STRUCTURED QUESTION

ANSWERS
(2003-2008)
Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

FORM 4 CHAPTER 2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM &

CHAPTER 3 CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATION

ANSWER

1 SPM 2003/P2/Q1
(a) It is a formula which shows the simplest ratio of atoms of the elements present
in a compound.
b(i) Mass of magnesium = (26.4 – 24.0)g = 2.4g
Mass of oxygen = (28.0 – 26.4)g = 1.6g

(ii) Number of moles of magnesium atom = 2.4/24

= 0.1

Number of moles of oxygen atom = 1.6 / 16

= 0.1

0.1 mole of magnesium atom combine with 0.1 mole of oxygen atom.
Therefore 1 mole of magnesium atom combines with 1 mole of oxygen atom.

(iii) Empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO

(iv) 2Mg + O2  2MgO

(c) To allow oxygen to enter into the crucible. This is to make sure that all
magnesium reacts completely with oxygen.

d(i)
dry hydrogen gas combustion excess
hydrogen gas
metal X oxide

(ii) 1. collect some gas into the test tube

2. place a burning splint near the mouth of the test tube
3. no ‘pop sound

2 SPM 2004/ P2/Q1

a(i) Iodine / naphthalene
(ii) Copper
(iii) Solid
(iv) Copper
(v)

(vi) Cu2+ / Cu+

b(i) T1 °C

(ii) Heat is absorbed to overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction between

naphthalene particles. Therefore, the temperature remains constant even
though heating continues.

(iii) Naphthalene particles will move faster.

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers
3 SPM 2006/ P2/Q2
ai) H2O

ii) Isotope Carbon-12

bi) Number of mole = 6.0 dm3 / 24 dm3 = 0.25 mol

Mass = 11g

(ii) 0.25 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.505 x 1023

(iii) 6.0 dm3 of carbon dioxide with the mass of 11g contains of 1.505 x 1023
molecules.

4 SPM 2007/ P2/ Q3

(a) It is a formula which shows the simplest ratio of atoms of the elements present
in a compound.

(b) = number of moles of atom

c(i) Method I

(ii) Magnesium is an active element which burns completely in air.

(iii) To allow oxygen to flow into the crucible. This is to make sure that all
magnesium combines completely with oxygen.

d(i) Mass of lead = (113.68 – 64.00 )g

= 49.68g

(ii) Number of moles of lead = 49.68 / 207

= 0.24 mole

(iii) Mass of oxygen = (117. 52 – 113.68)g

= 3.84g
(iv) Number of moles of oxygen = 3.84 / 16
= 0.24 mole

(v) PbO

5 SPM 2007/ P2/ Q5

(a) 11
(bi) In Group 1 and Period 3
b(ii) Contains 1 valence electron and 3 shells filled with electron

c(i) Nucleus attractions towards valence electron in atom X is stronger ,so valence
electron in X is difficult to be released or
Nucleus attraction towards valence electron in atom Y is weaker so valence
electron in Y is easier to be released.

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

c(ii)

Oxygen gas

Substance X / Y

d(i) 2.3/23 = 0.1

d(ii) 4 mol of X  2 mol of X2O

0.1 mol of X  0.05 mol of X2O
Mass of X2O = 0.05 x 62g
= 3.1g

6 SPM 2008/ P2/ Q3

a(i) Diffusion
(ii) Molecule
(iii) The particles are made up of tiny or discrete particles. They are randomly
moving. The particles fill the space between the air particles

(iv) Less than 10 minutes

b(i) 0.5 x 32g = 16.0g

(ii) 0.5 x 24 dm3 = 12 dm3

(iii) The number of gas molecules in balloon A and in balloon B is the same
because the number of moles is the same

7 SPM 2004/P3/Q1

(a) Observation Inference

(i) white fumes released (i) magnesium oxide is formed
(ii) the mass of crucible and its (ii) magnesium reacts with oxygen
contents increases

(b) Mass of crucible and lid = 25.35g

Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon = 27.75g
Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium oxide when cooled = 29.35g

c(i) Mass of Mg = (27.75 – 25.35)g = 2.4g

(ii) Mass of O = ( 29.35 – 27.75)g = 1.6g

(iii) Number of moles Mg = 0.1mole

Number of moles O = 0.1mole
Ratio of Mg : O = 1 : 1
Empirical formula is MgO

(d) 0.1 mole of Mg reacts with 0.1 mole of oxygen

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

8 SPM 2005/P3/Q1
(a) Time/ s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Temperature/°C 95.0 85.0 82.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 78.0 70.0
(b)

c(i) 80°C
(ii) There is no temperature change during the cooling process
(d) The heat released during the formation of bonds balances the heat loss to the
surroundings
(e)

