System and Control

Volume (1)

Mohsen Soltanpour
Email: [email protected]
URL: http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

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 (Basic and subsidiary laws) :

) (basic law :
-1 ) ( )Conservation of matter (continuity equation
-2 ) ( )Newton's second law (momentum equation
-3 ) (
)Conservation of energy (1st law of thermodynamics
-4 2nd law of thermodynamics

) (constitutive equations .

.
(System and control volume) :
:
-1 .
) (system .
) (surroundings
.
.
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 ) ( :
m

dm
=0
dt

d
) F = dt (mv ) = dt (mv dm

)
(

.
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 ) (control volume .

. ) (open system .
) (control surface .
)
free-body diagram ( .

.

.
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 (Reynolds transport equation) :

. :
-1 ):(Extensive properties
. .
-2 ):(Intensive properties
. .
.
) (v ) (e .
) (specific :

E = edm = edV
V

vdm = vdV
V

dE
=e
dm

= V

dV
=v
dm

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 N
. N :

dN

=
dm

N = dV
V

III

y
A

II
I

t+t

I+II t II+III t+t .

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: t N

dN
DN
( ) system =
dt
Dt
( dV + dV ) t + t ( dV + dV ) t
III
I
II
]
= lim[ II
t
t 0

= lim[

( dV )t + t ( dV ) t
II

t 0

II

] + lim[

II

t 0

II

III

t 0

( dV ) t + t ( dV ) t
lim[

( dV ) t + t
t

t 0

(I)

]=

dV

t CV

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] lim[

( dV ) t

 N ARB N ALB
. N .

n
dA cos

vdt

t+dt

dA

dt dA :

dV = (vdt )dA cos

= v .dAdt

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 N ARB ):(</2

v cos dA > 0
cos > 0

ARB

= ] = v .dA

( dV ) t + t

ARB

N ALB ):(>/2

] = v .dA = v cos dA > 0
*

ALB

cos < 0

:N

v.dA = v.dA
CS

ALB

ALB

v.dA +

ARB

III

[lim
t
t 0
( dV ) t
I

[lim

t 0

= )v.dA ( v.dA
ALB

ARB

. ) (I :7
**

DN
= v .dA + dV
Dt CS
t CV

) N ( x , t .
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) (Reynolds transport equation *.
) (Leibnitz .

v ) xyz
( . ) N ( )
( .

. )
(.. .

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 :
)(Basic laws for finite systems and finite control volumes
.
- (Conservation of mass-Continuity equation) :
.
:

dN dm
=
=1
dm dm

Dm
= v .dA + dV
Dt CS
t CV

) ( :

v .dA = dV

t CV
CS

v .dA + dV = 0

t CV
CS

N =m

Dm
=0
Dt

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t . v

v.dA = 0

dV = dV = 0

t
t CV
CV

CS

.
Q1

Q2

1
2

Q1

Q2

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.:

) (

.
=

(
)
=

(
)
=

=0
=

v
d
A
dV
dV
V

t
t
t CV
t CV
CS


v.dA = 0 v.dA = 0
CS

CS

) (conservation of mass .
.
:

)Q1(t

)Q2(t

)Q1(t)=Q2(t
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(Differential form of mass conservation) :

z
y

{w +

x
( v) dy
{v
. }dzdx
y
2

( w) dz
. }dxdy
z
2
( u ) dx

dydz

2
x

dz

dx

dy

{v +

( v) dy
. }dzdx
y
2

( u ) dx

dydz
( w) dz
u +

{
w

. }dxdy
x
2

z
2

: v = (u, v, w)
=
( v)
( w)
( dxdydz ) ( u )
dxdydz +
dydxdz +
dzdxdy
=
x
y
z
t
( u )
( v)
( w)

dxdydz +
dydxdz +
dzdxdy

dxdydz =
x
y
z
t

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) ( u ) ( v) ( w
=
+
+
t
x
y
z

) ( u ) ( v) ( w
+
+
=0
x
y
z

) (

u v w
+ +
=0
x y z

.
:

div( v ) = .( v ) =
t

) (:

div(v ) = .v = 0

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 (Linear momentum) :
::

)(I

d
dP
= )( vdm
= FR
dt system m
dt system

D
DP
= )( vdm
= FR
Dt system m
Dt system

P FR v
) (inertial refrence .
) T ( x, y, z , t ) (surface force )(body force

) B ( x, y, z , t :

FR = TdA + BdV
S

DP
+
=

T
dA
B
dV
)(II
S

Dt
V

)(I

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 ) (control volume fixed in inertial space

P :

dP v dm
=
=
=v
N=P
dm dm

DP

) = v ( v .dA) + v ( dV
Dt CS
t CV

DP


Dt
) (II *:

) TdA + BdV = v ( v .dA) + v ( dV

t CV
CS
CV
CS

)
(

.
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:z y x

Tx dA + Bx dV = v x ( v .dA) + v x ( dV )

t CV
CS
CV
CS

Ty dA + B y dV = v y ( v .dA) + v y ( dV )

t CV
CS
CV
CS

T
dA
B
dV
v
(
v
.
d
A
)
v z ( dV )

+
=
+
z
z
z

t CV
CS
CV
CS

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(Eulers equation) :

. dmv dm
:

dF =
(dmv )
Dt

Dv
= dm
= dma
Dt

v
v
v v
= dm(v x
+ vy
+ vz
+ )
x
y
z t

dF = dfdV = (P k )dV

v
v
v v
( P k ) dV = dm(v
+ vy
+ vz
+ )
x
x
y
z t

P
v
v
v v Dv
dm = dV
+
=
(
gk ) = v x
+ vy
+ vz
z t Dt
x
y

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v
v
v v Dv
=
(
g z ) = v x
+ vy
+ vz
+
x
y
z t Dt

Dv Dv x Dv y Dv z
a=
i+
j+
k = axi + a y j + az k
=
Dt
Dt
Dt
Dt

(Eulers equation)
:

v
v
v
: v x
+ vy
+ vz
= (v .)v
z
x
y

v
P
(
gz ) = (v .)v +
t

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 (Non-inertial control volume) :

*.

