Review: Psychoanalytic

Key Figure: Freud Basic Philosophy: Humans are basically determined by psychic energy and early experiences Key Concepts: Normal personality development based on resolving & integrating psychosexual stages of development anxiety results from repressed basic conflicts unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior Therapeutic Relationship: !lassical is anonymous Key Techniques: "nterpretation# dream analysis# free association# analysis of resistance and transference# and understanding countertransferance

$%&'R"$N (H'R$P)
!P*) +,+ Fall ,-.+

/uotes of $lfred $dler

"t is easier to fight for one0s principles than to live up to them1 2eanings are not determined by situations# but we determine ourselves by the meanings we give to situations1 (he chief danger in life is that you may ta3e too many precautions1 (he only normal people are the one0s you don0t 3now very well1 4e must interpret a bad temper as a sign of inferiority1 $ simple rule in dealing with those who are hard to get along with is to remember that this person is striving to assert his superiority and you must deal with him from that point of view1

$lfred $dler 5.67- 8 .9+7:

Did not have a happy childhood he was sickly and aware of death Pa pered !y other until dethroned !y younger !rother "#ig und$% who he !eca e very &ealous of 'is early e(periences i pacted his theory Beca e a good student and studied edicine Passionate concern for the co on person spoke out a!out child)rearing practices% school refor % pre&udices* +rote, -nderstanding 'u an .ature Created /0 child guidance clinics in 1ienna pu!lic schools 2a&or contri!utor to the develop ent of the psychodyna ic approach to therapy

;ey !oncepts: <iew of Human Nature

He abandoned Freud=s basic theories 8 thought they were too narrow in stressing biological and instinctual determination1 $ sub>ective approach to psychology Focus is on the past !eing perceived in the present ) perceptions and interpretations of past events continue to influence individuals3 The conscious% ore than the unconscious is the focus of therapy $dler stressed choice and responsibility# meaning in life and striving for success# completion# and perfection1 ?ehavior is purposeful and goal driven# and concerns individual perceptions of reality 4nferiority feelings as the wellspring of creativity *tressed the unity of personality 'u an !ehavior is not deter ined !y &ust heredity and environ ent we have the capacity to interpret% influence% and create events

;ey !oncepts cont1

Pheno enological approach, The focus is on how each of us sees the world3 'ow life really is% is less i portant than how the client views it to !e3 $dlerian=s see ob>ective reality as less important than individual perceptions# thoughts# feelings# values# beliefs# convictions and conclusions People are otivated !y social relatedness and finding goals that give eaning 'mphasi@es unity and indivisibility# and stresses understanding the whole person 5holistic: Replaced deter inistic e(planations with teleological Fictional finalism A guiding selfBideal C goal of perfection #triving for significance and superiority $dler believed that what we are born with is not as important as what we choose to do with the abilities and limitations we have Focus is on reeducating individuals and reshaping society3 5dler was the first syste ic therapist

"nferiority and *uperiority

4nferiority Feelings, 8 $re normal 8 (hey are the wellspring of creativity 8 %evelop when we are youngBBcharacteri@ed by early feelings of hopelessness #uperiority Feelings, 8 Promote mastery 8 'nable us to overcome obstacles Related Co ple(es 8 "nferiority !omplex 5strive for superiority: 8 *uperiority !omplex 5moving from a lower to higher position

&ifestyle
5 life ove ent that organi6es the client7s reality% giving eaning to life 8 Fictional finalism ) imagined central goal that guides behavior) 8 Guiding self ideal an individuals image of a goal of perfection 8 Psychiatric sy pto s are 8failed atte pts9 at achieving our lifestyle 8 5dlerian therapy helps clients to effectively navigate lifestyle tasks :ifestyle is how we ove toward our life goals 8 1alues% life plan% perceptions of self and others 8 -nifies all of our !ehaviors to provide consistency 8 2akes all our actions 8fit together9

;ey !oncepts: #ocial 4nterest

5dler7s ost significant and distinctive concept #ocial 4nterest involves !eing as concerned a!out others as one is a!out oneself 8 Refers to an individual=s attitude toward and awareness of being a part of the human community 8 'mbodies a community feeling and emphasi@es the client=s positive feelings toward others in the world1 !ommunity Feeling embodies the idea of being connected to all of humanity 8 2ental health is measured by the degree to which we successfully share with others and are concerned with their welfare 8 Happiness and success are largely related to social connectedness 8 4e must master + life tas3s building friendship 5social tas3:# establish intimacy 5loveBmarriage tas3:# and contributing to society 5occupational tas3:1 4e all need to address each# and impairment in one can be an indicator of a psychological disorder

;ey concepts: ?irth Drder & *ibling Relationships

Birth order is not deter inistic !ut increases the pro!a!ility of having a certain set of e(periences 5ctual !irth order is less i portant than an individual7s interpretation of his ; her place in the fa ily
Eet into groups according to your birth order: 8 Dldest 8 *econd of two 8 2iddle 8 )oungest 8 Dnly "n groups# tal3 about the experiences you had in your position1 4hat was it li3e for youF

?irth Drder
5dler7s Five Psychological Positions, <ldest child8 receives more attention# spoiled# center of attention# dependable# hard wor3ing# and strives to stay ahead1 New sibling: No longer uniGue and reasserts by becoming the model child #econd of only two8 behaves as if in a race# often opposite to first child# develops a 3nac3 for finding the older child=s wea3 spot and goes on to win praise by succeeding where the older sibling failed 2iddle8 often feels sGuee@ed out# may see life as unfair and feel cheated 5poor me attitude:# and in families with conflict# the middle child may become the switchboard and peacema3er 8 the one that holds things together1 =oungest8 the baby# pampered the longest# thus may develop helplessness into an art form# and this child often goes their own way and may outdo everyone <nly8 does not learn to share or cooperate with other children# learns to deal with adults and may not learn to share with others# may become overly dependent on parents# and need to be the center of attention at all times