(f) Covalent compound Glucose, ethanol, tetrachloromethane

Ionic compound Potassium iodide, copper (II) sulphate,

aluminium oxide

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers
CHAPTER 4 : PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

1 SPM 2003/P2/Q2

a) Iron/Ferum
b)

c) 1. Formed compound with different oxidation numbers

2. Formed colored ions or compound
3. Formed complex ions
4. As a catalyst
d) 2.8.2
e) i) 4Al + 3O2 2 Al2O3
ii) Aluminium atom releases 3 electrons to form aluminium ion, (Al3+).
Oxygen atom receive 2 electrons to form oxide ion, (O2-). Two aluminium
atoms release a total of 6 electrons while 3 oxygen atoms receive 2 electrons
each. The strong electrostatic force between Al3+ and O2- form aluminium oxide
compound (Al2O3)
f) Helium gas because helium is inert gas

2 SPM 2005/P2/Q1

a) i) Y
ii) R
iii) X
b) R, Q, Y, X and T
c) 2.4
d) Y-
e) Both Q and R have the same number of electron shells filled with electrons
f) Red litmus paper turns blue
g) Transition elements

3 SPM 2007/P2/Q5

a) 11
b) i) Period 3, Group 1
ii) The electron arrangement is 2.8.1. X has three electron shells and one
valence electron.
c) i) The size of atom Y is larger than the size of atom X. The distance between
the valence electron and nucleus increases. The force of attraction is
smaller. It is easier for Y to release its valence electron.
ii)

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers
d) i) Number of moles of element X
= 2.3/23
= 0.1

ii) Relative molecular mass of X2O

= 46 + 16
= 62
4 moles of X 2 moles of X2O
0.1 mole of X 0.05 mole of X2O

Maximum mass of X2O

= 0.05 x 62
= 3.1 g

4 SPM 2008/P2/Q2

a) Group 17
b) 2.7
c) The outermost occupied shell of a fluorine atom is nearer to the nucleus. The
strength of the fluorine nucleus to attract electrons is higher. Fluorine
atom can accept electron easily to form negative ions.
d) Covalent bond
e) i) Ionic bond
ii) + -

Na+ Cl-

f)
Chemicals

KI (aq) + Cl2 (aq) /

KCl (aq) + Br2 (aq)

KBr (aq) + KCl (aq)

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICAL BOND

1 SPM 2006/P2/Q3

a) i) Because argon has 8 valence electron.

ii) Neon (Group 18 elements)
b) i) Sodium ion : Sodium atom donates one electron
(Na Na+ + e)

Chloride ion : Chlorine atom receives one electron from the sodium atom.
(Cl + e Cl-)

ii) Electrostatic force

iii) The ions can move freely now
iv) Energy or heat is used to break the ionic bond in sodium chloride
c) Q1

SPM 2007/P2/Q4
a) i) Structure : Molecule
Bonding : Covalent
ii) The molecules in P are held together by weak intermolecular forces. A small
amount of heat energy is needed to overcome the weak intermolecular
forces.
b) i) Substance Q : By sharing of electrons
ii) Substance R : By transfer of electrons
c) Solid state :
The negative and positive ions are in fixed positions and they cannot move freely.

Molten and aqueous state :

The negative and positive ions can move freely. This enables them to conduct
electricity.
d) Substance R is soluble in water
Substance P and Q are insoluble in water

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

F4 Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
F5 Chapter 3 Oxidation & Reduction

1 SPM 2003/P2/Q5

(a) (i) Brown solid is formed.

Blue solution turns colourless.
(ii) Green solution turns brown.
Brown colour of bromine decolorizes.
(b) Mg + Cu2+ → Mg2+ + Cu
(c) A substance that receives electron.

(d) (i) 0 → +2
(ii) copper(II) ion // copper(II) sulphate

(e) (i) redox

(ii) 0
(iii) oxidising agent
(iv) chlorine water

2 SPM 2004/P2/Q3

(a) (i) A positively charged ion.

