3-1

National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1

SECTION 301 - GENERAL


301.1 SCOPE

This chapter sets forth requirements for excavations, fills,
footings and foundations for any building or structure.


301.2 QUALITY AND DESIGN

The quality and design of materials used structurally in
excavations, fills, footings and foundations shall conform to
the requirements specified in Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7.


301.3 ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURES

Allowable stresses and design formulas provided in this
chapter shall be used with the allowable stress design load
combinations specified in Section 203.4.

SECTION 302 - EXCAVATION AND
FILLS


302.1 GENERAL

Excavation or fills for buildings or structures shall be
constructed or protected that they do not endanger life or
property. Reference is made to Section 109 of this code for
requirements governing excavation, grading and earthwork
construction, including fills and embankments.

302.2 CUTS

302.2.1 General. Unless otherwise recommended in the
approved geotechnical engineering or engineering geology
report, cuts shall conform to the provisions of this section.
In the absence of an approved geotechnical engineering
report, these provisions may be waived for minor cuts not
intended to support structures.

302.2.2 Slope. The slope of cut surfaces shall be no
steeper than is safe for the intended use and shall be no
steeper than 1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50% slope)
unless a geotechnical engineering or an engineering
geology report, or both, stating that the site has been
investigated, and giving an opinion that a cut at a steeper
slope will be stable and not create a hazard to public or
private property, is submitted and approved.

302.3 EXCAVATIONS

302.3.3 Existing footings or foundations which may be
affected by any excavation shall be underpinned adequately
or otherwise protected against settlement and shall be
protected against lateral movement.

302.2.4 Protection of adjoining property. The
requirement for protection of adjacent property and the
depth to which protection is required shall be defined by
prevailing law. Where not defined by law, the following
shall apply:

1. Before commencing the excavation, the person
making or causing the excavation to be made shall
notify in writing the owners of adjoining building not
less than 10 days before such excavation is to be
made and that the adjoining building will be
protected. The condition of the adjoining building
will be documented prior to excavation. Technical
documents pertaining to the proposed underpinning
and excavation plan shall be provided the owner of
the adjacent property.
2. Unless it can shown through a detailed
geotechnical investigation that underpinning is unnecessary,
GENERAL & EXCAVATION AND FILLS
FOUNDATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS 3-2
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
any person making or causing an excavation shall protect
the excavation so that the soil of adjoining property will not
cave in or settle,

In cases where the adjacent building will have more
basements than the proposed building, the foundation of the
proposed building should be designed so as not to impart
additional lateral earth pressures on the existing building
(see section 304.4).

302.3 FILLS

302.3.1 General. Unless otherwise recommended in the
approved geotechnical engineering report, fills shall
conform to the provisions of this section. In the absence of
an approved geotechnical engineering report, these
provisions may be waived for minor fills not intended to
support structures.

Fills to be used to support the foundations of any building
or structure shall be placed in accordance with accepted
engineering practice. A geotechnical investigation report
and a report of satisfactory placement of fill, both
acceptable to the building official, shall be submitted when
required by the building official.

No fill or other surcharge loads shall be placed adjacent to
any building or structure unless such building or structure is
capable of withstanding the additional vertical and
horizontal loads caused by the fill or surcharge.

Fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural slopes steeper
than 1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50% slope)

302.3.2 Preparation of Ground. The ground surface
shall be prepared to receive fill by removing vegetation,
non-complying fill, topsoil and other unsuitable materials,
and by scarifying to provide a bond with the new fill.

Where the natural slopes are steeper than 1 unit vertical in 5
units horizontal (20% slope) and the height is greater than
1.5 meters, the ground surface shall be prepared by
benching into sound bedrock or other competent material as
determined by the geotechnical engineer. The bench under
the toe of a fill on a slope steeper than 1 unit vertical in 5
units horizontal (20% slope) shall be at least 3 meters wide.

The area beyond the toe of fill shall be sloped for sheet
overflow or a paved drain shall be provided. When fill is to
be placed over a cut, the bench under the toe of fill shall be
at least 3 meters wide but the cut shall be made before
placing the fill and acceptance by the geotechnical engineer
as a suitable foundation for fill.

302.3.3 Fill Material. Detrimental amounts of organic
material shall not be permitted in fills. Except as permitted
by the geotechnical engineer, no rock or similar irreducible
FIGURE 302-1 SETBACK DIMENSIONS FOR CUT AND FILL SLOPES
H/5 but
0.60 m
min. and
3 m max.
H/2 but 0.6m
min. and 6m
max.
Toe of
Slope
Natural or Finish
Grade
Cut or Fill
Slope
PA*
PA*
H
* Permit Area Boundary
Top of
Slope
Natural or Finish
Grade
FOUNDATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS 3-3
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
material with a maximum dimension greater than 300 mm
shall be buried or placed in fills.

EXCEPTI ON:
The placement of larger rock may be permitted when the
geotechnical engineer properly devises a method of
placement, and continuously inspects its placement and
approves the fill stability. The following conditions shall
also apply:
1. Prior to issuance of the grading permit, potential
rock disposal areas shall be delineated on the
grading plan.
2. Rock sizes greater than 300 mm in maximum
dimension shall be 3 meters or more below grade,
measured vertically.
3. Rocks shall be placed so as to assure filling of all
voids with well-graded soil.

302.3.4 Compaction. All fills shall be compacted in lifts
not exceeding 20cm in thickness to a minimum of 90
percent of maximum density as determined by ASTM
Standard D-1557. In-place density shall be determined in
accordance with ASTM D-1556, D-2167, D-2922, D-3017
or equivalent. A minimum of three tests for every 500 m
2
area should be performed for every lift to verify compliance
with compaction requirements.

302.3.5 Slope. The slope of fill surfaces shall be no
steeper than is safe for the intended use. Fill slopes shall be
no steeper than 1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50%
slope) unless substantiating data justifying steeper slopes
are submitted and approved.


302.4 SETBACKS

302.4.1 General. Cut and fill slopes shall be set back
from site boundaries in accordance with this section subject
to verification with detailed slope stability study. Setback
dimensions shall be horizontal distances measured
perpendicular to the site boundary. Setback dimensions
shall be as shown in Figure 302-1.

302.4.2 Top of Cut Slope. The top of cut slopes shall not
be made nearer to a site boundary line than one fifth of the
vertical height of cut with a minimum of 0.6 meter and a
maximum of 3 meters. The setback may need to be
increased for any required interceptor drains.

302.4.3 Toe of Fill Slope. The toe of fill slope shall be
made not nearer to the site boundary line than one half the
height of the slope with a minimum of 0.6 meter and a
maximum of 6 meters. Where a fill slope is to be located
near the site boundary and the adjacent off-site property is
developed, special precautions shall be incorporated in the
work as the building official deems necessary to protect the
adjoining property from damage as a result of such grading.
These precautions may include but are not limited to:

1. Additional setbacks.
2. Provision for retaining or slough walls.
3. Mechanical or chemical treatment of the fill slope
surface to minimize erosion.
4. Provisions for the control of surface waters.

302.4.4 Modification of Slope Location. The building
official may approve alternate setbacks. The building
official may require an investigation and recommendation
by a qualified geotechnical engineer to demonstrate that the
intent of this section has been satisfied.