.

Coriolis

) = a xyz + R + 2 v xyz + r + ( r
**

(vP / o ) xyz

XYZ xyz
:

ao

a XYZ

Y
X

(aP / o ) xyz

: , xyz XYZ
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 : xyz

dF = dma XYZ

]) = dm[a xyz + R + 2 v xyz + r + ( r

dF dm[ R + 2 v xyz + r + ( r )] = dma xyz

D
) (dmv xyz
=
Dt xyz

D
xyz .
Dt xyz

.
:

TdA + BdV [ R + 2 vxyz + r + ( r )]dV

V

)(I

D
D
= ) ( v xyz dV
) ( Pxyz
=
Dt xyz V
Dt xyz
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dPxyz

N = Pxyz

v xyz dm

= v xyz

=
=
dm
dm

DPxyz

v
= v xyz ( v xyz .dA) +
xyz ( dV )

Dt xyz CS
t xyz CV

(II)

:(II) ( I)

TdA + BdV [ R + 2 vxyz + r + ( r )]dV

CS

CV

CV

v xyz ( dV )
= v xyz ( v xyz .dA) +

t xyz CV
CS
xyz
.
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dV

X
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dF

dm

r
y

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: .

dF =
(dmv )
Dt

v
z

(Moment of momentum) :

: r

(dmv )
r dF = r
Dt

D
Dr
(r dmv ) =
(dmv )
dmv + r
Dt
Dt
Dt
0

= v dmv + r
(dmv )
Dt
D

=r
(dmv )
Dt
D

r dF =
(r dmv )
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Dt

 dm
* . :

=
(r v )dm
r
d
F

Dt
M
) (

D
(
r
v )dm

Dt M

DH
=
Dt
=

) H (angular momentum

.
:

DH
= r BdV
S r TdA +
Dt
V

r dF = r TdA + r BdV
V

.
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)(Control volume approach for the moment of momentum equation
(Inertial control volume) :

H :

dH (r v )dm
=
=
= r v
dm
dm

N=H

DH
) = (r v )( v .dA) + (r v )( dV
t CV
Dt CS

:t

r
T
dA
r
B
dV
(
r
v
()
v
.
d
A
)
(
r

+
) v )( dV

t CV
CS
CV
CS

)
(
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) r T dA + r B dV = (r v )( v .dA) + (r v )( dV

t CV
CS
CV
CS

r A A

.
A

CV

A
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(Non-inertial control volume) :

: dm

o
x

Y
X

dm

dF dm[ R + 2 v xyz + r + ( r )]

D
(dmv xyz )
=
Dt xyz

: r

D
(dmv xyz )
r dF dm r [ R + 2 v xyz + r + ( r )] = r
Dt xyz
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: r

D
D
(dmv xyz ) =
(r dmv xyz )
Dt xyz
Dt xyz

D
r dF dm r [ R + 2 v xyz + r + ( r )] =
(r v xyz )dm
Dt xyz
:

DH xyz


M S + M B r [ R + 2 v xyz + r + ( r )] dV =
Dt xyz
V

N = H xyz

: H xyz

dH xyz (r v xyz )dm
=
= r v xyz
=
dm
dm

DH xyz
Dt

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= (r v xyz )( v xyz .dA) +

(r v xyz )( dV )

t xyz CV
CS
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 :t

M S + M B r [ R + 2 v xyz + r + ( r )] dV

= (r v xyz )( v xyz .dA) +

) (r v xyz )( dV

t xyz CV
CS

CV

R .

er

ez

r = r er + zez

v xyz = (vr ) xyz er + (v ) xyz e + (v z ) xyz ez

= e z

= e z
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r ) dV = R
r dm = R
Mr = R
M
(r R ) dV = ( R
c
r

CV

CV

rc . = 0
) o (28 :
rdm

M
zdm
M

rc

rc

rc = rc er + zc ez

= zc

) (:
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M S + M B + R Mrc (r er + zez ) {(2ez )

CV

[(vr ) xyz er + (v ) xyz e + (v z ) xyz ez ] + ez (r er + zez ) +

ez [ez (r er + zez )]}dV =

(r er + zez ) [(vr ) xyz er + (v ) xyz e + (vz ) xyz ez ]v.dA
CS

+
+
[(
r
e
z
e
)
[(
v
)
e
(
v
)
e
(
v
)
e
r
z
r xyz r
z xyz z ]dV
xyz

t CV
:

er e = ez

ez er = e

e ez = er
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M S + M B + R Mrc [(2zvr + r z )er +

CV

2
(2zv + r z )e + (2r vr + r )ez ]dV =
2

)
]
(
.dA)
(
zv
e
(
zv
r
v
e
rv
e
v
+

r
z
z
r
CS

+ [( zv )er + ( zvr r v z )e + rv ez ]dV

t CV
.

r , z ,

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