(ii) Electrical → Chemical

(b) (i) Cu2+, SO42-, H+ , OH-

(ii) In the table below, write the ions in (b)(i) which moved to electrodes X
and Y.

Electrode X Electrode Y
SO42- Cu2+
OH- H+
(iii)
Electrode X : Oxidation

Electrode Y : Reduction

(iv) Brown solid

(v) Blue to colorless.
(c) (i) Oxygen
(ii)
20___ = 0.0008 mol
24000

(iii) 0.0008 x 6.02 x 1023

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

3 SPM 2005/P2/Q6

(a) (i)

(ii) A burning splinter gives a ‘pop’ sound.

(iii) Na+ and H+ ions are attracted towards the cathode. H+ ions are selected to be
discharged as hydrogen gas.

(b) (i) MgO

(ii) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
(iii) Oxidation number for:
Magnesium = +2
Oxygen = -2

4 SPM 2007/P2/Q6

(a) (i) water and oxygen

(ii)

(b) (i) Fe2+ and OH- ions combine to form iron(II) hydroxide.
Iron(II) hydroxide is oxidised to iron(III) hydroxide.
Iron(III) hydroxide form hydrated iron(III) oxide/ rust.

(ii) +2 → +3

(c) (i) Zinc is more electropositive than iron.

Zinc atoms lose electrons more easily than iron.
Zinc corrodes but iron does not.

(ii) Zn → Zn2+ + 2e

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

5 SPM 2004/P3/Q2

(a)
Metal Observations
Zinc Moderately bright flame
Magnesium Very bright flame
Lead Bright flame

(b)
Name of variables Action to be taken
(i) Type of metal (i) Replace the metal with different
metals

(ii) Intensity of the flame (ii) Observe the intensity of the

flame

(iii) Quantity of metal (iii) Use a constant mass of metal

(c) The higher the metal in the reactivity series, the brighter the intensity of the flame.

(d) (i) Mg Zn Pb Cu

Descending order of reactivity of metal towards oxygen.

(ii) Mg, ↓ , Zn, Pb, Cu

(e)
Metals more reactive Metals less reactive
than carbon than carbon
Magnesium Lead
Sodium Copper

6 SPM 2005/P3/Q2

(a) The blue colour of copper (II) sulphate solution fades.

(b) Manipulated variable: Method to manipulate the

The metal as negative electrode variable:
Replace the negative electrode with
different metals.

Responding variable: How the variable is responding:

Voltmeter reading The voltmeter reading changes.

Controlled variable: Method to maintain the

controlled variable:
Concentration of copper(II) Use copper(II) sulphate solution of
sulphate solution, the same concentration.
copper metal Use copper as the positive
electrode.

(c) The greater the distance between two metals in the electrochemical series, the
higher the voltage reading.

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers
FORM 4 CHAPTER ACIDS AND BASES
FORM 4 CHAPTER 8 SALTS

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 Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers
2004/P2/Q5
1 (a) From pink to colourless or intensity of the pink colour decreases or the container of the
mixture becomes warm or hot
(b) (i) To ensure all the the acid react completely with copper(II) oxide
(ii) By filtering
(iii) CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O or
+
CuO + 2H Cu2+ + H2O
(iv) n(H2SO4) = 0.1 x 50/1000 Mass of Cu SO4 = 0.005 x 160
= 0.005 = 8.0 g
(c) 20.0 cm3 or twice the volume of sulphuric acid
(d)
Experiment I Experiment II
• needs filtering • no need filtering
• a mixture between two solutions • a mixture between a solid and
solution
• need to add an indicator • no need to add an indicator
• experiment is repeated without • no need to repeat the experiment
using an indicator
• volume of sulphuric acid is added • solute or CuO is added in excess
accurately

2005/P2/Q4
2 (a) cation
(b) Cu2+ ions & SO42- ions , H+ ions & OH- ions
(c) Na2SO4
(d) (i) Na2SO4 + Pb (NO3)2 2NaNO3 + PbSO4
(ii) I mol of lead(II) nitrate reacts with 1 mol of sodium nitrate to produce 1 mol of
lead(II) sulphate and 2 moles of sodium nitrate
(iii) Lead(II) sulphate
(iv) Number of mole = 10/1000 x 0.5 = 0.005
(v) Mass = 0.005 x (207 + 32 + 16 x 4) or 0.005 x 303 = 1.515 g