302.5 DRAINAGE AND TERRACING

301.7.1 General. Unless otherwise indicated on the
approved grading plan, drainage facilities and terracing
shall conform to the provisions of this section for cut or fill
slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical in 3 units horizontal
(33.3% slope).

302.5.2 Terrace. Terraces at least 2 meters in width shall
be established at not more than 10 meters vertical intervals
on all cut or fill slopes to control surface drainage and
debris except that where only one terrace is required, it
shall be at midheight. For cut or fill slopes greater than 20
meters and up to 40 meters in vertical height, one terrace at
approximately midheight shall be 4 meters in width.
Terrace widths and spacing for cut and fill slopes greater
than 40 meters in height shall be designed by the civil
engineer and approved by the building official. Suitable
access shall be provided to permit proper cleaning and
maintenance.

Swales or ditches on terraces shall have a minimum
gradient of 5 percent and must be paved with reinforced
concrete not less than 75 mm in thickness or an approved
equal paving. They shall have a minimum depth at the
deepest point of 0.3 meter and a minimum paved width of
1.5 meters.

A single run of swale or ditch shall not collect runoff from a
tributary area exceeding 1,000 m
2
(projected area) without
discharging into a down drain.

302.5.3 Subsurface Drainage. Cut and fill slopes shall
be provided with subsurface drainage as necessary for
stability.

302.5.4 Disposal. All drainage facilities shall be
designed to carry waters to the nearest practicable drainage
FOUNDATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS 3-4
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
way approved by the building official or other appropriate
jurisdiction as a safe place to deposit such waters. Erosion
of ground in the area of discharge shall be prevented by
installation of non-erosive down drains or other devices.

Building pads shall have a drainage gradient of 2 percent
toward approved drainage facilities, unless waived by the
building official.


EXCEPTI ON:
The gradient from the building pad may be 1 percent if all
of the following conditions exist throughout the permit
area:
1. No proposed fills are greater than 3 meters in
maximum depth.
2. No proposed finish cut or fill slope faces have a
vertical height in excess of 3 meters.
3. No existing slope faces steeper than 1 unit vertical in
10 units horizontal (10% slope) have a vertical
height in excess of 3 meters.

302.5.5 Interceptor Drains. Paved interceptor drains
shall be installed along the top of all cut slopes where the
tributary drainage area above slopes toward the cut and has
a drainage path greater than 12 meters measured
horizontally. Interceptor drains shall be paved with a
minimum of 75 mm of concrete or gunite and reinforced.
They shall have a minimum depth of 300 mm and a
minimum paved width of 750 mm measured horizontally
across the drain. The slope of drain shall be approved by
the building official.


302.6 EROSION CONTROL

302.6.1 Slopes. The faces of cut and fill slopes shall be
prepared and maintained to control against erosion. This
control may consist of effective planting. The protection for
the slopes shall be installed as soon as practicable and prior
to calling for final approval. Where cut slopes are not
subject to erosion due to the erosion-resistant character of
the materials, such protection may be omitted.

302.6.2 Other Devices. Where necessary, check dams,
cribbing, riprap or other devices or methods shall be
employed to control erosion and provide safety.

FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION 3-5
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
SECTION 303 - FOUNDATION
INVESTIGATION
303.1 GENERAL

Foundation investigation shall be conducted at each
building site when required by the building official.

For structures three storeys or higher, it is recommended
that an exhaustive geotechnical study be performed to
evaluate in-situ soil parameters for foundation design and
analysis. It is recommended that a minimum of one
borehole per two hundred (200) square meters of the
structures footprint be drilled to a depth of at least five
meters into hard strata or until a suitable bearing layer is
reached unless otherwise specified by the consulting
geotechnical engineer. The total number of boreholes per
structure should be no less than two (2) for structures whose
footprints are less than three hundred (300) sq.m and no
less than three (3) for those structures with larger footprints.

For buildings with basements, it is recommended that the
depth of boring should extend to twice the least dimension
of the structures footprint (2B).

The building official may require that the interpretation and
evaluation of the results of the foundation investigation be
made by a registered civil engineer experienced and
knowledgeable in the field of geotechnical engineering.

303.2 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

For the purposes of this chapter, the definition and
classification of soil materials for use in Table 304-1 shall
be according to ASTM D-2487.

Soil classification shall be based on observation and any
necessary tests of the materials disclosed by borings or
excavations made in appropriate locations. Additional
studies may be necessary to evaluate soil strength, the effect
of moisture variation on soil-bearing capacity,
compressibility, liquefaction and expansiveness.

303.3 LIQUEFACTION STUDY

The building official may require a geotechnical evaluation
in accordance with Section 303.6 when, during the course
of the foundation investigation, all of the following
conditions are discovered:
1. Shallow ground water, 2 meters or less.
2. Unconsolidated saturated sandy alluvium (N < 15)
3. Seismic Zone 4.



EXCEPTI ON:

The building official may waive this evaluation upon receipt
of written opinion of a qualified geotechnical engineer that
liquefaction is not probable.

303.4 EXPANSIVE SOIL

Soils meeting all four of the following provisions shall be
considered expansive, except that tests to show compliance
with Items 1, 2 and 3 shall not be required if the test
prescribed in Item 4 is conducted:
1. Plasticity index (PI) of 15 or greater, determined in
accordance with ASTM D 4318.
2. More than 10 percent of the soil particles pass a No.
200 sieve (75 _m), determined in accordance with
ASTM D 422.
3. More than 10 percent of the soil particles are less than
5 micrometers in size, determined in accordance with
ASTM D 422.
4. Expansion index greater than 20, determined in
accordance with ASTM D 4829.

303.4.1 Design for expansive soils. Footings or
foundations for buildings and structures founded on
expansive soils shall be designed in accordance with
Section 1805.8.1 or 1805.8.2.

Footing or foundation design need not comply with Section
303.4.3 or 303.4.4 where the soil is removed in accordance
with Section 303.4.4, nor where the building official
approves stabilization of the soil in accordance with
Section 303.4.5.

303.4.2 Foundations. Footings or foundations placed on or
within the active zone of expansive soils shall be designed
to resist differential volume changes and to prevent
structural damage to the supported structure. Deflection
and racking of the supported shall be limited to that which
will not interfere with the usability and serviceability of the
structure.

Foundations placed below where volume change occurs or
below expansive soil shall comply with the following
provisions:
1. Foundations extending into or penetrating expansive
soils shall be designed to prevent uplift of the
supported structure.
2. Foundations penetrating expansive soils shall be
designed to resist forces exerted on the foundation due
to soil volume changes or shall be isolated from the
expansive soil.




FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION 3-6
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1


303.4.3 Slab-on-ground foundations. Moments, shears
and deflections for use in designing slab-on-ground, mat or
raft foundations on expansive soils shall be determined in
accordance with WRI/CRSI Design of Slab-on-Ground
Foundations or PTI Standard Requirements for Analysis of
Shallow Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils. Using
the moments, shears and deflections determined above,
nonprestressed slabs-on-ground, mat or raft foundations on
expansive soils shall be designed in accordance with PTI
Standard Requirements for Design of Shallow Post-
Tensioned Concrete Foundations on Expansive Soils. It
shall be permitted to analyze and design such slabs by other
methods that account for soil-structure interaction, the
deformed shape of the soil support, the place or stiffened
plate action of the slab as well as both center lift and edge
lift conditions. Such alternative methods shall be rational
and the basis for all aspects and parameters of the method
shall be available for peer review.

