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Basic Prog

This document provides an introduction to basic programming concepts including algorithms, flowcharts, variables, constants, data types, and memory mapping. It discusses how to solve problems using a step-by-step approach of specifying the problem, drawing a flowchart or writing an algorithm, converting it into a program, compiling, and executing the program. Several examples of flowcharts are provided for problems like adding numbers, finding the largest of three numbers, computing factorials and exponential series.

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Krishna Umareddy
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77 views25 pages

Basic Prog

This document provides an introduction to basic programming concepts including algorithms, flowcharts, variables, constants, data types, and memory mapping. It discusses how to solve problems using a step-by-step approach of specifying the problem, drawing a flowchart or writing an algorithm, converting it into a program, compiling, and executing the program. Several examples of flowcharts are provided for problems like adding numbers, finding the largest of three numbers, computing factorials and exponential series.

Uploaded by

Krishna Umareddy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Programming Concepts

CS10001: Programming & Data Structures

Pallab Dasgupta Professor, Dept. of Computer Sc. & Engg., Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Some Terminologies
Algorithm / Flowchart
A stepstep-by by-step procedure for solving a particular problem. Independent of the programming language.

Program
A translation of the algorithm/flowchart into a form that can be processed by a computer. Typically written in a highhigh-level language like C, C++, Java, etc.

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Variables and Constants


Most important concept for problem solving using computers

All temporary results are stored in terms of variables


The value of a variable can be changed. The value of a constant do not change.

Where are they stored?


In main memory.

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Contd.

How does memory look like (logically)?


As a list of storage locations, each having a unique address. Variables and constants are stored in these storage locations. A variable is like a bin
The contents of the bin is the value of the variable The variable name is used to refer to the value of the variable A variable is mapped to a location of the memory, called its address

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Memory map

Address 0 Address 1 Address 2 Address 3 Address 4 Address 5 Address 6

Every variable is mapped to a particular memory address

Address N-1

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Variables in Memory

Instruction executed X = 10 T i m e X = 20 X=X+1 X=X*5


Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Variable X 10 20 21 105

Variables in Memory (contd.)


Variable Instruction executed X = 20 T i m e Y = 15 X=Y+3 Y=X/6
Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

X 20 20 18 18

Y ? 15 15 3

Data Types
Three common data types used:
Integer :: can store only whole numbers
Examples: 25, -56, 1, 0

Floating Floating-point :: can store numbers with fractional values.


Examples: 3.14159, 5.0, -12345.345

Character :: can store a character


Examples: A, a, *, 3, , +

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Data Types (contd.)


How are they stored in memory?
Integer ::
16 bits 32 bits

Float ::
32 bits 64 bits

Actual number of bits vary from one computer to another

Char ::
8 bits (ASCII code) 16 bits (UNICODE, used in Java)

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Problem solving
Step 1:
Clearly specify the problem to be solved.

Step 2:
Draw flowchart or write algorithm.

Step 3:
Convert flowchart (algorithm) into program code.

Step 4:
Compile the program into object code.

Step 5:
Execute the program.

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Flowchart: basic symbols

Computation

Input / Output

Decision Box

Start / Stop
Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Contd.

Flow of control

Connector

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Example 1: Adding three numbers

START

READ A, B, C

S=A+B+C

OUTPUT S

STOP
Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Example 2: Larger of two numbers


START

READ X, Y

YES

IS X>Y?

NO

OUTPUT X

OUTPUT Y

STOP

STOP

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Example 3: Largest of three numbers


START

READ X, Y, Z

YES

IS X > Y?

NO

Max = X

Max = Y

YES
OUTPUT Max STOP
Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

IS Max > Z?

NO
OUTPUT Z STOP

Example 4: Sum of first N natural numbers


START READ N SUM = 0 COUNT = 1 SUM = SUM + COUNT COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT SUM STOP

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Example 5: SUM = 12 + 22 + 32 + N2
START READ N SUM = 0 COUNT = 1 SUM = SUM + COUNT COUNT COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT SUM STOP

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Example 6: SUM = 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + to N terms


START READ N SUM = 0 COUNT = 1 SUM = SUM + COUNT (COUNT + 1) COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT SUM STOP

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Example 7: Computing Factorial


START READ N PROD = 1 COUNT = 1 PROD = PROD * COUNT COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT PROD STOP

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Example 8: Computing ex series up to N terms


START READ X, N TERM = 1 SUM = 0 COUNT = 1 SUM = SUM + TERM TERM = TERM * X / COUNT COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT SUM STOP

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Example 8: Computing ex series up to 4 decimal places


START READ X, N TERM = 1 SUM = 0 COUNT = 1 SUM = SUM + TERM TERM = TERM * X / COUNT COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS TERM < 0.0001?

YES
OUTPUT SUM STOP

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Example 10: Roots of a quadratic equation

ax2 + bx + c = 0

TRY YOURSELF

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Example 11: Grade computation


MARKS 90 89 MARKS 80 79 MARKS 70 69 MARKS 60 59 MARKS 50 49 MARKS 35 34 MARKS Ex A B C D P F

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Grade Computation (contd.)


START

READ MARKS

MARKS 90?

NO

MARKS 80?

NO

MARKS 70?

NO

YES
OUTPUT Ex

YES
OUTPUT A

YES
OUTPUT B

STOP

STOP

STOP

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

NO

MARKS 60?

MARKS 50?

NO

MARKS 35?

NO

YES
OUTPUT C

YES
OUTPUT D

YES
OUTPUT P OUTPUT F

STOP

STOP

STOP

STOP

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

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