2006/P2/Q4
3 (a) (i) Concentration – the quantity or amount of solute (grams) dissolves in a
given volume(1 dm3) of solution

(Ii) Molarity – the number of moles of solutes that are present in 1 dm3 of solution.
(iii) n = MV(cm3) /1000 or n = MV(dm3)
(iv) n = 8/40 = 0.2 mole , M = 0.2 x 1000/1000, M = 0.2 mol dm-3
(b) (i) Parameter I : mass / moles of NaOH
Parameter II : volume of solution or distilled water
(ii) No traces of sodium hydroxide is left on the filter funnel or beaker for accurate
concentration or amount of solute used is accurate and not less
(iii) Add distilled water drop by drop until the meniscus is at the calibration mark
(iv) Measures the volume accurately
(v) To prevent evaporation or evaporation of water can cause the changes in
concentration or easy to swirl the solution

2003/P3/Q2

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers
4 (a) Test Tube P Q R S T U V
Volume of lead(II) nitrate 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
solution 1.0 mol dm-3/cm3
Height of lead(II) iodide 1.1 2.2 3.4 4.4 5.5 5.5 5.5
precipitate /cm
Table 1
(The diagram given is not to scale - please refer to the original SPM question paper for
accuracy of readings)

(b) 1. label of the x-axis – volume(cm3)

2. label of the y-axis – height of precipitate(cm)
3. uniform scale
4. size of graph more than 50%
5. all points are transferred correctly
6. smooth graph

(c) (i) Suggested answer:

Height of precipitate
(cm)

Minimum volume- must be written on the graph

(2.5cm3)

Volume of lead(II) nitrate(cm3 )

(ii) No. of mole (Pb2+) = 2.5 X 1.0 = 0.0025

1000

No. of mole (I-) = 5 X 1.0 = 0.005

1000

No. of mole of I- reacted with 1 mol of Pb2+ = 2 mole

(iii) Pb2+ + 2I- → PbI2
(d) The height of precipitate increases gradually from test tubes P to S
The height of precipitate in test tubes T,U,V are the same
(e) In test tubes P, Q, R, and S, more and more yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide is
formed due to the increasing amount of lead(II) nitrate added to the test tubes or
potassium iodide has not completely reacted with lead(II) nitrate solution

In test tubes T,U,and V, potassium iodide/iodide ions have reacted completely or a

complete reaction has taken place
(f)
Solution Positive ions Negative ions
Lead(II) nitrate Pb2+ , H+ NO3- ,OH-
Potassium iodide K+ , H+ I-, OH-

FORM 4 CHAPTER 9 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

Question 1 2003/P2/Q3
(a) Contact Process
(b) Sulphur trioxide
(c) The reaction gives off a lot of heat. (or Large cloud of sulphuric acid formed)
(d) H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4
(e) Substance Y: ammonia
Fertilizer Z : ammonium sulphate
(f) 2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O → 2H2SO4 or
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3

Question 2 2006/P2/Q5
(a) N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
(b) (i) Percentage of ammonia produced from factory Q is higher than factory P.

(ii) At a lower temperature, percentage of ammonia produced is higher.

(iii) The pipes might explode or break.
(iv) By using tanks or pipes that can withstand high pressure
(c) (i) Use as explosives or cold pack
(ii) NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3(s)
(iii)

Question 3 2007/P2/Q2
(a) X : Contact process
Y : Haber process
(b) 1. Sulphur
2. Air (or oxygen)
3. Water
(c) (i) H2SO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4)2SO4
(ii) Sulphuric acid: 1 mole
Ammonia : 2 moles
(d) Ammonium sulphate is use as fertilizer

Question 4 2008/P2/Q1
(a) Contact process
(b) Vanadium(V) oxide (or vanadium pentoxide)
(c) (i) Oleum
(ii) SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7
(d) Waste gas dissolve in rain water and produces acid rain
(or waste gas react with water vapour in the air and produces acid rain.)
(e) (i) Ammonium sulphate (or potassium sulphate)
[For other accepted answers, please refer to the text book page 152]
(ii) Use as electrolyte in car batteries (lead-acid accumulators) or making of
detergent..
[For other accepted answers, please to the text book page 152]

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION

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 Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

1. SPM 2006/P2/Q6

(a Total surface area of reactant

)

(b (i) Carbon dioxide, CO2.

)
(ii) Because the changes in the volume of CO2 can be measured easily.

(c) 1. Concentration of hydrochloric acid.

2. Temperature of the reactants.
3. Mass of calcium carbonate.
* any two

(d (i) Gradient of the curve of Experiment II is steeper than the gradient of the curve of
) experiment I.

(ii) All the reactants have reacted completely within time x.

(iii) Both experiments produced the same amount of products.

(e The greater the total surface area the higher is the rate of reaction.
)
(f)
Concentration of dilute
hydrochloric acid

Time taken to collect a fixed

quantity of product
- descending pattern of curve
- best fit curve

2. SPM 2008/P2/Q5
(a Change of quantity of reactant/product
) Time taken

(b (i) Draw the tangent at 120 s

) Rate of reaction = (0.12- 0.18) cm3s-1

(ii) 0.267 cm3s-1

(c) Because the concentration of hydrochloric acid decreases

(d (i) Curve II : catalyst/ temperature
) Curve III : concentration

(ii) Repeat the experiment as in set I

Reduce the concentration of hydrochloric acid
The volume of hydrochloric acid remains unchanged

(iii) Because the number of mole of hydrochloric acid used is half of set I

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 Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

3. SPM 2003/P3/Q1

(a t1 = 55.0 s
) t2 = 48.0 s
t3 = 42.0 s
t4 = 37.0 s
t5 = 33.0 s

(b
) Temperature/ oC Time/ s 1/time/ s-1
30 55.0 0.018
35 48.0 0.021
40 42.0 0.024
45 37.0 0.027
50 33.0 0.030

(c) (i) Graph :

- X and Y axes labeled and unit
- Correct scale, size more than 50%
- All points transferred correctly
- Smooth graph

(ii) Rate of reaction is directly proportional to the temperature

(d Time = 30.3 s
)
(e (i) Manipulated variable : temperature of sodium thiosulphate
) Responding variable : time for the ‘X’ mark disappear from sight or rate of reaction
Controlled variable : volume and concentration of acid

(ii) Heat the sodium thiosulphate solution with different temperature while the volume and
concentration of sodium thiosulphate and acid remains constant.

(f) The higher the temperature the higher the rate of reaction

(g The lower the temperature the lower the rate of food turns bad
)

3. SPM 2003/P3/Q1

(a t1 = 55.0 s
) t2 = 48.0 s
t3 = 42.0 s
t4 = 37.0 s
t5 = 33.0 s

(b
) Temperature/ oC Time/ s 1/time/ s-1
30 55.0 0.018
35 48.0 0.021
40 42.0 0.024
45 37.0 0.027
50 33.0 0.030

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers
(c) (i) Graph :
- X and Y axes labeled and unit
- Correct scale, size more than 50%
- All points transferred correctly
- Smooth graph

(ii) Rate of reaction is directly proportional to the temperature

(d Time = 30.3 s
)
(e (i) Manipulated variable : temperature of sodium thiosulphate
) Responding variable : time for the ‘X’ mark disappear from sight or rate of reaction
Controlled variable : volume and concentration of acid

(ii) Heat the sodium thiosulphate solution with different temperature while the volume
and concentration of sodium thiosulphate and acid remains constant.

(f) The higher the temperature the higher the rate of reaction

(g The lower the temperature the lower the rate of food turns bad
)

FORM 5 CHAPTERR 2 CARBON COMPOUNDS

Question 1 2003/P2/Q4
(a)

(b) Heat supplied is uniform (or prevents the solution from evaporating too fast)
(c) (i) Esterification
(ii) C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
(d) (i) Propyl ethanoate
(ii) [Note: Choose any one of the following answers]
1. Fruity smell 2. Colourless liquid
3. Low boiling point (volatile) 4. Insoluble in water
(e) (i) C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O
(ii) C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O
(f) Butane

Question 2 2004/P2/Q6
(a) (i) Hydrogenation
(ii) Vegetable oil changes from liquid to solid (or changes vegetable oil from unsaturated
fats to saturated fats or changes double bond in vegetable oil molecule to single
bond)
(b) (i) Catalyst X : Nickel (or platinum)
Temperature : 100oC (or 200oC)
(ii) 1. Presence of catalyst reduces the activation energy
2. At a high temperature, particles possess high kinetic energy and
3. hence effective collision increases and rate of reaction increases
(iii)

or

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers
(c) Palm oil (or coconut oil or corn oil or other named oil example)