303.4.4 Removal of expansive soil. Where expansive soil
is removed in lieu of designing footings or foundations in
accordance with Section 302.3.2, the soil shall be removed
to a depth sufficient to ensure a constant moisture content in
the remaining soil. Fill material shall not contain expansive
soils and shall comply with Section 302.3.3.

Exception: Expansive soil need not be removed to the
depth of constant moisture, provided the confining pressure
in the expansive soil created by the fill and supported
structure exceeds the swell pressure.

303.4.5 Stabilization. Where the active zone of expansive
soils is stabilized in lieu of designing footings or
foundations in accordance with Section 305.2, the soil shall
be stabilized by chemical, dewatering, presaturation or
equivalent techniques.


303.5 COMPRESSIBLE SOILS

If the boreholes show that the proposed structures are to be
built above compressible fine-grained soils (with N< 6 ), it
is recommended that consolidation tests be performed in
accordance with ASTM D 2435 to determine the settlement
parameters for the site.

If wide, massive loads within the structures to be built on
compressible fine-grained soils are to be expected for
prolonged periods of time built, the settlement effects on
adjacent structures should be evaluated as well.


303.6 REPORTS

The soil classification and design-bearing capacity shall be
shown on the plans, unless the foundation conforms to
Table 305-1. The building official may require submission
of a written report of the investigation, which shall include,
but need not be limited to, the following information:

1. A plot is showing the location of all test borings
and/or excavations.

2. Descriptions and classifications of the materials
encountered.

3. Elevation of the water table, if encountered.
4. Recommendations for foundation type and design
criteria, including bearing capacity, provisions to
mitigate the effects of expansive soils, provisions to
mitigate the effects of liquefaction and soil strength,
and the effects of adjacent loads.

5. Expected total and differential settlement.

6. Laboratory test results of soil samples.

7. Field borehole log containing the following
information

a). Project location
b). Depth of borehole
c). Ground elevation
d). Ground water table elevation
e). Date started and finished

When expansive soils are present, the building official may
require that special provisions be made in the foundation
design and construction to safeguard against damage due to
this expansiveness. The building official may require a
special investigation and report to provide these design and
construction criteria.

303.7 SOIL TESTS

Tables 303-2 and 303-3 summarize the commonly used
field and laboratory tests needed in determining the in-situ
soil parameters for use in foundation design and analysis.











FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION 3-7
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
Table 303-2 Laboratory and Field Tests

Laboratory /
Field Test
ASTM
Designation
Output Data /
Parameter Obtained
Classification of Soils
Moisture content D2216-05 Moisture/ water
content
Grain size
analysis
D422-63 Soil gradation
Atterberg Limits D4318-05 Liquid limit, plastic
limit
USCS D2487-00 Classification of
soils
Specific Gravity D854-05 Specific gravity
Shrinkage Limit D427-04 Shrinkage limit
Organic Matter D2974-00 Moisture content,
ash content and
percent organic
matter in soil
Swedish Weigh
Sounding Test
D422-63
UCT Test (Soils) D2166-00 Strength parameters
Tri-axial (UU
Test)
D2850-03a Strength parameters
Tri-axial (CU
Test)
D4767-04 Strength parameters
Oedometer (1-D
Consolidation)
D2435-04 Consolidation
parameters
Laboratory Vane
Shear
D4648-05 Strength parameters
Direct Shear
Test
D3080-04 Strength parameters
UCT for Intact
Rock
D2938-95 Strength parameters
Standard
Penetration Test
D1586-99 N-value
Modified Proctor
Test
D1557-02 Maximum dry
density
Standard Proctor
Test
D698-00a Maximum dry
density
Field Density
Test
D1556-00 Maximum dry
density
CBR Lab Test D1883-05 CBR
Cone Penetration
Test
D3441-05 Soil strength
parameters










Table 303-3 Geophysical Tests

Field Test ASTM
Designation
Output Data /
Parameter Obtained
Geophysical Tests
Seismic refraction
Seismic
reflection
D5777-00 Maps subsurface
geologic conditions,
lithologic units and
fractures.
Ground
Penetrating
Radar
D7128 Maps lateral
continuity of
lithologic units and
detects changes in
the acoustic
properties of
subsurface
geomaterials.
Crosshole
seismic survey
D6432-99 Subsurface geologic
mapping, detection
of buried structures
and utilities
Geo-resistivity
Survey
D4428 Determine
horizontal traveling
compression and
shear seismic waves
at test sites.

303.8 LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL AND
SOIL STRENGTH LOSS

When required by Section 303.3, the potential for soil
liquefaction and soil strength loss during earthquakes shall
be evaluated during the geotechnical investigation. The
geotechnical evaluation shall assess potential consequences
of any liquefaction and soil strength loss, including
estimation of differential settlement, lateral movement or
reduction in foundation soil-bearing capacity, and discuss
mitigating measures. Such measures shall be given
consideration in the design of the building and may include,
but are not limited to, ground stabilization, selection of
appropriate foundation type and depths, selection of
appropriate structural systems to accommodate anticipated
displacements, or any combination of these measures.

The potential for liquefaction and soil strength loss shall be
evaluated for a site peak ground acceleration that, as a
minimum, conforms to the probability of exceedance
specified in Section 208.6.2. Peak ground acceleration may
be determined based on a site-specific study taking into
account soil amplification effects.

In the absence of such a study, peak ground acceleration
may be assumed equal to the seismic zone factor in Table
208-3.

FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION 3-8
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
303.9 ADJACENT LOADS

Where footings are placed at varying elevations, the effect
of adjacent loads shall be included in the foundation design.


303.10 DRAINAGE

Provisions shall be made for the control and drainage of
surface water around buildings. (See also Section 305.5.5.)


ALLOWABLE FOUNDATION AND LATERAL 3-9
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
SECTION 304 - ALLOWABLE
FOUNDATION AND LATERAL
PRESSURES

304.1 FROM GEOTECHNICAL SITE
INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT.

The recommended allowable foundation and lateral
pressures shall be estimated from a reasonably exhaustive
geotechnical site investigation and assessment, which shall
include at least the following:

a) Description of regional geologic characteristics;
b) Characterization of in-situ geotechnical conditions;
c) Factual report on the in-situ and laboratory tests
performed to characterize the site (See Section
303.7 for a list of in-situ and laboratory tests
commonly carried out for geotechnical site
characterization);
d) Disclosure of the assumptions and the applicable
analytical or empirical models used in estimating
the allowable foundation and lateral pressures;
e) Calculations carried out and Factor of Safety (FS)
assumed in arriving at the recommended allowable
foundation and lateral pressures; and
f) Evaluation of existing potential geologic hazards
and those that may be induced or triggered by the
construction/installation of the structure.

The geotechnical site investigation and assessment shall be
performed by a registered civil engineer experienced and
knowledgeable in the field of geotechnical engineering.

A geotechnical investigation and assessment shall be
presented in a report. The report, together with a brief
resume and a sworn statement of accountability of the
geotechnical engineering consultant who prepared it, shall
be included in the submittals to be reviewed and examined
by the building official or government authority in charge
of issuing the relevant permits such as environmental
compliance certificate and/or building permit.

304.2 PRESUMPTIVE LOAD-BEARING AND
LATERAL RESISTING VALUES.

When no exhaustive geotechnical site assessment and
investigation is performed, especially when no in-situ or
very limited tests are carried out, the presumptive load-
bearing and lateral resisting values provided in Table 304-1
shall be used. Use of these values requires that the
foundation design engineer has, at the least, carried out an
inspection of the site and has become familiar with the
predominant soil or rock characteristics of the site.

Presumptive load-bearing values shall apply to materials
with similar physical characteristics and dispositions. Mud,
organic silt, organic clays, peat or unprepared fill shall not
be assumed to have a presumptive load-bearing capacity
unless data from a geotechnical site assessment and
investigation to substantiate the use of such a value are
submitted.

For clay, sandy clay, silty clay and clayey silt, in no case
shall the lateral sliding resistance exceed one-half the dead
load.

304.3 MINIMUM ALLOWABLE PRESSURES.

The recommended allowable foundation and lateral values
shall be with the allowable stress design load combinations
specified in Section 203.4.

304.4 FOUNDATIONS ADJACENT TO EXISTING
RETAINING/BASEMENT WALLS

In cases where the adjacent building will have more
basements than the proposed building, the foundation of the
proposed building should be designed so as not to impart
additional lateral earth pressures on the existing building
(see section).


























ALLOWABLE FOUNDATION AND LATERAL 3-10
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
Table 304-1 Allowable Foundation and Lateral Pressure
Class of Materials
1

Allowable
Foundation
Pressure
2

(kPa)
Lateral
Bearing
Below Natural
Grade
3

(kPa/m of
depth)

Lateral Sliding
4

Coefficient
5 Resistance
6

(kPa)
1. Massive Crystalline Bedrock 200 200 0.70 -
2. Sedimentary and Foliated Rock 100 60 0.35 -
3. Sandy Gravel and /or Gravel(GW & GP) 100 30 0.35 -
4. Well-graded Sand, Poorly-graded Sand, Silty Sand,
Clayey Sand, Silty Gravel and Clayey Gravel (SW,
SP, SM, SC, GM and GC)
75 25 0.25 -
5. Clay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay and Clayey Silt (CL, ML,
MH, and CH)
50
a
15 - 7
1
A geotechnical site investigation is recommended for soil
classification (Refer to Section 303).

2
All values of allowable foundation pressure are for
footings having a minimum width of 300mm and a
minimum depth of 300mm into the natural grade. Except as
noted in Footnote a, an increase of 20% is allowed for
each additional 300mm of width and/or depth to a
maximum value of three times the designated value. An
increase of one-third is permitted when using the alternate
load combinations in Section 203.4 that include wind or
earthquake loads.

3
The resistance values derived from the table are permitted
to be increased by the tabular value for each additional foot
(305mm) of depth to a maximum of 15 times the tabular
value. Isolated poles for uses such as flagpoles or signs and
poles used to support buildings that are not adversely
affected by a 0.5inch (12.7mm) motion at the ground
surface due to short-term lateral loads are permitted to be
designed using lateral-bearing values equal to two times the
tabular values.

4
Lateral bearing and sliding resistance may be combined.

5
Coefficient to be multiplied by the dead load.

6
Lateral sliding resistance value to be multiplied by the
contact area. In no case shall the lateral sliding resistance
exceed one-half the dead load.

a
No increase for an increase of width shall be allowed.
PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3-11
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
SECTION 305 - FOOTINGS


305.1 GENERAL

Footings and foundations shall be constructed of masonry,
concrete or treated wood in conformance with Chapters 4, 6
and 7. Footings of concrete and masonry shall be of solid
material. Foundations supporting wood shall extend at least
150 mm above the adjacent finish grade. Footings shall
have a minimum depth as indicated in Table 305-1, unless
another depth is warranted, as established by a foundation
investigation.

The provisions of this section do not apply to building and
foundation systems in those areas subject to scour and
water pressure by wind and wave action. Buildings and
foundations subject to such loads shall be designed in
accordance with approved national standards.


TABLE 305-1 Minimum Requirements for
Foundations
1,2,3
Number of
Floors
Supported
by the
Foundations
Thickness of
Foundation Wall
(mm)
Width
of
Footing
(mm)
Thickness
of
Footing
(mm)
Depth
Below
Undisturbed
Ground
Surface
(mm)
Concrete
Unit
Masonry
1 150 150 300 150 300
2 200 200 375 175 450
3 250 250 450 200 600
1
Where unusual conditions are found, footings and foundations
shall be as required in Section 305.1.
2
The ground under the floor may be excavated to the elevation of
the top of the footing.
3
Foundation may support a roof in addition to the stipulated
number of floors. Foundations supporting roofs only shall be as
required for supporting one floor.


305.2 FOOTING DESIGN

Except for special provisions of Section 307 covering the
design of piles, all portions of footings shall be designed in
accordance with the structural provisions of this code and
shall be designed to minimize differential settlement when
necessary and the effects of expansive soils when present.

Slab-on-grade and mat-type footings for buildings located
on expansive soils may be designed in accordance with the
geotechnical recommendation as permitted by the building
official.


305.3 BEARING WALLS

Bearing walls shall be supported on masonry or concrete
foundations or piles or other permitted foundation system
that shall be of sufficient size to support all loads.

Where a design is not provided, the minimum foundation
requirements for stud bearing walls shall be as set forth in
Table 305-1, unless expansive soils of a severity to cause
differential movement are known to exist.

EXCEPTI ONS:

1. A one-story wood or metal-frame building not used
for human occupancy and not over 40 m
2
in floor
area may be constructed with walls supported on a
wood foundation plate when permitted by the
building official.

2. The support of buildings by posts embedded in earth
shall be designed as specified in Section 305.7.
Wood posts or poles embedded in earth shall be
pressure treated with an approved preservative. Steel
posts or poles shall be protected as specified in
Section 306.10.


305.4 STEPPED FOUNDATIONS

Foundations for all buildings where the surface of the
ground slopes more than 1 unit vertical in 10 units
horizontal (10% slope) shall be level or shall be stepped so
that both top and bottom of such foundation are level.


305.5 FOOTINGS ON OR ADJACENT TO
SLOPES

305.5.1 Scope. The placement of buildings and structures
on or adjacent to slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical in 3
units horizontal (33.3% slope) shall be in accordance with
this section.

305.5.2 Building clearance from ascending slopes. In
general, buildings below slopes shall be set a sufficient
distance from the slope to provide protection from slope
drainage, erosion and shallow failures. Except as provided
for in Section 305.5.6 and Figure 305-1, the following
criteria will be assumed to provide this protection. Where
the existing slope is steeper than 1 unit vertical in 1 unit
horizontal (100% slope), the toe of the slope shall be
assumed to be at the intersection of a horizontal plane
drawn from the top of the foundation and a plane drawn
tangent to the slope at an angle of 45 degrees to the
horizontal. Where a retaining wall is constructed at the toe
PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3-12
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
of the slope, the height of the slope shall be measured from
the top of the wall to the top of the slope.

305.5.3 Footing setback from descending slope surface.
Footings on or adjacent to slope surfaces shall be founded
in firm material with an embedment and setback from the
slope surface sufficient to provide vertical and lateral
support for the footing without detrimental settlement.
Except as provided for in Section 305.5.6 and Figure 305-1,
the following setback is deemed adequate to meet the
criteria. Where the slope is steeper than 1 unit vertical in 1
unit horizontal (100% slope), the required setback shall be
measured from an imaginary plane 45 degrees to the
horizontal, projected upward from the toe of the slope.

305.5.4 Pools. The setback between pools regulated by
this code and slopes shall be equal to one half the building
footing setback distance required by this section. That
portion of the pool wall within a horizontal distance of 2
meters from the top of the slope shall be capable of
supporting the water in the pool without soil support.

305.5.5 Foundation elevation. On graded sites, the top
of any exterior foundation shall extend above the elevation
of the street gutter at point of discharge or the inlet of an
approved drainage device a minimum of 300 mm plus 2
percent. The building official may permit alternate
elevations, provided it can be demonstrated that required
drainage to the point of discharge and away from the
structure is provided at all locations on the site.

305.5.6 Alternate setback and clearance. The building
official may approve alternate setbacks and clearances. The
building official may require an investigation and
recommendation of a qualified engineer to demonstrate that
the intent of this section has been satisfied. Such an
investigation shall include consideration of material, height
of slope, slope gradient, load intensity and erosion
characteristics of slope material.


305.6 FOUNDATION PLATES OR SILLS

Wood plates or sills shall be bolted to the foundation or
foundation wall. Steel bolts with a minimum nominal
diameter of 12 mm shall be used in Seismic Zone 2. Steel
bolts with a minimum nominal diameter of 16 mm shall be
used in Seismic Zone 4. Bolts shall be embedded at least
180 mm into the concrete or masonry and shall be spaced
not more than 2 meters apart. There shall be a minimum of
two bolts per piece with one bolt located not more than 300
mm or less than seven bolt diameters from each end of the
piece. A properly sized nut and washer shall be tightened
on each bolt to the plate. Foundation plates and sills shall be
the kind of wood specified in Chapter 6.


305.7 DESIGNS EMPLOYING LATERAL
BEARING

305.7.1 General. Construction employing posts or poles
as columns embedded in earth or embedded in concrete
footings in the earth may be used to resist both axial and
lateral loads. The depth to resist lateral loads shall be
determined by means of the design criteria established
herein or other methods approved by the building official.

305.7.2 Design Criteria

305.7.2.1 Nonconstrained. The following formula
may be used in determining the depth of embedment
required to resist lateral loads where no constraint is
provided at the ground surface, such as rigid floor or rigid
ground surface pavement.

FIGURE 305-1 SETBACK DIMENSIONS FOR BUILDING CLEARANCE FROM SLOPES
H/2 but
need not
exceed
4.5m max.
H/3 but need not
exceed 12 m max.
H
Toe of Slope
Top of Slope
Face of Structure
Face of Footing
PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3-13
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
A
h A
d
3 . 4
1 1
2
(305-1)
Where:
b S
P
A
1
2.3
=
b = diameter of round post or footing or diagonal
dimension of square post or footing, meters.
d = depth of embedment in earth in meters but not
over 3.5 meters for purpose of computing
lateral pressure.
h = distance in meters from ground surface to point
of application of P.
P = applied lateral force in kilonewtons .
S
1
= allowable lateral soil-bearing pressure as set
forth in Table 304-1 based on a depth of one
third the depth of embedment (kPa).
S
3
= allowable lateral soil-bearing pressure as set
forth in Table 304-1 based on a depth equal to
the depth of embedment (kPa).

305.7.2.2 Constrained. The following formula may
be used to determine the depth of embedment required to
resist lateral loads where constraint is provided at the
ground surface, such as a rigid floor or pavement.

b S
Ph
25 4 d
3
2
. = (305-2)

305.7.2.3 Vertical load. The resistance to vertical
loads is determined by the allowable soil-bearing pressure
set forth in Table 304-1.

305.7.3 Backfill. The backfill in the annular space
around column not embedded in poured footings shall be by
one of the following methods:

1. Backfill shall be of concrete with an ultimate
strength of 15 MPa at 28 days. The hole shall not be
less than 100 mm larger than the diameter of the
column at its bottom or 100 mm larger than the
diagonal dimension of a square or rectangular
column.

2. Backfill shall be of clean sand. The sand shall be
thoroughly compacted by tamping in layers not more
than 200 mm in thickness.

305.7.4 Limitations. The design procedure outlined in
this section shall be subject to the following limitations:

305.7.4.1 The frictional resistance for retaining walls
and slabs on silts and clays shall be limited to one half of
the normal force imposed on the soil by the weight of the
footing or slab.

305.7.4.1 Posts embedded in earth shall not be used to
provide lateral support for structural or nonstructural
materials such as plaster, masonry or concrete unless
bracing is provided.


305.8 GRILLAGE FOOTINGS

When grillage footings of structural steel shapes are used
on soils, they shall be completely embedded in concrete.
Concrete cover shall be at least 150 mm on the bottom and
at least 100 mm at all other points.


305.9 BLEACHER FOOTINGS

Footings for open-air seating facilities shall comply with
Chapter 3.

EXCEPTI ONS:

Temporary open-air portable bleachers may be supported
upon wood sills or steel plates placed directly upon the
ground surface, provided soil pressure does not exceed 50
kPa.
PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3-14
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
SECTION 306 - PILES - GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS

306.1 GENERAL

Pile foundations shall be designed and installed on the basis
of a foundation investigation as defined in Section 303
where required by the building official.

The investigation and report provisions of Section 303 shall
be expanded to include, but not be limited to, the following:
1. Recommended pile types and installed capacities.
2. Driving criteria.
3. Installation procedures.
4. Field inspection and reporting procedures (to include
procedures for verification of the installed bearing
capacity where required).
5. Pile load test requirements.

The use of piles not specifically mentioned in this chapter
shall be permitted, subject to the approval of the building
official upon submission of acceptable test data,
calculations or other information relating to the properties
and load-carrying capacities of such piles.


306.2 INTERCONNECTION

Individual pile caps and caissons of every structure
subjected to seismic forces shall be interconnected by ties.
Such ties shall be capable of resisting, in tension or
compression, a minimum horizontal force equal to 10
percent of the largest column vertical load.

EXCEPTI ON:

Other approved methods may be used where it can be
demonstrated that equivalent restraint can be provided.


306.3 DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE
LOADS

The allowable axial and lateral loads on piles shall be
determined by an approved formula, by a foundation
investigation or by load tests. Static axial compressive pile
load test shall be in accordance with ASTM Standard D-
1143, and lateral load testing of piles shall conform with
ASTM Standard D-3966. Dynamic pile tests shall be in
accordance with ASTM Standard D-4945. Static axial
tensile load testing to determine the uplift capacity of pile-
soil systems shall be in accordance with ASTM Standard
D-3689.
306.4 STATIC LOAD TEST

Static axial compressive pile load test shall be in
accordance with ASTM Standard D-1143. The building
official may require that the test be conducted under the
supervision of a registered civil engineer experienced and
knowledgeable in the practice of static pile load testing

When the allowable axial compressive load of a single pile
is determined by a static load test, one of the following
methods shall be used:

Method 1. It shall not exceed 50 percent of the yield point
under test load. The yield point shall be defined as that
point at which an increase in load produces a
disproportionate increase in settlement.

Method 2. It shall not exceed one half of the load, which
causes a net settlement, after deducting rebound, of
0.03mm/kN of test load, which has been applied for a
period of at least 24 hours.

Method 3. It shall not exceed one half of that load under
which, during a 40-hour period of continuous load
application, no additional settlement takes place.


306.5 DYNAMIC LOAD TEST

High-strain dynamic load test may be used to determine the
bearing capacity of piles, in accordance with ASTM
Standard D-4945. The building official may require that
the test be conducted by a registered civil engineer
experienced and knowledgeable in the practice of dynamic
load testing.

306.6 COLUMN ACTION

All piles standing unbraced in air, water or material not
capable of lateral support shall conform with the applicable
column formula as specified in this code. Such piles driven
into firm ground may be considered fixed and laterally
supported at 1.5 meters below the ground surface and in
soft material at 3 meters the ground surface unless
otherwise prescribed by the building official after a
foundation investigation by an approved agency.

306.7 GROUP ACTION

Consideration shall be given to the reduction of allowable
pile load when piles are placed in groups.

Where soil conditions make such load reductions advisable
or necessary, the allowable axial and lateral loads
determined for a single pile shall be reduced by any rational
method or formula submitted to the building official.
PILES - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3-15
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
306.8 PILES IN SUBSIDING AREAS

Where piles are driven through subsiding fills or other
subsiding strata and derive support from underlying firmer
materials, consideration shall be given to the downward
frictional forces, which may be imposed on the piles by the
subsiding upper strata.

Where the influence of subsiding fills is considered as
imposing loads on the pile, the allowable stresses specified
in this chapter may be increased if satisfactory
substantiating data are submitted.


306.9 JETTING

Jetting shall not be used except where and as specifically
permitted by the building official. When used, jetting shall
be carried out in such a manner that the carrying capacity of
existing piles and structures shall not be impaired. After
withdrawal of the jet, piles shall be driven down until the
required resistance is obtained.


306.10 PROTECTION OF PILE MATERIALS

Where the boring records of site conditions indicate
possible deleterious action on pile materials because of soil
constituents, changing water levels or other factors, such
materials shall be adequately protected by methods or
processes approved by the geotechnical engineer.

The effectiveness of such methods or processes for the
particular purpose shall have been thoroughly established
by satisfactory service records or other evidence, which
demonstrates the effectiveness of such protective measures.


306.11 ALLOWABLE LOADS

The allowable loads based on soil conditions shall be
established in accordance with Section 306.

EXCEPTI ON:

Any uncased cast-in-place pile may be assumed to develop
a frictional resistance equal to one sixth of the bearing
value of the soil material at minimum depth as set forth in
Table 305-1 but not to exceed 25 kPa unless a greater value
is allowed by the building official after a foundation
investigation as specified in Section 303 is submitted.
Frictional resistance and bearing resistance shall not be
assumed to act simultaneously unless recommended after a
foundation investigation as specified in Section 303.

306.12 USE OF HIGHER ALLOWABLE PILE
STRESSES

Allowable compressive stresses greater than those specified
in Section 307 shall be permitted when substantiating data
justifying such higher stresses are submitted to and
approved by the building official. Such substantiating data
shall be included in the foundation investigation report in
accordance with Section 306.1.

PILES - SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS 3-16
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
SECTION 307 - PILES - SPECIFIC
REQUIREMENTS


307.1 ROUND WOOD PILES

307.1.1 Material. Except where untreated piles are
permitted, wood piles shall be pressure treated. Untreated
piles may be used only when it has been established that the
cutoff will be below lowest groundwater level assumed to
exist during the life of the structure.

307.1.2 Allowable stresses. The allowable unit stresses
for round woodpiles shall not exceed those set forth in
Chapter 6.

The allowable values listed in, for compression parallel to
the grain at extreme fiber in bending are based on load
sharing as occurs in a pile cluster. For piles which support
their own specific load, a safety factor of 1.25 shall be
applied to compression parallel to the grain values and 1.30
to extreme fiber in bending values.


307.2 UNCASED CAST-IN-PLACE
CONCRETE PILES

307.2.1 Material. Concrete piles cast in place against
earth in drilled or bored holes shall be made in such a
manner as to ensure the exclusion of any foreign matter and
to secure a full-sized shaft.

The length of such pile shall be limited to not more than 30
times the average diameter. Concrete shall have a specified
compressive strength f
c
of not less than 17.5 MPa.

EXCEPTI ON:

The length of pile may exceed 30 times the diameter
provided the design and installation of the pile foundation
is in accordance with an approved foundation investigation
report.

307.2.2 Allowable stresses. The allowable compressive
stress in the concrete shall not exceed 0.33f
c
. The
allowable compressive stress of reinforcement shall not
exceed 34 percent of the yield strength of the steel or 175
MPa.


307.3 METAL-CASED CONCRETE PILES

307.3.1 Material. Concrete used in metal-cased concrete
piles shall have a specified compressive strength f
c
of not
less than 17.5 MPa.
307.3.2 Installation. Every metal casing for a concrete
pile shall have a sealed tip with a diameter of not less than
200 mm.

Concrete piles cast in place in metal shells shall have shells
driven for their full length in contact with the surrounding
soil and left permanently in place. The shells shall be
sufficiently strong to resist collapse and sufficiently
watertight to exclude water and foreign material during the
placing of concrete.

Piles shall be driven in such order and with such spacing as
to ensure against distortion of or injury to piles already in
place. No pile shall be driven within four and one-half
average pile diameters of a pile filled with concrete less
than 24 hours old unless approved by the geotechnical
engineer.

307.3.3 Allowable stresses. Allowable stresses shall not
exceed the values specified in Section 307.2.2, except that
the allowable concrete stress may be increased to a
maximum value of 0.40f
c
for that portion of the pile
meeting the following conditions:

1. The thickness of the metal casing is not less than 1.7
mm (No. 14 carbon sheet steel gage).

2. The casing is seamless or is provided with seams of
equal strength and is of a configuration that will
provide confinement to the cast-in-place concrete.

3. The specified compressive strength f
c
shall not
exceed 35 MPa and the ratio of steel minimum
specified yield strength F
y
to concrete specified
compressive strength f
c
shall not be less than 6.

4 The pile diameter is not greater than 400 mm.


307.4 PRECAST CONCRETE PILES

307.4.1 Materials. Precast concrete piles shall have a
specified compressive strength f
c
of not less than 20 MPa,
and shall develop a compressive strength of not less than 20
MPa before driving.

307.4.2 Reinforcement ties. The longitudinal
reinforcement in driven precast concrete piles shall be
laterally tied with steel ties or wire spirals. Ties and spirals
shall not be spaced more than 75 mm apart, center to center,
for a distance of 600 mm from the ends and not more than
200 mm elsewhere. The gage of ties and spirals shall be as
follows:

1. For piles having a diameter of 400 mm or less, wire
shall not be smaller than 5.5 mm (No. 5 B.W.gage).
PILES - SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS 3-17
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
2. For piles, having a diameter of more than 400 mm
and less than 500 mm, wire shall not be smaller than
6 mm (No.4 B.W.gage).

3. For piles having a diameter of 500 mm and larger,
wire shall not be smaller than 6.5 mm
(No.3 B.W. gage).

307.4.3 Allowable stresses. Precast concrete piling shall
be designed to resist stresses induced by handling and
driving as well as by loads. The allowable stresses shall not
exceed the values specified in Section 307.2.2.


307.5 PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
PILES (PRETENSIONED)

307.5.1 Materials. Precast prestressed concrete piles
shall have a specified compressive strength f
c
of not less
than 35 MPa and shall develop a compressive strength of
not less than 27 MPa before driving.

307.5.2 Reinforcement

307.5.2.1 Longitudinal reinforcement. The
longitudinal reinforcement shall be high-tensile seven-wire
strand conforming to ASTM Standards. Longitudinal
reinforcement shall be laterally tied with steel ties or wire
spirals.

307.5.2.2 Transverse reinforcement. Ties or spiral
reinforcement shall not be spaced more than 75 mm apart,
center to center, for a distance of 600 mm from the ends
and not more than 200 mm elsewhere.

At each end of the pile, the first five ties or spirals shall be
spaced 25 mm center to center.

For piles having a diameter of 600 mm or less, wire shall
not be smaller than 5.5 mm (No. 5 B.W.gage).

For piles having a diameter greater than 600 mm but less
than 900 mm, wire shall not be smaller than 6 mm
(No. 4 B.W.gage).

For piles having a diameter greater than 900 mm, wire shall
not be smaller than 6 mm (No.3 B.W.gauge).

307.5.3 Allowable stresses. Precast prestressed piling
shall be designed to resist stresses induced by handling and
driving as well as by loads. The effective prestress in the
pile shall not be less than 2.5 MPa for piles up to 10 meters
in length, 4 MPa for piles up to 15 meters in length, and 5
MPa for piles greater than 15 meters in length.

The compressive stress in the concrete due to externally
applied load shall not exceed:

f
c
= 0.33f
c
- 0.27 f
pc
(307-1)

Where:

f
pc
= effective prestress stress on the gross section.

Effective prestress shall be based on an assumed loss of 200
MPa in the prestressing steel. The allowable stress in the
prestressing steel shall not exceed the values specified in
Section 418.5.


307.6 STRUCTURAL STEEL PILES

307.6.1 Material. Structural steel piles, steel pipe piles
and fully welded steel piles fabricated from plates shall
conform to one of the material specifications listed in
Section 501.3.

307.6.2 Allowable stresses. The allowable axial stresses
shall not exceed 0.35 of the minimum specified yield
strength F
y
or 85 MPa, whichever is less.

EXCEPTI ON:

When justified in accordance with Section 306.12, the
allowable axial stress may be increased above 85 MPa and
0.35F
y
, but shall not exceed 0.5F
y
.

307.6.3 Minimum dimensions. Sections of driven H-
piles shall comply with the following:

1. The flange projection shall not exceed 14 times the
minimum thickness of metal in either the flange or
the web, and the flange widths shall not be less than
80 percent of the depth of the section.

2. The nominal depth in the direction of the web shall
not be less than 200 mm.

3. Flanges and webs shall have a minimum nominal
thickness of 10 mm.

Sections of driven pipe piles shall have an outside diameter
of not less than 250 mm and a minimum thickness of not
less than 6 mm.

307.7 CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL PIPE
PILES

307.7.1 Material. The steel pipe of concrete-filled steel
pipe piles shall conform to one of the material
specifications listed in Section 501.3. The concrete in
PILES - SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS 3-18
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
concrete-filled steel pipe piles shall have a specified
compressive strength f
c
of not less than 17.5 MPa.

307.7.2 Allowable stresses. The allowable axial stresses
shall not exceed 0.35 of the minimum specified yield
strength F
y
of the steel plus 0.33 of the specified
compressive strength f
c
of concrete, provided F
y
shall not
be assumed greater than 250 MPa for computational
purposes.

EXCEPTI ON:

When justified in accordance with Section 306.12, the
allowable stresses may be increased to 0.50 F
y
.

307.7.3 Minimum dimensions. Driven piles of uniform
section shall have a nominal outside diameter of not less
than 200 mm.

FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION - SEISMIC ZONE 4 3-19
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
SECTION 308 - FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION-SEISMIC ZONE 4

308.1 GENERAL

In Seismic Zones 4, the further requirements of this section
shall apply to the design and construction of foundations,
foundation components and the connection of
superstructure elements thereto. See Section 421.9 for
additional requirements for structural concrete foundations
resisting seismic forces.


308.2 FOUNDATION AND GEOTECHNICAL
INVESTIGATIONS

Where a structure is determined to be in Seismic Zone 4 in
accordance with Section 208.4, an investigation shall be
conducted and shall include an evaluation of the following
potential hazards resulting from earthquake motions: slope
instability, liquefaction and surface rupture due to faulting
or lateral spreading.

In addition, the following investigations shall also be met:

1. A determination of lateral pressures on basement and
retaining walls due to earthquake motions.

2. An assessment of potential consequences of any
liquefaction and soil strength loss, including estimation
of differential settlement, lateral movement or
reduction in foundation soil-bearing capacity, and shall
address mitigation measures. Such measures shall be
given consideration in the design of the structure and
can include but are not limited to ground stabilization,
selection of appropriate foundation type and depths,
selection of appropriate structural systems to
accommodate anticipated displacements or any
combination of these measures. The potential for
liquefaction and soil strength loss shall be evaluated for
site peak ground acceleration magnitudes and source
characteristics consistent with the design earthquake
ground motions. Peak ground acceleration shall be
determined from a site-specific study taking into
account soil amplification effects, as specified in
Section 208.4.

308.3 FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS

Where a structure is assigned to Seismic Zone 4 in
accordance with Section 208.4, individual spread footings
founded on soil defined in Section 208.4.3 as Soil profile
Type S
E
or S
F
shall be interconnected by ties. Ties shall be
capable of carrying, in tension or compression, unless it is
demonstrated that equivalent restraint is provided by
reinforced concrete beams within slabs on grade or
reinforced concrete slabs on grade.


308.4 PIER AND PILE FOUNDATIONS

Where a structure is assigned to Seismic Zone 4 in
accordance with Section 208.4, the following shall apply.
Individual pile caps, piers or piles shall be interconnected
by ties. Ties shall be capable of carrying, in tension and
compression, unless it can be demonstrated that equivalent
restraint is provided by reinforced concrete beams within
slabs on grade, reinforced concrete slabs on grade,
confinement by competent rock, hard cohesive soils or very
dense granular soils. Concrete shall have a specified
compressivestrength of not less than 3,000 psi (20.68 MPa)
at 28 days.

Exception: Piers supporting foundation walls, isolated
interior posts detailed so the pier is not subject to lateral
loads, lightly loaded exterior decks and patios and
occupancy category IV and V specified in Section 103 not
exceeding two stories of light-frame construction, are not
subject to interconnection if it can be shown the soils are of
adequate stiffness, subject to the approval of the building
official.

308.4.1 Connection to pile cap. For piles required to resist
uplift forces or provide rotational restraint, design of
anchorage of piles into the pile cap shall be provided
considering the combined effect of axial forces due to uplift
and bending moments due to fixity to the pile cap.
Anchorage shall develop a minimum of 25 percent of the
strength of the pile in tension. Anchorage into the pile cap
shall be capable of developing the following: In the case of
uplift, the lesser of the nominal tensile strength of the
longitudinal reinforcement in a concrete pile, or the
nominal tensile strength of a steel pile, or the pile uplift soil
nominal strength factored by 1.3 or the axial tension force
resulting from the load combinations of Section 203. In the
case of rotational restraint, the lesser of the axial and shear
forces, and moments resulting from the load combinations
of Section 203 or development of the full axial, bending
and shear nominal strength of the pile.

