,ern-ent of t"e o%inion t"at i--igration .a& a gro.ing %ro0'e-
I--igration 3(t 119E12
Rea'i&ti(=
+'ear t"at Briti&" 'ife (o$'d not f$n(tion .it"o$t (ontri0$tion of -igrant& 1needed for tran&%ort &#&te-, "ote'
ind$&tr#, a& .e'' a& (o--$nitie& needing re&ta$rant& and (orner &"o%&2
?2 C-ntin3in, shi8t -8 :-:3lati-n 8/-m /3/al t- 3/ban a/eas
@2 Sha/:enin, -8 the n-/th#s-3th 1i.i1e 1ina(($rate ,ie. of %ro&%ero$& &o$t" and 'e&& %ro&%ero$& nort"2
SO+I3/ !RENDS, 195-1990
B# t"e 190& 4 -a&&i,e de('ine in de-and for Briti&" good&
Rea&on&J
+o&t 1("ea%er e'&e."ere2
Ineffi(ien(#
De('ine (ontin$e& into 19E0&

50
Pe/i-1 Sta/t :-:3lati-n En1 :-:3lati-n 'i88e/en4e
1951-19;5 516* -i''ion 5265 -i''ion P 161 -i''ion
19;5-5 5265 -i''ion 5; -i''ion P *6; -i''ion
195-1990 5; -i''ion 5E -i''ion P 2-i''ion
195-1990
<eriod& of &tagnation
195-E &a. t"e %o%$'ation fa''
?'$(t$ation& ref'e(t t"e &o(ia' and e(ono-i( 0a(kgro$nd of t"e
ti-e
<o%$'ation in (itie& &$(" a& /ondon 1P;00,000 gre.2 ."i'&t it
de(rea&ed in area& &$(" a& Bir-ing"a- 1-112,0002 and
/i,er%oo' 1-11E,0002
+"ange& in go,ern-ent %o'i(#
Main ai-UU6
POST-1945
KEEP
UNEMPLOYMENT
LOW
(Keynesianism
economics)
MID-1970S
ONWARDS
CHANGE
KEEP
INFLATION
LOW
(Von Hayeks free
market economics)
Why?
/ook at t"e &tati&ti(& 0e'o.=
Y 8"at do t"e&e &tati&ti(& re,ea'?
19(9 19DD
<er(entage of
tota' nationa'
in(o-e earned 0#
to% 20I of .age
earner&=
*I 55I
<er(entage of
tota' nationa'
in(o-e earned 0#
%oore&t 20I of
.age earner&=
965I ;69I
During 1980s:
Poor became poorer
widenin !"f between ric# and poor
A4ti-ns taEen b5 That4he/ H19(9#96I
!o% in(o-e ta@ rate red$(ed
)Benefit& ri(", not %oorV .iden& g$'f 0et.een ri(" O %oor
Une-%'o#-ent 0enefit& for 1;-1E #r o'd& &to%%ed
)Di&affe(ted, $ne-%'o#ed #o$t"
/e,e' of $ne-%'o#-ent 0enefit& 'inked to %ri(e& O not .age&
) /o. %ri(e& .o$'d -ean 'o. 0enefit&
<ri,ati&ation of ind$&tr#
) <ri,ate (o-%anie& 4 -a# ('o&e do.nBred$(e .orkfor(e
+"i'd 0enefit %a#-ent& froCen for a no6 of #ear&
) 8o-enBfa-i'ie& 'e&& in(o-e
Nationa' in&$ran(e %a#-ent& in(rea&ed
) <oore&t .orking ('a&&e& -o&t affe(ted
V3! 1%aid on (on&$-er good&2 red$(ed
) Ea&# for ri(", diffi($'t for %oor
+$t in go,ern-ent e@%endit$re in order to (ontro' inf'ation
) /e&& -one# &%ent on .e'fare Q detri-enta' to %oor
Sa'e of +o$n(i' 9o$&e&
The s-4ial im:a4t -8 That4he/ism = Im:a4t -8 :/i.atisati-n an1 the sale -8 4-3n4il h-3ses
Ae# ai-=
!$rn Britain into a %ro%ert# o.ning de-o(ra(# in order to Lro'' 0a(k t"e &tateN and %'a(e e-%"a&i& on &e'f-re'ian(e and t"e %ri,ate
&e(tor
3(tion=
Inten&i,e %$0'i( (a-%aign& de&igned to in(rea&e &"are o.ner&"i% 0# ordinar# %eo%'e 199-1990 4 indi,id$a'& o.ning &to(k& and &"are&
ro&e fro- * to 9 -i''ion
Im:a4t -n 4-mm3nities -8 in13st/ial 1is:3tes
51
O,era'' I-%a(t
<o&iti,e&
Y !a@e& red$(ed
Y Inf'ation red$(ed
Negati,e&
Y <o,ert# O $ne-%'o#-ent
'eading to
Y 9o-e'e&&ne&&
Y "ig"er rate& of di,or(eV
&$i(ide O -enta' i''ne&&
Y Ver# "ig" (ri-e rate&
Y Riot&
Y +onf'i(t=
4 Nort" ,& So$t"
4 Ri(" ,& %oor
4 So(ia'i&- ,& (on&er,ati&-
<OSI!IVE IM<3+!
<ri,ati&ation Q 'ot of re,en$e for t"e go,ern-ent
and %o%$'ar .it" -idd'e ('a&&
9o$&ing 3(t 119E02 gi,ing %eo%'e t"e rig"t to 0$#
.a& enor-o$&'# &$((e&&f$' .it" "$ge n$-0er& o%ting
to 0$# t"eir "o-e6 D$e to genero$& di&(o$nt&
1%$r("a&e %ri(e 'o.er t"an on o%en -arket2
:Rig"t to B$#7 (on&idered to 0e ke# &$((e&& of
!"at("er 4 &te% to.ard& &o(ia' -o0i'it# and
:%ro%ert# o.ning de-o(ra(#7
/a0o$r for(ed to dro% o%%o&ition d$e to %o%$'arit#
of &("e-e .it" %$0'i(
NEG3!IVE IM<3+!
/ife 'e&& &e($re to e-%'o#ee& 4 &o-e 'o&t >o0& a& t"e %ri,ati&ed
ind$&trie& ($t 0a(k on &taff ."i'&t ot"er& (o$'d no 'onger re'# on 'ong
ter- >o0 %ro,i&ion and %en&ion %ro,i&ion
Enter%ri&e ($'t$re aro$&ed "o&ti'it# a-ong&t .orking ('a&& in t"e %$0'i(
&e(tor ) $nion& 0e(o-e -ore -i'itant a& a re&$'t 1+O9SE and NU<E2
in('$ding tea("er& $nion in 19E07&
Rig"t to B$# 4 &a'e of (o$n(i' "o$&e& .a& in %redo-inant'# 0etter off
area& and &o did not "a,e 0ig i-%a(t in 'e&& de&ira0'e e&tate&
Mone# gained fro- &e''ing (o$n(i' "o$&e& .a& $&ed 0# (o$n(i'& to red$(e
de0t&, not 0$i'd ne. (o$n(i' "o$&ing and t"e n$-0er and D$a'it# of
"o-e& for rent .a& great'# red$(ed6 8it" no %rogra--e to re0$i'd t"e
&to(k of (o$n(i' "o$&ing, .aiting 'i&t& for rented "o-e& got 'onger
Re&$'t .a& -an# "ad to 'i,e in e-ergen(# BOB a((o--odation ."i(" .a&
e@%en&i,e for (o$n(i'& to %ro,ide and not a'.a#& &$ita0'e for fa-i'ie&
Ind$&tria' 3(tion
<re-195
Ran 0# o'd
traditiona'
$nion 0o&&e&
and
-oderate
$nion 'eader&
<$''ed rank
o,er
-e-0er&"i%
Rig"t& of
.orker&
fir&t and
fore-o&t
19E on.ard&
O'd 0o&&e& 'o&ing
t"eir (ontro' o,er
t"eir -e-0er&"i%
/o(a' .i'd (at
&trike& 0e(o-ing
-ore and -ore
(o--on
Ho$nger radi(a'
a(ti,i&t& (a$&ing
%re&&$re
<o'iti(a' e'e-ent
19 Gr$n.i(k
%"oto 'a0 &trike
o,er atte-%t& to
e@('$de $nion
'eader&
SHMBO/
O?
+93NGE
8IN!ER
O?
DIS+ON
!EN!
19E-9
/ONGES!
3ND
SHMBO/I
+
E<ISODE
MINERS
S!RIAE
19E5-5
TREN'S INTENSIFIE' AS THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THATCHERISM AS FELT AFTER 19(92
OR7ERS FO!N' THEIR TRA'ITIONAL S7ILLS ERE NOT IN 'EMAN' = REN'ERE' O!T OF
'ATE BY MECHANISATION OR BY FLE;IBLE OR7ING PRACTICES
OU!+OME
<ainf$' ad>$&t-ent&
in area& t"at on'#
kne. traditiona'
ind$&tr# 'ife
O'd (ertaintie& of
.orking ('a&& and
.a# of 'ife in
(o--$nitie& eroded
9ig" -a'e
$ne-%'o#-ent
Man# "o-e& &a.
.o-en a&
0read.inner
In(rea&ed %ro0'e-&=
i'' "ea't",
de%re&&ion,
a'(o"o'i&-, dr$g&
So-e for(ed to
-o,e
Ho$ng %eo%'e (o$'d
no 'onger e@%e(t to
fo''o. t"eir fat"er&
into .ork
Re(a%= Miner7& Strike 19E5
/ONG !ERM +3USE=
S(argi'' 'a$n("ed -iner7& &trike in
a 0id to %re,ent t"e do.n&iCing of t"e
(oa' ind$&tr# 1not on'# taking on !"at("er
0$t t"e for(e& of "i&tor#M2
199 (oa' ind$&tr# e-%'o#ed 200,000
19E07& Aing +oa' .a& &$%%'#ing on'# 20I
of Britain7& energ# need& 1far 'e&& t"an oi' or
ga&2 1990 do.n to ;0,000 and &ti'' fa''ing
+EN!R3/ XUES!ION=
Did Briti&" (oa' "a,e a f$t$reJ
?$t$re .a& :('ean7 n$('ear %o.er,
not :dirt#7 (oa'
Strike .a& "ig"'# %o'iti(i&ed .it"
n$-ero$& (onfrontation& 0et.een -iner&
and %o'i(e e6g6 Batt'e of Orgrea,e
O$t(o-e=
?ai'$re for S(argi'' and t"e -iner& a& t"e
&trike& 'ed to a greater n$-0er of -ine&
('o&ing t"an "ad 0een %re,io$&'# %'anned
at t"e o$t0reak of t"e &trike6
'eman1in, s-4ial iss3e2222
<ainf$' ad>$&t-ent& in area& t"at on'# kne. (oa' -ining a& 'ife
O'd (ertaintie& of .orking ('a&& and .a# of 'ife in (o--$nitie& eroded
9ig" -a'e $ne-%'o#-ent
Man# "o-e& &a. .o-en a& 0read.inner
In(rea&ed %ro0'e-&= i'' "ea't", de%re&&ion, a'(o"o'i&-,
dr$g&
So-e for(ed to -o,e
Ho$ng %eo%'e (o$'d no 'onger e@%e(t to fo''o. t"eir
fat"er& into .ork
!/ban C/isis
Ind$&tria' ("ange& fed into &o(ia' trend& in t"e 19E07&
Ur0an de(a# of -an# inner (it# area&
Inten&ifi(ation of &o(ia' %ro0'e-& e6g6 Ho$t" ,io'en(e
<ro0'e-& e@a(er0ated 0# "ig" $ne-%'o#-ent
Miner7& Strike (a-e d$ring a %eriod of -an# ,io'ent
$r0an di&t$r0an(e& ."i(" "ad &ee-ed to indi(ate &o(ia'
(o"e&ion .a& 0reaking do.n
+ri&i& in re'ation& 0et.een t"e %o'i(e and t"e
(o--$nitie& t"e# &er,ed
S-4iet5 .e/s3s the :-li4e an1 ,-.e/nment
19E0-19E1 &erio$& riot& in Bri&to', /i,er%oo', /ondon
<$0'i( enD$ir# %rod$(ed S(ar-an Re%ort= (riti(i&ed 0ot"
%o'i(e and go,ern-ent )"ig"'ig"ted t"e i&&$e of ra(e
re'ation&
need for -ore (o--$nit# %o'i(ingM
52
!"e Miner7& Strike 19E5-5
Long term cause
Decne n marketabty of Brtsh coa
Centra queston
Dd Brtsh mnes have a future?
Responses
NUM
Yes: wth proper
government nvestment
NCB
Yes, but ony n seected areas:
government unwngto subsdse
unproftabe mnes
Demandng soca ssue
Cosure of mnes woud destroy whoe communtes
Intransgent atttude of key payers
Decne n marketabty of Brtsh coa
Scarg McGregor
Marxst revoutonary unfnchng managera enforcer
Why strke faed
Not we ed tactcay by Scarg
NUM not backed bykey unons
Government backed by NCB
Empoyment Acts weakened NUMs ega poston
Voence accompanyngthe strkes ost mners pubc support
19E5 - ?$rt"er o$t0reak& of ,io'en(e again&t %o'i(e 1Bri@ton, !otten"a-2 in('$ding t"e -$rder of <+ B'ake'o(k
?oot0a'' "oo'igani&- 1Bir-ing"a-, Br$&&e'& 19E5, 9i''&0ro$g" 19E92 a -a>or nationa' i&&$e in t"e -edia 'eading to (a''& for %o'i(e
inter,ention
!9E EMERGEN+E O? EZ!R3-<3R/I3MEN!3RH <RO!ES! MOVEMEN!S
+ND ) "ad 0een -o&t &ignifi(ant %rote&t -o,e-ent &in(e 195E6 3ttra(ted a 'ot of &$%%ort and ne. 'ea&e of 'ife d$ring
!"at("er7& 0a(king for t"e %o'i(# of deterren(e and &te%%ing $% t"e ar-& ra(e again&t t"e USSR in t"e Ne. +o'd 8ar6
19E07& &a. gro.t" in +"aritie& ) 1S"e'ter, 3ge +on(ern2, +"$r(" of Eng'and :1interfering in %o'iti(&7 and inter,ene& in %$0'i(
de0ate o,er &o(ia' 0reakdo.n, ?ait" and t"e +it#2, +at"o'i( and 3ng'i(an +"$r(" 18or'o(k and S"e%%ard a(ti,e in (a-%aigning for
-ore a(tion to "e'% t"e %oor2
<rote&t -o,e-ent& 0egan to &%ring $% t"at .orked o$t&ide traditiona' fra-e.ork of %ar'ia-entar# %o'iti(& and tried to in,o',e %eo%'e
in dire(t a(tion6
So-e of t"i& ref'e(ted t"e %o'ariCation of attit$de& in re&%on&e to !"at("erV %er(e%tion t"at t"e .eakne&& of t"e %o&ition of
%o'iti(a' %artie& "ad 'eft a ,oid t"at needed to 0e fi''ed 0# dire(t a(tion6
3ni-a' /i0eration ?ront non ,io'en(e &.it("ed to :e(oterrori&-7 in 19E2 1ar&on, 'etter0o-0&2
En,iron-enta' gro$%& 1Green%ea(e, ?riend& of t"e Eart"2 &a. in(rea&e& in &$%%ort
Green"a- .o-en )R3? Green"a- +o--on &a. 3-eri(an +r$i&e -i&&i'e& 0a&ed t"ere in 199 .it" +ND organiCing a -a&& %rote&t
in re&%on&e6 19E1 gro$% of .o-en %rote&tor& &et $% a (a-% at Green"a- ) fo(a' %oint for fe-ini&- and %a(ifi&- ) re-ained in
%'a(e for 19 #ear&6 19E* ) arri,a' of (r$i&e -i&&i'e& a 15 -i'e "$-an ("ain (reated fro- Green"a- to 3'der-a&ton6 3ttra(ted a
'ot of %$0'i(it#, dra-atiCing ro'e of fe-ini&- in %rote&t, and %er&e,eran(e 1ret$rning e,en after e,i(tion and de-o'ition26 Sta#ed
in %'a(e e,en after end of +o'd 8ar, fa'' of Ber'in 8a'', and 1991 re-o,a' of .ea%on& ) 0e(a-e &#-0o' d$ring 19E07& and dire(t
a(tion 0# .o-en "ad 0e(o-e a (a$&e in it&e'f, 0igger in t"e e#e& of t"e Green"a- .o-en t"an t"e i&&$e of n$('ear di&ar-a-ent
3nti-%o'' ta@ de-on&trator&
Origina' S#&te- Ne. &#&te-
E,ent&
E@%e(ted ;0, 000 ) !$rn o$t 200,000-250,000 1!oo -an# for !rafa'gar SD ) &treet& .ere ("oked .it" (ro.d& re&$'ting in fig"t&
and &($ff'e&2
Riot 0roke o$t= 5,000 %eo%'e in>$red 1rioter& and %o'i(e2 (ar& o,ert$rned and &et on fire *00P arre&t& -ade
Q /o&& of %o'i(e (ontro'J
8"o .a& to 0'a-eJ 8"# are t"e# to 0'a-eJ I-%a(t on gro$%&J
<o'i(e 9ad on'# e@%e(ted and %'anned for ;0,000 ."en
200,000 t$rned $%6 3''o.ed o,er(ro.ding to 'ead to
&($ff'e& and fig"t& t"ro$g" ineffe(ti,e %o'i(ing and
"ea,# "anded a%%roa("J
+riti(iCed for 0e(o-ing %o'iti(iCed a& t"e# "ad
done d$ring t"e Miner7& Strike6 Meant to
$%"o'd t"e 'a. 1%rote(t &tat$& D$o2, not
enfor(e %o'iti(a' .i'' of go,ern-entBr$'ing
53
Rate& %aid a((ording to t"e ,a'$e of %eo%'e7&
"o-e& and 0$&ine&&6
S#&te- 0a&ed on (o--$nit# ("arge %aid 0# indi,id$a'&
- ."o %a#& de(ided 0# referen(e to t"e e'e(tora'
regi&ter
A/,3ments 8-/ the P-ll TaJ
S#&te- .o$'d 0e fairer e6g6 <en&ioner& %re,ented fro-
%a#ing "ig" rate& 0e(a$&e t"e# "a%%ened to 'i,e in a 0ig
"o$&e
Di&in(enti,e to effort 0# ("arging %eo%'e on in(o-e and
%ro%ert#
Moderni&ation of e(ono-#
A/,3ments a,ainst the P-ll TaJ
S#&te- .o$'d 0e 'e&& fair6 E,er#one 'ia0'e to %a# .o$'d %a#
t"e &a-e, no -atter "o. .ea't"# t"e# .ere
Di&ad,antego$& to %oorer in &o(iet# and 'ike'# to e@a(er0ate
ri("B%oor di,ide ) &o(ia' ten&ion&
Didn7t take into a((o$nt regiona' ,ariation&
Ae# -e-0er& of (a0inet di&a%%ro,ed and .arned again&t
&#&te-
('a&&6
+on(ern& o,er %o'i(ing of %$0'i(
de-on&tration& and -et"odo'og# of %o'i(e6
Seen a& "a,ing 'o&t (ontro'6
Di,ide 0et.een t"e %eo%'e and t"e %o'i(e6
!"at("er Introd$(ed t"e offending ta@ ."i(" (a$&ed %ro0'e-&
de&%ite (a0inet and %$0'i( di&(ontent6
Did not en&$re t"e %o'i(e .ere effe(ti,e'# organi&ed
nor %re%are for &$(" an e,ent6
+ontri0$ted to do.nfa'' of !"at("er and fina'
&tra. to (on,in(e (a0inet t"at if +on&er,ati,e&
.ere to re-ain in %o.er !"at("er .o$'d "a,e
to go6
Mi'itant tenden(# Set $% 3nti-<o'' !a@ ?ederation 19E9 and %'anned
!rafa'gar SD$are de-on&tration on .eekend of %o''
ta@ introd$(tion 1990 ."i(" ($'-inated in riot&6
Irre&%on&i0'e attit$de and i-%ro%er %'anningJ 9ad
on'# e@%e(ted ;0,000 and 200,000 t$rned o$t, .rong
'o(ation to &e'e(t for de-on&tration6 Nai,eJ
Rioter&Banar("i&t&B$ne-%'o#e
d -iner&
?o-ented ,io'en(e, %art of t"e &it$ation of
o,er(ro.ding and attit$de 'ed to &($ff'e& and fig"t&6
8indo.& &-a&"ed, (ar& o,ert$rned ) -ade %ea(ef$'
de-on&tration into a ,io'ent riot6 Nai,et#J Se'f
defen(e of %ro,o(ationJ
*00 arre&t& and 5000 in>$red6 More radi(a'
.ere &(orned for t"eir ,io'en(e 0$t in genera'
-an# &$%%orted t"e i&&$e& ."i(" t"e# fo$g"t
for6 +on(ern a-ong&t -idd'eB$%%er ('a&&e& of
,io'en(e of t"e ra00'e
Media !ook ad,antage of &it$ation to re%ort ,io'en(e and
did not 0road(a&t detai'& of %ea(ef$' de-on&tration&
%$&"ing anar("i&t organiCation& to fo-ent ,io'en(e a&
a .a# of a("ie,ing ("ange
Vi(tor& - ,io'en(e &e''&6 No 0'a-e 0$t in&tead
%eo%'e 0o$g"t t"e %a%er& and .at("ed t"e
ne.&6
!"at("er= S$--ar# of So(iet#
Met"od of
%rote&t
Grie,an(e and ai-& Ma>or e,ent& O$t(o-e and I-%a(t
S!RIAE
3rt"$r S(argi'' 'a$n("ed -iner7& &trike in a 0id to
%re,ent t"e do.n&iCing of t"e
(oa' ind$&tr#6 <'anned ('o&$re& detai'ed 0# t"e
N+B in order 'ed to de-and& 0# -iner7& to kee%
%it& o%en and in,e&t in order to &a,e Britain7& (oa'
ind$&tr#6
Miner7& Strike 19E5-
5
1Batt'e of Orgrea,e2
?ai'$re for S(argi'' and t"e -iner&
)&trike& 'ed to a greater n$-0er of
-ine& ('o&ing t"an "ad 0een
%re,io$&'# %'anned6 9ig" 'e,e'& of
$ne-%'o#-ent, de('ineB0reakdo.n of
ind$&tria' (o--$nitie&, de(a# of inner
(itie&, in(rea&e in a'(o"o'i&-Bdr$g& in
t"o&e area&, &o(ia' $nre&t, de('ine in
re'ation& 0et.een %o'i(e and %eo%'e
RIO! <re,ent introd$(tion of %o''-ta@ a& it .a& .ide'#
regarded a& $nfair
*1
&t
Mar(" 1990 <o''
!a@ Riot 1*00
arre&t&, 5000
in>$red, 'ooting,
,anda'iCation2
+$'-inated in do.nfa'' of !"at("er6
In(rea&ed g$'f 0et.een %o'i(e and
%eo%'e d$e to D$e&tion& o,er
%o'iti(iCation of %o'i(e6 Media f$ror
f$e'ed 0enefit& of dire(t a(tion6
So(ia' (o"e&ion 0reakdo.nJ
Radi(a'iCation of &o-e ('a&&e&J
EZ!R3
<3R/I3MEN
!3RH
<RO!ES!
+ND= n$('ear di&ar-a-ent
S"e'ter= "o-e'e&&ne&&
3ge (on(ern= rig"t& and need& of e'der'#
3/?= ani-a' rig"t& and te&ting
+"$r(" gro$%&= -ore a(tion to "e'% %oor, aintain
&o(ia' (o"e&ion, (riti(i&- of &e'fi&"ne&& of
!"at("er
3i-& .ere 0a&i(a''# to fi'' t"e ga%& t"at
!"at("eri&- 'eft or -end t"e tear& "er &o(ieta'
,i&ion& (a$&ed6
+"aritie&= S"e'ter,
3ge +on(ern, +"$r("
of Eng'and7& :?ait"
and t"e +it#7
Dire(t a(tion= 3/?
'etter 0o-0&, ar&on
<ro,ided an a'ternati,e for$- ,ia
."i(" to re(ei,e "e'% or fi''ed ,oid
t"at !"at("eri&- 'eft6 Idea of
$n&e'fi&" &o(iet#, (o--$nit# et"o&6
/ong &tanding nat$re of &$("
("aritie& &$gge&t t"e# .ere needed
and "e'%ed to (o$nter 0a'an(e idea of
Lno &$(" t"ing a& &o(iet#N
MEDI3 3ND Sen&e t"at o%%o&ition to !"at("er in %ar'ia-ent Da,id 9are, 9o.ard Entertain-ent rat"er t"an %o'iti(a'
54
+U/!URE .a& &o ineffe(t$a' t"at ($'t$re "ad to fi'' t"e ga%
in&tead6
!ried to atta(k ($'t$re of &e'fi&"ne&& and greed
engendered 0# !"at("eri&-6
Mo&t'# 0$t not a'.a#& (riti(a' of !"at("er6
Brenton, 3'an
B'ea&da'e Bo#& fro-
t"e B'a(k St$ff,
<ri,ate E#e, S%itting
I-age
inf'$en(eJ <er"a%& %er&$a&i,e in
ter-& of %$0'i( o%inion and ,enting of
%$0'i( fr$&tration&, -ore &o to.ard&
t"e ti-e of !"at("er7& do.nfa'' 0$t
$n'ike'# to "a,e "ad -ore of an
i-%a(t
<3+I?ISM
3ND
?EMINISM
Green"a- 8o-en 4 n$('ear di&ar-a-ent and
re-o,a' of 3-eri(an +r$i&e -i&&i'e& fro- GB )
-or%"ed into i&&$e of fe-ini&-
Green"a- +o--on
(a-% 19E1, 19E* 15
-i'e "$-an ("ain
Dire(tion a(tion 0# .o-en "ad
0e(o-e a (a$&e in it&e'f6 Gained -$("
%$0'i(it#6
FOREIGN POLICY
E-%ire and +o--on.ea't"
T/i3m:h 1& Rh-1esia
8"en !"at("er (a-e to %o.er &"e .a& '$(k# in "er ene-ie& 4 Ian S-it" 1"ad fr$&trated Briti&" go,ern-ent& for 15 #ear&2 .a& on
t"e %oint of gi,ing $% fig"t in R"ode&ia6
19;- S-it" "ad a((e%ted t"e Ai&&inger <'an ."i(" &et &te%& 'eading to -a>orit# r$'e in R"ode&ia6
/ord +arrington 1!"at("er7& foreign &e(2 0ro$g"t a0o$t a fina' &ett'e-ent at /an(a&ter 9o$&e (onferen(e in /ondon in 19E06
S-it" .a& for(ed to a((e%t defeat
BU!M Sett'ing of R"ode&ia D$e&tion did not re-o,e a'' (on(ern& a0o$t &o$t"ern 3fri(a6
Negati,e
- I&&$e of ."at to do .it" t"e a%art"eid regi-e in So$t" 3fri(a (a$&ed -an# ro.& in t"e +o--on.ea't"
- !"at("er freD$ent'# a(($&ed of fai'ing to %$t eno$g" %re&&$re on So$t" 3fri(a6
<o&iti,e
- Re&o',ing of R"ode&ia re%re&ented a 0ig &te% to.ard& fina''# di&%o&ing of Britain7& 'ega(# of e-%ire
T/i3m:h ?& The FalElan1s a/
Ga-0'e t"at %aid off and .a& &een a& a
,indi(ation of !"at("er7& 0o'd 'eader&"i% and "ad
$n'ea&"ed .a,e of %atrioti&- a(ro&& Britain
+ontra&ting o%inion&=
&o-e di&'iked t"e ,$'garit# of g'oating &een 0#
!"at("er and t"e %re&&
&o-e &ee t"i& a& "er defining -o-ent 4 0o'd and de(i&i,e
'eader&"i%
9o. and ."# did Britain rea(tJ
!"at("er de(ided to i--ediate'# anno$n(e t"at a na,a' ta&k
for(e .o$'d 0e &ent to re-o,e t"e 3rgentine for(e& and a&&ert
55
S$--ar# diagra-
RE3SONS ?OR 83R
Di&%$ted &o,ereignt# o,er t"e i&'and&
?ai'$re of 'ea&e0a(k %ro%o&a'
3rgentinian in,a&ion 3$g$&t 19E2
MRS !93!+9ER7S RES<ONSE
So,ereignt# no 'onger negotia0'e
3 -atter for t"e UA not UN to de(ide
De-o(rati( rig"t of i&'ander& to 0e
%rote(ted
!a&k for(e di&%at("ed
E@('$&ion Cone i-%o&ed
Ordered &inking of Be'grano
OU!+OME O? MI/I!3RH S!RUGG/E
Na,a' &$%re-a(# gained
I&'and& retaken 0# ta&k for(e
I&'and& %er-anent'# garri&oned
<O/I!I+3/ OU!+OME
U%&$rge in !"at("er7& %o%$'arit# in
(o$ntr# at 'arge
8rongfooted t"e o%%o&ition
<re%ared t"e .a# for 19E* e'e(tion
&$((e&&
8IDER OU!+OME 4 :0'i% in foreign affair&7
?8 -ade it 'e&& 'ike'# t"at Britain .o$'d for(e
t"e %eo%'e of Gi0ra'tar to a((e%t 0eing "anded
o,er to S%ain
Did not &to% t"e (ontin$ed tid#ing of $% of
Britain7& i-%eria' 'ega(# e6g6 <'anning for "and
o,er of 9ong Aong in 199
t"e I&'ander& rig"t to &e'f deter-ination6
LO$r -en ri&ked t"eir 'i,e& for t"e Briti&" .a# of 'ife, to
defend Briti&" &o,ereignt#N
Making of !"at("er and &"e &$((e&&f$''# a,oided t"e ?a'k'and&
t$rning into anot"er S$eC
GO!+93M
8"i'e t"e ta&k for(e .a& on ro$te to So$t" 3t'anti(,
t"ere .a& franti( di%'o-ati( a(ti,it# 4 atte-%t& to get
3rgentina to a((e%t UN Re&o'$tion 502 and to %$'' troo%& 0a(k 4 S9O8ED BRI!3IN BEING RE3SON3B/E 3ND DI</OM3!I+
3'&o need to get US &$%%ort a&&$ran(e 4 gi,en green 'ig"t ."i(" &trengt"ened re'ation& 0et.een US and UA, Reagan and
!"at("er
2
nd
Ma# 'a&t ("an(e of %ea(e di&a%%eared ."en a Briti&" &$0 &ank t"e 3rgentinian &"i% Genera' Be'grano 4 +ON!ROVERSI3/MM
Vi(tor# .a& D$i(k 0$t ('o&e r$n
- 3rgentina .a& on'# 500 -i'e& fro- 0att'e Cone, not E000
- E@o(et -i&&i'e de&tro#ed Briti&" .ar&"i% 9MS S"effie'd 4"ad 3rgentina o.ned a fe. -ore E@o(et& t"e re&t of t"e ta&k for(e
(o$'d "a,e gone t"e &a-e .a#
- 3-eri(an di%'o-ati( inter,ention .a& (r$(ia' in %re,enting t"e- fro- o0taining -ore -i&&i'e&
Briti&" troo%& "it &"ore and t"e 3rgentine for(e& &$rrendered 15
t"
K$ne
8"at .a& t"e i-%a(tJ
EURO<E 195-1990
O,er,ie.= 3n a.k.ard %artnerJ
+onfir-ation of a((e&&ion (a-e a& %art of 195 referend$- on E$ro%e6
Referend$- de&igned to re&o',e i&&$e& o,er E$ro%e6 It "ad rea''# 0een arranged in order to re&o',e /a0o$r7& interna' di,i&ion&
o,er t"e E$ro%ean D$e&tion rat"er t"an Britain7& re'ation& .it" E$ro%e6
<oor e(ono-i( %erfor-an(e of 1907& "ad 0een (a$&ed in %art 0# ad>$&t-ent& t"at "ad to 0e -ade on entering t"e EE+
!"at("er=
199 4 !"at("er7& %er&ona'it# and %o'iti(a' &t#'e 0egan to r$ff'e t"e feat"er& of (on&en&$a' %o'iti(& fa,o$red 0# E$ro%ean
'eader&6
9er (on(ern& in('$ded=
56
POSITIFE
16 In do-e&ti( %o'iti(&, !"at("er7& %re,io$&'# $n%o%$'ar
go,ern-ent &oared in t"e o%inion %o''& 4 it .a& t"e &%ring0oard
to "er 19E* e'e(tion ,i(tor#
26 Gra&& root +on&er,ati,e a(ti,i&t& .ere ga',ani&ed
*6 !"at("er gained &e'f (onfiden(e and 0egan to do-inate t"e
%art# in a .a# &"e "ad ne,er done 0efore
56 Ro''ing te'e,i&ion (o,erage &"o.ed "$ge and ent"$&ia&ti( (ro.d&
gi,ing t"e f'eet& e-otiona' &end off&
56 <atrioti( nationa' -ood took -$&t %eo%'e, in('$ding t"e %re&&,
(o-%'ete'# 0# &$r%ri&e 4 :!"e E-%ire &trike& 0a(k76 !"i& .a& in
(ontra&t to fee'ing& in t"e 1907& t"at Britain internationa'
%o&ition .a& in -i&era0'e de('ine6
;6 !"e S%e(ia' Re'ation&"i% .a& &trengt"ened 4 Britain (o$'d not
fig"t a .ar E000 -i'e& a.a# .it"o$t t"e $&e of US 0a&e&6 !"e
3-eri(an& ga,e t"e green 'ig"t and t"e %er&ona' tie& 0et.een
!"at("er and Reagan 0e(a-e e,en &tronger6
NEGATIFE
S$gge&ted t"e ?a'k'and& di-ini&"ed re'ation&"i%& .it"
E$ro%e
!"at("er attra(ted (riti(i&- for tr#ing to -ake o$t
t"at t"e ?a'k'and& .a& a 882 &t#'e ,i(tor#
+riti(& arg$ed t"at Britain .o$'d "a,e to &ign a dea'
.it" 3rgentina &ooner or 'ater &o ."# fig"t a .ar
no.J
O0>e(tion to t"e g'oating in t"e ta0'oid&
16 <rote(tioni&- 4 %rin(i%'e on ."i(" E$ro%e o%erated, .a& o$t-oded in an age of e(ono-i( g'o0a'i&ation
26 E$ro%e .a& o0&e&&ed .it" a dated (on(e%t of (entra'i&ation ."en t"i& %o'i(# .a& ('ear'# (o''a%&ing e'&e."ere 1e6g6 USSR26 !"i&
idea ran (o$nter to "er atte-%ted re,o'$tion in Britain
*6 Di&%arit# 0et.een t"e 0$dget %a#-ent& -ade 0# t"e &e%arate -e-0er &tate& re.arded t"e ineffi(ient nation& and %ena'i&ed t"e
effi(ient and %rod$(ti,e one&
- 'ate 19E07& 1e&%6 &%ee(" in Br$ge& in 19EE2 !"at("er .a& in(rea&ing'# re'$(tant to &ee f$rt"er -o,e& to.ard& %o'iti(a' integration
- fear& of federa' E$ro%e and %oo'ing Briti&" &o,ereignt#6 S"e a'&o di&'iked t"e ineffi(ien(# of Br$&&e'& 0$rea$(ra(#
1990 4 (ir($-&tan(e& of !"at("er7& fa'' and &tate of re'ation& .it" EE+ -eant t"at re'ation&"i% .it" E$ro%e .a& $n&ett'ed
3 %o&iti,e &tartJ
!"at("er7& %riorit#=
Se($re a 0etter dea' for Britain o,er finan(ia' (ontri0$tion& to t"e EE+6 Britain .a& %a#ing in -$(" -ore to t"e EE+ t"an .a& 0eing
ret$rned in 0enefit& e6g6 +o--on 3gri($'t$ra' <o'i(# 1&$0&idie& for far-er&, ."i'&t Britain .a& an e(ono-# 'e&& de%endent on
agri($'t$re2
+a-%aign for re0ate .a& s344ess83l 0# 19E5
O$t(o-e=
<'a#ed .e'' .it" &$%%orter& at "o-e
Irritated E$ro%ean %artner&
E$ro%ean re'ation& genera''# re-ained good .it" !"at("er ent"$&ia&ti( a0o$t t"e Sing'e E$ro%ean Market ."en it .a&
negotiated 19E5-E;
E&ta0'i&"ed a good .orking re'ation&"i% .it" t"e ?ren(" %re&ident 4 ?ran(oi& Mitterand6
+oo%erated .it" ?ran(e o,er (o-%'e@itie& of t"e +"anne' !$nne' %ro>e(t 1agreed 19E;, o%ened 199526 S"aring in t"e (reation of
a &#-0o'i( 'ink 0et.een ?ran(e and Britain i& e,iden(e t"at !"at("er .a& not a'' o$t anti-E$ro%ean
Mo&t of "er (a0inet .ere &trong'# %ro-E$ro%e
!"at("er ent"$&ia&ti(a''# in fa,o$r of e@%anding t"e EE+ to in('$de t"e ne. &tate& in Ea&tern E$ro%e 1t"o$g" "er -ain -oti,e
"ere .a& t"e idea t"at t"i& .o$'d .eaken t"e %o.er of t"e E$ro%ean +o--i&&ion in Br$&&e'&2
!"at("er= 3nti-E$ro%eJ
P/-blem 1& 3nti-?edera'i&-
/a&t #ear& of %o.er, !"at("er did &ee- to a&&o(iate "er&e'f .it" negati,e %er(e%tion& of E$ro%e and atta(ked t"e notion& of
Ka(D$e& De'or&
8a& i& !"at("er or E$ro%e t"at ("angedJ
T!RNING POINT= Br$ge& &%ee(" 19EE : ero&ion of de-o(ra(# 0# (entra'i&ation and 0$rea$(ra(#7
S%ee(" .a& intended to 0e %o&iti,e and &et o$t "er ,i&ion for E$ro%e
9o.e,er it (ontained a n$-0er of %ro,o(ati,e &tate-ent& t"at inf$riated -an# E$ro%ean 'eader& and rai&ed do$0t& a0o$t
Britain7& (o--it-ent to f$rt"er E$ro%ean integration ) S%ee(" e-%"a&i&ed t"at t"e EE+ .a& a trade a&&o(iation .it" &o,ereign
&tate&
- Re&o'$te'# o%%o&ed to ?EDER3/ISM and t"e idea of :e,er ('o&er %o'iti(a' $nion7 1e&%e(ia''# .it" #o$ng E$ro%ean in&tit$tion& not
%re-dating 19552 ) O%%o&ed to %oo'ing &o,ereignt# and (reating a federa' &$%er-&tate
- Ea(" (o$ntr# -$&t retain it& o.n ($&to-&, tradition& and identit# and not tr# to fit t"e- into an identikit E$ro%ean %er&ona'it#6
!"ere -$&t not 0e a E$ro%e .it" a (entra' %o.er o,er&eeing ot"er (o$ntrie&, USSR (o''a%&e "ad &"o.n t"e %ro0'e-& of
(entra'i&ed %o.er &o ."# tr# to introd$(e it into E$ro%eJ
- 3tte-%t at %o%$'i&- 4 ra''# (r# to ordinar# Brit&, Ger-an& and ?ren(" %eo%'e
Q Ka(D$e& De'ore& 1E$ro%ean +o--i&&ion %re&ident2 t"o$g"t t"e EE+ &"o$'d ado%t federa'i&-, 'eading to ('a&"e& .it" !"at("er
!"i& .a& egged on 0# Briti&" ta0'oid& 4 LU< HOURS DE/ORSMN 119902
P/-blem ?& !"e Ger-an I&&$e
?ra(tio$& re'ation&"i% .it" Ger-an ("an(e''or Ao"'6
In t"eor# t"e# &"o$'d "a,e got on .e'' a& t"e# agreed on -an# %o'i(# area&6 9o.e,er, %er&ona'it# -atter& -ore t"an %o'i(#=
Differen(e in &t#'e
!"at("er7& anti-Ger-an ,ie. of E$ro%ean "i&tor# and "er tenden(# to %oint o$t t"e %a&t 1:8"at i& .rong .it" t"e Ger-an&72
Ger-an re$nifi(ation .a& (o-ing ('o&e fro- 19EE and !"at("er feared a $nited Ger-an# do-inating E$ro%e6 S"e .anted
57
Gor0a("e,7& ,i&ion of a ne$tra' federa' Ger-an# to &$((eed (o-%ared to t"e idea of t"e o'd Ger-an De-o(rati( Re%$0'i( 1Ea&t
Ger-an#2 0eing &.a''o.ed 0# $% 8e&t Ger-an#
!"e 'atter idea o(($rred, and !"at("er .a& denied an in,ite to t"e 10
t"
anni,er&ar# of t"e fa'' of t"e Ber'in 8a'' in 1999
<3R3DOZ
De&%ite a'' t"i&, it .a& !"at("er ."o %re&ided o,er t"e %ro(e&& 0# ."i(" Britain .a& dra.n e,en ('o&er to E$ro%e
Sing'e E$ro%ean 3(t 1a((e%ted 19E;2
10igge&t &te% to.ard& a (entra'i&ed E$ro%e t"at "ad #et 0een taken26
!"i& in('$ded=
Signator# (o$ntrie& (o--itted t"e-&e',e& to ('o&er -onetar# and %o'iti(a' $nion
!"e %rin(i%'e of &$%ra-nationa'it# 1&$0ordination of indi,id$a' -e-0er &tate& to t"e EU2 .a& e&ta0'i&"ed
!"e rig"t of indi,id$a' -e-0er &tate& to ,eto -a>orit# de(i&ion& .a& a0o'i&"ed
E@("ange Rate Me("ani&- 119902
<re($r&or to -onetar# $nion .it" t"e EU
!"o$g"t it .o$'d 0e a -ean& 0# ."i(" to fig"t inf'ation 1in t"e e,ent it did t"e o%%o&ite 0# 19922
Did not .ant a &ing'e E$ro%ean ($rren(# "o.e,er, LNo, no, noMN 1O(t, 19902
I-%ortan(e of E$ro%e to !"at("er
!"at("er ('ai-ed &"e .a& -i&'ead into t"e ERM 0# for-er +"an(e''or /a.&on and ?oreign Se(retar# 9o.e6
B# 'ater taking -ore noti(e of 3'an 8a'ter& t"an eit"er 9o.e or /a.&on, /a.&on ended $% re&igning6 9o.e ('ai-ed !"at("er7&
aggre&&i,e anti-E$ro%eani&- .a& di&torting "i& atte-%t& a& ?oreign Se( to &-oot" Britain7& entr# into t"e ERM6
In t"e .ake of t"i&, 9o.e re&igned a& .e''6 9i& re&ignation &%ee(" in 1990 re,ea'ed &erio$& di,i&ion& .it"in t"e +on&er,ati,e
%art# o,er E$ro%e6
S%ee(" a-o$nted to a de,a&tating (riti(i&- of !"at("er for "er o0&tr$(ti,e attit$de to.ard& E$ro%ean de,e'o%-ent, and "er
$nder-ining of "i& %o&ition6
It .a& t"i& &%ee(" ."i(" .a& t"e %re'$de to "er 'eader&"i% &tr$gg'e t"at 'ed to "er re&ignation in No, 1990
BRI!3IN 3ND !9E END O? !9E +O/D 83R
8"# get in,o',edJ
!"at("er7& foreign %o'i(# .a& fo$nded on re,i,ing
t"e &%e(ia' re'ation&"i% .it" t"e US
3tte-%t& to re%air re'ation& =
- In t"e 1907& re'ation& .ere &trained 0e(a$&e
t"e 3-eri(an& fe't t"at Britain "ad fai'ed to %ro,ide
eno$g" a(ti,e &$%%ort in eit"er Vietna- or in t"e Midd'e
Ea&t +ri&i& 19* 1Ho- Ai%%$r 8ar2
- !"e -ood ("anged ."en Reagan .a& ina$g$rated
a& %re&ident in 19E1
Strong re'ation& .it" Reagan
- <er&ona' and ideo'ogi(a' 0ond6
8a'ker arg$e& t"e# &"ared @ b-n1s=
16 Be'ief in ?ree Market& a& t"e %at" to %ro&%erit# and a& t"e 0$ttre&& again&t &o(ia'i&-
26 !"at("er7& &trategi( 'o#a't# rooted in t"e 3t'anti( 3''ian(e and t"e 19507& %er(e%tion of t"e .or'd
*6 !"at("er &"ared a ke# a&%e(t of Reagan7& te-%era-ent 4 0e'ief in t"e i-%ortan(e of -ora' in %$0'i( 'ife and in t"e 0ra(ing
58
1907&
?o''o.ing t"e Vietna-
8ar, t"e 8e&t &ee-ed
to 0e 'o&ing t"e +o'd
8ar
8"en So,iet for(e&
in,aded 3fg"ani&tan in
199, t"e 8e&t &a.
t"i& a& a dangero$&
t"reat to 8e&tern
intere&t& 1in rea'it# t"i&
'ed to So,iet %o.er&
-i'itari'# and finan(ia''#
o,er &tret("ing
t"e-&e',e& 0$t t"i& .a&
not kno.n 0# eit"er
&ide at t"i& ti-e26
199-19E1 t"ree ne.
:+o'd 8ar .arrior&7
e-erged=
- !"at("er
- <o%e Ko"n <a$' II
1&ta$n(" anti-
(o--$ni&t2
- Reagan 1US
%re&ident26
Ea(" .ere deter-ined
to ("a''enge So,iet
%o.er, 0ot" -i'itari'#
and ideo'ogi(a''#6
!"e ne. +o'd 8ar
"ad 0eg$n6666
B# 1990 t"e Ber'in
8a'' "ad fa''en,
Ger-an
re$nifi(ation .a& a
fa(t and t"e
&$%%o&ed So,iet
&$%er%o.er .a&
di&integrating6
!"e 8e&t "ad .on
19E07&
1990
Ne. +o'd 8ar O,er,ie.
effe(t of freedo- on t"e -ora' fi0re of t"e nation
Ae# e,ent&
!o$g" r"etori( and -an# (onfrontation&
19E* 4 -a>or .ar &(are o,er N3!O -i'itar# e@er(i&e& in t"e Nort" 3t'anti(
So,iet >et& &"ot do.n A3/ 00 Aorean %a&&enger air'iner ."i(" "ad &tra#ed into So,iet territor# ki''ing a'' t"o&e on 0oard
+r$i&e -i&&i'e& .ere &tationed in E$ro%e e6g6 Green"a- +o--on 119E*2
Reagan ad-in &te%%ed $% %'an& for a :Star 8ar&7 anti--i&&i'e &"ie'd
Q (a$&ed &erio$& ten&ion&
Britain7& ro'e
!"at("er took a t.o %i''ar a%%roa("=
16 +o-0ati,e &t#'e and deter-ination to (onfront USSR ear'# 19E07& 1!"at("er7& &trong &$%%ort for deterren(e and .inning t"e
ar-& ra(e an i-%ortant fa(tor2
26 8i''ingne&& to negotiate .it" t"e ne. refor-i&t So,iet 'eader, Gor0a("e,
!"ere are ,ar#ing inter%retation& a& to "er ro'e and t"e (redit &"e de&er,e& for t"e ending of t"e +o'd 8ar66666
B/itain an1 That4he/+s /-le 0as eJt/emel5 si,ni8i4ant
O$t(o-e of +o'd 8ar .a& $'ti-ate'# de(ided 0# 8e&tern fir-ne&& 1(r$i&e -i&&i'e& and anti--i&&i'e &"ie'd2
Se(ond to t"i&, t"e "ig" 'e,e'& of defen(e &%ending t"at t"e USSR &i-%'# (o$'d not -at(" -eant t"at !"at("er -$&t 0e
(redited .it" an i-%ortant (ontri0$tion
B/itain an1 That4he/ 0e/e insi,ni8i4ant 4-m:a/e1 t- the /-le that MiEhail G-/ba4he. :la5e1
E&ta0'i&"ed "i& a$t"orit# 19E5-E ) Rea'i&t ."o kne. t"ing& (o$'d not go on a& t"e# .ere
Made a re-arka0'e i-%re&&ion on !"at("er and Reagan 1"ard 'ine +on&er,ati,e&2
!"at("er doe& de&er,e (redit for t"i& too = Bot" !"at("er and Reagan .ere .i''ing to -o,e fa&t and ga-0'e on Gor0a("e,7&
a0i'it# to (arr# t"ro$g" negotiation& and 0ring t"e +8 to an end6
O$t(o-e=
Ger-an#= 19E9 4 :Hear of Mira('e&7 4 &$dden r$&" to $nit# in Ger-an#, 0# takeo,er of t"e Ea&t 0# t"e 8e&t6 !"ere .a& no 0ig
%ea(e &ett'e-ent to negotiate a &"ared f$t$re for t"e t.o Ger-anie&6
9e'-$t Ao"' 0e(a-e t"e "ero of t"e "o$r 4 "ead of a ne. $nified Ger-an#
Reagan 4 'eft &(ene in 19EE
Gor0a("e, 4 o,ertaken 0# e,ent& a& t"e So,iet Union and +o--$ni&t &#&te- fe'' a%art in 1991
!"at("er 4 fe'' fro- %o.er in 19906 Ne.'# inde%endent &tate& of Ea&tern and +entra' E$ro%e ga,e "er not"ing 0$t ad-iration6
THATCHER LEGACY
!"at("eri&-=
:3 -i@t$re of free -arket&, -onetar# (ontro', %ri,ati&ation and ($t& in 0ot" &%ending and ta@e&, (o-0ined .it" a 'i0era' do&e of &e'f
"e'% and nationa'i&-6
) In,o',ed &trong 'eader&"i%, a re>e(tion of (on&en&$& and $nder%inned 0# a ('ear anti-&o(ia'i&t ideo'og#
!o ($rtai' Ae#ne&ian e(ono-i(&, %o&t .ar (on&en&$& and to %ro-ote t"e idea& of -onetari&- ) 'ater S$%%'# Side e(ono-i(&
!o ($rtai' t"e :nann# &tate7 and %ro-ote &e'f "e'%
!o ($rtai' t"e %o.er of t"e trade $nion& 4 :no -ore 199&7
!o ($rtai' &tate inter,ention and %ro-ote ind$&tria' (o-%etition and introd$(e %ri,ati&ation on a 'arge &(a'e
!o kee% E$ro%e a& an :e(ono-i(7 $nion and not a :%o'iti(a'7 one
!o de,e'o% a &"are o.ning de-o(ra(# and "o-e o.ner&"i%
/a&ting I-%a(t
!"e go,ern-ent& ."i(" "a,e &$((eeded !"at("er "a,e 0een %rofo$nd'# affe(ted 0# ."at &"e "ad done6
/i&t of %o'i(ie& eit"er (ontin$ation or rea(tion again&t !"at("eri&-=
!"e a0andon-ent of (on&en&$& %o'iti(&
Re%'a(ing Ae#ne&iani&- .it" t"e free -arket
Red$(ing t"e %o.er of t"e &tate and gi,ing
59
S$--ar# diagra-
Effe(t& of !"at("eri&-
<O/I!I+3/
9ad ("anged t"e
%o'iti(a' agenda 0#
("a''enging of t"e %o&t-
1955 (on&en&$&
INDUS!RI3/
9ad 'ega''# re&tri(ted
!U %o.er&
E+ONOMI+
9ad ("a''enged t"e
Ae#ne&iani&- %attern of
go,ern-ent 4 dire(ted
e(ono-i( %'anning
SO+I3/
+a''ed for %$0'i(
a((o$nta0i'it#
+a''ed for indi,id$a'
re&%on&i0i'it#= :no &$("
t"ing a& &o(iet#
?OREIGN
!"e iron 'ad# (o--itted to anti-+o--$ni&-
9eroine to Ea&tern 0'o( nationa'i&t&
S%e(ia' re'ation&"i% rene.ed .it" US3
+ontri0$ted to ,i(tor# of 8e&t in +o'd 8ar
<arado@e& of !"at("eri&-
3IM=
!o red$(e ta@e&
OU!+OME
UA7& ta@ 0i'' .ent
$%
3IM=
!o ($t go,ern-ent
&%ending
OU!+OME
E@%endit$re
in(rea&ed to re(ord
'e,e'&
3IM=
!o red$(e %o.er&
of (entra'
go,ern-ent
OU!+OME
More 0$rea$(ra(#
3IM=
!o re&i&t
E$ro%ean
federa'i&-
OU!+OME
Britain taken
dee%er into
E$ro%e
greater o%%ort$nit# for %eo%'e to 'i,e t"eir
'i,e& .it"o$t go,ern-ent interferen(e
/i-iting t"e %o.er& of t"e !U&
Making 'o(a' go,ern-ent an&.er -ore dire(t'#
to %eo%'e7& need&
Re&toring t"e notion of &o(ia' a((o$nta0i'it#,
t"e idea t"at effort &"o$'d 0e re.arded and
'a(k of effort %ena'i&ed
!"e Diffi($'tie&
<o'i(ie& often &ee-ed -ore di,i&i,e
t"an a(t$a''# .ere6 !"ere .ere
(ontin$itie& in t"e !"at("er #ear&=
.e'fare &%ending ke%t going $% and
t"e go,ern-ent "e'd 0a(k fro-
%ri,ati&ing %$0'i( &er,i(e&6 9o.e,er,
!"at("er7& %o'iti(a' &t#'e -eant t"at
&"e "ad a %o'ari&ing effe(t on %o'iti(&, rat"er t"an "er %o'i(ie&6
Me-or# of !"at("er "a$nted t"e %art# for anot"er 15 #ear& after "er fa'' 4 &"e did not di&a%%ear D$iet'# and t"ere
.ere %'ent# of ti-e& ."en &"e .o$'d te'' Ma>or "o. to &teer t"e go,ern-ent
Re-e-0erM !"at("er ne,er got -ore t"an 55I of t"e %o%$'ar ,ote 11992V &"e did not nota0'# in(rea&e t"e +on&er,ati,e ,oteV
and in fa(t on'# gained 52I in 19E* and 19E de&%ite a ,er# .eak o%%o&ition
!"ere are @ -:ini-ns regarding t"e 'ega(# of !"at("er=
16 3 %eriod of :re,o'$tion7 4 0enefi(ia' and 0a&i(a''# needed to 0ring Britain o$t of an e(ono-i( :-a'ai&e7
26 !i-e of &o(ia' and %o'iti(a' $%"ea,a' ."i(" da-aged Briti&" -an$fa(t$ring and ga,e ri&e to De'0o#B/oad&of-one# dereg$'ator#
($'t$re ."i(" i& i-%a(ting &o 0ad'# on 2009B2010 BritainJ
*6 No :re,o'$tion7 at a'' 4 >$&t a %eriod of fai'$re to tran&for- Britain
+on('$&ion& and %arado@e&UU
On entering %o.er, !"at("er intended to 0ring "ar-on#6 !"ere .a& %'ent# of ("ange 0$t it in,o',ed (onfrontation not "ar-on# 4
t"ere .ere riot& at t"e &tart, -idd'e and end6
3 &$r,e# 0# t"e /SE &"o.ed t"at e@%endit$re on t"e 8e'fare State .a& 1B* "ig"er in rea' ter-& 19E-E t"an it "ad 0een in
19*-5 4 ironi( for &o-eone ."o .anted to ($t 0a(k go,ern-ent e@%endit$re
S"e 'eft Britain -ore of a .e'fare &tate t"an an enter%ri&e ($'t$re
E,en t"o$g" &"e .a& a +on&er,ati,e &"e atta(ked -o&t of t"e traditiona' ,a'$e& and in&tit$tion&
S"e .a& de&tro#ed %art'# 0# "er o.n %art# 4 an ironi( Lene-# .it"inN
9er Br$ge& &%ee(" (o$'d not "ide t"e fa(t t"at Britain "ad 0e(o-e -ore atta("ed to E$ro%e t"an at an# ot"er ti-e
9er $n#ie'ding &t#'e .a& to kee% t"e +on&er,ati,e& o$t of %o.er for anot"er 12 11*J2 #ear&
In&tead of a &'i--er &tate &"e interfered and 'o(a' go,ern-ent finan(e& .ere ,irt$a''# (entra'i&ed
!"ere .a& 'itt'e or no ind$&tria' re(o,er#, nort"-&o$t" di,ide re-ained
In&tead of %ro%er in,e&t-ent for e(ono-i( -oderni&ation, -$(" of t"e %rofit& fro- t"e Nort" Sea Oi' .ent on f$e''ing t"e
(on&$-er 0oo-
De&%ite #ear& of a radi(a' do(trine, t"e re&$'t .a& Ko"n Ma>or 4 a (entri&t and (on(i'iator 4 and t"e arri,a' of Ne. /a0o$r
60
3SSESSING !9E /EG3+H
8a& !"at("er a great <MJ
Yes& tran&for-ationa' 'eader ."o :("anged e,er#t"ing, a great <M ."o &a,ed t"e nation fro- di&a&ter at "o-e and re&tored Britain7&
%ride a0road
<O/I!I+3/
Ne,er -ore t"an 55I %o%$'ar ,ote, did not nota0'# in(rea&e tota' !or# ,ote, 52I 19E*O19E de&%ite .eak o%%o&ition
Mini-i&ed t"e %o'iti(a' t"reat of trade $nion& d$ring t"e Miner7& Strike ."i(" "ad 0een "o'ding go,ern-ent& to ran&o- &in(e 8i'&on6 30i'it# for !U7& to
inti-idate go,ern-ent "ad gone fore,er
O%ened t"e door for fe-a'e& in %o'iti(&
End (on&en&$& ."i(" "ad a''o.ed Britain to &'i% into "ar-f$' &o(ia' and e(ono-i( "a0it&6 It .a& fa'&e e(ono-i( and 0ad &o(ia' %ra(ti(e !"at("er arri,ed
and o$t.ard'# re>e(ted t"i&, in('$ding (riti(i&ing 9eat"6 !"i& "era'ded a ("ange t"at t"e e'e(torate needed6
+'i%%ed t"e .ing& of 'efti&t 'o(a' (o$n(i'& 4 19E; /o(a' Go,ern-ent 3(t a0o'i&"ed 0ig -etro%o'itan 'o(a' a$t"oritie& in(rea&ing (entra' %o.er
+on&er,ati,e& en>o#ed %o.er for 1E #ear&
S$((e&&i,e go,ern-ent& (ontin$ed "er %o'i(ie& - Ma>or and B'air
+entra'i&ation= ta'ked a0o$t too -$(" go,ern-ent at 19E; (onferen(e 0$t !"at("er (o$'d not re&i&t interefering in a'' a&%e(t& of go,ern-ent
HISTORICAL OPINION TO S!PPORT THIS FIE
Sergeant= /ad# !"at("er "ad a &trong %o.er of ,eto o,er ."et"er an# +on&er,ati,e %art# %o'i(# fitted in .it" t"e -o&t %o.erf$' -#t" in Briti&"
%o'iti(&6 S"e "ad 0e(o-e a %er&ona'it# ($'t6
B'air= !"at("er "ad a ,er# defined %o'iti(a' %"i'o&o%"# 4 ro''ing 0a(k t"e &tate, ($r0ing !U %o.er and %$tting t"e e-%"a&i& on t"e indi,id$a'6 It .a& an
ine,ita0'e rea(tion again&t t"e .e'fare &tate and a %$0'i( &e(tor ."i(" "ad 0e(o-e ,er# 'arge 4 a ,e&ted intere&t t"at .a& o$t of to$("
Deni& !"at("er= !"e ."o'e &it$ation in t"e +on&er,ati,e <art# toda# &%ring& fro- t"at nig"t ."en t"e# di&-i&&ed t"e 0e&t <M Britain "ad "ad &in(e
+"$r("i''
9o.e= !"at("er .a& 0e#ond arg$-ent a great <M
!"at("er= 8e'', t"ere7& not -$(" %oint 0eing a .eak and f'o%%# t"ing in t"e ("air i& t"ereJ7
61
E+ONOMI+S
* %o'i(ie&= re,er&e e(ono-i( de('ine, (o&t a'' %o'i(ie& and if t"e# (o$'d
not 0e a((o--odated .it"in %$0'i( e@%endit$re %'an& t"e# .o$'d not 0e
a%%ro,ed, and to introd$(e a ne. ("ange in dire(tion no -atter t"e (o&t&
a'ong t"e .a# 4 offered a ne. a%%roa("= &ti-$'ation of free enter%ri&e
t"ro$g" ta@ ($t& and reg$'ation
Re&toration of free -arket %rin(i%'e& to re%'a(e Ae#ne&iani&- 4
dereg$'ation of finan(ia' -arket&
!a(k'e inf'ation t"ro$g" -onetari&- 'eading to go,ern-ent &%ending
($t&6 Un%o%$'ar and 'ed to $ne-%'o#-ent of near'# * -i''ion, 0$t
&$((e&&f$' in it7& %ri-ar# o0>e(ti,e to ($t inf'ation= 19I in 199 to 5I in
19E*6 30andoned -onetar# target& after 19E5
Une-%'o#-ent ro&e fro- 1609 -i''ion 199 )*61* -i''ion 19E;, &ank to
16;;-i''ion 1990 0$t ne. re(e&&ion 'ed to 269-i''ion 0# 199*
!a@ ($t& (entra' )in(o-e ta@ ($t, !"at("er 0oo- .it" freer 0anking Q
%er&ona' de0t do$0'ed 19E0-EE, V3! do$0'ed 199 fro- EI)15I and
165I %o&t %o'' ta@ fia&(o6 Earner& a0o,e F*0,000 0enefitted6
!rade $nion refor- 4 Miner7& &trike& &a. "er &-a&" $nion& and S(argi''
/o(a' go,ern-ent refor- and :taking on7 of 'eft .ing 'o(a' (o$n(i'& 4 /o(a'
Go,ern-ent 3(t 19E;