Question 3 2008/P2/Q4
(a) Ethanol
(b) CnH2n+1OH
(c) (i) Carbon dioxide
(ii) m=3 ,n=2
(d) (i) Ethyl ethanoate
(ii)

(e) (i) [Choose any one of the following answers]

Porcelain chips or phosphoric acid or aluminium oxide
(ii)

Question 4 2008/P3/Q1
(a) Acid coagulates latex while alkali does not coagulate latex.
(b) Set I: 5 minutes
Set II: 6 hours or 300 minutes
(c) Set Time taken / minute
I 5
III 300

(d) Set I: A white solid lump is formed. (or latex coagulated)

Set II: There is no visible change observed. (or latex does not coagulate)
Set III: A white solid lump is formed. (or latex coagulated)
(e) Operational definition for the coagulation of latex is latex becomes solid when acid is
added or when exposed to air.
(f) (i) The manipulated variable : Ethanoic acid and ammonia solution
(ii) The responding variable : Latex coagulates or does not coagulate. (or time taken
for coagulation of latex)
(iii) The constant variable : Volume of latex, volume and concentration of acid and
ammonia solution. Temperature
(g) (i) Latex coagulates after excess hydrochloric acid is added. (or latex becomes solid
after excess hydrochloric acid is added.)
(ii) [For more detailed pictorial explanation, please refer to text book page 93]
When acid is added, the H+ ions from the acid neutralized the ammonia in the
latex. The excess H+ ions then neutralized the negative charge on the protein
membrane. The protein membrane then breaks during collision and rubber
molecules combine and become entangled casing latex to coagulate.
(h) [For more explanation, please refer to text book page 93]
This is because the bacteria from the air enter the latex. The growth and spread of
bacteria produce lactic acid that causes the coagulation of latex.

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 Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

(i) (i) Latex in Set I coagulates faster than the latex in Set III because the concentration
of H+ ions is higher in Set I.
(ii)
Can coagulate latex Cannot coagulate latex
Nitric acid Potassium hydroxide
Methanoic acid Sodium hydroxide

CHAPTER 4 : THERMOCHEMISTRY

1. SPM 2003/P2/Q6

(a) Heat change when 1 mol of metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more electropositive
metal.

(b) Initial temperature and highest temperature.

(c) 1. Stir the mixture.

2. Add the two solutions as quickly as possible.
3. Use polystyrene or plastic cup

(any one)

(d) (i) 1. Grey solid is deposited

2. Colourless solution turns blue
3. The thermometer reading rises or the container becomes hot or warm.

(any one)

(ii) 1. Silver metal is produced

2. copper(II) ion is produced
3. exothermic reaction/ heat is released to the surroundings

(e) (i) = 0.5 x 100 = 0.05 mol

1000

(ii) = 0.05 x 105 kJ

= 5250 J

(iii) Ө = 5.25 x 1000 = 12.5 oC

100 x 4.2

(f)

Energy
Cu + Ag+
∆H = -105 kJ mol-1

Cu2+ + Ag

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 Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

(g) 1. Mol of Ag+ = 1 x 100 = 0.1 mol

1000

2. Heat change, Ө = 0.1 x 10500 = 25 oC

100 x 4.2

3. Number of mol of Ag+ is double or concentration of silver nitrate is double.

2. SPM 2004/P2/Q4
(a To reduce the heat loss to the surroundings.
)
(b (i) Exothermic reaction
)
(ii) Total energy of products is less than total energy of reactants

(c) Mix the solutions quickly and stir the reaction mixture.

(d (i) Number of moles Ag+ = 25 x 0.5

) 100
= 0.0125 mol
(ii) The heat change = mcө
= 50 x 4.2 x (31.5-29.0)
= 525 J

(iii) 0.0125 mol of Ag+ ions that reacted with Cl- ions released 525 J
525
1 mol of Ag+ ions that reacted with Cl- ions released = J
0.0125

= 42000 J

Heat of precipitation = -42 kJmol-1

(e Heat is released to surroundings.