308.4.2 Design details for piers, piles and grade beams.
Piers or piles shall be designed and constructed to withstand
maximum imposed curvatures from earthquake ground
motions and structure response. Curvatures shall include
free-field soil strains modified for soil-pile-structure
interaction coupled with pier or pile deformations induced
by lateral pier or pile resistance to structure seismic forces.
Concrete piers or piles on soil type S
E
or S
F
sites, as
determined in Section 208.4.3, shall be designed and
detailed in accordance with Sections 410 within seven pile
diameters of the pile cap and the interfaces of soft to
FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION - SEISMIC ZONE 4 3-20
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
medium stiff clay or liquefiable strata. Grade beams shall
be designed as beams in accordance Section 4. When grade
beams have the capacity to resist the forces from the load
combinations in Section 203.

308.4.3 Flexural strength. Where the vertical lateral-
force-resisting elements are columns, the grade beam or
pile cap flexural strengths shall exceed the column flexural
strength. The connection between batter piles and grade
beams or pile caps shall be designed to resist the nominal
strength of the pile acting as a short column. Batter piles
and their connection shall be capable of resisting forces and
moments from the load combinations of Section 203.

308.5 DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS

308.5.1 Precast Concrete Piles. Where a structure is
assigned to Seismic Zone 4 the longitudinal reinforcement
with a minimum steel ratio of 0.01 shall be provided
throughout the length of precast concrete piles. Within three
pile diameters of the bottom of the pile cap, the longitudinal
reinforcement shall be confined with closed ties or spirals
of a minimum 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) diameter. Ties or spirals
shall be provided at a maximum spacing of eight times the
diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar, not to exceed 6
inches (152 mm). Throughout the remainder of the pile, the
closed ties or spirals shall have a maximum spacing of 16
times the smallest longitudinal bar diameter not to exceed 8
inches (203 mm).

308.5.2 Precast Prestressed piles. Where a structure is
assigned to Seismic Zone 4, the following shall apply. The
minimum volumetric ratio of spiral reinforcement shall not
be less than 0.007 or the amount required by the following
formula for the upper 20 feet (6096 mm) of the pile.

0.12
s c yh
f f =
(308.5.1)

Where:

f
c
= Specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
(MPa).
f
yh
= Yield strength of spiral reinforcement,
psi (586 MPa).

s
= Spiral reinforcement index (vol. spiral/vol.
core).

At least one-half the volumetric ratio required by Equation
4-1 shall be provided below the upper 20 feet (6096 mm) of
the pile. The pile cap connection by means of dowels. Pile
cap connection by means of developing pile reinforcing
strand is permitted provided that the pile reinforcing strand
results in a ductile connection.

Where the total pile length in the soil is 35 feet (10 668
mm) or less, the lateral transverse reinforcement in the
ductile region shall occur through the length of the pile.
Where the pile length exceeds 35 feet (10 668 mm), the
ductile pile region shall be taken as the greater of 35 feet
(10 668 mm) or the distance from the underside of the pile
cap to the point of zero curvature plus three times the least
pile dimension.

In the ductile region, the center-to-center spacing of the
spirals or hoop reinforcement shall not exceed one-fifth of
the least pile dimension, six times the diameter of the
longtitudinal strand, or 8 inches (203 mm), whichever is
smaller.

Circular spiral reinforcement shall be spliced by lapping
one full turn and bending the end of the spiral to a 90-
degree hook or by use of a mechanical or welded splice.

Where the transverse reinforcement consists of circular
spirals, the volumetric ratio of spiral transverse
reinforcement in the ductile region shall comply with the
following:
1 1.4
0.12 1
2
g
c
s
yh ch c g
A
f P
f A f A

(
| |
=
( |
( \ .

(308.5.2)
but not less than:

1 1.4
0.12
2
c
s
yh c g
f P
f f A

(
=
(
(

(308.5.3)
and need not exceed:
0.021
s
=
(308.5.4)

Where:

A
g
= Pile cross-sectional area, square inches
(mm2).
A
ch
= Core area defined by spiral outside diameter,
square inches (mm2).
f
c
= Specified compressive strength of concrete,
psi (MPa).
f
yh
= Yield strength of spiral reinforcement

P = Axial load on pile, pounds (kN).

s
= Volumetric ratio (vol. spiral/ vol. core).

This required amount of spiral reinforcement is permitted to
be obtained by providing an inner and outer spiral. When
transverse reinforcement consists of rectangular hoops and
cross ties, the total cross-sectional area of lateral transverse
reinforcement in the ductile region with spacings, and
perpendicular to dimension, hc, shall conform to:

1
0.3 1 1.4
2
g
c
sh c
yh ch c g
A
f P
A s h
f A f A
| | (
| |
= | ( |
|
( \ .
\ .
(308.5.5)
but not less than:

FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION - SEISMIC ZONE 4 3-21
National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1
1 1.4
0.12
2
c
sh c
yh c g
f P
A s h
f f A
| | (
= + | (
|
(
\ .
(308.5.6)

where:

f
yh
= 70,000 psi (483 MPa).
h
c
= Cross-sectional dimension of pile core
measured center to center of hoop
reinforcement, inch (mm).
s = Spacing of transverse reinforcement measured
along length of pile, inch (mm).
A
sh
= Cross-sectional area of tranverse
reinforcement, square inches (mm2).
f
c
= Specified compressive strength of concrete,
psi (MPa).

The hoops and cross ties shall be equivalent to deformed
bars not less than 10mm in size. Rectangular hoop ends
shall terminate at a corner with seismic hooks. Outside of
the length of the pile requiring transverse confinement
reinforcing, the spiral or hoop reinforcing with a volumetric
ratio not less than one-half of that required for transverse
confinement reinforcing shall be provided.

308.6 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
FOUNDATIONS

Where a structure is assigned to Seismic Zone 4 a minimum
longitudinal reinforcement ratio of 0.005 shall be provided
for uncased cast-in-place drilled or augered concrete piles,
piers or caissons in the top one-half of the pile length a
minimum length of 10 feet (3048 mm) below ground or
throughout the flexural length of the pile, whichever length
is greatest. The flexural length shall be taken as the length
of the pile to a point where the concrete section cracking
moment strength multiplied by 0.4 exceeds the required
moment strength at that point. There shall be a minimum of
four longitudinal bars with transverse confinement
reinforcement provided in the pile within three times the
least pile dimension of the bottom of the pile cap. A
transverse spiral reinforcement ratio of not less than one-
half of that required in Section 410 for other than Soil
Profile Type S
E
, S
F
or as determined in Section 208.4.3 or
liquefiable sites is permitted. Tie spacing throughout the
remainder of the concrete section shall neither exceed 12-
longitudinal-bar diameters, one-half the least dimension of
the section, nor 12 inches (305 mm). Ties shall be a
minimum of 10mm bars for piles with a least dimension up
to 20 inches (508 mm), and 12mm bars for larger piles.