<ri,ati&ation of ind$&tr# 4 Lro''ing 0a(k t"e frontier& of t"e &tate7 B<
199, Briti&" !e'e(o- 19E5, 0ro$g"t in "$ge a-o$nt& of -one# for t"e
go,ern-ent
Sa'e of (o$n(i' "o$&e& 4 9o$&ing 3(t 19E0 :rig"t to 0$#7 4 %ro%ert#
o.ning de-o(ra(#
Dereg$'ation of finan(ia' -arket& and -oderni&ation of +it# of /ondon
1Big Bang 19E;2 ."i(" internationa'i&ed t"e &to(k -arket
In(o-e ta@ ($t e6g6 19E 0$dget 29I--)2I
19EE /a.&on Boo- 4 ra%id e@%an&ion of e(ono-#
HISTORICAL OPINION TO S!PPORT THIS FIE
?OREIGN <O/I+H
?a'k'and& 4 $nited (o$ntr#, ga',ani&ed !or# <art#, 0ro$g"t re'ation&
('o&er .it" US, "e'%ed to 0oo&t Briti&" (onfiden(e in t"e fa(e of
de('ine fro- E-%ire, o%ti-i&- a-ong&t (o$ntr# and re&toration of
nationa' %ride
+ontin$ed to di&-ant'e Britain7& e-%ire
3("ie,ed +3< re0ate O +"anne' !$nne' %ro>e(t .it" Mitterand
Re&o'$tion of Ian S-it" R"ode&ian %ro0'e- 4 e'e(tion& "e'd 19E0
Ire'and and Brooke 1990 4 go,ern-ent -$&t a(t i-agina,ite'# if t"e
SO+I3/ <O/I+H
+$t ta@ation .it" in(o-e and "o$&ing
Rig"t to B$# 4 %ro%ert# o.ning de-o(ra(#, &take "o'der -enta'it#,
10007& took ad,antage of t"e &("e-e to 0$# t"eir !"at("er "ad a
,er# defined %o'iti(a' %"i'o&o%"# 4 ro''ing 0a(k t"e &tate, ($r0ing !U
%o.er and %$tting t"e e-%"a&i& on t"e indi,id$a'6 It "o-e&
/a$n(" of %er&ona' %en&ion&
!ried to ro'' 0a(k t"e frontier& of t"e &tate to %re,ent a .e'fare
de%enden(# ($'t$re, Lto$g"enN Britain $%
Britain t$rned into e,en -ore -idd'e ('a&& &o(iet#
HISTORICAL OPINION TO S!PPORT THIS FIE
B'air= !"at("er "ad a ,er# defined %o'iti(a' %"i'o&o%"# 4 ro''ing 0a(k
t"e &tate, ($r0ing !U %o.er and %$tting t"e e-%"a&i& on t"e
indi,id$a'6 It .a& an ine,ita0'e rea(tion again&t t"e .e'fare &tate and
a %$0'i( &e(tor ."i(" "ad 0e(o-e ,er# 'arge 4 a ,e&ted intere&t t"at
.a& o$t of to$("
<orti''o= Be(a$&e &"e 'iked to (reate ene-ie&, a 'ot of %eo%'e -ade "er
t"e &o$r(e of i''& in t"eir 'i,e&6 So t"e# t"ink &"e de&tro#ed
-an$fa(t$ring ind$&tr#V &"e .a& (r$e' to t"e -iner&7 fa-i'ie&V &"e
0e'i,ed in no &o(ia' 0enefit& and de&tro#ed t"e "ea't" &er,i(e6 It7& a''
non&en&e 0$t t"at7& t"e -#t" t"at "a& 0een 0$i't $% aro$nd "er6 !"e
62
3SSESSING !9E /EG3+H
8a& !"at("er a great <MJ
NO& .or&t <M of o$r ti-e, re&%on&i0'e for inten&if#ing &o(ia' di,i&ion&, and re&%on&i0'e for "er o.n do.nfa''6
E+ONOMI+S
Monetari&- initia' i-%a(t 4 0# 19E1 t"ere .a& &tee%'# ri&ing $ne-%'o#-ent, &o(ia' $%"ea,a' and -a&&i,e $n%o%$'arit# for !"at("er6 ?or(ed to &'a(ken
onetari&t %o'i(ie& 0# 19E2-*6
19E2 4 $ne-%'o#-ent * -i''ion
!a@ation ($t& in(o-e ta@ or %ro%ert# &a. ta@ rai&ed on &er,i(e& and good& 1V3!2 4 'ed to in(rea&e& in $ne-%'o#-ent and a (ontra(tion of ind$&tria'
%rod$(tion
19E0 &erio$& re(e&&ion and &tagf'ation -ade .or&e 0# def'ationar# %o'i(ie&
:$ne-%'o#-ent a %ri(e .ort" %a#ing7 in order to ($r0 inf'ation and to for(e Briti&" ind$&tr# to 0e(o-e -ore (o-%etiti,e 4 &tee' %rod$(tion ($t 0#
*0I, %'ant& ('o&ed %er-anent'#6 Unne(e&&ar# da-age to ind$&tria' 0a&eJ
?OREIGN <O/I+H
3'ienated Britain7& %artner& in E$ro%e .it" "er :"and0agging7 and Br$ge& S%ee(" 19EE ."(i" .arned again&t federa'i&-
<oor re'ation& .it" Ao"'
Meant to re&i&t E$ro%ean ?edera'i&- 0$t a(t$a''# 'ed $& f$rt"er into it
Not in,ited to t"e 10
t"
anni,er&ar# of fa'' of Ber'in 8a''6 Gor0a("e, t"e rea&on for end of +o'd 8ar rat"er t"an !"at("erJ
R"ode&ian &o'$tion &a. t"e ri&e of M$ga0e to %o.er
Did not %$t eno$g" %re&&$re on So$t" 3fri(a and t"e a%art"eid i&&$e
HISTORICAL OPINIONS ON THIS FIE
S"e &$(($-0ed, in "er dea'ing .it" "er (o''eag$e&, on E$ro%ean D$e&tion& e&%e(ia''#, to t"e 'ang$age of t"e 0att'efie'd rat"er t"an t"e 'ang$age of
%artner&"i%
9enne&&e#= 9ad &"e fa''en .it" t"e ?a'k'and I&'and&, "er 0rief * #ear %re-ier&"i% .o$'d "a,e feat$red in a 0ook a& :a &t$d# in fai'$re7
<O/I!I+3/
19E07& $nre&t &a. %art# di,i&ion& 0et.een .et& and da# o%en 4 !"at("er
&een a& :&teering t"e &"i% of &tate &traig"t onto t"e ro(k&7
2I a%%ro,a' in 19E1
+entra'i&ation of %o.er a.a# fro- 'o(a' (o$n(i'& -eant t"at (entra'
go,ern-ent .a& no. in t"e firing 'ine dea'ing .it" i&&$e& it "ad not
needed to %re,io$&'# .orr# a0o$t, Kenkin& :nationa'i&ation of 0'a-e7
<o'ari&ing effe(t of !"at("er 4 %o'i(ie& a(t$a''# &ee-ed -ore di,i&i,e
t"an t"e# .ere d$e to "er inf'$en(e
+ontined to i-%a(t on Ma>or7& go,ern-ent de&%ite %ro-i&ing to 0e a :good
0a(k &treet dri,er7
3'ienated fe-a'e ,oter& La .o-an 0$t not a &i&terN 4 !orie& no 'onger
gained t"e -a>orit# of t"e fe-a'e ,ote
Ena0'ed t"e /a0o$r <art# to "a,e 1* #ear& in %o.er fro- 199
Meant to red$(e 0$rea$(ra(# 0$t a(t$a''# in(rea&ed it
HISTORICAL OPINIONS ON THIS FIE
8atkin&= 'arge ('ai-& .ere -ade of !"at("er a& a great <M, t"e# ar
'etting 0efore o$r e#e&6 M# %redi(tion i& t"at "i&tor# .i'' >$dge "er a&
>$&t a0o,e a,erage
9$rd= !"e -ain rea&on for !"at("er7& 'o&& of 'eader&"i% .&a& "er fai'$re
o,er t"e #ear& to -ake t"e 0e&t of t"e (a0inet &#&te- ."i(" de%end& on
-$t$a' to'eran(e and $t$a' re&%e(t
Gi'-o$r= "er 0e'ief .a& t"at dia'og$e .a& a .a&te of ti-e
/a.&on= &"e treated Geoffre# 9o.e a& a (ro&& 0et.een a door-at and a
%$n("0ag
Rid'e#= &"e .a& <M, &"e kne. ."at &"e .anted to do, and &"e didn7t
0e'ie,e "er %o'i(ie& &"o$'d 0e &$0>e(t to 0eing ,oted do.n 0# a gro$% &"e
"ad &e'e(ted to ad,i(e and a&&i&t "er
+rit("'e#= &"e (annot &ee an in&tit$tion .it"o$t "itting it .it" "er
"and0ag
8#att= S"e i& not a +on&er,ati,e666&"e i& a radi(a' -aking a re,o'$tion
."i(" "orrifie& -an# +on&er,ati,e&
SO+I3/ <O/I+H
!a@ation ($t& 0enefitted t"e ri(" e@a(er0ating t"e ri(" %oor
di,ide 4 ($t& on in(o-e ta@ or %ro%ert# &a. ta@ rai&ed on &er,i(e&
and good& 1V3!2 4 'ed to in(rea&e& in $ne-%'o#-ent and a
(ontra(tion of ind$&tria' %rod$(tion
+$t& in grant& to 'o(a' (o$n(i'& a& %art of 19E1 0$dget
+ontra(tion of traditiona' ind$&trie& 'ed to $ne-%'o#-ent -o&t
noti(ea0'e in Mid'and&, Nort", (entra' S(ot'and and So$t" 8a'e&6
/ed to &o(ia' $nre&t e&%e(ia''# in (it# (entre& e6g6 Bri&to' 19E0
?ear of 0reakdo.n of &o(ia' (o"e&ion6
<o'iti(i&ation of %o'i(e 4 Miner7& Strike, 3nti-%o'' ta@ riot&
Rig"t to B$# 4 "o$&e& and %ri,ati&ed ind$&trie& -ain'# 0o$g"t $% 0#
0ig (o--er(ia' (on(ern& rat"er t"an t"e :'itt'e %eo%'e7, e-ergen(#
BOB, 'a(k of "o-e& to rent
Rioting 1anti-%o'' ta@2, ri&e in "oo'igani&- 19i''&0ro$g"2
<o'ari&ed &o(iet# and de(a# of inner (itie&
Gro.t" of >$,eni'e (ri-e and de&%airing $nder('a&&
<ri,ate greed at t"e e@%en&e of %$0'i( good
Indi,id$a'i&ti( and &e'fi&" &o(iet# 4 Lno &$(" t"ing a& &o(iet#N 4
atta(k on .e'fare &tate &#&te- and (i,i( re&%on&i0i'it#
E-ergen(e of radi(a' e@tra-%ar'ia-entar# gro$%&
S"ar%ening of nort"-&o$t" di,ide
Enter%ri&e ($'t$re aro$&ed "o&ti'it# in &o(iet# and a-ong&t !U7&
Miner7& &trike i-%a(t
Ind$&tria' area& &a. $ne-%'o#-ent 4 (o--$nitie& 0roke do.n,
in(rea&e in -enta' "ea't", a'(o"o'i&-, dr$g taking, de%re&&ion,
POTENTIAL ESSAY 9!ESTION& :Margaret !"at("er did not :t$rn Britain aro$nd7 de&%ite "er ('ai-& to "a,e done &o7 9o.
(on,in(ing i& t"i& ,ie. of t"e re(ord of t"e +on&er,ati,e go,ern-ent& 199-1990
P-liti4al 4han,es
- 8"at %o'iti(a''# did !"at("er do t"at t$rned Britain aro$ndJ E6g6 Ending of %o&t .ar (on&en&$& %o'iti(&, ro''ing 0a(k t"e
frontier& of t"e &tate
- 8"at %o'iti(a''# did !"at("er do t"at did not t$rn Britain aro$ndJ E6g6 3
E4-n-mi4
- 8"at e(ono-i(a''# did !"at("er do t"at t$rned Britain aro$ndJ Ind$&tria' di&%$te re&o'$tion&= ($r0ing of !U %o.er, e-%'o#-ent
a(t& i-%a(t, <ri,ati&ation, -oderni&ation of +it# of /ondon 1Big Bang2, e(ono-i( %'anning
- 8"at e(ono-i(a''# did !"at("er do t"at didn7t t$rn Britain aro$ndJ E6g6 9ig" $ne-%'o#-ent, initia' i-%a(t of -onetari&-
S-4ial
- 8"at &o(ia''# did !"at("er do t"at t$rned Britain aro$ndJ E6g6 %ro%ert# o.ning de-o(ra(#, (a'' for %$0'i( a((o$nta0i'it#
- 8"at &o(ia''# did !"at("er do t"at didn7t t$rn Britain aro$ndJ E6g6 :no &$(" t"ing a& &o(iet#7, :.o-an 0$t not a &i&ter7,
%o'iti(i&ation of %o'i(e, riot&, &trike&, %o'iti(i&ation of t"e %o'i(e, de('ine of ind$&tria' (o--$nitie&, nort" &o$t" di,ide, ri(" %oor
di,ide
F-/ei,n
- 8"at in ter-& of foreign affair& did !"at("er do to t$rn Britain aro$nd - E$ro%e= Sing'e E$ro%ean 3(t, +3< re0ate, +o'd 8ar=
"e'%ed to 0ring it to an end 1J2, ('o&er re'ation& .it" US, E-%ire= ?a'k'and&
- 8"at in ter-& of foreign affair& did !"at("er ."i(" didn7t t$rn Britain aro$nd 4 E$ro%e= "and0agging and r$ff'ing of feat"er&,
ERM (o-%'i(ation&, +o'd 8ar= Gor0a("e, not !"at("erJ, +o--on.ea't"= ?a'k'and& an ano-a'# on a (ontin$ed do.n.ard &%ira'
CONSERFATIFE 'ECLINE AN' THE
TRI!MPH OF NE LABO!R" 1996#?66(
POLITICS
!9E RISE O? M3KOR !O <O8ER
Ma>or .a& a &$r%ri&ing ("oi(e for &$((e&&or of
!"at("er in 1990
Q !"at("erite& &a. Ma>or .a& one of t"e- 4 t"e
'eader -o&t 'ike'# to 0e 'o#a' to t"e !"at("er 'ega(#
6666666t"i& .a& not entire'# a(($rate, "i& -ain ai- .a& to
63
S!MMARY
1996+s
+on&er,ati,e& .in 1992 e'e(tion 0$t 0e(o-e in(rea&ing'# torn a%art
0# :(i,i' .ar7 ."i(" i& arg$ed to "a,e 0een t"e re&$'t of t"e :0etra#a'7
of !"at("er a& .e'' a& t"e i-%a(t of B'a(k 8edne&da#, e@it fro- t"e
ERM, and Maa&tri("t !reat# re0e''ion6 /a0o$r 0egan t"eir re,i,a' a&
:Ne. /a0o$r7, gaining -o-ent$- fro- 19926 Re&$rgen(e of /i0era'
De-o(rat& &ee-ed to ref'e(t f$nda-enta' ("ange& in Briti&" &o(iet#,
:0reaking t"e -o$'d of Briti&" %o'iti(&7
199(
+o''a%&e of +on&er,ati,e& at t"e %o''& 4 di,ided %art# ("a''enged 0#
Ne. /a0o$r6 Ne. /a0o$r gained -a&&i,e -a>orit# 4 B'air (o-e& to
%o.er in fa,o$ra0'e (ir($-&tan(e&
?665 an1 ?66(
?$rt"er defeat& of t"e +on&er,ati,e <art# &$gge&ting t"at t"e# -a#
"a,e 'o&t t"eir traditiona' %'a(e in Briti&" %o'iti(& a& t"e :nat$ra'
%art# of go,ern-ent7
$nif# t"e %art#
!"e 9one#-oon %eriod
Ma>or7& -ain a&&et& in('$ded= (a'- te-%era-ent
and t"e (a%a(it# to a,oid -aking ene-ie&
8it" an e'e(tion to 0e (a''ed .it"in 1E -ont"&, Ma>or
-ade ,er# 'itt'e atte-%t to -odif# t"e !"at("erite
%o'i(ie& "e in"erited
8anted a (o$ntr# t"at .a& :at ea&e .it" it&e'f7
Made (aref$' ("oi(e& a0o$t "i& (a0inet in order a&
%art of de&ire for %art# $nit# 4 9$rd and +'arke ke%t
t"eir >o0& 1foreign offi(e, ed$(ation2, /a-ont .a& %$t into %'a(e a& +"an(e''or, <atten a& %art# ("air-an, and 9e&e'tine a&
en,iron-ent &e(retar#
+on&er,ati,e& >$-%ed a"ead in t"e o%inion %o''&
!one of nationa' %re&& .a& %o&iti,e
Ref'e(ted t"e inten&it# of fee'ing to.ard& !"at("er 0# 1990
Not e,er#one .on o,er 0# Ma>or
Ma>or .a& not of t"e &a-e -o$'d a& !"at("er, not intrig$ing, did not e,oke a &trong fee'ing6 ?or &o-e ti-e t"i& .a& "i&
attra(tion6
9o.e,er, "e did not "a,e t"e a0ra&i,e, (o-0ati,e ("ara(ter of !"at("er and t"o$g" %er&ona''# 'ikea0'e "e .a& not an in&%iring
fig$re ) S%itting I-age a& gre# fig$re, 0oring'# (on&$-ed .it" t"e $ni-%ortant detai'& of 'ife ) Aeegan de&(ri0ed "i& go,ern-ent
a& :one of t"e drearie&t ad-ini&tration& of t"e (ent$r#7
TasE 1& G$'f 8ar 1991
Sadda- &$ffered defeat 0$t did not fa'' fro- %o.er
Ma>or7& de(i&ion to kee% t"e o%%o&ition 'eader&, Ainno(k and 3&"do.n, infor-ed on t"e ke# -o,e& .on "i- re&%e(t
TasE ?& E$ro%e ) 3greed De( 1991, &igned ?e0 1992
8anted to %'a(e Britain at :t"e ,er# "eart of E$ro%e 7 4 re(ei,ed .e'' 0# %ro-E$ro%ean& ) different fro- !"at("er and "er
"and0aggingBr$ff'ing of feat"er& a%%roa("
Refor- t"e &tr$(t$re& of E$ro%ean +o--$nit# 1f$'' E$ro%ean integration, (o--on E$ro%ean foreign %o'i(#, a E$ro%ean +entra'
Bank, &ing'e E$ro%ean +$rren(#, EE+ to 0e(o-e EU2
9ad to &ide &te% %otentia' %ro0'e-& ) <oo'ing of &o,ereignt#Bfedera'i&- .o$'d "a,e $%&et -an# in('$ding "ard 'ine +on&er,ati,e&
and &(e%ti(a' %o'iti(a' and %$0'i( o%inion 4 :a.k.ard neig"0o$r&7 in E$ro%e, i&'and -enta'it#
O<! OU!S for Britain fro- %'an& for a &ing'e ($rren(# and fro- t"e So(ia' +"a%ter ) 8on o,er do$0ter& in t"e +on&er,ati,e
<art# 0$t o%%o&ition "ad not a'' gone Q One of t"e rea&on& Ma>or de'a#ed (a''ing e'e(tion $nti' 1992
TasE @& Do-e&ti( %o'iti(&
<o'' ta@ &(ra%%ing ) +on(ern& o,er ."et"er to &(ra% i--ediate'# a& (o$'d &%'it t"e %art# ) ?ina''# a0andoned in fa,o$r of (o$n(i'
ta@
1-2 3d-itted t"at F165 0i''ion "ad 0een .a&ted on tr#ing to i-%'e-ent t"e ta@
1P2 3''o.ed Ma>or to get a.a# fro- an $n%o%$'ar %o'i(# t"at (o$'d 0e 0'a-ed on "i& %rede(e&&or
1992 E/E+!ION
Ba(kgro$nd
Ma>or7& go,ern-ent in"erited diffi($'t e(ono-i( &it$ation at end of 1990 1kno.n to Ma>or d$e to ro'e a& +"an(e''or $nder
!"at("er2 a& a re&$'t of /a.&on Boo- of t"e 'ate 19E07&
Re(e&&ion 4 de('ining -an$fa(t$ring o$t%$t, "ig" intere&t rate&, a &tee% ri&e in $ne-%'o#-ent and a &erio$& &'$-% in "o$&e %ri(e&
Mo&t %ainf$' a&%e(t& of re(e&&ion
- 4-lla:se -8 the h-3sin, ma/Eet= -an# "o-eo.ner& tra%%ed in negati,e eD$it# .it" -an# "o-e& re%o&&e&&ed
- 3nem:l-5ment= -id 1991 16;-i''ion ear'# 1992 26; -i''ion
+on&er,ati,e& 0egan to .orr# a0o$t t"e 19907& re(e&&ion .a& i-%a(ting t"e !or# -idd'e ('a&&e&, e&%e(ia''# in t"e &o$t", ."erea&
64
ear'ier re(e&&ion& "ad i-%a(ted t"e ind$&tria' nort"6
E'e(tion i--inent Q Ma>or for(ed to re&ort to "ig" %$0'i( &%ending d$e in %art to $ne-%'o#-ent 1N9S, tran&%ort2
1991-1992 t"ere .a& a "ig" %o&&i0i'it# of !or#7& 0eing defeated666666t"e re,i,a' of /a0o$r -eant for t"e fir&t ti-e &in(e 199 t"e
e'e(tion .a& going to 0e ,er# ('o&e
C-nten1e/s&
/onger t"an $&$a' e'e(tora' (a-%aign &a. t"e %o''& &.ing 0a(k to.ard& t"e +on&er,ati,e& 1d$e in %art to ro'e of !"e S$n
a((ording to /#n("2
E.e -8 ele4ti-n :/e1i4ti-ns&
+on&= *0* /a0o$r= 29E
A4t3al -3t4-me&
+on&= **; /a0o$r= 21
516;I 516;I
:E'e(tion& are a'.a#& 'o&t a& .e'' a& .on7 1Ro.e2 - !or# &trengt" or /a0o$r .eakne&&J
Lab-3/ eaEness
/a0o$r e@%e(tation& &et "ig" e6g6 3-eri(an &t#'e ra''# in S"effie'd 4 o,er (onfiden(eM Set t"e-&e',e& $% a& t"e (aring %art# and
a&&$-ed fro- t"e o%inion %o''& t"e# .o$'d .in
S-it" -ade (o--it-ent& on ta@ation ,ia a &"ado. 0$dget t"at a''o.ed t"e +on&er,ati,e& to &(are off -idd'e ('a&& ,oter&
/a0o$r 'o#a'i&t& ('ai- t"e rig"t .ing %re&& .re(ked t"eir ("an(e& 4 "ead'ine& &$(" a& LIt .a& !"e S$n ."at .on itMN Main
'eader& and &"a%er& of %o%$'ar o%inion .a& no. again&t /a0o$r6
Man# did not fee' /a0o$r "ad refor-ed eno$g", -e-orie& of t"e 19E07& .ere &ti'' too &trong
C-nse/.ati.e St/en,th
Ran a good (a-%aign
- <atten .a& an effe(ti,e %art# ("air-an
- Ma>or .on a 'ot of re&%e(t for "i& o'd fa&"ioned :&oa%0o@7 %o'iti(&, -aking i-%ro-%t$ &%ee("e& on t"e &treet e6g6 /$ton
3't"o$g" %eo%'e 0'a-ed t"e +on&er,ati,e& for t"e e(ono-i( re(e&&ion, t"e# .ere &een a& t"e %art# 0e&t a0'e to get t"e (o$ntr#
o$t of t"e -e&&
!9E BRI!IS9 E+ONOMH 1992-199
Ro.e arg$e& t"ere .ere t.o fa(tor& ."i(" took t"e g'o. off Ma>or7& e'e(tion ,i(tor# in 19926
B'a(k 8edne&da#
E$ro%e
!"e -i@t$re of a finan(ia' (ri&i& and interna' di,i&ion& -eant t"at Ma>or ne,er rea''# re(o,ered6
16 B'a(k 8edne&da# 1992
!"e 0$i'd-$%U6
ERM 4 Koined 1990 .it" !"at("er6 De,i&ed a& a &#&te- for red$(ing inf'ation6 Britain7& inf'ation at 1069I 1990 ."en it >oined,
"ig"er t"an in 19E0 ) ERM reD$ired Britain to 0e at a fi@ed rate of e@("ange 0# %egging t"e- to t"e ,a'$e of t"e De$t&("-ark,
.it" a narro. 0and a''o.ed for f'$(t$ation&6
Se%te-0er 1992 Briti&" ($rren(# 1a'ong .it" ot"er ERM ($rren(ie&2 (o-ing $nder %re&&$re fro- foreign e@("ange &%e($'ator&=
65
MaK-/ # C-nse/.ati.es
Di&%'a(ed !"at("er
9ig" %$0'i( &%ending 1992 on N9S and &$0&idie&
on tran&%ort
Ma>or "ad en&$red %art# $nit# t"ro$g" a
(aref$''# &e'e(ted (a0inet
S$((e&&f$' (on('$&ion of ?ir&t G$'f 8ar 1991
d$ring "i& %re-ier&"i%
7inn-4E # Lab-3/2222
Gained a %o'iti(a' -o-ent$-, re,i,a' "ad 0een on t"e (ard& &in(e 19E
Ainno(k7& 'eader&"i% "ad re&tored %art# di&(i%'ine and ($r0ed t"e 'oon# "ard
'eft
Ainno(k7& &"ado. ("an(e''or Ko"n S-it" ga,e /a0o$r a rea&&$ring i-age of
-oderation and (o-%eten(e
<art# organi&ation "ad 0een o,er"a$'ed and .a& -ore %rofe&&iona' in %o'i(#
%re&entation
1992 /a0o$r .a& .inning 0a(k an# of t"e ,oter& ."o "ad de&erted t"e- in
t"e 19E07&
- F .a& trading at a 'o. 'e,e' 1('o&e to -ini-$- of 26 -ark&2
- !"e e@("ange ,a'$e of t"e F .a& $nrea'i&ti(a''# "ig" and (a$&ed Briti&" e@%ort& to 0e(o-e o,er%ri(ed
- internationa' 0anker& &en&ed o,er,a'$ation )0egan &%e($'ating again&t it on -one# -arket& 4 F BEG3N !O ?3// 3/3RMING/HM
Q +ri&i& of 1;
t"
Se%te-0er 1992
!"e e,ent&6666
8a,e of &%e($'ati,e &e''ing of F on finan(ia' -arket&6 Ma>or for(ed to $ndertake %ani( -ea&$re& taken to a,oid de,a'$ing F and to
re-ain .it" ERM6
16 +"an(e''or /a-ont anno$n(ed an in(rea&e in intere&t rate& 1a'read# "ig" at 10I2 to 12I, &o'd off F*0 0i''ion .ort" of foreign
re&er,e&
26 Dea'er& (ontin$ed to &e'' %o$nd& Q /a-ont %$&"ed intere&t rate& to 15I
*6 Bank of Eng'and &%ent "ig" a-o$nt& fro- it& re&er,e& in 0$#ing $% t"e %o$nd&
Q a'' t"e&e de&%erate -ea&$re& fai'ed66666666
Ma>or and /a-ont &$--oned ke# -e-0er& of t"e (a0inet ) e-ergen(# -eeting 3d-ira't# 9o$&e6
- a((e%ted de(i&ion to gi,e $% t"e &tr$gg'e and .it"dra. fro- ERM
- intere&t rate& fi@ed at 12I, do.n fro- t"e 15I ear'ier in t"e da#
I-%a(t of B'a(k 8edne&da#
9$-i'iating defeat ) .it"dra.a' fro- ERM
Effe(t& of B8 %ro,ed to 0e 'e&& (ata&tro%"i( t"an feared 4 .it"in a &"ort a-o$nt of ti-e e(ono-# &ta0i'i&ed and it (o$'d 0e
&een t"at (o-ing o$t of t"e ERM "ad a& -an# %o&iti,e a& negati,e %oint& 4 :8"ite 8edne&da#7
Ma>or7& %o%$'arit# took a "a--ering fro- rig"t .ing %re&& ."o "ad done &o -$(" to get "i- re-e'e(ted d$ring t"e e'e(tion6 9e
.a& a'&o "a--ered 0# o%%o&ition 'eader&, Bro.n 1/a0o$r2, 3&"do.n 1/i0era'&26 3$t"orit# a& <M 0eing $nder-ined6
+on&er,ati,e& re%$tation for e(ono-i( (o-%eten(e and e@%erti&e de&tro#ed
Stee% dro% in o%inion %o''& ) /a0o$r gained 15 %oint 'ead
Di,i&ion& .it"in %art# a0o$t %er&ona'itie& and E$ro%e .idened6 +a0inet &%'it 0et.een E$ro&(e%ti(& 1/i''e#, <orti''o, 9o.ard2 and
%ro-E$ro%ean& 1+'arke, 9e&e'tine, 9$rd2 0egan a &%ate of infig"ting
!"e E$ro&(e%ti( .ing of t"e !orie& .a& &trengt"ened, "a%%# to &ee -o,e& to.ard& E$ro%ean integration &$ffer &$(" a &et0a(k6
<$0'i( o%inion t$rned again&t +on&er,ati,e& >$&t a& t"e /a0o$r <art# .a& rein,enting it&e'f a& %art# of -oderation and e(ono-i(
(o-%eten(e6
/a-ont7& %o&ition a& ("an(e''or .a& 0ad'# .eakened 1did not 'o&e %o&t $nti' -ont"& 'ater2
E+ONOMH 1992-199
/ea,ing ERM 4 P-siti.es ) <re,ented Britain fro- "a,ing to kee% "ig" intere&t rate& to %rote(t &ta0i'it# of &ter'ing, a''o.ed
e@("ange rate& to f'oat do.n.ard&, ."i(" "e'%ed Briti&" e@%orter&
Genera' e(ono-i( (ondition& i-%ro,ing 4 $ne-%'o#-ent &'o.ed do.n, "o$&ing -arket 0egan to %i(k $% Q 199*-199 e(ono-i(
re(o,er# a((e'erated and go,ern-ent 0orro.ing red$(ed a& inf'ation (a-e $nder (ontro'
8"# re(o,er#J=
16 +'arke a& +"an(e''or 1995 4 good (o--$ni(ator, air of (onfiden(e, '$(k#6 !ook o,er ."en US e(ono-# (o-ing o$t of re(e&&ion
26 3-eri(an e(ono-# (o-ing o$t of re(e&&ion ) .or'd trade e@%anding
*6 Briti&" %ra(ti(e& 4 Britain doing 0etter t"an foreign (o-%etitor& d$e in %art to 0enefit& fro- finan(ia' dereg$'ation and f'e@i0'e
.orking %ra(ti(e& 1(o-%ared to Ger-an e(ono-# ) &'$ggi&" gro.t" rate&, "$ge (o&t& of re$nifi(ation2
56 <ri,atiCation 4 (oa' ind$&tr# %ri,atiCed 1995, rai'.a#& 199;, tried to %ri,ati&e <o&t Offi(e 1a0andoned2 ) -an# %eo%'e a(D$ired
&"are& in t"e ne. %ri,atiCed ind$&trie& and t"e &to(k -arket .a& 0$o#ed $%
Q 199 ) e(ono-i( indi(ator& %o&iti,e ) $ne-%'o#-ent .a& do.n, %rod$(ti,it# $% 1t"o$g" not 0# -$("2, (on&$-er &%ending $%, (ar
o.ner&"i% in(rea&ed, "o$&e %ri(e& ro&e &"ar%'# and negati,e eD$it# t"ing of %a&t, 0$&ine&& .a& &$%%orti,e of go,ern-ent %o'i(ie&
BU!M De&%ite %ro-i&ing &it$ation of 199 %eo%'e .ere &$r%ri&ing'# re'$(tant to gi,e Ma>or7& go,ern-ent (redit for t"i& ) :?ee'
good fa(tor7 -i&&ing
Ro.e arg$e& t"ere .ere t.o fa(tor& ."i(" took t"e g'o. off Ma>or7& e'e(tion ,i(tor# in 19926
B'a(k 8edne&da#
E$ro%e
66
!"e -i@t$re of a 8inan4ial 4/isis and inte/nal 1i.isi-ns -eant t"at Ma>or ne,er rea''# re(o,ered6
!"e Maa&tri("t !reat# 1>oined 1992 to &"o. t"at "e .a& a good E$ro%ean and $n'ike "i& %rede(e&&or2
De('ared ai- of t"e !reat# .a& :to (reate an e,er ('o&er $nion a-ong t"e %eo%'e& of E$ro%e7
Main ter-& in('$ded=
?$'' E$ro%ean integration
3 E$ro%ean +entra' Bank
3 &ing'e E$ro%ean ($rren(#, t"e e$ro, to 0e ado%ted 0# 1999= Britain o0tained an o%t-o$t ('a$&e, ."i(" it e@er(i&ed in 1999
!"e !reat# to (o-e into effe(t in No,e-0er 199*
?or !reat# to 0e(o-e 0inding on Britain it "ad to 0e ratified 0# <ar'ia-ent 4 t"e ERM fia&(o -ade t"i& %ro0'e-ati(a'6
- Man# in Ma>or7& o.n %art#, and a &ignifi(ant n$-0er of /a0o$r M<7&, .ere &o (on(erned o,er t"e 'o&& of &o,ereignt# entai'ed 0# t"e
treat# t"at t"e# ,oted again&t ratif#ing 0i''& ."en t"e# .ere introd$(ed6
+'i-a@ 199* ."en organi&ed re&i&tan(e 0# E3/-/ebels defeated ke# Bi'' ne(e&&ar# for t"e !reat# to (o-e into effe(t in 199*
9a,ing (o--itted "i& go,ern-ent to Maa&tri("t, Ma>or .a& not %re%ared to a((e%t t"e ,erdi(t of t"e +o--on&6666666
Ma>or Mo,e&
Ma>or reintrod$(ed %ro%o&a' to a((e%t Maa&tri("t !reat# ) -ade it %art of a for-a' ,ote of (onfiden(e in t"e go,ern-ent )
%ro%o&a' for(ed t"ro$g" Q de&%erate -ean& Ma>or "ad $&ed ga,e &trengt" to t"e gro.ing n$-0er of E$ro&(e%ti(& .it"in and
o$t&ide <ar'ia-ent ."o ('ai-ed t"at Britain .a& 0eing R3I/RO3DED IN!O EURO<E3N IN!EGR3!ION6
+a''& for referend$- re>e(ted on t"e gro$nd& of 0eing L3n4-nstit3ti-nalN 4 rea''# it .a& 0e(a$&e t"e# kne. t"e# .o$'d 'o&e
O%%o&ition fro- .it"in o.n %art# (a$&ed Ma>or to 0e &o offended "e .a& a((identa''# re(orded a& de&(ri0ing "i& (riti(& .it"in
t"e %art# a& :0a&tard&7 Q <M ."o doe& not "a,e f$'' &$%%ort of "i& +a0inet and %art# i& in a ,er# diffi($'t %o&ition and t"i& .a&
t"e (a&e for Ma>or t"ro$g"o$t t"e %eriod of "i& offi(e
Gro.ing interna' di,i&ion& in t"e +on&er,ati,e <art# after 1992
Ma>or 4 an :$n'$(k# <M7J
E@"a$&ting 0att'e& 0egan to dro.n o$t t"e %o&iti,e a("ie,e-ent& in a &ea of %art# infig"ting and %o'iti(a' &et0a(k&6
3("ie,e-ent& of "i& %re-ier&"i% in('$de=
S$0&tantia' e(ono-i( re(o,er#
S"ared in a freeing of A$.ait
Signing of Maa&tri("t !reat#
8inning of 1992 e'e(tion
S$0&tantia' %rogre&& on Nort"ern Ire'and
9o.e,er, Ma>or did not .in %o%$'arit# or
%o'iti(a' &$%%ort ) B'air t"at ('ai-ed
(redit for ."at Ma>or "ad 0eg$n6
Bet.een B'a(k 8edne&da# and t"e 199
e'e(tion, Ma>or &$ffered a &'o. %o'iti(a'
deat"6
Ma>or7& tri0$'ation& (an 0e &$--ed $% a&=
16 Sati/e - Ea&# target for &atiri&t& and
(artooni&t&= <ri,ate E#e, Ror# Bre-ner,
S%itting I-age7& gre# -an6 None of t"i&
Satire ,i(io$& and Ma>or re-ained
%er&ona''# -ore %o%$'ar t"an "i& %art#, 0$t
t"e i-age of Ma>or a& a .e''--eaning 0$t
0$-0'ing and inadeD$ate 'eader &t$(k to "i-
2. Sab-ta,e - B'atant a(tion& 0# anti-E$ro%e e'e-ent& in o.n %art# ) 199* Maa&tri("t !reat# .a& initia''# 0'o(ked 0# re0e' M<7&6
67
?ro- ."at .e "a,e &t$died
&o far, ."at di,i&ion& and
%ro0'e-& e@i&ted .it"in t"e
!or# %art# 0# 1992J
Man# rig"t .inger& %$&"ed for
-ore radi(a' &o(ia' %o'i(ie&
<o'iti(ian& .it" 'eader&"i%
a-0ition& &a. an o%%ort$nit#
to ad,an(e t"eir ('ai-&
E$ro&(e%ti(& &a. an
o%ening to %$&" t"e
go,ern-ent to t"e edge&
of E$ro%e, if not o$t of
t"e EU a'toget"er
E@"a$&ting 0att'e& .ere
(ontin$ing to do-inate
e,er#t"ing a0o$t Ma>or7&
%o'i(ie&
+a0inet &%'it&
0et.een %ro-
E$ro%ean& and
E$ro&(e%ti(&
Beginning to fa''
0e"ind /a0o$r in
t"e o%inion %o''&
S$((e&&e& of 1995 <art# 'eader e'e(tion
9e&e'tine 4 'o#a' and effe(ti,e a''#, good at
defending t"e go,ern-ent in -edia inter,ie.&
9ad .on in &%ite of nationa' %re&&, Dai'#
!e'gra%" :inf'i(ted a &%e'' of "$-i'it# on t"e
&(ri00'er&7
?ai'$re& of 1995 <art# 'eader e'e(tion
E9 "ad ,oted again&t "i- 1ti-e ."en "i& go,ern-ent on'# "ad a &-a''
-a>orit#2
<re&& a& "o&ti'e a& e,er e6g6 !"e !i-e& :He&terda#, +on&er,ati,e M<& t"re.