Therapeutic Process
!lients are not sic3 $dlerian favor the growth model rather than the medical model (herapists provide clients with the opportunity to view things from a different perspective# but the client must decide if they want to accept the other perspective (herapy involves providing encourage ent and
helping to change cognitive perspectives% helping clients to !eco e contri!uting e !ers of society% encouraging clients to recogni6e equality a ong people% and odifying goals and changing their lifestyle fostering social interest%

'ncouragement
'ncouragement instills self confidence by expecting clients to assume responsibility for their lives and embrace the fact that they can ma3e changes >ncourage ent is the ost powerful ethod availa!le for changing a person7s !eliefs 8 Helps build selfBconfidence and stimulates courage 8 %iscouragement is the basic condition that prevents people from functioning 8 !lients are encouraged to recogni@e that they have the power to choose and to act differently

(herapeutic Process
!ollaborative relationshipCpartnership 8 cooperation# mutual trust# respect# confidence# alignment of goals 8 developing a strong relationship is essential Clients are not sick% they are discouraged% and sy pto s are atte pted solutions &oss of courage results in mista3en and dysfunctional behaviors $dlerian therapists educate their clients in new ways of loo3ing at themselves# others# and life

Process cont1
2a&or function of the therapist is to ake a co prehensive assess ent of the clients functioning !y utili6ing, >arly recollections Fa ily constellations :ifestyle assess ent The 8?uestion9 "How would your life be different, and what would you do differently, if you did not have this symptom problem!)

Client7s e(plore private logic "#asic convictions assumptions that underlie the lifestyle pattern and e$plain how behaviors fit to provide consistency) 5dlerian therapists help clients in gaining a !etter

understanding% !y challenging% and changing their life story

Family !onstellation
@3 =our other7s and father7s current age and occupation3 03 +hat kind of people are your parentsA /3 +hat are your parent7s a !itions for you and your si!lingsA B3 5s a child% how did you view your other and fatherA C3 +hat were the relationships like !etween you and your parentsA =our parents and si!lingsA D3 +hich si!ling is ost like your fatherA +hich is ost like your otherA E3 Descri!e your parent7s relationship with each other3 F3 4n general% how did you and your si!lings view and react to your parentsA G3 Besides your parents% were there any other

Process: Four Phases of (herapy

Phase @, >sta!lishing the Proper Therapeutic Relationship 8 #upportive% colla!orative% educational% encouraging process 8 Person)to)person contact with the client precedes identification of the pro!le 8 'elp client !uild awareness of his or her strengths 8 Techniques are not as i portant as paying attention to the clientHs su!&ective e(perience Phase 0, >(ploring the 4ndividual7s Psychological Dyna ics 8 :ifestyle assess ent #u!&ective interview <!&ective interview Fa ily constellation >arly recollections Basic 2istakes "overgenerali6ations% false or

'$R&) R'!D&&'!("DN*
(ell us about your earliest memory 8 before age .-1 (ell us about something that happened one time 8 4hat stands out to you 8 4hat was the most vivid partF 8 "f you stopped your memory one frame at a time# what would be happeningF 8 Putting yourself in the moment# what were you feelingF 8 4hat=s your reactionF (wo more "nterpretation 8 4hat part does the client ta3e in the memoryF Dbserver CparticipantF 8 4ho else is in the memoryF PositionsF 8 (hemesF PatternsF 8 4hat feelings were expressedF 4hy does the client choose to remember this eventC 4hat is heCshe trying to conveyF

Phases cont1
Phase /, >ncouraging #elf)-nderstanding;4nsight 8 4nterpret the findings of the assess ent 8 'idden goals and purposes of !ehavior are ade conscious 8 Therapist offers interpretations to help clients gain insight into their lifestyle Phase B, Reorientation and Re)education 8 5ction)oriented put insights into practice 8 Clients are encouraged and challenged to take risks and ake changes in their lives 8 Clients can ake decisions and odify goals

$pplication of the (heory

'ducation Parent education 2arriage counseling Family counseling Eroup wor3

Eroup 4or3
Iroup provides a social conte(t in which e !ers can develop a sense of co unity and social)relatedness #haring of early recollections increases group cohesiveness 5ction)oriented strategies for !ehavior change are i ple ented to help group e !ers work together to challenge erroneous !eliefs a!out self% life and others3 > ploys a ti e)li ited fra ework

*trengths and &imitations

#trengths
'u anistic% unified% holistic > phasis on social% psychological factors Fle(i!le% integrative 5llows for variety of techniques Brief Psychoeducational focus Positive i pact on other therapies Focus on social interest% congruent with any cultures% focus on person)in)environ ent allows for culture factors to !e e(plored

*trengthsH cont1
:i itations

<versi plifies so e co ple( pro!le s > pirical validity li ited research 1ague in regard to so e concepts and ter s #o e !asic principles ay not fit well with so e cultures 2ay !e li ited in applica!ility to those who are not intellectually !right

%iscussion
How does $dlerian compare to Freudian therapyF 4hat are the similarities and differencesF

R'*DIR!'*

Journal of 4ndividual Psychology http,;;www3ute(as3edu;utpress;&ournals;&ip3h Journal of 4ndividual Psychology http,;;www3gsu3edu;Kwww&ip 5dler #chool for Professional Psychology http,;;www3adler3edu; The Basic Principles of 5dlerian Therapy http,;;ourworld3co puserve3co ;ho epages;h

Review
Key Figure: Basic Philosophy: Key Concepts: Therapeutic Relationship: