FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Two noded bar element
1 (1, 0) 2 (0, 1)
u
1
P (L
1
, L
2
)
u
2
Two noded bar element
1 (1, 0) 2 (0, 1)
1D element
No. of DoF = 2 (u
1
, u
2
)
No. of terms in
displacement model = 2
Two noded bar element
1 (1, 0) 2 (0, 1)
Displacement model

Linear polynomial

2 2 1 1
L a L a u + =
Two noded bar element
In matrix form,


1 (1, 0) 2 (0, 1)
{ } | |{ }
{ } { }
| | { } { }
{ } { }
2 1
2 1
a a a
L L
u u
a u
T
T
=
= =
=
=
| |
|
Two noded bar element
1 (1, 0) 2 (0, 1)
At nodes
Node 1, L
1
= 1, L
2
= 0

Node 2, L
1
= 0, L
2
= 1


Two noded bar element
1 (1, 0) 2 (0, 1)
Nodal Displacements

2 2
1 1
a u
a u
=
=
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
Nodal Displacements in
matrix form

{d} = [A] {a}

)
`

=
)
`

2
1
2
1
1 0
0 1
a
a
u
u
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x
l
[N] = {|} [A]
-1

{ } { }
{ } l x l x l
L L N N
) (
2 1 2 1
=
=
Home work
Derive the shape
functions in terms of
natural coordinates for
three noded truss
element
Three noded bar element
1 (1, 0) 2 (0, 1)
u
1
3 (1/2, 1/2)
u
2
u
3
Three noded bar element
1D element
No. of DoF = 3 (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
)
No. of terms in
displacement model = 3
For geometric invariance, polynomial should
be balanced as shown by the Pascals
triangle
1
2 1
L L
2
2 2 1
2
1
L L L L
3
2
2
2 1 2
2
1
3
1
L L L L L L
4
2
3
2 1
2
2
2
1 2
3
1
4
1
L L L L L L L L
Three noded bar element
Displacement model

Quadratic polynomial

2 1 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
L L a L a L a u + + =
Three noded bar element
| | | |
2 1 2 1
2
2 2 1
2
1
4 L L L L L L L L N =
Home work
Derive the shape
functions in terms of
natural coordinates for
two noded beam
element
Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

Two noded beam element
1D element
No. of DoF = 4 (v
1
, u
1
, v
2
, u
2
)
No. of terms in
displacement model = 4
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

2
2 1 4 2
2
1 3
3
2 2
3
1 1
L L a L L a L a L a v + + + =
Displacement model

Cubic polynomial

(1)
Rotation model

Quadratic polynomial

Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= =
1 2
1
L
v
L
v
l dx
dv
u
(2)
Two noded beam element
| | | | l L L l L L L L L L N
2
2 1 2
2
1 2
2
2 1
2
1
) 2 3 ( ) 2 3 ( =
Three noded triangular element
1
x
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
) 2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

y
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

2D element
No. of DoF = 6 (3 x 2)
No. of terms in displacement
model = 6 (3 x 2)

Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

Displacement model


Linear polynomial

3 6 2 5 1 4
3 3 2 2 1 1
L a L a L a v
L a L a L a u
+ + =
+ + =
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

In matrix form,


{ } | |{ }
{ } { }
{ }
{ } { }
3 2 1
3
2
1
3 2 1
L L L
a
a
a
L L L
a u
a u
T
u
u
T
u
=

=
=
=
|
|
|
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

At nodes
Node 1, L
1
= 1, L
2
= 0, L
3
= 0 u
1
= a
1
Node 2, L
1
= 0, L
2
= 1, L
3
= 0 u
2
= a
2
Node 3, L
1
= 0, L
2
= 0, L
3
= 1 u
3
= a
3



Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

Nodal Displacements

3 3
2 2
1 1
a u
a u
a u
=
=
=
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

Nodal Displacements in
matrix form

{d
u
} = [A
u
] {a
u
}

(
(
(

3
2
1
3
2
1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
a
a
a
u
u
u
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

{N
u
}
T
= {|
u
}
T
[A
u
]
-1

{ } { }
3 2 1
L L L N
T
u
=
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

u = {N
u
}
T
{d
u
}
Similarly, v = {N
v
}
T
{d
v
}
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

Where,
{ } { } { }
{ } { }
{ } { }
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
v v v d
u u u d
L L L N N
T
v
T
u
T
v
T
u
=
=
= =
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

Combining,
{ } { }
{ } { }
{ }
{ }
{ } | |{ } d N u
d
d
N
N
v
u
v
u
T
v
T
T
T
u
=
)
`

(
(

=
)
`

0
0
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

| |
(

=
3 2 1
3 2 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
L L L
L L L
N
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

3 3
2 2
1 1
L N
L N
L N
=
=
=
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

0 , 0 , 3
0 , 0 , 2
1 , 1 , 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
= =
= =
N L Node
N L Node
N L Node
Variation of N
1
Three noded triangular element
Variation of N
1
1
2
3
1
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

0 , 0 , 3
1 , 1 , 2
0 , 0 , 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
= =
= =
= =
N L Node
N L Node
N L Node
Variation of N
2
Three noded triangular element
Variation of N
2
1
1
3
2
Three noded triangular element
1
(1,0,0)

P (L
1
, L
2
, L
3
)
2
(0,1,0)

3
(0,0,1)

1 , 1 , 3
0 , 0 , 2
0 , 0 , 1
3 3
3 3
3 3
= =
= =
= =
N L Node
N L Node
N L Node
Variation of N
3
Three noded triangular element
Variation of N
3
1
1
3
2
Home work
Derive the shape
functions in terms of
natural coordinates for
six noded triangular
element
(0,1,0)

2
Six noded triangular element
1
x
(1,0,0)

3
(0,0,1)

y
(0, 1/2, 1/2)

5
4
(1/2, 1/2, 0)

6
(1/2, 0, 1/2)

Six noded triangular element
2D element
No. of DoF = 12 (6 x 2)
No. of terms in displacement
model = 12 (6 x 2)

Six noded triangular element
Displacement model


Quadratic polynomial

3 1 12 3 2 11 2 1 10
2
3 9
2
2 8
2
1 7
3 1 6 3 2 5 2 1 4
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
L L a L L a L L a L a L a L a v
L L a L L a L L a L a L a L a u
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
Six noded triangular element
3 1 6
3 2 5
2 1 4
1 3 3 2
2
3 3
3 2 2 1
2
2 2
1 3 2 1
2
1 1
4
4
4
L L N
L L N
L L N
L L L L L N
L L L L L N
L L L L L N
=
=
=
=
=
=