a.a# t"eir 'a&t 0e&t o%%ort$nit# to .in t"e ne@t e'e(tion7
O%%o&ition to Ma>or .it"in t"e %art# (ontin$ed a'-o&t a& inten&i,e'# a&
0efore "i& re-e'e(tion
Did not "a,e &$%%ort of !"at("er6 Ba(k &eat dri,ing of !"at("er ."o
en(o$raged Maa&tri("t re0e'& to (a'' for a referend$-, ga,e &$%%ort to
Red.ood in 1995, and (ontin$ed to dra. %ara''e'& 0et.een "er d#na-i(
'eader&"i% (o-%ared to Ma>or
Ma>or .on t"e ,ote in t"e end 0$t a$t"orit# .a& da-aged6 LDo .e .ant * -ore of t"e 0a&tard&N a((identa''# re(orded Q %re&&,
e6g6 Dai'# Mai', &%e($'ating a& to ."o- Ma>or .a& referring to ) &%e($'ation a& to ."et"er a 'eader&"i% ("a''enge .o$'d o(($r6 It
did not 0$t t"e t"reat .a& da-aging eno$g"6 Ma>or tried to re&"$ff'e "i& (a0inet in 1995 .it" 'itt'e i-%a(t E$ro&(e%ti(& +a&"
and D$n(an-S-it" fe't free to e@%re&& a(ti,e o%%o&ition, re0e' 0a(k0en("er& e6g6 Gor-an (ontin$ed to -ake %ro,o(ati,e
&tate-ent&, <re&& &%e($'ation (ontin$ed a0o$t %o&&i0'e ("a''enger& for 'eader&"i% fro- di&affe(ted (a0inet -e-0er& Q 1995
Ma>or (a''ed for 'eader&"i% e'e(tion &o t"at "e (o$'d 0e re-e'e(ted to do "i& o.n >o0 1Ba(k -e or &a(k -e2
*6 SleaAe 4 %re&& (o,erage ke# "ere= &en&ationa'i&t and intr$&i,e and a (ontra&t .it" Ma>or7& :Ba(k to Ba&i(&7 (a-%aign 199* 1(a''
for ret$rn to traditiona' -ora' ,a'$e&26 E@a-%'e& in('$de Heo and Me''or 1&e@ &(anda', re&igned2, S(ott EnD$ir# 1995 1i''ega'
&e''ing of ar-& in,e&tigation, !or#7& :e(ono-i(a' .it" tr$t"72, 3r("er and 3itken 1%er>$r#2, +3S9 ?OR XUES!IONS 1'ong ter-
&'eaCe and a'' t"e .a# $% to 199 e'e(tion2
Alth-3,h man5 s388e/ these @ :/-blems" it 0as massi.el5 1ama,in, 13e t- /-le -8 :/ess 0h- ha1 aban1-ne1 the T-/5s an1 the
/e.i.al -8 Lab-3/M
MAMOR S!MMARY&
68
<ROB/EMS 89I+9 9E IN9ERI!ED=
Re(e&&ion - 9ig" inf'ation 11069I2, "ig" $ne-%'o#-ent, "ig" "o$&e %ri(e&6 BU!M Ma>or .a& ("an(e''or t"ro$g" t"i& &o take& &o-e of
0'a-e
E$ro%ean ten&ion& .it"in %art# and a'&o re%$tation a& :a.k.ard neig"0o$r7 in E$ro%e d$e to Br$ge& S%ee(" 19EE and "and0agging
In,o',e-ent in ERM
So(ia' ten&ion&= %o&t anti-%o'' ta@ riot&, "ig" $ne-%'o#-ent, 0reakdo.n of ind$&tria' (o--$nitie&, ri("B%oor di,ide, indi,id$a'i&-
<o'iti(a' %ro0'e-&= 'o&& of fe-a'e ,ote, %art# .i''ing to o$&t a 'eader
3IMS 3ND OBKE+!IVES
So$nd E$ro%ean re'ation& 4 %'a(e Britain at :,er# "eart of E$ro%e7
So',e re(e&&ion
E&(a%e negati,it# to.ard& !"at("eri&-
En&$re %art# $nit#
Re-ain in %o.er de&%ite /a0o$r7& re,i,a'
FAIL!RE ONE& E4-n-mi4s
POINT= In"eritan(e of re(e&&ion, d$e in %art to "i& o.n ("an(e''or&"i%, &a.
t"e (redi0i'it# of +on&er,ati,e& a& %art# of e(ono-i( (o-%eten(e
$nder-ined and en(o$raged %art# di,i&ion& o,er E$ro%ean e(ono-i( %o'i(ie&6
EFI'ENCE= B'a(k 8edne&da# 1992 F trading 'o. 'e,e' ('o&e to -ini-$-
26 -ark&, .a,e of &%e($'ati,e &e''ing intere&t rate& "it 1265I and 15I,
"$-i'iating .it"dra.a' fro- ERM, &(ra%%ing of %o'' ta@ - F165 0i''ion "ad
0een .a&ted tr#ing to i-%'e-ent ."en &(ra%%ed6
E;PLANATION= /ed to 'o&& of &$%%ort of %re&& and o%%o&ition $&ed B'a(k
8edne&da# to target -a>or 15 /a0o$r 'ead in o%inion %o''&, de&tro#ed
+on&er,ati,e re%$tation a& %art# of e(ono-i( (o-%eten(e, &%'it& in %art#
and (a0inet o,er E$ro%ean integration D$e&tion dee%ened, (a-e at 0ad ti-e
a& /a0o$r .a& re,i,ing6 De&%ite %ro-i&ing &it$ation of 199 %eo%'e .ere
&$r%ri&ing'# re'$(tant to gi,e Ma>or7& go,ern-ent (redit for t"i& ) :?ee'
good fa(tor7 -i&&ing
HISTORICAL OPINION& /#n("= go,ern-ent& enfor(ed .it"dra.a'
fro- t"e ERM $nder-ined t"e +on&er,ati,e& re%$tation for
re&%on&i0'e finan(ia' -anage-ent
FAIL!RE TO& Inte/nal 'i.isi-ns an1 Sab-ta,e
POINT& ?ai'$re to introd$(e ne. %o'i(ie& d$ring fir&t 1E -ont"& of %o.er
and an atte-%t to e-$'ate !"at("eri&- &a. "i- $na0'e to &ta-% a$t"orit#
a& a 'eader on t"e %art#, a''o.ing g$'f& in t"e %art# to dee%en,
EFI'ENCE& 3tte-%t at %art# $nit# d$ring fir&t (a0inet 19$rd, +'arke,
9e&e'tine2 and re&"$ff'e& in 1995 $n&$((e&&f$' re&$'ting in :Ba(k -e or &a(k
-e7 1995 E ,oted again&t "i- de&%ite ,i(tor#6
E;PLANATION& 1995 %art# 'eader e'e(tion %er(ei,ed 0# &o-e a& .eak,
%re&& and o%%o&ition a0'e to e@%'oit o%en di,i&ion& ."i(" i-%a(ted on
re%$tation a& 0eing $nited %art# or %art# a0'e to &ee Britain t"ro$g"
diffi($'t ti-e 4 %art# 'eader&"i% e'e(tion f$e''ed %re&& "o&ti'it# a& &"o.ed
"o. ineffe(ti,e !or#7& "ad 0e(o-e, E$ro&(e%ti(& +a&" and D$n(an-S-it"
fe't free to e@%re&& a(ti,e o%%o&ition 4 atta(k& (o-ing fro- o.n %art#,
re0e' 0a(k0en("er& e6g6 Gor-an (ontin$ed to -ake %ro,o(ati,e &tate-ent&
."i(" -eant +on&er,ati,e go, .a& atta(ked fro- a'' ang'e&= %re&&, %art#
and o%%o&ition6 Una0'e to $nite (a0inet to introd$(e effe(ti,e %o'i(#6 /o&&
of &$%%ort of !"at("er
HISTORICAL OPINION& !"e !i-e& :He&terda#, +on&er,ati,e
M<& t"re. a.a# t"eir 'a&t 0e&t o%%ort$nit# to .in t"e ne@t
e'e(tion7, /#n("= :it .a& a tired and &e'f-do$0ting %art# 0# 1997,
/#n("= Ma>or7& $nin&%iring 'eader&"i% -eant "e .a& ne,er a0'e to
.in t"e tota' 'o#a't# of t"e %art# and %$0'i(
69
FAIL!RE THREE& SleaAe an1 S4an1al
POINT& (o-0ination of &'eaCe and &(anda' $nder-ined t"e a$t"orit#
of Ma>or a& .e'' a& t"e -ora'it# and re&%e(t of !or#7& fro- 0ot"
%re&& and %$0'i(6
EFI'ENCE& S%itting i-age7& :gre# -an7, Heo and Me''or 1&e@ &(anda'2
S(ott EnD$ir# 1995 1i''ega' &e''ing of ar-& in,e&tigation, !or#7&
:e(ono-i(a' .it" tr$t"72, 3r("er and 3itken 1%er>$r#2, (a&" for
D$e&tion&
E;PLANATION& -o(king -eant t"at Ma>or 0e(a-e ea&# target,
re&%e(t de('ined 4 ga,e %re&& f$e'6 S'eaCe &i-i'ar i-%a(t a& <rof$-o
3ffair on Ma(-i''an 19;2 &een a& o$t of to$(", $ntr$&t.ort"#, too
%reo(($%ied .it" o.n tra$-a& t"an t"o&e of Britain in (o-%ari&on to a
rein,igorated /a0o$r6 ?$rt"er %re&& O o%%o&ition "o&ti'it# d$e to
a--$nition 4 ea&# target6 S'eaCe ran a'' .a# to 199 e'e(tion 4 fa(tor
in /a0o$r7& ,i(tor#J
HISTORICAL OPINION& Aeegan :one of t"e drearie&t
ad-ini&tration& of t"e (ent$r#7 , /#n("= ($-$'ati,e de&tr$(ti,e effe(t
of a 'ong &erie& of &e@$a' and finan(ia' &(anda'& in,o',ing go,ern-ent
-ini&ter& and +on&er,ati,e M<7&
FAIL!RE FO!R& E3/-:e
POINT& +onf'i(t o,er ratifi(ation of Maa&tri("t 'ed to de&%erate
-ea&$re& to get %art# &$%%ort6
EFI'ENCE& K$'# 199* organi&ed re&i&tan(e 0# t"e E3/-/ebels
1'arge gro$% of !or# M<7& 'ed 0# Bi'' +a&"2 defeated a ke# Bi''
ne(e&&ar# for t"e !reat# to (o-e into effe(t in No,e-0er 199*6
?or(ed to $&e de&%erate ta(ti(&= reintrod$(ed t"e %ro%o&a' to
a((e%t t"e Maa&tri("t !reat# and -ade it %art of a for-a' ,ote
of (onfiden(e, :Ba&tard&7 (o--ent
E;PLANATION& "ig"'ig"ted di,i&ion& .it"in %art# and 'a(k of
re&%e(t forBa$t"orit# of Ma>or 4 'a(k of &$%%ort for- (a0inet
(a$&ed %ro0'e-& for %re-ier&"i%, (a-e at ti-e of ERM fia&(o
."i(" f$e''ed ten&ion& 1e(ono-i( and %o'iti(a' (ri&i& a'' at on(e2,
a--$nition for t"e o%%o&ition %art#
HISTORICAL OPINION& /#n(" :%$0'i( di&ta&te for $n&ee-'#
&D$a00'e& o,er t"e $nde-o(rati( ratifi(ation of t"e Maa&tri(t
!reat#7
S!CCESS ONE& F-/ei,n P-li45
POINT& Ma>or &$((e&&f$''# 'ed Britain t"ro$g" a %o&iti,e (on('$&ion
to t"e ?ir&t G$'f 8ar ($'-inating in t"e freeing of A$.ait ."i("
"e'%ed to 0o'&ter Britain7& internationa' %o&ition and &trengt"en t"e
!or#7& 1992 re-e'e(tion "o%e&6
EFI'ENCE= G$'f 8ar 1991 1&.ift ,i(tor# again&t Sadda- 9$&&ain
$&ing &o$nd di%'o-a(# and UN, ke%t t"e o%%o&ition 'eader&, Ainno(k
and 3&"do.n, infor-ed on t"e ke# -o,e& .on "i- re&%e(t2, %rogre&&
in Nort"ern Ire'and %ea(e %ro(e&&
E;PLANATION& en&$red Britain &ti'' &een at to% ta0'e of
internationa' affair& "e'%ing to a''e,iate %ain of de('ine fro- E-%ire
1&en&e of nationa' %ride2 and Britain7& fa'' fro- internationa'
%o'i(e-an ro'e2, "ad $&ed di%'o-a(# and UN 1&een a& a(ting a& a
:good#72, &trengt"ened re'ation& .it" US, %o&iti,e e,ent needed to
$nite %art# and gi,e Ma>or re&%e(t, &$%%ort of %re&& and %$0'i(,
ea&ing of Iri&" ten&ion& "e'%ed to i-%ro,e ten&ion& in Great Britain
HISTORICAL OPINION& /#n("= :an i-%re&&i,e de0$t, "i& (ond$(t
.a& &tate&-an'ike and "e (oo%erated effe(ti,e'# .it" t"e US in
(reating a (oa'ition in,a&ion for(e7
S!CCESS TO& Maast/i4ht T/eat5
POINT& De&ire for Ma>or to %'a(e Britain at t"e :,er# "eart of
E$ro%e7 &a. "i- e-%'o# ta(t to a,oid "and0agging a%%roa(" of
!"at("er and in&tead $&e di%'o-a(# to &e($re ke# &$((e&&e&6
I-%ortant for %$0'i( o%inion a& .e'' a& to a%%ea&e "ard'ine
+on&er,ati,e& ."o .ere (a$&ing rift&
EFI'ENCE& o%t o$t& for Britain fro- %'an& for a &ing'e ($rren(#
1e$ro, to 0e ado%ted 0# 1999= o%t-o$t e@er(i&ed in 19992 and
fro- t"e So(ia' +"a%ter
E;PLANATION& 8on o,er do$0ter& in t"e %art# 1o%%o&ition not
&i'en(ed "o.e,er2, &"o.ed Ma>or a& a &ki'f$' negotiator, ('o&er
re'ation& .it" E$ro%e 1&ti'' not o%en to f$'' integration 0$t -ore
a(D$ie&(ing t"an !"at("er and di%'o-ati(2, &e($red o%t-o$t&
."i(" 'ater ga,e Britain ("oi(e in 1999
HISTORICAL OPINION& Ro.e= :&ki'f$' di%'o-a(# of Ma>or
."i(" .on o,er do$0ter&7
6
REVIV3/ O? /3BOUR
/a0o$r danger of 0eing -argina'i&ed 0# !"at("eri&- and ri&e of t"e SD<, ?oot %'a#ed ke# ro'e a& 'eader in taking /a0o$r to 'eft of
%o'iti(a' &%e(tr$- Q 'a(k of (redi0i'it#, :'onge&t &$i(ide note in "i&tor#7
!9ENM Needed ("ange o(($rred6666
/o&& of t"e e'e(tion Q Ainno(k re%'a(ing ?oot a& %art# 'eader6 -$&t 0e (redited for 'ea,ing 0e"ind a %art# infinite'# &tronger t"an it
"ad 0een in 19E*
Ko"n S-it" "e'%ed to f$rt"er rein,igorate t"e /a0o$r %art# 0efore "i& deat" too (a$tio$& to "a,e a("ie,ed ."at B'air didJ
!on# B'air
Re,i,a' of t"e %art# in 19907& &ee-ed to 0e do-inated 0# idea& and %er&ona'it# of B'air
70
S!CCESS THREE& 199? Ele4ti-n)( 5ea/s in :-0e/
POINT& Ma>or 'ed %art# to ,i(tor# a("ie,ing -ore e'e(tora' I 1516;I2 t"an
B'air a("ie,ed in 199 e'e(tion 152I2 de&%ite interna' di,i&ion&, t"e g"o&t of
!"at("er, and t"e re,i,a' of /a0o$r
EFI'ENCE& Ma>or re&orted to "ig" %$0'i( &%ending d$e in %art to
$ne-%'o#-ent6 9$ge go,ern-ent 0orro.ing &%ent on tran&%ort BN9S, %art#
$nit# t"ro$g" (aref$''# &e'e(ted (a0inet 19e&e'tine, /a-ont2, riding off .a,e
1991 G$'f 8ar ,i(tor#, <atten ran a good (a-%aign, :&oa%0o@7 ta(ti(& 0# Ma>or
in /$ton
E;PLANATION= de&%ite -an# in"erited %ro0'e-&, Ma>or a0'e to &$((e&&f$'
&ide &te% -e-orie& of !"at("er to a("ie,e (on('$&i,e ,i(tor# 19926 !"ro$g"
(aref$' e'e(tioneering ta(ti(&, a& e-%'o#ed d$ring t"e 1955B1959 %re-e'e(tion
ta@ ($t&, Ma>or a0'e to effe(ti,e'# .oe e'e(torate and o,er(o-e -an# (ri&e&7
in Britain and o.n %art# to 'ead t"e %art# t"ro$g" #ear& of %o.er6 BU!MMM
8o$'d it "a,e 0een 0etter to "a,e 'o&t 1992 &o t"at it (o$'d "a,e
(on(entrated on rein,enting it&e'f ear'ierJ 1/#n("2
HISTORICAL OPINION& .on de&%ite :t"e&e are t"e 'ea&t
fa,o$ra0'e (ir($-&tan(e& for re-e'e(ting a &itting go,ern-ent &in(e
19;57 1!"e G$ardian2
S!CCESS FO!R& E4-n-mi4s
POINT& Ma>or in"erited di&t$r0ing e(ono-i( (ir($-&tan(e& 1re(e&&ion,
"ig" inf'ation, $ne-%'o#-ent 26;-i''ion22 and de&%ite e,ent& of 1990-1992
-anaged to en&$re 0# 199 Britain e@%erien(ed a %'ea&ing 'e,e' of
e(ono-i( re(o,er#6
EFI'ENCE& a0andon-ent %o'' ta@)(o$n(i' ta@, 'eft ERM %re,ented Britain
fro- "a,ing to kee% "ig" intere&t rate&, $ne-%'o#-ent &'o.ed, "o$&ing
-arket %i(ked $% Q 199*-199 e(ono-i( re(o,er# a((e'erated,
go,ern-ent 0orro.ing red$(ed a& inf'ation (a-e $nder (ontro'6 +'arke a&
+"an(e''or 19956 B# 199 e(ono-i( indi(ator& %o&iti,e )
$ne-%'o#-ent do.n, %rod$(ti,it#O(on&$-er &%ending $%, (ar
o.ner&"i% in(rea&ed, "o$&e %ri(e& ro&e &"ar%'#, negati,e eD$it#
t"ing of %a&t, 0$&ine&& &$%%orti,e of go,ern-ent %o'i(ie&
E;PLANATION& a0'e to 0'a-e %o'' ta@ on Maggie, &een a& t$rning %art#
aro$nd, en&$ring &ti'' &een a& %art# 0e&t a0'e to get Britain o$t of t"e
-e&&6 /ea,ing ERM &ta0i'i&ed &ter'ing, a''o.ing e@("ange rate& to f'oat
do.n.ard& ) "e'%ed Briti&" e@%orter&, 0# 199 e(ono-i( indi(ator&
%o&iti,e d$e to Ma>or and +'arke7& (aref$' -anage-ent of t"e
e(ono-#
HISTORICAL OPINION& :Britain& gro.t" rate o$t %erfor-ed
t"at of it& E$ro%ean %artner& and Ma>or7& re(ord of %oor
e(ono-i( -anage-ent .a& not entire'# >$&tified7
O0>e(ti,e&=
Drag /a0o$r 0a(k into t"e %o'iti(a' -ain&trea-
Margina'iCe 'efti&t e'e-ent& in t"e %art# and en&$re
%art# di&(i%'ine 0# (entra'i&ation of %o.er aro$nd
'eader&"i%4 :iron gri%7
Mo,e t"e %art# 0a(k to t"e (entre gro$nd
3(tion&
!ook on t"e e@tre-e 'eft 1Mi'itant !enden(# and t"e
:Bennite&72
3fter 19E e'e(tion defeat, reorgani&ation of t"e %art#
+on&ideration of t"e %art#7& ideo'og# and -ore (entri&t
%o'i(# %ro%o&a'&
O0>e(ti,e&=
U&e great &ki'' to re-ode' t"e /a0o$r :0rand7
!"e %ro-otion of :Ne. /a0o$r7 to 'i,e do.n "i& %art#7& e@tre-i&- in t"e 19E07& ."en &ee-ed $ne'e(ta0'e
+on,in(e Midd'e Eng'and t"at /a0o$r "ad f$nda-enta''# ("anged, ideo'ogi(a''# and in %art# $nit#6 Intended to a%%ea' to -idd'e
('a&& Britain 10$'k of ,ote2
+a%t$re $n(ertain +on&er,ati,e ,oter& and f'oating ,oter&
Get e'e(ted 1M2 &o-eti-e in t"e ne@t * #ear&
9o. did B'air t$rn t"e /a0o$r %art# aro$ndJ 3,oid e@tre-e& and ado%t %rogre&&i,e idea&6666
16 +$r0ing trade $nion inf'$en(e on %art# 4 One Me-0er One Vote 199*, 0reak fro- %a&t, a,oid 8inter of Di&(ontent
26 30o'ition of +'a$&e IV 4 .i%ed o$t &o(ia'i&- fro- %art# (on&tit$tion, e-0ra(e -odern (a%ita'i&t e(ono-#, .oo (it# and 0$&ine&&e&
a& .e'' a& -idd'e ('a&&, &to% ta'king &o(ia'i&- to a,oid &(aring e'e(torateM
3. <art# $nit# and di&(i%'ine 4 B'air-Bro.n dea' and %artner&"i%, ro'e of Go$'d and Mande'&on to (oordinate %art# :on -e&&age7
56 :S%in7 4 &("-ooCing of t"e %re&& 4 +a-%0e''7& re'ation& .it" %re&&, Ne. /a0o$r &'ogan, 0$CC .ord& 1t"ird .a#, :(oo' Britannia7
1fa&"iona0'e and in to$(", :in('$&i,ene&&7 4 &o(iet# ."ere no0od# .a& 'eft o$t 1no :&o(ia' e@('$&ion72, :&take"o'der &o(iet#7 4
ordinar# %er&on& "a,ing &tate %rote(ted in,e&t-ent& and %en&ion& 1fee' t"e# 0e'ong (o''e(ti,e'# to a &o(iet#2, 8e'fare to .ork,
Koined $% go,ern-ent, E(ono-i( %r$den(e
Ae# ideo'og#=
C-mm3nita/ism
Indi,id$a'i&ti( %"i'o&o%"ie& "ad inf'$en(ed Britain too -$(" and 'ed to t"e 0reakdo.n of fa-i'# and traditiona' -ora'e&6 Need to
rea&&ert t"e notion of (o--$nitie& and re&%on&i0i'it#
StaEeh-l1in, 19$tton2
!"at("eri&- "ad 'ed to de('ine in ind$&tria' 0a&e &o &take"o'der &o(iet# .a& needed6 Strengt"ening of .e'fare &tate and %eo%'e
"a,ing a &take in &o(ietie& f$t$re6 So(ia''# e@('$ded need to 0e rein(or%orated into one $nit 1re&%e(t 0et.een to% and 0otto-2
Thi/1 a5 Defining (on(e%t 1Gidden&2
En1 -8 t/a1iti-n is ,--1> N +"anging &tat$& of .o-en" %eo%'e 0eing -ore ref'e@i,e6
Q /eftB(entre -$&t re&%ond 0# re&tr$(t$ring %$0'i( in&tit$tion&, re>$,enation of (i,i' &o(iet# 1%re&&$re gro$%&2, infra&tr$(t$ra'
in,e&t-ent, and re&tr$(t$ring of .e'fare &tate to -eet de-and& of -odern &o(iet#6
RE3SONS ?OR !9E OU!+OME O? !9E 199 E/E+!ION +on&er,ati,e fai'ing& or /a0o$r &ki''J
/a0o$r = 519 &eat& 1;*6;I of tota' &eat&2V 5*62I of %o%$'ar ,ote6 Gained 15; &eat& fro- 1992V 'o&t no &eat& fro- 1992 re&$'t&
!orie& = 1;5 &eat& 12561I of tota' &eat&2V *06I of %o%$'ar ,ote6 Gained 0 &eat& fro- 1992V 'o&t 1E &eat& fro- 1992 re&$'t&6
/i0era' De-o(rat& = 5; &eat& 1I of tota' &eat&2V 1;6EI of %o%$'ar ,ote6 Gained 2E &eat& fro- 1992V 'o&t 2 &eat& fro- 1992
re&$'t&6
71
DO8N?3// O? +ONSERV3!ISM SIN+E
199
1GR3H2
Y Ero&ion of in&tit$tion& and ($'t$ra'
tradition& t"at "ad a'.a#&
$nder%inned +on&er,ati&-
Y !i-e for a ("ange - .ide'# "e'd %$0'i(
&enti-ent
Y !"at("eri&- "ad -o,ed a.a# fro-
o'd !or# %art# ,a'$e& and fro-
traditiona' &$%%orter& in r$ra' and
&$0$r0an area&
!R3NS?ORM3!ION O? /3BOUR
Y 30andon-ent traditiona' &o(ia'i&tB&o(ia' de-o(rati( %rin(i%'e&, a((e%tan(e of -arket e(ono-i(&,
'o. inf'ation and intere&t rate&, ($t& in ta@ation, &%ending and .e'fare6 <re-e'e(tion (o--it-ent to
-aintain e@i&ting ta@ 'e,e'& for a fi,e-#ear ter- and %re&ent &%ending 'e,e'& for t.o #ear&, :.e'fare
to .ork7, to$g" 'a. and order e&%e(ia''# for >$,eni'e offender&6 Diffi($'t for t"e +on&er,ati,e& to
(riti(i&e ."at .ere, 'arge'#, t"eir o.n %o'i(ie&
Y De&ire for %o.er, (o-0ined .it" gro.ing %art# di&(i%'ine, 'arge'# &i'en(ed 'eft-.ing /a0o$r
di&&ident&6 +a-%aign "it 0# no -a>or 0'o.& fro- e@tre-e 'eft ."i(" (o$'d "a,e de-&ta0i'i&ed t"e
e'e(tion effort6 E$ro%e .a& not an o0,io$&'# (ontentio$& i&&$e a& it .a& for t"e !orie&6
Y /a0o$r <art# no 'onger an ea&# target to atta(k 0$t .a& a for-ida0'e fig"ting for(e6 !"e $&$a' !or#
ta(ti(& of frig"tening ,oter& a.a# fro- /a0o$r7& :&o(ia'i&t e@tre-i&-7 &i-%'# didn7t .ork an#-ore
Y /a0o$r .a& 'onger t"e %art# of :ta@ and &%end7 e(ono-i( %o'i(ie&6 Bro.n done 'ot to (on,in(e %eo%'e
t"at /a0o$r .a& t"e %art# of %r$den(e and e(ono-i( (o-%eten(e
Y Interna' refor-& of /a0o$r ) &o-e red$(tion in !U %o.erV One Me-0er One Vote
Y S-it"7& deat" 1995 a''o.ed (reation of Ne. /a0o$r 0# -ore -oderni&ing B'air - nota0'#,
a0andon-ent of +'a$&e IV in 1995
D3M3GE !O +ONSERV3!IVE <3R!H DURING M3KOR ER3
Y 3(($&ation& of :!or# &'eaCe7 da-aging6 Be''7& (a-%aign again&t 9a-i'ton
do-inated ne.& ) ad,er&e effe(t& on .ider +on&er,ati,e (a-%aign6
Ref$&a' of M<7& to take re&%on&i0i'it# and re&ign
Y !raditiona' +on&er,ati,e i-age of %art# $nit# &"attered 0# E$ro&(e%ti(
re0e''ion&6 1"ad &$r,i,ed 0efore e6g6 3((e&&ion of Ma(-i''an26 :8ait and
&ee7 a%%roa(" of &ing'e ($rren(# (a$&ed di&(ontent, not "e'%ed 0#
defe(tion& 0# %ro-E$ro%ean& 9o.art" and Ni(o'&on
Y E(ono-i( &it$ation "ad i-%ro,ed 0# 199, 0$t .a& no :fee' good fa(tor7 or
a%%ro,a' for +on&er,ati,e e(ono-i( %o'i(ie&6 B'a-e for B'a(k 8edne&da#
and for(ed .it"dra.a' fro- ERM &ti'' 'oo-ed o,er Ma>or7& go,ern-ent
Y /a-ont= :<art# in offi(e 0$t not in %o.er76 Minorit# go,ern-ent 0# end of
199;6 Go,ern-ent de%endent in +o--on& on Unioni&t&V a0andon-ent of
IR3 (ea&efire ear'# in 199;6
+3M<3IGNING 3ND E/E+!IONEERING O? /3BOUR
Y Ra%id (entra'i&ation of /a0o$r %art# and %re&entation aro$nd 'eader,
&%in-do(tor& and "ig"'# %o'i&"ed (a-%aign in('$ding 8i'&on-e&D$e
(e'e0rit# endor&e-ent
Y Ne.&%a%er& t"at "ad a'.a#& &trong'# &$%%orted t"e +on&er,ati,e&
1e6g6 !"e S$n2 .ere no. '$ke.ar- or "ad e,en gone o,er to &$%%ort
for /a0o$r
Y B'air &ki'f$' (o--$ni(ator, %arti($'ar'# effe(ti,e in %re&enting an air
of -oderation and .inning o,er :Midd'e Eng'and76 B'air did e&%e(ia''#
.e'' .it" .o-en and #o$ng ,oter&
Y !"e /a0o$r (a-%aign .a& r$n 0# di&(i%'ined :&%in -a("ine7 6 Effe(ti,e
in dea'ing .it" t"e -edia and %re&&, 0ot" in ref$ting +on&er,ati,e
atta(k& and in &e''ing /a0o$r %o'i(ie&6 /a0o$r &%oke&-en .ere a'.a#&
:on -e&&age7 .it" a((e&& to $%-to-date infor-ation6 /ong e'e(tion
(a-%aign 0a(kfired on !or#7& 1f$rt"er &'eaCe2 a& .e'' a& t"eir $&e of
%o&ter 1B'air, a &tated +"ri&tian, &"o.n .it" de-oni( e#e&2
hat is Blai/ism* 4 goa' "ad not ("anged 0$t t"e -ean& of a("ie,ing t"e goa' didM
16 Rene.ed t#%e of &o(ia' de-o(ra(#, or a :t"ird .a#7 1Gidden&, 199E2 /a0o$r needed (o"erent -e&&age to take on !"at("eri&-6
B'air and "i& :0ig tent7 go,ern-ent do-inated to 1996 8anted to in(or%orate ta'ent& fro- ot"er %artie& and offer Britain a
(on&en&$& "e (a''ed66666!9E !9IRD 83H= Ne. /a0o$r ter- %ro-i&ing to get a.a# fro- t"e di,i&i,e and o$t-of-date idea& of t"e
o'd /a0o$r 'eft, do-inated 0# trade $nion& and Mar@i&-, and fro- t"e o'd rig"t, do-inated 0# &e'fi&" (a%ita'i&-6 Idea of
(o--$na' endea,o$r 1(o-0ine indi,id$a'i&- and (o''e(ti,i&-26 E(ono-i( effi(ien(# 3ND &o(ia' >$&ti(e
26 +ontin$ation of !"at("eri&-Bneo-'i0era'i&- 19a#, 19992 a((e%ted ne. e(ono-i( &ett'e-ent t"at !"at("er "ad e&ta0'i&"ed, 0$t
0e'ie,ed it (o$'d 0e -ade -ore &$&taina0'e if it .a& te-%ered .it" a (on(ern for &o(ia' >$&ti(e 1,ariation on One Nation
!or#i&-J2 Signifi(ant (on&tit$tiona' refor-& in fir&t ter-, 0$t %ri,atiCation and t"e in>e(tion of -arket -e("ani&-& into
"it"erto a$tono-o$& in&tit$tion& "a& re-ained t"e (entra' t"r$&t of %o'i(#6 B'air (o--itted to -oderniCing Britain, 0$t "i&
(on(e%tion of -oderniCation .a& a ,ariation on !"at("erT&6 More !"at("erite t"an !"at("er e6g6 %ri,ati&ation of %o&t-offi(e
*6 +ontin$ation of :O'd /a0o$r7 &t#'e %o'iti(& 13''ender, 20012 Briti&" &o(ia' de-o(ra(# rea'i&ed it needed to ("ange .it" t"e -odern
ti-e6 /a0o$r ref'e(t& t"e&e ("ange& 0$t t"e (ore ,a'$e& &ti'' e@i&t6 Ne. /a0o$r i& t"e (ontin$ation of o'd traditiona' /a0o$r6
Ne. /a0o$r i& different fro- t"e %o&t-1955 /a0o$r of 8i'&on
3rri,a' into offi(e=
POSITIFE
B'air (o$'d re'# on "$ge -a>orit# in %ar'ia-ent
/a0o$r a%%eared -o&t $nited &in(e 1955
/ed a gro$% of ta'ented %o'iti(ian&
S%ent * #ear& %re%aring for %o.er
:B'air %ro>e(t7 -('ear idea of dire(tion
+on&er,ati,e o%%o&ition de-ora'i&ed
E(ono-i( &it$ation fa,o$ra0'e
Ba&ked in g'o. of good.i'' fro- %$0'i( and %re&&
72
RO/E O? !9IRD <3R!IES
Y Referend$- <art#, 'a,i&"'# f$nded 0# Go'd&-it", .on no &eat& 0$t attra(ted
eno$g" ,oter& to (a$&e +on&er,ati,e defeat& in &o-e -argina' &eat& e6g6 Me''or
in <$tne#6 +o-%o$nded 0# Sked7& Inde%enden(e <art#6
Y /a(k of :('ear 0'$e .ater7 0et.een t.o -ain %artie& t"reatened to &D$eeCe t"e
/i0era' De-o(rat& 0$t - de&%ite 'o.er ,ote t"an 1992 - t"e# .on o,er t.i(e a&
-an# &eat& d$e to (aref$' targeting of t"eir 'i-ited re&o$r(e& and t"ere .a&
.ide&%read ta(ti(a' ,oting, .it" /a0o$r &$%%orter& ,oting /i0era' 1and ,i(e
,er&a2 a((ording to "o. t"e anti-+on&er,ati,e ,ote (o$'d 0e -a@i-iCed Q
e'e(tion of ne. /i0era' M<7&6 It a'&o &e($red t"e defeat of -an# +on&er,ati,e
(andidate& 0# t"eir /a0o$r o%%onent&
Nationa' di&tri0$tion of M<&
after 199 e'e(tion
Labour
Conservatve
Lbera Democrat
Natonasts
Other
328
56
10 6
34 2 4
16534 2
TOO GOO' TO BE TR!E*
E@tent of /a0o$r &$%%ort .a& de(e%ti,e 4 -a&&i,e %ar'ia-entar# -a>orit# did not ref'e(t a -a&&i,e &$rge in t"e /a0o$r ,ote
5*I of ,ote 0$t &ti'' 'o. t$rn o$t 4 fe.er ,oted for /a0o$r in 199 t"an in an# 1955-19;; and 'e&& t"an Ma>or7& ,i(tor# in 1992
/and&'ide 0a&ed on !or# ,oter& &ta#ing at "o-e, ta(ti(a' ,oting for /i0era'&, and ?<!< &#&te-J
/a0o$r7& E@%e(tation& 4 199 Manife&to
ECONOMICS
</EDGE IN !9E M3NI?ES!O <UR<OSEJ ME!J <3R!I3//H ME!J OR NO! ME!J !"ird .a#J
!"at("eri&-J
Or O'd /a0o$rJ
[8e are %'edged not to rai&e t"e
0a&i( or to% rate& of in(o-e ta@
t"ro$g"o$t t"e ne@t <ar'ia-ent6[
En&$re ta@ation i& not
0$rdo-e&o-e and a%%'i(a0'e to
Britain7& e(ono-i(& at t"at gi,en
ti-e6 3,oid 0eing t"e %art# of
ta@ation6
!"e to%-rate "a& re-ained at 50I &in(e 1996
!"e 0a&i( rate .a& a(t$a''# red$(ed fro- 2*I
to 22I in 20006 !"e tota' ta@ 0$rden $nder
/a0o$r "a& ri&en a& t"e go,ern-ent "a&
in(rea&ed indire(t ta@ation6
!"ird 8a# 4
re-o,e
&"a(k'e& of O'd
/a0o$r ta@ation
%o'i(ie& #et
en&$re &o(ia'
>$&ti(e to a,oid
0eing too
!"at("erite
[O$r 'ong-ter- o0>e(ti,e i& a 'o.er
&tarting rate of in(o-e ta@ of ten
%en(e in t"e %o$nd6[
3,oid 0eing t"e %art# of
ta@ation6 En&$re ta@ation of
in(o-e i& not a di&in(enti,e to
effort
!"e -ea&$re .a& introd$(ed in t"e 1999
0$dget6
!"at("eri&- 4
do not ta@ too
"ea,i'# on
in(o-e a& it i& a
di&in(enti,e to
effort
[8e .i'' -at(" t"e ($rrent target
for 'o. and &ta0'e inf'ation of 26 5
%er (ent or 'e&&6[
E&ta0'i&" it&e'f a& a0'e to 0e t"e
%art# of e(ono-i(& after
+on&er,ati,e& 'o&t t"eir
traditiona' %'a(ing6
/a0o$rT& %o'i(# i& 265I target for $nder'#ing
inf'ation, .it" -argin of error of %'$& or -in$&
1I6 Inf'ation "a& &ta#ed .it"in t"i& 0and
,irt$a''# t"ro$g"o$t /a0o$rT& ti-e in
go,ern-ent6
!"ird 8a#
[8e .i'' refor- t"e Bank of
Eng'and to en&$re t"at de(i&ion-
-aking on -onetar# %o'i(# i& -ore
effe(ti,e, o%en, a((o$nta0'e and
free fro- &"ort-ter- %o'iti(a'
-ani%$'ation6[
En&$re t"at Briti&" e(ono-i(&
are &ta0i'iCed t"ro$g"
inde%endent &afeg$arding and
not &$0>e(t to t"e f'$(t$ation&
of ."o-e,er -a# 0e in %o.er6
Gi,e it to t"e e@%ert&
!"e Bank of Eng'and .a& gi,en inde%enden(e
and (ontro' o,er intere&t rate& in 1996
!"at("eri&-
E'!CATION
</EDGE IN !9E M3NI?ES!O <$r%o&eJ ME!J <3R!I3//H ME!J OR NO! ME!J !"ird .a#J
!"at("eri&-J
Or O'd
/a0o$rJ
[O,er t"e (o$r&e of a fi,e-#ear
<ar'ia-ent .e .i'' rai&e t"e
%ro%ortion of nationa' in(o-e &%ent
on ed$(ation6[
I-%ro,e ed$(ationa' &tandard&
and (reate a ne. Britain
S$0>e(t to de(i&ion& 0# t"e S(otti&"
<ar'ia-ent, t"e 8e'&" 3&&e-0'# and t"e
Nort"ern Ire'and 3&&e-0'#, ed$(ation &%ending
i& %ro>e(ted to 0e ri&e to 56* %er (ent 0# 200*-
05, (o-%ared .it" 56 %er (ent in 199;-96
O'd /a0o$r
[8e -$&t re(ogni&e t"e t"ree TrT&
for ."at t"e# are - 0$i'ding 0'o(k&
of a'' 'earning t"at -$&t 0e ta$g"t
0etter6 8e .i'' a("ie,e t"i& 0# 666
%i'oting 'itera(# &$--er &("oo'&[
I-%ro,e 'itera(# of Britain In 2001 t"e go,ern-ent ear-arked F22- for
&$--er &("e-e& ai-ed at "e'%ing ("i'dren ."o
"ad fai'ed to rea(" nationa' 'itera(# and
n$-era(# 'e,e'& 0# t"e end of t"eir %ri-ar#
ed$(ation6
O'd /a0o$r
CONSTIT!TION
73
</EDGE IN !9E
M3NI?ES!O
<$r%o&eJ ME!J <3R!I3//H ME!J OR NO! ME!J !"ird .a#J
!"at("eri&-J Or
O'd /a0o$rJ
[3& an initia', &e'f-(ontained
refor-, not de%endent on
f$rt"er refor- in t"e
f$t$re, t"e rig"t of
"ereditar# %eer& to &it and
,ote in t"e 9o$&e of /ord&
.i'' 0e ended666[
ModerniCe Briti&" %o'iti(a' &#&te-
and -ake it -ore de-o(rati(
!"e 9o$&e of /ord& 3(t 1999 di&D$a'ified a''
"ereditar# %eer& for -e-0er&"i% of t"e
9o$&e, 0$t a''o.ed 90 "ereditar# %eer& and
t"e "o'der& of t"e offi(e& of Ear' Mar&"a'
and /ord Great +"a-0er'ain to &a# on to
en&$re t"ere .ere eno$g" %eer& to (ond$(t
0$&ine&&6 !"e re-aining "ereditar# %eer& .i''
0e e@('$ded ."en t"e -$(" %o&t%oned
T&e(ond &tageT of /ord& refor- take& %'a(e6
O'd /a0o$r
[3 &o,ereign 8e&t-in&ter
<ar'ia-ent .i'' de,o',e %o.er
to S(ot'and 666 and 8a'e&6[
3''o. nationa'itie& greater
inde%enden(e in t"e r$nning of
t"eir o.n (o$ntr# and to (reate
'a.& re'e,ant to t"eir nation6
!"e S(ot'and 3(t gained Ro#a' 3&&ent on 19
No,e-0er 199E6 !"e S(otti&" <ar'ia-ent -et
for t"e fir&t ti-e on 12 Ma# 19996 !"e
Go,ern-ent of 8a'e& 3(t .a& %a&&ed in 199E
and t"e ne. a&&e-0'# took $% %o.er& in K$'#
19996
O'd /a0o$r
[8e are %'edged to a
?reedo- of Infor-ation
3(t, 'eading to -ore o%en
go,ern-ent6[
More tran&%arent Britain and
%o'iti(a' &#&te-
!"e ?reedo- of Infor-ation 3(t re(ei,ed
Ro#a' 3&&ent on *0 No,e-0er 20006
!"ird 8a#
HEALTH
</EDGE IN !9E
M3NI?ES!O
<$r%o&eJ ME!J <3R!I3//H ME!J OR NO! ME!J !"ird .a#J
!"at("eri&-J Or
O'd /a0o$rJ
3 greater %ro%ortion of
e,er# %o$nd &%ent .i'' go on
%atient (are not
0$rea$(ra(#6[
En&$re t"at -one# i& 0eing &%ent
on %ri-ar# fo($& not -anager&
8"i'e t"e %artie& (an arg$e o,er ."et"er
t"ere i& a(t$a''# -ore red ta%e or not, fig$re&
in ?e0r$ar# 2000 re,ea'ed t"at t"e n$-0er
of ad-ini&trator& re'ati,e to N9S 0ed& "ad
a(t$a''# in(rea&ed to an a''-ti-e "ig"6
3tte-%t at
!"at("eri&-
[8e .i'' rai&e &%ending on
t"e N9S in rea' ter-& e,er#
#earN
I-%ro,e %atient (are and en&$re
.e'fare &tate i& fit for %$r%o&e
N9S &%ending in 2002-0* .i'' in(rea&e 0#
F560n to F;E690n6 !"i& i& an ann$a' rea'
in(rea&e of 56I $% to t"e end of t"e ($rrent
&%ending ro$nd in 200*B056
O'd /a0o$r
E'!CATION
</EDGE IN !9E
M3NI?ES!O
<$r%o&eJ ME!J <3R!I3//H ME!J OR NO! ME!J !"ird .a#J
!"at("eri&-J Or
O'd /a0o$rJ
[O,er t"e (o$r&e of a fi,e-
#ear <ar'ia-ent .e .i'' rai&e
t"e %ro%ortion of nationa'
in(o-e &%ent on ed$(ation6[
I-%ro,e ed$(ationa' &tandard&
and (reate a ne. Britain
S$0>e(t to de(i&ion& 0# t"e S(otti&"
<ar'ia-ent, t"e 8e'&" 3&&e-0'# and t"e
Nort"ern Ire'and 3&&e-0'#, ed$(ation
&%ending i& %ro>e(ted to 0e ri&e to 56* %er
(ent 0# 200*-05, (o-%ared .it" 56 %er (ent
in 199;-96
O'd /a0o$r
B/3IR 3ND BRO8N
<artner&"i% "eart of Ne. /a0o$r 4 B'air to 0e <M and Bro.n to 0e gi,en free reign a& ("an(e''or, 'ater to take o,er a& <M, a&
de(ided at Granita -eeting6
S$((e&&e&= One (on(entrated on f'air and %er&ona'it#, t"e ot"er on en&$ring a &o$nd e(ono-#6 En&$red %art# $nit# 1to an a((e%ta0'e
degree2, ($'ti,ated idea of %rofe&&iona'i&- and e(ono-i( -anage-ent6
?ai'$re&= &%e($'ation and -o(ker# of %artner&"i% 1e6g6 Bre-ner2, D$e&tion& of &$((e&&ion 0e(a-e .ear#&o-e di&en("anted t"e
e'e(torate
B/3IR7S ?IRS! GOVERNMEN! 199-2001
74
S$--ar# of /a0o$r
1995-1999
Ne. /a0o$r7& a%%roa("
30andoning +'a$&e IV and
nationa'i&ation
<'a#ing do.n &o(ia'i&-
Seeking %artner&"i% .it"
finan(ia' and 0$&ine&&
.or'd
3((e%ting ('a&& .ar .a&
o,er
B'air7& &t#'e of 'eader&"i%
E&&entia''# %er&ona'
<re&identia'
<re&entation an e&&entia'
("ara(teri&ti(
Ne. /a0o$r7& 0$CC .ord&
In('$&i,ene&&
Stake"o'der &o(iet#
?or(e& of (on&er,ati&-
Ne. /a0o$r7& e(ono-i( %o'i(ie&
/i-ited go,ern-ent &%ending
3nti-inf'ationar#
<r$den(e t"e .at(" .ord
Ne. /a0o$r7&
(on&tit$tiona' i&&$e&
De,o'$tion
9o$&e of /ord& refor-
+ontin$it# 0et.een N/ and
!"at("eri&-
Maintaining re&tri(tion& on trade
$nion&
Sa-e ind$&tria' %o'i(ie&
/itt'e effort to $ndo %ri,ati&ation
In&i&ten(e on a((o$nta0i'it# in
%$0'i( &er,i(e&
Ne. /a0o$r7& a%%roa("
U&e of N3!O to re&o',e internationa'
(ri&i&= Ao&o,o
+'o&er tie& .it" E$ro%e
S%e(ia' Re'ation&"i% .it" US= IraD
:9$-anitarian inter,entioni&-7
!"ree ke# &$((e&&e&=
16 E+ONOMH
- go,ern-ent 0orro.ing 'ed to (on&$-er (redit 0oo-
- Inde%enden(e of Bank of Eng'and
- Inf'ation do.n, e-%'o#-ent $%
- -o,ed a.a# fro- i-age of :ta@ and &%end7 %art#
- rea&&$ran(e of ind$&tria'i&t& and finan(ier&
- 'i,ing &tandard& of -idd'e ('a&& ri&ing a'ong .it"
"o$&ing 0oo-
26 ?OREIGN <O/I+H
- N3!O inter,ention in Ao&o,o to re&o',e internationa'
(ri&i&6 Lgoodie&N "ad defeated t"e L0addie&N and B'air
"ad &e($red US "e'%
+ONS!I!U!ION3/ RE?ORM
C-nse/.ati.es &ide &te%%ed (on&tit$tiona' refor- 1992-199 199 e'e(tion -anife&to o%%o&ed de,o'$tion 0$t &$%%orted
%ar'ia-entar# refor-, &trong'# again&t a E$ro%ean federa' &$%er &tate, and (o--itted to .ait and &ee a%%roa("6
Lab-3/&%ee(" 1995, B'air &tated %art#7& %rogra--e of (on&tit$tiona' refor- .a& :t"e 0igge&t %rogra--e of ("ange to de-o(ra(#
e,er %ro%o&ed7 Q introd$(ed 12 (on&tit$tiona' 0i''& 1
&t
%ar'ia-entar# &e&&ion after 1996
!"ere .ere fo$r -ain t"e-e&=
16 THE MO'ERNISATION OF POLITICAL INSTIT!TIONS - 9o$&e& of <ar'ia-ent 1&tage 1 re-o,a' of a'' 0$t 92 %eer&,
8ake"a- +o--ittee %ro%o&ed (o-0ination of %art'# e'e(ted and %art'# a%%ointed %eer&2 ran o$t of &tea-, (i,i' &er,i(e and 'o(a'
go,ern-ent 1'arge'# $nrea'i&ed 4 de(entra'i&ation to 'o(a' go,ern-ent& "a& o(($rred to a degree 0$t at &a-e ti-e a& (entra'i&ation of
<M7& offi(e26
26 GREATER 'EMOCRATISATION OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM - 0een dire(ted at in(rea&ed %o%$'ar %arti(i%ation in
in&tit$tion& and de(i&ion--aking %ro(e&&6 3((e%tan(e of $&e of referend$-&, 0$t t"ere "a& a'&o 0een &o-e -o,e-ent to.ard&
e'e(tora' refor- and n$-0er of ot"er, 'e&& "era'ded, %ro%o&a'&6 Eng'and no. t"e on'# &#&te- not $&ing <R ,oting &#&te- d$e to
(on(ern& t"at ado%tion of t"e &#&te- -a# affe(t t"e /a0o$r -a>orit# in f$t$re e'e(tion&6
*6 'EFOL!TION - de(entra'i&ation of %o.er& fro- 8e&t-in&ter and 8"ite"a''6 !a'k of greater %o.er& for 'o(a' go,ern-ent and
e,en t"e introd$(tion of regiona' go,ern-ent in Eng'and6 SN< "a& 0een &trengt"ened a& a re&$'t 1o%%o&ite to intention2
56 IMPROFING AN' SAFEG!AR'ING IN'IFI'!AL AN' MINORITY RIGHTS - 9$-an Rig"t& 3(t 2000 1"o.e,er t"i& de%end&
75
*6 NOR!9ERN IRE/3ND
- +'o&e .orking re'ation&"i% 3"ern 1,ita' on kee%ing t"e
Re%$0'i(an& on tra(k2
- <ro,ed (a%a0'e of rea&&$ring !ri-0'e and U'&ter
Unioni&t& d$ring fina' negotiation&
- G--1 F/i1a5 A,/eement 199D B'air7& greate&t
a("ie,e-entJ 9and& on in,o',e-ent and detai'ed
negotiation& d$ring fir&t ter-6 <ea(e %ro(e&& "ad 0een
%$&"ed a 'ong .a# 0efore B'air and t"ere .ere ot"er
(ontri0$ting fa(tor& t"at 'ed to G?3, BU! B'air7&
%er&ona' (o--it-ent .a& ,ita'6 O%%o&ition to Good
?rida# 3gree-ent (a-e fro- 0ot" &ide&
- SINN ?EIN 13da-&, M(G$inne&&2 ner,o$& of
Re%$0'i(an 0a(k'a&" again&t t"e- L&e''ing o$tN e6g6 O-ag"
0o-0ing 199E 1ki''ed *02
- U/S!ER UNIONIS!S 1!ri-0'e2 feared t"e %o.erf$'
negati,e inf'$en(e of <ai&'e# 'eader of t"e "ard-'ine
De-o(rati( Unioni&t <art# 1DU<2
BU! S!I// OVER3// SU++ESS?U/66666

+ontri0$tor& to t"e <ea(e
Good
?rida#
3gree-ent
199E
Ko"n 9$-e
SD/<
Gerr#
3da-& Sinn
?ein
Mo Mo.'e-
Nort"ern
Ire'and
Se(retar#
George
Mit("e''
US Senator
Da,id
!ri-0'e
U'&ter
Unioni&t&
B'air
Briti&" <M
Bertie
3"ern Iri&"
!aoi&ea("
Had aready
persuaded Adams to
commt to a peace
pan
Had much
success brngng
together the
oyast
paramtares
Superb medator
Deveoped a
cose workng
reatonshp - a
vta factor for
keepng the
Repubcans on
track. Refused
to accept cyce
of voence was
unbreakabe.
Brought partes
to negotatng
tabe
Proved capabe
of reassurng
Trmbe durng
the tense fna
negotatons
on inter%retation of >$dge&2, ?reedo- of Infor-ation 3(t 1&ti'' %o&&i0'e to 0'o(k infor-ation if it t"reaten& :nationa' intere&t72
NE LABO!R ECONOMICS
Need to e&(a%e 0oo--0$&t (#('e
Need to ($t nationa' de0t
Aee% inf'ation 'o.
3,oid re%$tation for in(rea&ing %$0'i( &%ending ."en in %o.er and "a,ing to re,er&e %o'i(# ."en a (ri&i& aro&e
Gain e(ono-i( (redi0i'it# in('$ding %ro,ing to Midd'e Eng'and t"at t"e# .ere %ro-0$&ine&&
!r# to -erge e(ono-i( &trateg# .it" .e'fare &trateg# 1fir&t en&$re e(ono-i( &ta0i'it# t"ro$g" e(ono-i( %r$den(e, t"en $&e t"e
-one# &a,ed to f$nd .e'fare %ro,i&ion2
<93SE ONE= 199-2001
Main'# a0o$t a("ie,ing e(ono-i( effi(ien(# and &o(ia' >$&ti(e
Ma(ro-e(ono-i(= Sta0i'it# and f'e@i0i'it# in 'a0o$r -arket, free fro- e'e(tora' ("ange&
:R$'e& 0a&ed7 e(ono-i( -anage-ent = R$'e& to 0e "e'd to in "o%e of (reating &ta0i'it#
- GO/DEN RU/E 1&to%%ing &%ending -ore t"an it (an afford on %$0'i( &er,i(e&2
- Inf'ation rate of 265I
!"i& &ta0i'i&e& e@%e(tation& of t"e -arket
Bank of Eng'and inde%enden(e= Set intere&t rate& to a(D$ire (redi0i'it#, &#-0o' of (o--it-ent to 'o. inf'ation
<ro-0$&ine&&, %ro-(o-%etition= 3%%ea'ing to 0$&ine&&, Midd'e Eng'and and ind$&tria'i&t&MMM
- +$t& in (or%oration ta@
- More dereg$'ation freeing e-%'o#er& fro- red ta%e 0$rea$(ra(#
- <ri,ate ?inan(e Initiati,e 1<?I2 0$&ine&& en(o$raged to in,e&t in %$0'i( &e(tor e6g6 S("oo'ing, "o&%ita'&6 Started 0#
+on&er,ati,e&, e@%anded 0# /a0o$r
Mi(ro'e,e' redi&tri0$tion/ Serie& of -ea&$re& to redi&tri0$te .ea't" to %oore&t in t"e (o$ntr# 1end &o(ia' e@('$&ion2
- Nationa' -ini-$- .age
- 8orking fa-i'ie& ta@ (redit6
O,era''666&$((e&&f$'
Re%'a(ed +on&er,ati,e& a& :%art# of e(ono-i( (o-%eten(e7
3%%ea'ed to Midd'e Eng'and, ind$&tria'i&t& and finan(ier&
Bro.n7& %r$dent 0$dget& &.e''ed Briti&" re&er,e f$nd&
."i'&t kee%ing inf'ation do.n
76
SU++ESSES
Va&t, far-rea("ing %rogra--e of ("ange, -eeting -o&t of t"e de-and& of t"e -a>orit# of ardent refor-er&, and re%re&enting t"e
0igge&t ("ange& in o$r &#&te- of go,ern-ent &in(e 19116
In a %$re'# (on&tit$tiona' &en&e, t"e Britain %re-B'air .a& a foreign (o$ntr#6 !"ere .a& no Edin0$rg" <ar'ia-ent or +ardiff 3&&e-0'#,
no /ondon e'e(ted -a#or or t"e %ro-i&e of -ore -a#or& to (o-e in to.n& and (itie&6 9ereditar# %eer& "e'd 0a'an(e of %o.er in 9o$&e
of /ord&6 <ro%ortiona' re%re&entation .a& &o-et"ing t"e# did on t"e +ontinent, 'ike t"e E$ro%ean +on,ention on 9$-an Rig"t&6 Mo&t
of t"e "ea,#.eig"t (on&tit$tiona' ("ange& fig$red in t"e fir&t X$een7& S%ee("
!on# B'air 0oa&t& t"at 100 #ear& after t"e (reation of t"e /a0o$r <art#, "e "a& de'i,ered t"ree of Aeir 9ardie7& "i&tori( 0en("-ark&
for a /a0o$r Go,ern-ent= t"e -ini-$- .age, de,o'$tion and a0o'ition of t"e "ereditar# %eer&6 It .a& ."at /a0o$r .anted
8E3ANESSES
/arge'# o,er&"ado.ed 0# &"ad# dea'& and %o'iti(a' fi@e& t"ro$g" ."i(" it "a& 0een introd$(ed, and t"e 'a(k of an# rea' de&ire 0#
/a0o$r to -ake <ar'ia-ent -ore effe(ti,e6
-an# ,oter& fai'ed to $nder&tand ."# t"e fir&t /a0o$r Go,ern-ent for 20 #ear& took $% &o -$(" %ar'ia-entar# ti-e on refor-&
."en t"ere .ere far -ore %re&&ing %ro0'e-& &$(" a& t"e N9S6
(on&tit$tiona' &ett'e-ent "a& 0een "anded "a& a'-o&t torn t"e %art# a%art, earned B'air t"e tit'e of :(ontro' freak7 and at ti-e&
(o-e at a "ea,# (o&t to "i& &tanding in t"e /a0o$r rank&
O0>e(ti,e&=
B$tMMM
!"i& 0egan to ("ange after 2001
Ne. /a0o$r7& E(ono-i( Strateg#
2001-200
Big in>e(tion of -one# into %$0'i( &er,i(e&
- into ne. &("oo'& and %a# ri&e& in N9S
- a%%arent'# (at("ing $% for #ear& of neg'e(t
+riti(& arg$ed t"at
- %$0'i( &%ending and go,ern-ent 0orro.ing .a& too "ig"
- f$nding of ne. %ro>e(t& t"ro$g" <?I got 0$i'ding& (o-%'eted D$i(k'# 0$t re&$'ted in 'arge de0t& &tored $% for t"e f$t$re
<O/I+H RESU/!
In(o-e and
e@%endit$re
?ro- 2001 t"e %r$den(e of ear'ier Bro.n-B'air
#ear& ga,e .a# to "ig" %$0'i( &%ending
9ig" inf'ation
<en&ion& Go,ern-ent raid on %en&ion& f$nd Ra%id FE-i''ion fa'' in %en&ion ,a'$e&6 De('ine of
Briti&" %en&ion& ind$&tr#6 Sa,ing& ratio fe''
E-%'o#-ent !o red$(e $ne-%'o#-ent 265-i''ion -ore in .ork 200 t"an 199
565-i''ion %eo%'e of .orking age &ti'' 'i,ing on
$ne-%'o#-ent 0enefit
*I of in(rea&e in >o0& .ere in $n%rod$(ti,e %$0'i(
&e(tor
Borro.ing !o 0orro. in order to find e@%an&ion of %$0'i(
&er,i(e&
+o&t& of &er,i(e& o$tran re,en$e ret$rn& Q in(rea&ed
0orro.ing6 Go,ern-ent 0orro.ing en(o$raged a
(on&$-er (redit 0oo-6 Britain not %re%ared for
internationa' e(ono-i( do.nt$rn 0# end of 200
Go'den Bro.n !o &e'' of "a'f of Britain7& go'd re&er,e& &in(e
go'd %ri(e& .ere fa''ing
S$0&eD$ent re(o,er# of go'd -arket -eant Britain "ad
&o'd at a "ea,# 'o&& a-o$nting to F* 0i''ion
<O/I!I+3/ IM<3+! O? IR3X
IraD 8ar and B'air-B$&" re'ation&"i% i& arg$ed to 0e t"e defining i&&$e of B'air7& &e(ond ter-6
8"#J
It aro$&ed 0itter o%%o&ition to B'air, in('$ding %re,io$&'# ent"$&ia&ti( &$%%orter&6 <eo%'e .ere (on(erned a0o$t %rote(ting (i,i'
'i0ertie&6
!"e (ontro,er&ie& of t"e .ar in IraD and t"e 8ar on !error &"a%ed do-e&ti( %o'iti(&
B'air7& 'ink& .it" B$&" aro$&ed inten&e "o&ti'it# d#e to $n%o%$'arit# of B$&" in 0ot" E$ro%e and Britain6
Q B'air "ad to fig"t t.o .ar& o,er IraD ) One again&t Sadda- 9$&&ein ) One to .in o,er %o'iti(a' and %$0'i( o%inion at "o-e
Bot" .ent 0ad'#6666666
8"# get in,o',edJ
Se%te-0er 11
t"
"ad a %rofo$nd i-%a(t on 0ot" B'air and Britain6
B'air (on,in(ed t"at g'o0a' terrori&- .a& a dead'# danger and t"at &%e(ia' -ea&$re& .ere needed to %ro,ide greater &e($rit#6
B'air7& 'ink& .it" B$&"
8"o .a& o%%o&ed to t"e .arJ
8it"in t"e %art# 4 +ook and S"ort re&igned
<$0'i( 4 -o&t &$%%orti,e 0$t .ere t"o&e ."o .ere again&t .ar in %rin(i%'eB-ora''# and d$e to 'a(k of 0a(king fro- UN 1'arge and
,o(a' -inorit#2
Media= initia''# &$%%orti,e6 +ontin$a''# &$%%orti,e of Lo$r 'ad&N 0$t not of t"e go,ern-ent&B(o$ntrie& ."o 'ed Britain into IraD
77
O%%o&ition -ain'# (a-e fro- -et"od& $&ed to e@($&e going to .ar rat"er t"an t"e a(t$a' .ar it&e'f=
Met"od= Inte''igen(e do&&ier on 8E3<ONS O? M3SS DES!RU+!ION 120022 ) idea 9$&&ein "ad 0io'ogi(a' and n$('ear .ea%on&6
Ba(kfiredM 8"# .a& it D$e&tionedJ
- ?ai'ed to (on,in(e t"o&e ."o t"o$g" 8MD "ad 0een e@aggeratedBo,errated
- X$e&tion& o,er ."# +a-%0e'' 1<re&& Se(2 %'a#ed &$(" a 'arge ro'e in drafting do&&ier 4 :&e@ed $% do&&ier7 1Gi''igan, 200*2 to
e@aggerate t"e t"reat fro- Sadda- and t"at it .a& intended for %o'iti(a' %$r%o&e&
- a(($&ation& do&&ier .a& a0o$t %o'iti(a' %re&entation rat"er t"an "ard e,iden(e
I-%a(t of 8MD= No 8MD .ere fo$ndM
B'air7& o%%onent& ('ai-ed t"at t"i& %ro,ed de'i0erate de(e%tion 4 :B/I3R7 4 (on&i&tent'# 'ied in %$r&$it of "i& .ar-ongering
%o'i(ie&6
Deat" of Dr Da,id Ae''# 1.ea%on& e@%ert at MoD2 f$rt"er da-aged t"e go,ern-ent& re%$tation a& t"e (a&e do-inated t"e
nationa' ne.&, ro(ked t"e go,ern-ent, and %$t t"e do$0t into t"e Briti&" %$0'i(& -ind a0o$t ."et"er t"i& do&&ier "ad indeed
0een e@aggerated6
Man# no. 0egan to D$e&tion t"e e,iden(e on ."i(" B'air "ad 'ed Britain
into t"e .ar on and "i& intention& for "a,ing done &o 4 %$0'i( -ood of
(#ni(i&- and (onde-nation
!"e ro'e of (riti(a' and &en&ationa'i&t %re&& "ad a %rofo$nd effe(t
/ORD 9U!!ON7S ENXUIRH 4 a0&o',ed t"e go,ern-ent fro- 0'a-e and (riti(i&ed t"e BB+ 0$t t"e da-age .a& done6
+o$r&e of t"e .ar dragged on6 De&%ite Sadda- 0eing o,ert"ro.n it did not end neat'# 4 for(e& 0ogged do.n in a 83R O?
O++U<3!ION
De&%ite i-%ro,e-ent& in 200; t"e $n%o%$'arit# &ti'' re-ained
Go,ern-ent 0'a-ed for "$-an rig"t& a0$&e& (arried o$t 0# USBBriti&" &o'dier& 1%"oto& of tort$re2
Go,ern-ent 0'a-ed for not %ro,iding t"e troo%& .it" &$ffi(ient re&o$r(e& to fig"t t"e .ar
Man# D$e&tioned integrit# of /a0o$r
S%'it& .it"in %art# 4 re&ignation&, (riti(i&-&, ra''#ing aro$nd Bro.nJ
Media 0a(k'a&"
De('ine in (redi0i'it# of B'air
I-%a(t on do-e&ti( %o'i(ie& a& re&$'t of .ar
De('ine in Britain7& internationa' %re&tige and re%$tation
Britain7& ,er# o.n Vietna-J ?ai'$re to .in t"e "eart& and -ind& of t"e IraDi %o%$'ation %o&t-Sadda- "one#-oon %eriod
8"at no.J E'e(tion&J <ea(eJ De-o(ra(#J IS !9IS <OSSIB/EJJ
2005 E/E+!ION
!"e :8o00'e7 2005 - B'air7& a$t"orit# 'ooked in danger
I-%a(t of IraD
9$tton InD$ir# "ad re%orted 0a(k on Ae''# Q -ore %re&& &%e($'ation and attention
Ba(k0en(" re,o't again&t t"e introd$(tion of to% $% fee& for $ni,er&it# &t$dent&
Bro.nBB'air -arriage .a& &trained
<re&& &%e($'ation a0o$t B'air re&igning
9o.e,er, de&%ite t"i&, t"e .o00'e .a& not"ing -ore t"an t"at66666
Ma# 2005 e'e(tion .on re'ati,e'# ea&i'# 1a't"o$g" .it" a &ignifi(ant'# red$(ed -a>orit#, ($t 0# "a'f fro- 1;; to 12
S"o.ed $nder'#ing &trengt"& of /a0o$r
8a& t"i& 0e(a$&e t"e +on&er,ati,e& .ere &ti'' $ndergoing re(o,er# and "ad not #et -o$nted a &trong ("a''enge in 2005-2005J
89H DID /3BOUR 8IN IN 2001J
S%'it& and D$e&tion& of $nit# in t"e %art#
Media 0a(k'a&"
De('ine in (redi0i'it# of B'air
X$e&tion& o,er integrit# of t"e /a0o$r %art#
78
But!!Bar and ntegence
communty dd genuney beeve
there were WMD - they had
evdence whch they fet ndcated
ths.
+ontri0$tion to t"e :.o00'e7 2005 4 ("a''enge of B'air7& a$t"orit#
Britain7& and /a0o$r7& internationa' integrit#
+on&eD$en(e& on do-e&ti( %o'i(ie&
89H DID /3BOUR 8IN IN 2005J
3't"o$g" B'air7& in,o',e-ent in t"e IraD .ar 'o&t "i- &o-e %o%$'arit#, &ti'' regarded 0# e'e(torate a& o$t&tanding ("oi(e a-ong
%art# 'eader&
+on&er,ati,e& "ad &$%%orted t"e go,ern-ent7& de(i&ion on IraD Q $n'ike'# to gain fro- t"e -o$nting (riti(i&- of t"e .ar
Ano.'edge of e(ono-i( and finan(ia' diffi($'tie& t"at .ere 0eginning to fa(e Britain "ad not 0e(o-e .ide&%read for it to (o$nt
a& a fa(tor6
De&%ite +on&er,ati,e& -aintaining ,ote and &'ig"t'# in(rea&ing aggregate &$%%ort, t"e# .ere &ti'' not a0'e to -ake &ignifi(ant
inroad& into /a0o$r7& 'ead
+on&er,ati,e <art# * different 'eader& .it"in 2 #ear& ) did not &it .e'' .it" %$0'i(, regarded t"e +on&er,ati,e& di,ided %art#
'a(king in (onfiden(e and $n'ike'# to go,ern .e''6 !"e 'eader& t"e# ("o&e did not enti(e t"e e'e(torate6
Ro'e of &%in do(tor&6 B'air 0# 2005 .a& e@%erien(ed %o'iti(a' o%erator ."o kne. "o. to %ro>e(t "i& i-age6 9o.ard .a& a
(o-%etent 'eader 0$t "e .a& no rea' -at(" for B'air in t"e %re&identia'-&t#'e (a-%aign t"at t"e <M (ond$(ted
Bro.n "ad e&ta0'i&"ed t"e %art# a& one of e(ono-i( (o-%eten(e .it" a (on&$-er 0oo- and ri&ing "o$&e %ri(e& and .a& &ti''
$ti'i&ing t"i& to gain %o%$'arit# .it" finan(ier& and t"e -idd'e ('a&&6
9o.ard -ade a 0ad ("oi(e of i&&$e& on ."i(" to fig"t t"e e'e(tion6 9i& e-%"a&i& on i--igration and 'a. and order, (on(ern& on
."i(" "i& o.n re(ord of dea'ing .it" t"e- a& 9o-e Se(retar# in Ma>or7& go,ern-ent .a& not i-%re&&i,e, %ro,ed &o-et"ing of an
e-0arra&&-ent6
+ON!INUED S</I!S IN !9E +ONSERV3!IVE <3R!H 199-200
Sti'' fig"ting a :(i,i' .ar7
Mi&&ing ke# ,oter& 4 'o&t -idd'e gro$nd
!"at("er &ti'' i-%a(ting on %art#
Side'ined and ineffe(ti,e=
N/ "ad in(or%orated -an# !or# %o'i(ie& ) "ard to atta(k N/
and o(($%ied t"e traditiona' !or# &tan(e
O$t-oded - Stig-ati&ed a& a :na&t# %art#7 o$t of to$("
.it" -odern Britain
9ag$e a& 'eader = on'# .on 0e(a$&e of fe. ene-ie& and .a& Maggie7&
%referred ("oi(e de&%ite 0eing ine@%erien(ed and no %o.er 0a&e6
!or#7& -ade -i&take of not a%%ointing 0e&t %er&on to re,i,e %art#, in&tead one 'ea&t 'ike'# to (a$&e rift& "adn7t rea'i&ed t"e#
needed to ("ange a& a %art# &o 9ag$e "ad to dro% "i& atte-%t& at &o(ia' in('$&i,ene&& and &ta# rig"t .ing
/OS! 2001 E/E+!ION )
1a2 eaEnesses -8 the C-nse/.ati.e Pa/t5 4 done not"ing to a%%ea' to -idd'e gro$nd, 'eader ("o&en 0a(ked do.n and not
dri,en for.ard needed ("ange& d$e to &%'it& and ten&ion& in t"e %art#, 'eader ("o&en .a& $nkno.n to t"e %$0'i( and 'a(ked
t"e ("ari&-a of B'air, a,erage %art# -e-0er .a& ;* and -a'e 1in (o-%ari&on /a0o$r7& :#o$t"f$'7 i-age and B'air7& Ba0e&2,
fai'ed to $&e t"e o%%ort$nit# of 0eing in o%%o&ition to -oderni&e t"e %art#, -ain 'ine .a& o%%o&ition to t"e E$ro ."i(" fai'ed
to attra(t f'oating ,oter&
102 R-le -8 Blai/ Hes:e4iall5 in 4-m:a/is-n t- -the/ lea1e/sI - B'air7& (ontin$ed %er&ona' %o%$'arit# .it" t"e ,oter&, 'aid &tre&&
on t"e i-%ro,e-ent& in t"e %$0'i( &er,i(e&
1(2 S344esses -8 the Lab-3/ ,-.e/nment - %er(e%tion t"at t"e go,ern-ent .a& "and'ing t"e e(ono-# and foreign affair&
effe(ti,e'#, tr$&t in Bro.n a& a %r$dent +"an(e''or of t"e E@("eD$er
D$n(an S-it" a& 'eader= $nkno.n6 8on 0e(a$&e of negati,e ,oting again&t +'arke and <orti''o
79
Sackng of Duncan
Smth a turnng
pont!
3ttit$de& to.ard& t"e +on&er,ati,e
<art#, 199
Statement %respondents
who agree
A partythat does not have a
bright future
7
A party with very few new ideas !
Aparty without a clear sense of
direction
7"
A party that lac#s strongleaders !$
An out of date party 77
1(o$'d "a,e -ade %art# -ore (entri&t and e'e(ta0'e2, not 0e(a$&e of an# 0e'ief in "i& a0i'it# to
'ead t"e +on&er,ati,e& 0a(k to %o.er ) &a-e &tagnation and deat" a& /a0o$r 199-19E*6 O$&ted6 +on&er,ati,e& fina''# rea'i&e
t"e# need to ("ange %art# not >$&t 'eader to .in ,oter& 0a(k6
9o.ard a& 'eader= ("o&en 0e(a$&e "e .a& a0'e, e@%erien(ed ) ("o&en on -erit 1de&%ite $n%o%$'arit#2 in&tead of 'ike'i"ood to
(a$&e &%'it& 4 a ne. attit$de for t"e +on&er,ati,e !"i& ("ange in attit$de and t"erefore 'eader 'ed to 9o.ard %erfor-ing
&trong'# again&t B'air in t"e +o--on&, a& .e'' a& i-%ro,ing %art# organi&ation and -ora'e6
Q %o&iti,e de,e'o%-ent .it" regard to (riteria for ("oo&ing a 'eader BU! "ad not ("anged t"eir attit$de& in ot"er, eD$a''#
i-%ortant .a#& ) <art# .a& &ti'' o0&e&&ed .it" E$ro%e and &ti'' di&$nited
Q !"e# again 'o&t t"e 2005 e'e(tion
1a2 eaEnesses -8 C-nse/.ati.e Pa/t5 - +on&er,ati,e& "ad &$%%orted t"e go,ern-ent7& de(i&ion to go to IraD Q $n'ike'# to gain
fro- -o$nting (riti(i&- of .ar, "ad * different 'eader& in 2 #ear& ."i(" did not &it .e'' .it" %$0'i( ."o regarded t"e
+on&er,ati,e& a& a di,ided %art# 'a(king in (onfiden(e and $n'ike'# to go,ern .e''6 9o.ard (o-%etent 'eader 0$t "e .a& no -at("
for B'air in %re&identia'-&t#'e (a-%aign t"at <M (ond$(ted6 9o.ard -ade a 0ad ("oi(e of i&&$e& on ."i(" to fig"t 1i--igration,
'a. and order2 (on(ern& on ."i(" "i& o.n re(ord of dea'ing .it" t"e- a& 9o-e Se(retar# in Ma>or7& go,ern-ent .a& not
i-%re&&i,e, %ro,ed &o-et"ing of an e-0arra&&-ent6
102 R-le -8 Blai/ - 3't"o$g" B'air7& in,o',e-ent in t"e IraD .ar 'o&t "i- &o-e %o%$'arit# &ti'' regarded 0# t"e e'e(torate a& t"e
o$t&tanding ("oi(e a-ong %art# 'eader&, 0a(ked 0# .i'# tea- of &%in do(tor&6 B'air 0# 2005 .a& an e@%erien(ed %o'iti(a'
o%erator ."o kne. "o. to %ro>e(t "i& i-age6
1(2 S344esses -8 Lab-3/ ,-. 4 Ano.'edge of e(ono-i( and finan(ia' diffi($'tie& t"at .ere 0eginning to fa(e Britain "ad not 0e(o-e
.ide&%read for it to (o$nt a& fa(tor again&t go,ern-ent6 Bro.n "ad e&ta0'i&"ed %art# a& one of e(ono-i( (o-%eten(e .it" a
(on&$-er 0oo- and ri&ing "o$&e %ri(e&, &ti'' $ti'i&ing t"i& to gain %o%$'arit# .it" finan(ier& and t"e -idd'e ('a&&6
+a-eron a& 'eader = (o--itted to -oderni&ing %art# 1ro'e in 2005 -anife&to2, ne. 0reed of +on&er,ati,eBM<6 +a-eroon&
:de(onta-inated t"e +on&er,ati,e 0rand7 ) rea("ed o$t 0e#ond narro. (ore &$%%orter& 0# -aking %art# -ore in('$&i,e and not
"o&ti'e to et"ni( -inoritie&, &ing'e -ot"er&, "o-o&e@$a'& and t"e #o$ng
Q !"i& .orked to "i& ad,antage a& /a0o$r .ere $na0'e to a(($&e "i- of 0eing :&-oot" 0$t &$%erfi(ia'7 d$e to "i& &i-i'aritie& .it"
B'air and t"e &a-e ."en for 0eing ,ag$e in %art# %o'i(ie& 1&a-e ta(ti( a& N/ &in(e 19952
Ro.e= fir&t ti-e &in(e 199, t"e +on&er,ati,e& offered a (redi0'e a'ternati,e to /a0o$r re(o,ering -$(" of t"e gro$nd 'o&t 0#
199 and o%inion %o''& &$gge&t t"at &eat& 'o&t to t"e /i0era'& in 199 (o$'d 0e .on 0a(k6
SOCIETY
DEMOGR3<9I+ +93NGE (a-e a& a re&$'t of * rea&on&=
80
1996
<o%$'ation ri&ing 0$t $ne,en
Et"ni( -i@ &i-%'er= Et"ni( -i@ 'arge&t non-
."ite& .ere Indian, t"en +ari00ean, <aki&tani
No %o'iti(a' (on(ern a0o$t integration
/arge&t ."ite i--igration .a& Ire'and
3n# <o'i&"BR$&&ian i--igration .ere di%'o-at&
or (o--$ni&t ref$gee&
:Bog$& a&#'$- &eeker7 $nkno.n ter-
Britain not rea''# %enetrated 0# foreign ($'t$re
?66(
<o%$'ation * -i''ion -ore
In(rea&ed non-."ite i--igration
/arge&t ."ite i--igration i& <o'and and i--igration i& no.
in(rea&ing'# ."ite rat"er t"an trend %o&t 195E ."i(" .a&
fro- +o--on.ea't", no. EU (o$ntrie&6 +o-e in &ear(" of
>o0& and 0etter %ro&%e(t& rat"er t"an a& ref$gee
:Bog$& a&#'$- &eeker7 ter- often $&ed to atta(k
go,ern-ent %o'i(ie& on i--igration
Britain7& ($'t$re "a& not ("anged ref'e(ting ne.
i--igration
IMPACT of
("ange&=
- <o%$'ation
1&iCeB&"a%e2
- So(ia'
3ttit$de&
- +$'t$re
- Media
IMMIGRATION ?66( I--igration arg$ed 0# %re&&$re gro$%&, 0'og&, ne.&%a%er& to 0e %ro0'e- needing $rgent attention to
%rote(t :&o(ia' (o"e&ion7 and :Briti&" .a# of 'ife7 and &to% Britain fro- 0eing o,er%o%$'ated 12001 e'e(tion *I (on&idered
i--igration i-%ortant, 200 *0I (on&idered it i-%ortant2
GREYING OF BRITAIN 4 %eo%'e 'i,ing 'onger d$e to 0etter "ea't" (are %ro,i&ion and 'i,ing &tandard&
199 a,erage *, 200 a,erage age *9
200 -ore %eo%'e of retire-ent age t"an $nder 1; 1re&$'t of 19;07& 0a0# 0oo-er& gro.ing $% and retiring2
I %o%$'ation o,er E0 "ad do$0'ed in 20 #ear&
NEG3!IVE SO+I3/ +ONSEXUEN+ES Q &$rge in de-and for -edi(a' treat-ent& for e'der'#, N9S and /3 n$r&ing "o-e&
&tr$gg'ed to (o%e in need for 'ong ter- (are 1e6g6 de-entia2, in(rea&ing (o&t& of %en&ion& 0e(o-e %o'iti(a' i&&$e ) %en&ion
&("e-e& &k#ro(ket6 !"o&e de%endent ."o''# on &tate %en&ion& &$ffered ) f$e' %o,ert#
<OSI!IVE SO+I3/ +ONSEXUEN+ES Q :gre# %o$nd7Bdi&%o&a0'e in(o-e 'ed to ne. generation of a(ti,e retired %eo%'e
1&e(ond "o-e&, "o'ida#&, ne. -arket& in %ro%ert#, &"o%%ing and 'ei&$re2, ("ange in ad,erti&ing
EN' OF CO!NTRYSI'EJ - ("ange& in ."ere %eo%'e 'i,ed and &"o%%ed6 !ra(ed 0a(k to 0efore 1955 0$t 19907& &a. i-%a(t on
&o(iet# 0e(o-e (a$&e of %$0'i( (on(ern6 9ad 0een "a%%ened for ."i'e 0$t ($'-inated &o t"e# a'' 0e(a-e noti(ed at on(e
Ri&e in o$t-of-to.n &"o%%ing (enter& and "o$&ing e&tate& Q &.a''o.ing $% of (o$ntr#&ide
In(rea&e in :&ing'e o(($%ier&7
/ondon and &o$t"-ea&t gro.ing ra%id'# in('$ding "o$&ing, &o(ia' &er,i(e& and tran&%ort &tret(" on &er,i(e& and %ro,i&ion&6
S(ot'and and o'd ind$&tria' nort" %o%$'ation de('ining, $r0an de('ine and de%re&&ed "o$&e %ri(e&6
Go,ern-ent tried to &to% t"i& ) regeneration f$nd&, re'o(ation of de%art-ent& o$t of /ondon, regeneration %ro>e(t&
1G'a&go., /eed&, Gate&"ead ) &$((e&&f$'2 BU! /ondon &ti'' 'ion &"are of e(ono-i( gro.t" d$ring %ro&%erit# #ear& 1990-
200
1951 W %o%$'ation 'i,ed in r$ra'B&e-i-r$ra' ) 2000 on'# *I e-%'o#ed in agri($'t$re, -an# far-er& o$t of 0$&ine&&, "ad to
tr# to e@%'oit EU grant& in&tead of %rod$(ing food6
3'ienation of (o$ntr#&ide a& re&$'t of de('ine of agri($'t$re= I-%a(t of BSEB+KD &(are in (att'e and 0an on 0eef
e@%ort& 119907&2 and foot and -o$t" ."i(" (a$&ed -a&& &'a$g"ter of 'i,e&to(k 120012 -eant -$(" of Britain7&
(o$ntr#&ide ('o&ed do.n )r$ra' (o--$nitie& fa(ed e(ono-i( "ard&"i% (o$%'ed .it" di&(ontent o,er f$e' (o&t& 1end $%
>oining in f$e' 0'o(kade 20022 and fo@ "$nting 1+o$ntr#&ide 3''ian(e dee%'# o%%o&ed to 0an %$&"ed t"ro$g" 0# /a0o$r2 Q
(o$ntr#&ide re0e''ionJ
Inten&i,e far-ing ("anged 'and&(a%e of Britain and (o$ntr# 'ife "o''o.ed o$t ) ,i''age& no. .it"o$t &("oo', &"o%, %o&t
offi(e or %$0
Ho$ng %eo%'e for(ed to 'ea,e a& (o$'dn7t afford "o$&e %ri(e& d$e to 2
nd
"o-e&B(o--$ter&
/a0o$r $r0an orientated and $n&#-%at"eti( 0$t did tr# to "e'% Q &$0&idie& for di,er&itif(ation, for r$ra' %$0'i( tran&%ort,
&("e-e& to (reate afforda0'e 'o(a' "o$&ing, %$&" of far-er7& -arket& and organi( far-ing to (o$nter &$%er-arket&
ON/H M3RGIN3/ DI??EREN+EMMMM Britain no. a -ore $r0an (o$ntr# t"an e,er6
MIGRATION 4 0een "a%%ening &in(e 1951 ("anging (o--$nitie&
19E9-200 4 i--igration in(rea&ing'# a (entra' &o(ia' and %o'iti(a' i&&$e
In(rea&e& (a-e d$e to traditiona' -igration, re'ati,e& >oining fa-i'ie& e&ta0'i&"ed, foreign &t$dent&, &ki''ed .orker& fi''ing &ki''&
&"ortage&, i-%a(t of g'o0a'i&ation, fa-ine and regiona' (onf'i(t&, e@%an&ion of EU 13E (o$ntrie&2 o%ened $% Ea&tern E$ro%ean
i--igration, 0ig in(rea&e in a&#'$- &eeker& in 19907& Q &o-eti-e& &train on 'o(a' a$t"oritie& and (o--$nit# re'ation&
3&#'$- &eeker& &o-e gen$ine, &o-e a&&o(iated .it" e(ono-i( -igrant& $&ing t"e &#&te- a& a -ean& of entr# 4 :0og$&7 a&#'$-
&eeker& Q -a&&i,e %$0'i( (ontro,er&#, .eig"t of n$-0er& -eant a$t"oritie& $na0'e to %ro(e&& &o -an# ('ai-&
In(rea&e in o$t.ard -igration 4 .ent a0road for e-%'o#-ent o%%ort$nitie&, retire to &$nnier 'o(ation&
3E (o$ntr# -igrant& 1t"o&e ."o "ad >$&t >oined EU 2005-200 e6g6 <o'and2 not te("ni(a''# i--igrant&M Mo,ing .it"in EU &#&te-
0$t %re&& '$-%ed t"e- toget"er a& in(o-er& $nder 'a0e' :i--igrant&7
NEG3!IVE RE3+!ION 4 %re&& rea(tion e6g6 Dai'# E@%re&& )fo($& on (ri-ina' 0e"a,io$r, taking >o0&, dri,ing do.n .age 'e,e'&,
%re&&$re gro$%& e6g6 Migration.at(" )fo($& on i-%a(t of &$dden &$rge of 'arge n$-0er& on %$0'i( &er,i(e& 'ike "ea't"Bed$(ation,
o,er&tret(" and &o(ia' (o"e&ion (on(ern&6 Gen$ine a& .e'' a& a'ar-i&t rea(tion6
<OSI!IVE RE3+!ION 4 e(ono-i&t& ('ai- nation 0enefitted %o&iti,e'# fro- -igrant& 1fi''ed 'a0o$r &"ortage, ,a'$a0'e &ki''&,
81
&-a'' 0$&ine&&e& Q net gain to e(ono-#2, -o&t -igrant& #o$ngB"ea't"# &o didn7t &train &o(ia' &er,i(e&6 Migration did not f'o. one
.a#, -an# ret$rned "o-e 11B*2 and -an# Briti&" %eo%'e .ere 'ea,ing6
9ard to ana'#&e d$e to &"eer n$-0er& and "ard to %redi(t 'ong ter- trend& d$e to f'$(t$ation& a& a re&$'t of ("anging e(ono-i(
(ondition& 1-igrant& ret$rn "o-e d$ring diffi($'t ti-e&2
BRITAIN A M!LTIC!LT!RAL SOCIETY*
Et"ni( di,er&it# i&&$e &in(e 1951 0$t -ore noti(ea0'e 0# 200
Ae# D$e&tion&= :8a& ."ite Britain fai'ing to do eno$g" to en&$re t"e eD$a'it# of re&%e(t and o%%ort$nitie& for et"ni(
-inoritie&J7 VERSUS :8ere et"ni( -inoritie& doing eno$g" to ada%t to t"e Briti&" .a# of 'ife and .a& t"e identit# of
traditiona' .orking ('a&& (o--$nitie& 0eing $nfair'# neg'e(tedJ7
HES
Mo&D$e&, ot"er re'igio$&B($'t$ra' 0$i'ding& t"ro$g"o$t Britain
S("oo'&, 'o(a' go,ern-ent and (or%oration& 'a$n("ed initiati,e& to a&&i-i'ate and (e'e0rate different ($'t$re&
+$i&ine, radio &tation&, !V %rogra--e& a'' ("anged to in(or%orate or ref'e(t -$'ti($'t$ra' nat$re
NO
<o'i(e a(($&ed of 0eing :in&tit$tiona''# ra(i&t7 Ma(<"er&on Re%ort ) M$rder of Ste%"en /a.ren(e 1199*2 0# ."ite
ra(i&t #o$t"& and fai'ing& of %o'i(e to find &$ffi(ient e,iden(e to (on,i(t a(($&ed6 Nationa' i&&$e and 'and-ark in
ra(e re'ation&
B 2005 Ki"adi&t terrori&t atta(k& in /ondon 0ro$g"t &$i(ide 0o-0ing to Briti&" &oi'6 /ater &"ooting of an
inno(ent BraCi'ian -i&taken for a &$i(ide 0o-0er (a$&ed f$rt"er ra(e ten&ion& Q atta(k& (a$&ed -$(" &o$' &ear("ing
a0o$t &e($rit# i&&$e& and (o--$nit# re'ation& a& 0o-0er& "ad 0een Briti&" (itiCen& ."o "ad &ee-ing'# 0een
a&&i-i'ated into &o(iet#6 8"# "ad t"e# 0e(o-e a'ienatedJ 9o. (o$'d (o--$nit# re'ation& 0e i-%ro,ed to -ake
et"ni( -inoritie& fee' -ore Briti&"J
I-%a(t of .ar in IraD ) a'ienated &o-e Briti&" M$&'i-&
BB+ dire(tor Greg D#ke (a''ed "i& .orkfor(e :"ideo$&'# ."ite7
B 0o-0ing& 'ed to di,ide= greater &e($rit# t"ro$g" 0order (ontro'& and ID (ard& ,er&$& arg$-ent& IR3 "ad (arried o$t
&i-i'ar atta(k& in 190-1990& and t"at it .a& i-%ortant not to o,errea(t and i-%inge on (i,i' 'i0ertie&
ME'IA AN' C!LT!RE
In(rea&ing te("no'ogi(a' ("ange ) 1990-200 fa&ter t"an e,er, :age of t"e gadget7
3'read# in $&e %re-1990 0$t 0# 200 te("no'ogie& "ad ad,an(ed -a&&i,e'# e6g6 -o0i'e %"one&, 'a%to%&, internet ) %er&ona'
(o--$ni(ation no. 0# te@t, e-ai' and %"one, de(rea&e in +D &a'e& d$e to M<*, DVD re%'a(e& V9S, 'a%to%& afforda0'e, i-%a(t on
%o'iti(& and ed$(ation, (on,enien(e of -an# different digita' !V ("anne'&
I-%a(t of g'o0a'i&ation tran&for-ing ($'t$re, 'ei&$re and .or'd e(ono-#=
In(rea&e in indi,id$a'i&- and i&o'ation
In(rea&e in (o--$ni(ation in one &en&e 0$t de('ine in %er&ona' a%%roa("
Ra%id gro.t" in ke# infor-ation ind$&trie&
25B i--ediate %re&& ($'t$re
More a((e&&i0'e to &o-e, 0$t ot"er& 'eft 0e"ind d$e to age or e(ono-i( &it$ation
+$'t$ra' %$r&$it&= de('ine in (ine-a and (o--$na' endea,o$r& o$tdoor& 0$t ri&e in t"o&e engaging in on'ine (o--$na' endea,o$r&,
("ange in !V %rogra--e&, &"o%%ing %attern&B-et"od&
FOREIGN
82
E!ROPE
IM<3+! O? END O? +O/D 83R
E$ro%e7& (entre of gra,it# 0egan to &"ift ea&t.ard& a& %re,io$& +o--$ni&t (o$ntrie& -o,ed to.ard& t"e EU
N3!O needed to find a ne. ro'e %o&t +o'd 8ar
<o&t-So,iet R$&&ia, .eak e(ono-i(a''# and %o'iti(a''#
US no. $n("a''enged
Britain and US &%e(ia' re'ation&"i% &tronger t"an e,er
Q EU "o%ed t"at a& it e@%anded it (o$'d %'a# a greater ro'e in .or'd affair& 0# &etting $% ne. (o''e(ti,e &e($rit# and re&o',ing
di&%$te&
BRI!3IN7S 3IMS= fo($& onU6
Maintaining &%e(ia' re'ation&"i% AN' $&e &%e(ia' re'ation&"i% to 0$i'd di%'o-ati( 0ridge 0et.een US and E$ro%e
Go,ern-ent& of e@%anding EU
+ontin$ed fo($& on Iri&" Re%$0'i(
Go,ern-ent& of e@%anding UN
+93NGING N3!URE O? EU
3((e&&ion of -an# ne. -e-0er &tate&
1990 EE+ 12 -e-0er&
) 199 EU 2 &tate& .it" di&($&&ion& .it" f$rt"er nation&
Q I-%a(t=
+"anged nat$re of EU
+"anged de(i&ion -aking %ro(e&&
Be(o-ing a %o'iti(a' $nion rat"er t"an e(ono-i( (o--$nit#
State& of :Ne. E$ro%e7 .ere 0o$nd to %'a# a %ro-inent ro'e in EU ) ("a''enge to a$t"orit# and %re&tige of BritainJ
Q ne. ("a''enge& to Briti&" foreign %o'i(#
M3KOR 3ND EURO<E
/e&& (onfrontationa' t"an !"at("er
S$((e&& on Maa&tri("t !reat# 1992 4 .in& a''ie& and dro,e a "ard 0argain
en&$red good re'ation& .it" "ead& of ot"er go,ern-ent& e6g6 Ao"'
&e($red o%t-o$t& for Britain in order to &to% :federa'i&t7 i-%a(ting on Briti&" &o,ereignt#
So'd t"e dea' to +on&er,ati,e %o'i(# 1to &o-e degreeM2
9O8EVER, "andi(a%%ed 0#666666
3nti-E$ro%ean attit$de& in +on&er,ati,e <art#
S(e%ti(a' Briti&" %$0'i(
E$ro%ean ("a''enge& to Briti&" foreign %o'i(# e6g6 Di&integration of H$go&'a,ia
Q no %ro&%e(t of >oining &ing'e ($rren(#
B/3IR 3ND EURO<E - :Under -# 'eader&"i% I .i'' ne,er a''o. t"i& (o$ntr# to 0e i&o'ated or 'eft 0e"ind7 B'air 1995
BU!M Not 'i&ted in /a0o$r7& to% 50 a("ie,e-ent& in 200E
On arri,a' "e .it"dre. Britain7& %re,io$& o0>e(tion& to E$ro%ean a$t"orit# o,er=
!"e en,iron-ent
Regiona' %o'i(ie&
+ri-ina' >$&ti(e
So(ia' +"a%ter
Q &"o. good.i'' of ne. go,ern-ent
:Began a& a tiger, ended $% a& a door-at7J
83
B'air dee%'# (o--itted at a %er&ona' 'e,e' to t"e E$ro%ean idea'6
8anted Britain at t"e "eart of E$ro%e
EN/3RGEMEN! O? EU
!reat# of Ni(e 2001 to "e'% refor- in&tit$tion&
2005 e@%an&ion fro- 15 to 25 &tate&
200 e@%an&ion to 2, !reat# of /i&0on to in(rea&e
effi(ien(# and de-o(ra(#
EURO<E3N +ONS!I!U!ION
Ref$&ed to "o'd referend$- on i&&$e
EURO
Britain de('ined to >oin E$ro-Cone
B'air and Bro.n di,ided o,er i&&$e
BRI!3IN7S BUDGE!3RH +ON!RIBU!IONS
GB %a#ing di&%ro%ortionate'# 'arge (ontri0$tion&
B'air tried to negotiate retention of Britain7& re0ate
200; B'air ga,e into E$ro%e on t"e re0ate i&&$e
+3<
Britain a net 'o&er $nder +3< reg$'ation&
B'air $na0'e to o0tain &ati&fa(tor# refor- of +3<
EU DIRE+!IVES
In one #ear E$ro%e i-%o&ed *000 ne. dire(ti,e& on Britain 4
go,B%ar'ia-ent a((e%ted .it"o$t de0ate
VE!O
/o&& of ,eto and ado%tion of -a>orit# ,oting
<o&iti,e i-%a(t& on B'air=
<'a#ed a %ro-inent %er&ona' ro'e in E$ro%ean affair&
4 "ig" %er&ona' &tanding and $&ed %o.er& of %er&$a&ion
to (ar,e "i-&e'f a ro'e
!ook ke# ro'e in !reat# of Ni(e 4 ent"$&ia&ti( and
&een a& a ke# %o.erf$' %er&on "e'%ing to dri,e t"ro$g"
en'arge-ent
3gain ado%ted a &trong ro'e in atte-%t& to 0ridge ga%
0et.een E$ro%e and US, in IraD, and %ea(e %ro(e&&
0et.een I&rae' and <a'e&tinian&
/ead in initiati,e& 1-ake %o,ert# "i&tor#, ('i-ate
("ange, G,GE2 %er&ona' tri$-%" for B'air7& di%'o-a(#
200 B'air a%%ointed Midd'e Ea&t &%e(ia' en,o#
Q <er&ona' %re&tige in E$ro%e .a& "ig" 0# 200 and e@(e''ent di%'o-ati( re'ation& .it" ke# (o$ntrie& and &tate&-an e6g6 Merke' and
SarkoC#
BU!M ?e. (on(rete a("ie,e-ent&6666
Negati,e i-%a(t& on B'air
Re'ation& .it" B$&"BIraD 8ar $nder-ined -an# effort& to 0$i'd 0ridge& 0et.een US and E$ro%e
?e. a("ie,e-ent&= Make <o,ert# 9i&tor#, ('i-ate ("ange fr$&trating'# &'o. 1%ro-i&ed a 'ot 0$t a("ie,ed 'itt'eJ2
3tte-%t& to refor- .orking& of EU ended in Britain re>e(ting %ro%o&ed ne. (on&tit$tion 4 a-ended !reat# of /i&0on .atered
do.n 0$t &ti'' aro$&ed (ontro,er&#, &ti'' $nratified
Idea of :!"ird 8a#7 notion -ade 'itt'e i-%a(t on EU -ini&ter& ."o de&%ite Britain -aking (on(e&&ion& to t"e- fe't no need to
-ake (on(e&&ion& 0a(k Q Didn7t a(t$a''# .ie'd %o.er &"o.n 0# +3< fia&(o 1agreed to dro% ,eto in ret$rn for +3< refor- 0$t
?ran(e and Ger-an# 0'o(ked t"i&2
E$ro D$e&tion .a& a &o$r(e of ten&ion 0et.een Bro.n 1e(ono-i( (on(ern&2 and B'air 1%o'iti(a' "o%e&2 'eading to f$rt"er fra(t$re&
in re'ation&"i% and %o&&i0'e di,ide& in (a0inet
Re0ate i&&$e 4 B'air "ad arg$ed again&t t"i& 0$t ."en E$ro%e ('o&ed rank& in 2005 and de-anded in(rea&e& in (ontri0$tion&,
Britain 0a(ked do.n and B'air7& negotiation& e,ent$a''# 'o&t UA re0ate 'eading to (ontri0$tion& ri&ing to F-i''ion
<'a#ed a((ording to r$'e& too -$(", -o&t 1e6g6 ?ran(e2 ignored EU 'a.& and t"i& a-$&e& (o$nter%art& Q E0I ne. E$ro%ean 'a.&
i-%o&ed on Britain o(($rred d$ring B'air7& #ear&
:Began a& a tiger, ended $% a& a door-at7 1Ger-an ne.&%a%er2
<o&iti,e i-%a(t on Britain
?oreign inter,ention a& %art of N3!O 4 H$go&'a,ia, Ser0ia, 3fg"ani&tan 4 Britain at to% ta0'e and ado%ting ne. %o.er %o&ition
.it"in internationa' organi&ation
/a$n(" of E$ro 4 Britain "ad e&ta0'i&"ed "er %o&ition and &t$(k to "er g$n&
B'air7& ke# ro'e in e,ent& e6g6 !reat# of Ni(e "e'%ed to -ake Britain 'ook &trong, 'ike &"e .a& %$&"ing for.ard t"e&e refor-& a&
an in&tigator and 'eader rat"er t"an 0eing for(ed6
Britain at (entre of effort& to de,e'o% a (o--on E$ro%ean &trateg# again&t t"e t"reat of g'o0a' terrori&- after 9B11
/ead in initiati,e& 1-ake %o,ert# "i&tor#, ('i-ate ("ange, G,GE "e'd in G'eneag'e&2 ga,e Britain a ke# ro'e in E$ro%e and &ee-ed
to 0e 'eading t"e %a(k
Mo&t (o-%'iant -e-0er of EU 4 de&%ite odd -an o$t i-age Britain ado%t& dire(ti,e& .it" &%eed and (o--it-ent
Negati,e i-%a(t on Britain
<o&ition in E$ro%e &ti'' re-ained a-0i,a'ent de&%ite effort&
Ending of ,eto and introd$(tion if -a>orit# ,oting
Ra%id en'arge-ent -eant t"at %o'i(ie& introd$(ed a&&i&ted ne. (o$ntrie& at t"e detri-ent of Britain 4 e6g6 Re0ate i&&$e 4 B'air
"ad arg$ed again&t t"i& 0$t ."en E$ro%e ('o&ed rank& in 2005 and de-anded in(rea&e& in (ontri0$tion&, Britain 0a(ked do.n and
84
e,ent$a''# 'o&t UA re0ate 1F -i''ion2
Britain %aid -ore into E$ro%e t"an it got o$t - in net ter-& t"e# "ad ne,er re(ei,ed f$nding fro- EE+BEU
Mi&&ed o$t on E$ro 1999 4 :a.k.ard neig"0o$r7
Nationa' %re&& &ti'' "o&ti'e to E$ro%e
Dee% di,i&ion& 0et.een Britain and ot"er EU (o$ntrie& dee%ened 0# IraD 8ar
<o'iti(a' organi&ation rat"er t"an e(ono-i( (o--$nit# 4 ("a''enge to Briti&" &o,ereignt#
E$ro%e .o$'d not -ake (on(e&&ion& to Britain 4 t"ere .a& not rea''# an#t"ing $% for di&($&&ion de&%ite &"o. e,ent&, t"e EU .a&
&i-%'# .aiting for Britain to (at(" $% and &tart (onfor-ing to t"e r$'e& a'read# dra.n $% 4 +3< fia&(o %ro,ed t"i&M
!oo (o-%'iant 4 ."i'&t -o&t ot"er& take ad,antage of E$ro%e and ignore EU reg$'ation& ."en t"e# ("oo&e Britain "a& ne,er
ado%ted t"i& re'a@ed attit$de and a''o.ed *000 ne. dire(ti,e& to 0e i-%o&ed in 200; a'one
BRI!3IN, N3!O 3ND B3/A3NS, 1991-1999
End of +o'd 8ar, gro.t" of EU Q "o%e E$ro%e .i'' %'a# 'arge ro'e in .or'd affair& S93!!ERED 0# H$go&'a,ia %ro0'e-&
EU and UN 1991 ) di%'o-ati( effort& to -aintain %ea(e 0$t 'itt'e %rogre&&
Britain (onfident t"e# (o$'d -ake a -a>or (ontri0$tion d$ring (on&tit$tiona' arrange-ent& ) effort& of E$ro%ean di%'o-at& fai'
d$e to range of ai-& and idea& Q Ma>or 1992 organi&e& >oint EU and UN %ea(e (onferen(e in /ondon )(reate& Van(e-O.en %'an
Ma>or %rai&ed for effort&, no (on(erted effort fro- E$ro%e and US re'$(tant to inter,ene Q -ediation ineffe(t$a' ."i'e .ar
(ontin$e& in('$ding Sre0reni(a -a&&a(re 1995 ) UN %ea(ekee%ing -i&&ion "ad not inter,ened Q i-%a(t on Briti&", E$ro%ean and
3-eri(an foreign %o'i(#
UN %ea(ekee%ing and EU di%'o-a(# &een a& .eakBfai'ed Q Britain t$rn& to 3-eri(a and N3!O %er&$ading +'inton to inter,ene
?o''o.ing air &trike& a (onferen(e i& a("ie,ed g$aranteeing Bo&nian inde%enden(e 1995
199 B'air (ontin$e& Ma>or7& %o'i(# of in,o',ing US and N3!O and %er&$ade& +'inton to 0a(k -i'itar# a(tion again&t Ser0ia Q
Mi'o&e,i( o,ert"ro.n and H$go&'a,ia (o''a%&e& (reating ne. &tate&6
B'air= &een a& a 0ig &$((e&& and &trengt"en& 0e'ief in /IBER3/ IN!ERVEN!IONISM and i-%ortan(e of &%e(ia' re'ation&"i% .it"
t"e US and need to 0ring 3-eri(an and E$ro%ean %o'i(# ('o&er toget"er6 S"a%e& B'air7& f$t$re %o'i(ie&6
S<E+I3/ RE/3!IONS9I<
<o&t-H$go&'a,ia 119992, B'air7& ai-& regarding Britain7& a''ie& and internationa' ro'e ("anged fo($&=
3-eri(a in, E$ro%e o$t= B'air de(ided t"at H$go&'a,ia "ad &"o.n in ter-& of foreign %o'i(# E$ro%e and t"e UN .ere not to 0e
re'ied $%on, and $&ing 3-eri(a "ad 0een far -ore effe(ti,e
Aee% 3-eri(a infor-ed of E$ro%ean affair&
Make f$'' $&e of N3!O to defend ne. .or'd order
/i0era' inter,entioni&- 4 needed to %re,ent t"e re($rren(e of -a&&a(re&
B'air 1999 on.ard&= :NO MORE SREBRENI+3S7
/#n("= :"e .a& an anti-a%%ea&erV 0e&t .a# to defeat t#rann# .a& not &i-%'# 0# $&ing di%'o-a(#6 Of (o$r&e, di%'o-a(# &"o$'d 0e
tried fir&t, 0$t if t"i& did not .ork, it .a& 'egiti-ate to $&e for(e to o0'ige aggre&&or &tate& to (onfor- to internationa''#
agreed &tandard& of (ond$(t7
I-%a(t of 9B11
US "ad %re,io$&'# fe't in,$'nera0'e6 !"i& (a-e a& a &"o(k and &o re&$'t .a& rea(tionar# and dra&ti(6 8"#J
IM<3+!6666
16 /ed to US 'ed (oa'itionBN3!O in,a&ion of 3fg"ani&tan O(t 2001
26 /ed to 83R ON !ERROR=
Q .idened di,i&ion& 0et.een 8e&tern .or'd and M$&'i-&
Q .idened di,i&ion& 0et.een 8e&t it&e'f
3?G93NIS!3N - 9B11 'ed to US 'ed (oa'itionBN3!O in,a&ion of 3fg"ani&tan O(t 2001
!a'i0an .a& di&'iked and &o initia''# t"i& .a& an a((e%ted -o,e a& %art of 'i0era' inter,entioni&-6
Ina0i'it# to (a%t$re target& &$(" a& Bin /aden and di&i''$&ion-ent .it" t"e e&ta0'i&"-ent of a :MODERN DEMO+R3!I+ S!3!E7
85
"a,e "ad &erio$& negati,e i-%'i(ation& in('$ding t"e 'o&& of &$%%ort of E$ro%ean go,ern-ent&6
E(ono-i( and %o'iti(a' de,e'o%-ent "a& 0een &'o., rea'i&ation :D$i(k fi@ de-o(ra(#7 "a& not 0een &$((e&&f$' "o.e,er "a& 0een a
-$(" D$i(ker rea'i&ation6
3ttention t$rned to IraD 2002, 3fg"ani&tan neg'e(ted a& a re&$'t
Q 3$g$&t 200 rene.ed t"reat fro- !a'i0an in 3fg"ani&tan
I-%a(t of 3fg"ani&tan
Di&i''$&ion-ent .it" o$t(o-e& of .ar and t"e e&ta0'i&"-ent of :-odern de-o(rati( &tate7
?o($& on IraD fro- 2002 -eant t"e 3fg"an go,ern-ent &tr$gg'ed to (o%e .it" (o-%'e@ %o'iti(a' &it$ation 'eft in Aa0$'
Q !a'i0an regro$%ed and fig"ting "a& (ontin$ed, &e($rit# &it$ation at 'o. 200;-200 'eading to in(rea&e in troo%&
+ontin$ed deat" to'' 4 3fg"an, (oa'ition for(e&
Detention of :ene-# (o-0atant&7 at G$antana-o Ba# and tort$re te("niD$e& a& %art of :&%e(ia' interrogation&7 1.ater0oarding,
taken to Eg#%t2
Q (riti(i&- of B$&"-B'air
Idea'& of 'i0era' inter,entioni&- .ere di&(redited
Media 0a(k'a&"
Mora' 0a(k'a&" fro- .it"in (o$ntrie& and ot"er (o$ntrie&
IR3X - S"ort(o-ing& and fai'$re& of 3fg"ani&tan re(on&tr$(tion (a-e a& %ri(e of fo($& on IraDJ
B$&"7& ne-#4-nse/.atism &a. "i- .ant to dea' .it" :$nfini&"ed 0$&ine&&7 of IraD 4 :(ontaining7 Sadda- "ad fai'ed and &o
inter,ention .a& ne(e&&ar#
+on(ern&=
1a2 Sadda- -ig"t tea- $% .it" a'-Xaeda
102 8MD de,e'o%-ent 4 f$e''ed 0# gen$ine fear fo''o.ing e@%$'&ion of UN .ea%on& in&%e(tor& 199
Di%'o-ati( effort& 2002 ) O(t 2002 fai'$re to agree 2
nd
UN re&o'$tion ) In,a&ion and o,ert"ro. of Sadda- 200* ) 200 Bro.n
anno$n(e& .it"dra.a' fro- IraD
O$t(o-e& of IraD
/i0era' inter,entioni&- di&(redited
Sadda- o,ert"ro.n 0$t no neat, de(i&i,e end to .ar
No 8DM fo$ndM
+o&t of .ar= finan(ia' and 'o&& of 'ife
De-o(ra(# in %'a(e 0$t %o'iti(a' and e(ono-i( %rogre&& i& again &'o. and f'a.ed 4 gro.t" of e@tre-i&t gro$%&, &$i(ide 0o-0ing&
?ai'$re to .in :"eart& and -ind&7 of IraDi7&
Ba(k'a&" again&t B$&"-B'air
- ."at e,iden(e .a& t"ere to &$%%ort inter,ening in IraDJ
- 8a& t"i& a .ar of i-%eria'i&-Boi' rat"er t"an "$-anitarianBde-o(rati( goodJ
- :B'air7& 8ar7 to f$rt"er %o'iti(a' (areer
Britain regarded a& 3-eri(an 'a%dog
Di,i&ion& a-ong&t 8e&tern nation&
Di,i&ion& in 3-eri(a and Britain t"e-&e',e& e6g6 <rote&t&, D$e&tion& o,er 'ega'it# of .ar
IM<3+! ON B/3IR
86
CRITICS OF BLAIR
B'air7& 8ar7 to f$rt"er %o'iti(a' (areer
Ane. t"at B$&" .a& going to in,ade IraD an#.a# and .a& &i-%'#
$&ing UN re&o'$tion& a& a .a# of 0ringing E$ro%e ro$nd
Effort& to 0e 0ridge 0et.een US and E$ro%e .a& f'a.ed a& "e
.a& &o ('o&e'# 'inked to B$&" "e "ad no %o.er to inf'$en(e
eit"er 3-eri(an nor E$ro%ean %o'i(#
No 8MD fo$nd de&%ite do&&ier
B'air .a& B$&"T& :%ood'e7
Re-o,ing Sadda- .a& not eno$g" of a rea&on to >$&tif# .ar
!a(ti(& and target& "ad en(o$raged t"e ,er# for(e& of
terrori&- t"at t"e# .ere tr#ing to defeat 4 e@tre-i&t >i"adi&t&
'EFEN'ERS OF BLAIR
+on,in(ed 8MD t"reat .a& rea'
!ried to $&e di%'o-ati( a(tion& t"ro$g" UN to tr# to %re,ent
&%'it& 0et.een E$ro%e and US, a& &"o.n 0# atte-%t at 2
nd
UN
re&o'$tion
+orre(t in "i& ana'#&i& t"at US .a& needed to re&o',e &it$ation,
a& t"e# "ad done in H$go&'a,ia, and t"at :'ea,e it to t"e UN7
and :t"e E$ro%ean& are rig"t7 -a# re&$'t in anot"er Sre0reni(a
9i& >$dge-ent -a# 0e fa$'ted 0$t it &"o$'d not 0e denied t"at
t"ro$g"o$t "e .a& "i& o.n -an dri,en 0# (on,i(tion and a
&en&e of -i&&ion 4 &%e(ia' re'ation&"i% .a& one of eD$a'&
Ki"adi&t terror %re-date& IraD 8ar
ASSESSING BLAIR
B'air a'.a#& .anted to ("oo&e to 'ea,e, not 0e &"o,ed 'ike !"at("er, .it" Bro.n a& &$((e&&or
200; -o$nting %re&&$re to 'ea,e6
8"#J
1a2 Bro.n and (o 0e(o-ing i-%atient
102 ?a'' o$t of IraD 8ar
1(2 9one#-oon .it" %re&& 'o&ing g'o.
1d2 :+a&" for "ono$r&7 &(anda' 'oo-ing
1e2 +a''& for ret$rn to :O'd /a0o$r7 ,a'$e& 0$00'ing
1f2 K$-% &"i% 0efore &"o,edJ
B'air and "i& &$%%orter& .anted to &ta# 'onger a& t"e# fe't "e .a& on'# getting &tarted, :'a&t t.o #ear& -o&t %rod$(ti,e7 0$t ti-e&
"ad ("anged &in(e 200
De&%ite Se%te-0er 200; (o$% ne,er o(($rring, (i,i' .ar and &%e($'ation 'ed to "i& anno$n(e-ent to &te% do.n a& %art# 'eader
and an M< .it"in a #ear 1K$ne 2002
Q B'air &et a0o$t on a f$rio$& ro$nd of a(ti,it# at "o-e and a0road, deter-ined to -ake t"e -o&t of t"e B'air 'ega(#
THE SYNOPTIC APPROACH
3n e@a-ination of a%%ro@ 50 #ear& a&&e&&ing ("ange and (ontin$it#
8"at .a& t"e &it$ation in t"e 0eginning ) ."at .a& t"e &it$ation in t"e end
87
IMPACT ON BRITAIN& NEGATIFE
Britain regarded a& 3-eri(an 'a% dog
IraD .ar .a& a fai'$re, D$e&tion on'# re-ain& a& to "o.
-$(" of a fai'$re it .a&
9ad not a("ie,ed goa'&Be@%e(tation& of 200*
Not a0'e to :0ring t"e 0o#& "o-e7 4 &ent to &ta0i'i&e 3fg"an
on(e .it"dra.n fro- IraD
/o&& of 'i,e&, e@%en&e and di%'o-ati( effort
B 0o-0ing& t"e re&$'t of IraDJ
Rat"er t"an 0eing a .ar on terror, t"i& "ad &%read terror 4
8e&t "ad 'o&t -ora' "ig" gro$nd
IMPACT ON BRITAIN& POSITIFE
9ad $&ed UN and di%'o-a(#
9ad tried to forge 0ridge& 0et.een US and E$ro%e
/i0era' inter,entioni&- f$e''ed 0# %o&iti,e o$t(o-e in
H$go&'a,ia
9ad ended a di(tator&"i% in IraD 4 &ti'' "o%e of a &ta0'e f$t$re
3ng'o-3-eri(an -i'itar# (a-%aign& &in(e 1990& "a& 0een
$ndertaken 'arge'# to %rote(t M$&'i-&= A$.ait 1991, Bo&nia
1995, Ao&o,o 1999
Greater n$-0er of M$&'i- deat"& .ere (a$&ed 0# ot"er
M$&'i-&
Sadda- "ad -one# and .i'' to %rod$(e 8MD 4 0etter to
defeat "i- in 200* t"an fa(e a n$('ear-.ea%oned IraD 'ater
+a&" for 9ono$r&
3(($&ation& /a0o$r f$nd rai&er& .ere a.arding
"ono$r& to %eo%'e -aking 'arge donation&6
<o'i(e D$e&tioned ke# /a0o$r -e-0er& in('$ding
B'air6 No ("arge& 0ro$g"t6 Bad %$0'i(it# 'ingered
S!CCESS
8on t"ree e'e(tion&, $n-at("ed 0# an# ot"er /a0o$r
<M
S$&tained e(ono-i( %ro&%erit# and &ta0i'it#
Do-inated Briti&" %o'iti(& and for(ed t"e
+on&er,ati,e& to $ndergo -a&&i,e ("ange
3("ie,ed "i&tori( %ea(e &ett'e-ent in NI
<'a#ed an i-%ortant 'eader&"i% ro'e in E$ro%e
Strong 'ead in :.ar again&t terror7
8or'd &tate&-an, &trong 'ead on 3fri(a and ('i-ate
("ange
<o'i(# of :'i0era' inter,entioni&-7 "e'%ed 0ring &ta0i'it#
to Ba'kan&
AGAINST
3("ie,ed 'e&& in %o.er t"an "e (o$'d "a,e done6 3tt'ee7& 1951 'ega(#
.a& greater
B'air and Bro.n .ere '$(k# to in"erit &$(" a& fa,o$ra0'e &it$ation in
199V go,ern-ent de0t "ig" 0# 200
3'ienated -an# traditiona' /a0o$r &$%%orter& 0# -o,ing a.a# fro-
traditiona' ,a'$e& and 0eing %ro-0$&ine&&
/ater atte-%t& to -ediate %ea(e in t"e Midd'e Ea&t fai'ed
?ai'ed to &e($re Briti&" entr# into E$ro 0# (eding inf'$en(e to Bro.n
and nationa' %re&&
Dri,e for identit# (ard& and greater %o.er& for %o'i(e $nder-ined
(i,i' 'i0ertie&
Strengt"& .ere in %re&entation 4 %ra(ti(a' re&$'t& did not -at(" $%
In,a&ion of IraD .a& a -a&&i,e error
D$ring t"i& ti-e a2 ."at ("angedJ 02 ."at &ta#ed t"e &a-eJ
!"ere -$&t "a,e 0een &o-e %eriod& of &$((e&& and &o-e %eriod& of de('ine e6g6 1950& ,er&$& 1907&
Identif# AEH !URNING <OIN!SBISSUESBEVEN!S 0et.een t"e #ear& and a&&e&& t"e one& %ro-oting ("ange 1e6g6 arri,a' of
Nort" Sea Oi'2 and t"o&e %ro-oting (ontin$it# 1e6g6 ro'e of :0oo- and 0$&t72
DON! >$&t offer a 'i&t of fa(tor& 4 t"ere need& to 0e (entra' arg$-ent .it" 0a'an(e
I S!RONG/H SUGGES! 3VOIDING +9RONO/OGI+3/ 3<<RO3+9MMMM In&tead identit# t"e &$((e&&Bfai'$re&,
("ange&B(ontin$itie& e6g6 &o(ia' re,o'$tion= et"ni(Bi--igration ("ange& a& one fa(tor, ('a&& a& anot"er fa(tor, r$ra'B$r0an Britain
a& anot"er fa(tor6
<O/I!I+S
1951 200 +"ange +ontin$it#
<redi(tion& t"at t.o-
%art# &#&te- .o$'d
gi,e .a# to a
:f$nda-enta'
rea'ign-ent of Briti&"
%o'iti(&7
S$- tota' of ("ange& 'e&&
t"an re,o'$tionar#M !.o
%art# &#&te- "a& &"o.n
great tena(it#M
On'# /a0o$r or +on&er,ati,e
go,ern-ent& &in(e 1951
19E0& /a0o$r (a-e ('o&e to di&integration
d$e to SD<B/i0era'& eating into traditiona'
&$%%ort6
1990& gro.t" of &$%%ort for a'ternati,e&
&$(" a& UAI<, BN< &a. +on&er,ati,e
%o&ition ("a''enged6
Ri&e of &$%%ort for nationa'i&t %artie& in
8a'e&, S(ot'and, Ire'and, and ri&e of
%re&&$re gro$%&Be@tra %ar'ia-entar#
gro$%& ate a.a# at /a0o$rB+on&er,ati,e
&$%%ort
!.o %art# tren(" (ontin$ed=
/a0o$r re,i,ed in t"e 19907&,
+on&er,ati,e& "a,e again
re(o,ered and ('a.ing 0a(k
gro$nd6
/i0era'& ("a''enged at ke# %oint&
in('$ding 2005 e'e(tion 0$t ?<!<
&#&te- and dro% in &$%%ort "a& not
'ed to ,i(tor#6
Nationa'i&t %artie& "a,e "ad
&$((e&&e& 0$t not eno$g" to
0e(o-e a do-inant for(e6
1951 %art ti-e
o(($%ation6
Ne.& .a& &'o.er 4
take a fe. da#&
0efore it "it S$nda#
%a%er&6
<o'iti(& regarded a&
$%%er
('a&&Be&ta0'i&"-ent
(o-%o&ition6
/a0o$r .a& .orking
('a&&, +on&er,ati,e&
.ere $%%er ('a&&6
200 4fe. "a,e "ad a (areer
o$t&ide %o'iti(&6 So'e
o(($%ation6
Ne.& i& in&tant a& t"e &%eed
of re&%on&e6
So(ia' re,o'$tion in %o'iti(&
-ore o%en to different
('a&&e&Bgender&Bra(e& 0$t
ineD$a'itie& &ti'' %re,ai'
Ro'e of %re&&= 25 "o$r ne.& ($'t$re -eant
t"at it .a& ne(e&&ar# to re&%ond e,er# da#
and i--ediate'# to e,ent& a& t"e# o(($r 4
no 'onger ti-e to -$'' t"ing& o,erM
3((e&&ion of B'air &a. dai'# re&%on&e to
ne.& &torie&, 0# de%art$re re&%on&e gi,en
at -orning, '$n(" and noonM
State &("oo' ed$(ated 9eat" and 8i'&on a&
<M&6
!"at("er -o,ed !orie& f$rt"er a.a# fro-
:knig"t& of t"e &"ire7 i-age, B'air doing t"e
o%%o&ite fro- /a0o$r6
3%%roa(" of 'eader& 0e(a-e -ore infor-a'
and (on,er&ationa' to (on,e# ('a&&'e&&ne&&6
+ontin$e e'iti&tB('a&& nat$re of
%o'iti(& de&%ite effort& 4 ke#
%o'iti(ian& e6g6 B'air 1O@ford2,
+a-eron and Bori& Ko"n&on 1Eton,
O@ford2 are not ref'e(ti,e of t"i&
:&o(ia' re,o'$tion7 in %o'iti(&
Monar("# 4 X$een
E'iCa0et" II regent
19526
No de&ire to refor-
9o$&e of /ord&6
X$een E'iCa0et" II a&
regent6
+ontin$ed de&ire to -ake t"e
&e(ond ("a-0er -ore
de-o(rati(6
Di,or(e and &(anda' .it"in t"e ro#a' fa-i'#
a& .e'' a& in(rea&ed &%e($'ation and
&(r$tin# 0# %re&&B%$0'i( e6g6 DianaB+"ar'e&6
Stage 1 of 9o/ &a. re-o,a' of a'' 0$t 92
"ereditar# %eer&6
8ake"a- +o--ittee &et for.ard
re(o--endation& 0$t t"e&e are #et to 0e
endor&ed6
+ontin$ed %o&ition and &tan(e of
-onar("# a &#-0o' of tradition 4
$n("anged ro'e, no 'a&ting da-age
fro- &(anda'&, &ti'' "e'd in "ig"
regard &"o.n 0# 2002 >$0i'ee
(e'e0ration&6
9o/ refor-& 'itt'e -ore t"an
tinkering .it" 92 "ereditar# %eer&
&ti'' in %'a(e6
State troo%ing of (o'o$r 'ook& t"e
&a-e a& %re,io$& generation&6
E+ONOMI+ 4 %eriod tr#ing too "ard to go $% a do.n.ard -o,ing e&(a'atorJ
1951 200 +"ange +ontin$it#
/a0o$r inten&i,e De('ine and end of -an# o'd I-%a(t of deind$&tria'iCation= 'and&(a%e De('ine of e(ono-# t"ro$g"o$t t"e
88
fa(torie&6 O'd
ind$&trie& i-%ortant
0$t 0eginning a &tage
of ter-ina' de('ine6
So$r(e of in(o-e and
(o--$nit# for -an#
traditiona' area&6
ind$&trie& and (o--$nitie&
e6g6 (entra' 0e't of S(ot'and
.it" no -ore (o''ierie&, &tee'
%'ant& and (ar fa(torie& t"at
"ad do-inated &in(e %re-
19E07&6 De('ine of &ea%ort
a(ti,it#
("anged 1-ine& ('o&ed2 and ('o&$re of o'd
ind$&trie& 6
In(rea&e in -e("aniCation and (o-%$ter
o%erated -a("iner# ) ("ange in %rod$(tion
te("niD$e&, D$i(ker and 'e&& 'a0o$r inten&i,e
Q de('ine in e-%'o#-ent6
More e-%"a&i& on finan(ia' &er,i(e& t"an
ind$&tr#
."o'e %eriod, $na0'e to e&(a%e
de-i&e of ind$&tr# and it&
(on&eD$en(e&6
Nort"B&o$t" di,ide
/o(a' &"o%& in ,i''age&6 Ri&e of &$%er-arket&, on'ine
&"o%%ing6
+"ange in retai' and &"o%%ing ) g'o0a'iCation,
on'ine &"o%%ing, &$%er-arket&, o$t of to.n
&"o%%ing (entre&6

/o.er 'i,ing
&tandard&, (on&$-er
good& a '$@$r#
+on&$-er good& (o--on and
ne(e&&it#
In(rea&e in 'i,ing &tandard& and
e@%e(tation& 4 o$r ne(e&&itie& .ere o$r
grand%arent& '$@$rie&6
+"ange in ."at (on&tit$te& %o,ert#6
Nort"B&o$t" di,ide
Sa-e e(ono-i( %ro0'e-&
t"ro$g"o$t %eriod= %a(e of
e(ono-i( -oderniCation &'o. and
$ne,en, $nder in,e&t-ent, fai'$re
to (o-%ete, 'o. %rod$(ti,it#,
.orrie& a0o$t &ki''& &"ortage&,
inf'ation and 0a'an(e of %a#-ent&
%ro0'e-6
Go'den era of .ar ended .it"
(ri&i&B0$&t of 1907&-19E07&
)de&%ite ne. aff'$en(e 1990-
200 &$gge&ting end of :0oo- and
0$&t7 &a. t"i& (ra&" in 200 again
.it" Nort"ern Ro(kB200E :great
(ra&"7
e6g6 Britain7& ind$&tria' %erfor-an(e 1951-200 a %eriod of (ontin$o$& de('ineJ
'ECLINE
Britian ne,er re(o,ered fro- t"e de0t in($rred d$ring 882 and $ne'r#ing .eakne&&e& of t"e Briti&" e(ono-# .ere ne,er
ta(k'ed &ati&fa(tori'#
Britain (ontin$ed to o,er&tret(" "er&e'f in an atte-%t to re-ain a& a .or'd %o.er
Britian &%ent too -$(" on defen(e and too 'itt'e in in,e&t-ent in t"e o,era'' e(ono-#
!oo -$(" &tate &%ending and a 'a(k of %ri,ate enter%ri&e and (o-%etition
S!CCESS
:Go'den 3ge of <ro&%erit#7 1951-* and it .a& e@terna' e,ent& ."i(" "e'd Britain 0a(k
Britain $nder !"at("erite %o'i(ie& ret$rned t"e (o$ntr# to %ro&%erit#
On(e t"e $nion& .ere :dea't .it"7 t"en Britain (o$'d -o,e for.ard
Koining E$ro%e .a& e&&entia' to f$t$re &$&tained %ro&%erit# ,ia in(rea&ed trade .it" E$ro%e
!"e ro'e and i-%ortan(e of Nort" Sea oi'
SO+IE!H
1951 200 +"ange +ontin$it#
<eriod& of in(rea&ed &o(ia' ("ange .it"
different fo($&e& e6g6 19;0& &e@, dr$g& and
ro(k and ro'', 19E07& !"at("er re,o'$tion,
19907& ri&e of -$'ti($'t$ra' &o(iet#
So(ia' re,o'$tion t"ro$g"o$t ."o'e
%eriod 0$t .it" 0$r&t& of
%rogre&&ion d$ring &o-e ti-e
fra-e&
R$ra' Britain .it" W Ri&e of $r0an (entre&, on'# En,iron-ent= 'and&(a%e a'tered, ('eaner So-e to.n& 'ook -$(" t"e &a-e
89
!"ere are (o$nter arg$-ent& to
ea(" of t"e ,ie.& e@%re&&ed
"ere e6g6 9i&torian& -ig"t &a#
!"at("er .a& &a,io$r and /a0o$r
go,ern-ent& in 1907& for t"e
de('ine a& o%%o&ed to e@terna'
e,ent& of t"e %o'i(ie& of t"e
%re,io$& 9eat" go,ern-ent6
Ot"er& -a# (o$nter 0#
&$gge&ting !"at("er7& %o'i(ie&
(reated -a>or diffi($'tie& for
ind$&tr# and t"ere .ere 2
re(e&&ion& d$ring "er %eriod6
%o%$'ation 'i,ing in
r$ra'B&e-i-r$ra'
'o(ation&
*I e-%'o#ed in agri($'t$re,
to.n&B,i''age& (ontain -an#
(o--$ter& to 0ig
(itie&Bto.n&6 9o$&ing
de,e'o%-ent&
en,iron-ent, -ore $r0an de,e'o%-ent a& in 1951 e6g6 3%%'e0#, /in(o'n, or
,i''age& in r$ra' area&
More et"ni( and ($'t$ra' de,e'o%-ent6
Different -inoritie&B($'t$re& e-igrating
I--igration (ontin$e&
+'a&& di,i&ion&=
:E&ta0'i&"-ent7
(o-%ared to
traditiona' .orking
('a&& fa-i'ie&
More $%.ard'# -o0i'e
&o(iet#= ("an(e for
%rogre&&ion t"ro$g" greater
o%%ort$nitie& e6g6 ed$(ation
Ed$(ation 'e&& ('a&& 0a&ed= atte-%t& to
(reate eD$a' o%%ort$nitie& in $ni,er&it#
intake and %ro,i&ion of ed$(ation6
3tte-%t& in go,ern-ent to "a,e -i@ of
('a&&e&, et"ni(itie& and gender& ) %o'iti(ian&
tr# to take re'a@ed a%%roa(" to 0e -ore in
t$ne .it" t"e (o--on %eo%'e6
BB+ &ti'' nationa' in&tit$tion
f$nded 0# 'i(en(e fee6
/arge %art& of :E&ta0'i&"-ent7 &ti''
inta(t6
O@0ridge &ti'' t"e e'ite
$ni,er&itie& o%ening door& to to%
.it" %ri,ate &("oo'& %ro,iding 50I
intake6
<ri,ate e#e %art of t"e f$rnit$re )
no. -ore E&ta0'i&"-ent t"an fier#
re,o'$tionar#J
BRI!3IN7S <OSI!ION IN !9E 8OR/D
3't"o$g" t"ere are &%e(ifi( (onf'i(t& &$(" a& S$eC and IraD, #o$ need to fo($& on t"e 0igger %i(t$re6 Do not .rite an e&&a# ."i("
(o,er& t"e different (ri&e&Be,ent&M E6g6 de('ine in %o&ition 0# 'ooking at S$eC, R"ode&ia, ?a'k'and& and IraD, INS!E3D ) de('ine in
e-%ire ro'e 1S$eC, R"ode&ia 0$t &$((e&& of %ea(ef$' de(o'oni&ation2, de('ine in E$ro%e 1re>e(tion 0$t t"en &$((e&& in Ba'kan&2, &%e(ia'
re'ation&"i% 1n$('ear .ea%on& 0$t &$((e&& in Ire'and2, de('ine .or'd &tage 1S$eC 0$t t"en &$((e&& .it" UNBN3!O2
Rea&on& for de(o'oniCation in t"e 'ig"t of ("anging Briti&" and .or'd (ir($-&tan(e&
De(i&ion to >oin E$ro%e= rea&on& for and again&t
Britain7& &%e(ia' re'ation&"i% .it" US3
Britain7& ("anging %rioritie& %o&t +o'd 8ar= E$ro%e, S%e(ia' Re'ation&"i%, re'ation& 0et.een E$ro%e and US, Ba'kan&, Ire'and,
Midd'e Ea&t
9o. far Britain7& ro'e "a& ("anged &in(e 1951
S-me Ee5 a/eas&
1951-;5= ti-e of ad>$&t-ent and &ear(" for a ne. ro'e
Britain a'read# in retreat fro- e-%ire 0$t a %$0'i( 0ro$g"t $% on i-%eria' i''$&ion& fo$nd rea'i&- diffi($'t to a((e%t6
+o--on.ea't" an a((e%ta0'e &$0&tit$teJ
Britain -i&$nder&tood t"e &%eed of inde%enden(e and ra-ifi(ation&
S$eC a defining -o-ent and &"o.ed Britain7& de%enden(e on t"e US
Britain e(ono-i(a''# o,er&tret("ed 4 defen(e &%ending and inde%endent n$('ear deterrent
/ink& .it" US3 &ee-ed -ore re'e,ant t"an >oining E$ro%ean -o,e-ent
B# 19;5 8ind& of +"ange .a& 0'o.ing for Britain and t"ere "ad 0een &o-e &$((e&&e& in %ro,iding inde%enden(e
19;5-195= a ("ange in dire(tion and antagoni&- .it" US
De(i&ion to >oin E$ro%e "ad an i-%a(t on re'ation& .it" US, e&%e(ia''# in 'ig"t of Vietna-
8i'&on7& re'ation& .it" R"ode&ia and ra-ifi(ation& for foreign %o'i(#
Britian7& need to ($t -i'itar# (o--it-ent& and t"e .it"dra.a' fro- :ea&t of S$eC7 after 19; de,a'$ation (ri&i&
B# 195 Britain7& fo($& &ee-ed to 0e E$ro%e and t"e Mediterranean ) for- of rea'i&- fina''# taking %'a(e
9eat"7& fo($& on E$ro%e (a$&ed a rift in re'ation& .it" US
195-1990= ti-e of "$0ri&
Re&o'$tion of t"e i&&$e of R"ode&ia 0$t (ontin$ed (ontro,er&# .it" t"e +o--on.ea't" o,er So$t" 3fri(a and a%art"eid
?a'k'and 4 re-nant of E-%ire, a &e(ond S$eC or a ("ange to -ake !"at("erJ
<o&t ?a'k'and&, re&$rgen(e in nationa'i&- and %ride
E$ro%e (entra' fo($& for !"at("er #et (a$&ed i--en&e %ro0'e-& .it" E$ro%e and t"e Briti&" go,ern-ent
!"at("er a& (o'd .ar .arrior ) ad-iration for 3t'anti( 3''ian(e and Reagan, (ontri0$tion to end of +o'd 8ar
90
1990-200= ("an(e to forge ne. re'ation&"i%&
Britain7& (ontin$ed dia'og$e .it", and a-0i,a'en(e to.ard&, E$ro%e and t"e %ro-otion of an en'arged E$ro%e
B'air7& atte-%t& to 0ridge t"e E$ro%ean-3-eri(an di,ide
Britain7& in,o',e-ent .it" N3!O and it& ra-ifi(ation& in Ba'kan&, IraD and 3fg"ani&tan= %rin(i%'ed or o%%ort$ni&ti(J
9o. far "ad B'air da-aged Britain7& re%$tation in t"e .or'd 0# 200J
1951 200 +"ange +ontin$it#
E-%ire &ti'' ,a&t and
(on&idered to 0e -ain
fo($& of attention and
f$t$re of Britain
e(ono-i(a''# and
&trategi(a''#
/ong retreat fro- E-%ire o,er
19ong Aong 1992 4 no 'onger an
i-%eria' %o.er in t"e +19
t"
notion
S"ift in fo($& to.ard& E$ro%e in
1907& fo''o.ing di&i''$&ion-ent .it"
o$t(o-e& of +o--on.ea't"6
3((e%tan(e to &o-e degree of
de('ine fro- E-%ire
/ong %ro(e&& of de(o'oniCation
&tarted ear'ier t"an 19516
3ttit$de& of E-%ire and ."at it
re%re&ent& %er&i&ted 4 X$een
"ead of +o--on.ea't", ro'e in
&o',ing %ro0'e-& &$(" a& 3fri(a,
B'air7& :g$n0oat di%'o-a(#7 a& %art
of :'i0era' inter,entioni&-7 &"o.ed
grande$r i''$&ion& &ti'' (ontin$e6
+ontin$e "ark 0a(k& to Britain7&
e-%ire r$'ing .or'd
Britain a& an i&'and
fo($&ed on E-%ire,
"a%%# to aid (reation
of E$ro%ean
(o--$nit# 0$t not to
integrate t"e-&e',e&
Integrated into EU and -o&t
(o-%'iant (o$ntr# in ter-& of
introd$(ing 'a.&Bdo(trine& into o$r
($&to-& $nder B'air
EE+BEU -e-0er 19* &a.
integration into E$ro%e6
8i''ingne&& to %oo' &o-e 'e,e' of
&o,ereignt# 0# a((e%ting E$ro%ean
'a.&Breg$'ation& e6g6 9$-an Rig"t&
E$ro%ean attit$de= Un&$re
(on(e%t of ."ere .e 0e'ong in
E$ro%e, :a.k.ard neig"0o$r7, &ti''
$n&$re of "o. in,o',ed .e .ant to
0e and ."et"er .e are Briti&" or
E$ro%ean e6g6 e$ro ($rren(#,
(on&tit$tion
Re'iant on US 'oan&
and t"eir &$%%ort in
ke# i&&$e&6 Notion
t"at %er"a%& .e don7t
need to negotiate .it"
t"e- on e,er#t"ing
1e6g6 S$eC2 ."i(" i&
&"o.n a& nai,e and
i-%o&&i0'e in 'ater
#ear&
+o'd 8ar o,er 19E96
+'o&e re'ation&"i% .it" %re&ident&
and .ork .it" US d$ring ke# e,ent&
4 rea'i&e need to negotiate .it" US
in order to -a@i-i&e &$((e&&
<er"a%& -ore eD$a' in t"e &%e(ia'
re'ation&"i% 4 e6g6 +'inton 0eing
(oer(ed into Ba'kan inter,ention,
IraD &a. B'air %'a#ing a 'ead ro'e6
ED$a'& at &o-e %oint&J
S%e(ia' re'ation&"i% do-inate&
foreign %o'i(# (o$%'ed .it" +o'd
8ar 4 (on&tant %reo(($%ation .it"
atte-%t& to -aintain re'ation&"i%
1e@(e%t 9eat"7&2
+'o&e .orking re'ation&"i% .it"
<re&ident and atte-%t& to .ork at
to% ta0'e .it" t"e- to &e($re
g'o0a' inf'$en(e6
E;AM 9!ESTIONS>
3'' D$e&tion& are 55 -ark& ea(", #o$ .i'' an&.er 2 D$e&tion& fro- a ("oi(e of *
One D$e&tion .i'' 0e SHNO<!I+, t"e ot"er t.o D$e&tion& .i'' $&$a''#, b3t n-t ne4essa/il5, 0e &et on %o'iti(a' e,ent&, i&&$e& and
%er&ona'itie& and .i'' 0e &et fro- t.o of t"e 5 area& ) 1951-;5, 19;5-5, 195-1990 and 1990-200 1t"e# -a# ($t a(ro&& t.o
ti-e %eriod& ."ere a%%ro%riate2
Ho$ -$&t 0e B3/3N+EDM !"i& doe& not -ean 50B50 0$t t"at -ore t"an one ,ie.%oint "a& 0een (on&idered e6g6 a &$((e&& a& .e''
a& a'' t"e fai'$re&
9i&tori(a' o%inion6 !"ere -$&t 0e $nder&tanding 10# arg$ingB&$%%orting2 not >$&t a 'i&t of different o%inion&
NARRO PERIO'
!"ere .i'' n-t 0e a dire(t D$e&tion on t"e 19;07& a& t"i& i& 'eft to t"e Si@tie& -od$'e #o$ did 'a&t #ear6
:!"e %o&t-.ar (on&en&$& .a& a -irage67 !o ."at e@tent do #o$ agree .it" t"i& ,ie.J
<'3/in, the :e/i-1 1951#19$% B/itain eJ:e/ien4e1 e4-n-mi4 1e4line as a /es3lt -8 a 8ail3/e t- in.est an1 /est/34t3/e2+
91
H-0 a443/ate is this .ie0*
8"# did t"e +on&er,ati,e& do-inate Briti&" %o'iti(& 1951-19;5J
!o ."at e@tent .a& t"e i-%a(t of i--igration on de-ogra%"i( ("ange t"e (a$&e of &o(ia' ("ange and ten&ion& 1951-19;5J
In ."at .a#& did %o&t-.ar %ro&%erit# 0ring &o(ia' ("ange in Britain 0et.een 1951-19;5J
<S-4ial 1e,ene/ati-n /athe/ than s-4ial /e.-l3ti-n -443//e1 1951#19$%+2 H-0 .ali1 is this .ie0*
:De Ga$''e .a& t"e &ing'e -o&t i-%ortant fa(tor in Britain7& e@('$&ion fro- t"e %ro(e&& of E$ro%ean integration 0et.een 1951-
19;*67 9o. a(($rate i& t"i& ,ie.J
:!"e foreign %o'i(# fai'$re& of Briti&" go,ern-ent& in t"e #ear& 1951-19;5 .ere d$e to a 'a(k of rea'i&- a0o$t Britain7& %o&ition
in t"e %o&t-.ar .or'd67 3&&e&& t"e ,a'idit# of t"i& ,ie.6
In ."at .a#& did en,iron-enta' i&&$e& inf'$en(e &o(iet# in Britain 19;5-195J
:!"e re(ord of t"e /a0o$r go,ern-ent& in t"e #ear& 19;5-199 .a& one of (ontini$o$& fai'$re67 3&&e&& t"e ,a'idit# of t"i& ,ie.6
?or ."at rea&on& did t"e +on&er,ati,e& .in in 199 0$t not 195J
:!"e 8inter of Di&(ontent 'o&t /a0o$r t"eir go,ern-ent in 19976 !o ."at e@tent do #o$ agree .it" t"i& ,ie.J
8"# .a& %o'iti(a' o%%o&ition to.ard& !"at("er &o ineffe(t$a' d$ring t"e 19E07&J
:!"e ?a'k'and& ?a(tor &a,ed !"at("er fro- defeat in 19E*67 9o. ,a'id i& t"i& ,ie.J
:!"at("er to$g"ened and ena0'ed Briti&" &o(iet# to ada%t to ("anging (ir($-&tan(e&67 !o ."at e@tent do #o$ agreeJ
:!"at("er fai'ed to a("ie,e an# 'a&ting &o(ia' or e(ono-i( tran&for-ation of Britain de&%ite "er ('ai-& to "a,e done &o67 9o.
(on,in(ing i& t"i& ,ie. of "er re(ord in %o.er in t"e #ear& 199-1990J
:!"at("er did not t$rn Britain aro$nd de&%ite "er ('ai-& to "a,e done &o67 9o. (on,in(ing i& t"i& ,ie. of t"e re(ord of t"e
+on&er,ati,e go,ern-ent& in t"e #ear& 199-1990J
In ."at .a#& did ('a&& 'o#a'tie& ("ange in Britain 195-1990J
:Margaret !"at("er7& 'ega(# .a& dee% di,i&ion& in Briti&" &o(iet#67 8it" referen(e to t"e #ear& 195-1990, a&&e&& t"e ,a'idit#
of t"i& ,ie.6
3&&e&& t"e i-%ortan(e of !"at("er7& %er&ona'it# and %re>$di(e& in inf'$en(ing Britain7& re'ation& .it" "er E$ro%ean %artner&
:?ar fro- da-aging t"e /a0o$r <art#, t"e for-ation of t"e SD< in 19E1 %a,ed t"e .a# for /a0o$r7& re(o,er#67 9o. ,a'id i& t"i&
,ie.J
!o ."at e@tent .a& t"e de('ine of t"e +on&er,ati,e <art# in t"e 19907& d$e to e(ono-i( fa(tor&J
:D$ring "i& fir&t ter-, B'air %ro-i&ed -$(" 0$t de'i,ered 'itt'e67 !o ."at e@tent i& t"i& tr$eJ
:Bet.een 199-2005, t"e +on&er,ati,e <art# -ade it&e'f $ne'e(ta0'e67 9o. ,a'id i& t"i& ,ie.J
!o ."at e@tent .a& B'air :a'' &%in and no /a0o$r7J
:!"e -i&-anage-ent of Britain7& foreign %o'i(ie& in t"e #ear& 1990-200 did 'a&ting "ar- to Britain7& %o&ition in t"e .or'd67
3&&e&& t"e ,a'idit# of t"i& ,ie.6
SYNOPTIC
?or E+ONOMI+, SO+I3/ and ?OREIGN it .o$'d 0e a ,er# good idea to do a 'i&t of &$((e&&e& and fai'$re&6
I S!RONG/H 3DVISE 3G3INS! 3 +9RONO/OGI+3/ 3<<RO3+9 !O !9E SHNO<!I+MMM !"i& .i'' te-%t #o$ to te'' t"e &tor#
rat"er t"an ana'#&e fa(tor&6 I .o$'d in&tead identif# t"e-e& e6g6 &$((e&&e&Bfai'$re&, ("ange&B(ontin$itie&
!"e# .i'' 0e 0a&ed on -ain&trea- t"e-e& e6g6 e(ono-i(, &o(ia' or internationa' %o&ition
ReD$ire de-on&tration of 0readt" of %eriod 0$t -$&t a'&o 0e &e'e(ti,e and (on(i&e 4 don7t kit("en &ink itM
3&&e&& t"e ("ange an1 (ontin$it# 0et.een t"e &tate and t"e %eo%'e d$ring t"o&e #ear&6
Need& >$dge-ent 0a&ed on de0ate and e,a'$ation
P-liti4al
Bet.een 19;5 and 200, t"e +on&er,ati,e <art# (ea&ed to 0e t"e nat$ra' %art# of go,ern-ent in Britain67 3&&e&& t"e ,a'idit# of
t"i& ,ie.6
E4-n-mi4
9o. far i& it tr$e to &a# t"at Britain .a& in e(ono-i( de('ine 0et.een 1951 and 200J
9o. 0enefi(ia' a(t$a''# .a& t"e %o&t-.ar 0oo- 1951-200J
9o. a(($rate i& it to &ee t"e %eriod 1951-199 a& >$&t a &erie& of :0oo-& and 0$&t&7J
9o. e(ono-i(a''# i-%ortant .a& Britain7& entr# into E$ro%e (o-%ared to t"e #ear& o$t&ideJ
92
9o. tr$e i& it to ta'k of a %o&t-.ar (on&en&$& and it& ra-ifi(ation& for t"e e(ono-#J
9o. (o-%'i(it are %o'iti(ian& fro- 0ot" -a>or %artie& in Britain7& de('ineJ
S-4ial
!o ."at e@tent "ad Britain e@%erien(ed a &o(ia' re,o'$tion 1951-200J
!o ."at e@tent .a& Britain a -$'ti($'t$ra' &o(iet# 0# 200J
F-/ei,n
9o. far "a& Britain7& ro'e in t"e .or'd ("anged fro- 1951-1990J
8a& Britain &ti'' %$n("ing a0o,e "er .eig"t in ter-& of foreign affair& after 1951J
?ro- grande$r to de('ine6 !o ."at e@tent i& t"i& an a(($rate ,ie. of Britain7& internationa' %o&ition 1951-200J
9o. i-%ortant "ad !"at("er and B'air 0een in (reating a ne. i-age of Britain a0road and "a& it 0een &$((e&&f$'J
9o. .e'' "ad Britain ad>$&ted to ("anging (ir($-&tan(e& 1951-200J
93