)
3. SPM 2005/P2/Q3

(a Zn2+ + Cu
)
(b (i) ∆H = 100 x 4.2 x 20 = 8400 J
)
(ii) Number of moles CuSO4 reacted = 0.5 x 100 = 0.05 mol
1000

Heat of displacement = ___ mcө_______

Number of moles
= 8400
0.05
= -168 000 J mol-1
= -168 kJ mol-1

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 Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

(c)
Energy
Zn2+ + Cu
∆H = -168 kJ mol-1

Zn2+ + Cu

(d 1. Use a plastic / polystyrene cup

) 2. add the zinc powder quickly.
3. stir the solution

(any one)

(e The heat released when 1 mole of copper is displaced from its solution.
)
(f) Tin (Sn)

4. SPM 2005/P2/Q5

(a The heat released when 1 mole of alcohol is completely burnt in excess oxygen.
)
(b (i) 1. all points are transferred correctly
) 2. draw a straight line

(ii) The greater the number of carbon dioxide molecules, more products are formed which
causes more heat to be released during the formation of bonds.

(iii) Relative molecular mass of ethanol

= (12 x 2) + (1 x 6) + 16 = 46

Number of moles ethanol = 2.3 = 0.05 mol

46
Heat released = 0.05 x 1376
= 68.8 kJ
= 68 800 J

(c)

(d - Ethanol
) - The freezing point of ethanol is -117 oC, which is lower than -100 oC.

5. SPM 2006/P3/Q1
(a Initial temperature of mixture : 28.0 oC
) Highest temperature of mixture : 40.0 oC
Change in temperature : 12.0 oC

23
 Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

(b
) Experiment Experiment I Experiment II
Initial temperature of 28.0 T1
mixture/ oC
Highest l temperature of 40.0 T2
mixture/ oC
Change in temperature/ oC 12.0 T3

(c) Strong acid produces higher heat of neutralization than weak acid.

(d 12.5 oC - 15.0 oC
)
(e To enable us to obtain the change in temperature for both experiments.
)
(f) Change in temperature = Highest temperature of mixture - Initial temperature of mixture

(g 1. A colourless mixture of solution is obtained.

) 2. The vinegar smell of ethanoic acid disappears.
3. The polysterene cup becomes hot.
4. Thermometer reading is rises

(h 1. The volumes of the acid and the alkali.

) 2. The concentrations of the acid and the alkali.
3. The type of cup used in the experiment.

(i) (i) The heat of neutralization is defined as the amount of heat released when 1 mole of
water is produced.

(ii) Experiment II uses a strong acid whereas Experiment I uses a weak acid.
(j)
Name of acid Type of acid
Ethanoic acid Weak acid
Hydrochloric acid Strong acid
Methanoic acid Weak acid

6. SPM 2007/P3/Q1
(a (i)
) Initial temperature Highest
(oC) temperature (oC)
Experiment I 28.0 36.0
Experiment II 29.0 25.0
Experiment III 27.0 32.0
Experiment IV 30.0 27.0
(ii)
Experiment Initial temperature Highest
(oC) temperature (oC)
I 28.0 36.0
II 29.0 25.0
III 27.0 32.0
IV 30.0 27.0

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 Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

(iii) Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction

Experiment I Experiment II
Experiment III Experiment IV

(b (i) 1. The mass of sodium hydroxide.

) 2. the volume of water in the cup.
3. The size of the polystyrene cup.

(ii) The reaction between sodium hydroxide and water is an exothermic reaction.

(c) (i) Temperature change = 4 oC

Reason 1 :
Heat energy is absorbed by the reactants from the surroundings.

Reason 2 :
The energy of the products is more than the energy of the reactants.

(ii) The decrease in temperature shows that endothermic reaction happens where heat
energy is absorbed from the surroundings.

(d 1. 37 oC
) 2. 32 oC
3. 30 oC

(e (i) 1. Final temperature is lower than the initial temperature.

) 2. The temperature reading decreases.
3. Bubbles of gas are released.

(ii) Heat energy is absorbed when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydrogen
carbonate to produce sodium chloride, carbon dioxide and water.

(iii)
Volume of carbon
dioxide gas,/cm3

Time /minute

7. SPM 2008/P2/Q6

(a Heat change when 1 mole of hydrogen ions reacts with 1 mole of hydroxide ions to form
) 1 mole of water.

(b Observation : the mixture becomes hot or temperature increase

)
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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers
Explanation : the reaction is exothermic

(c) (i) No. of moles of NaOH = 100 x 2 = 0.2 mol

1000

Energy released = 0.2 x 57.3

= 11.46 kJ

(ii) Temperature change = 11.46 x 1000

200 x 4.2
= 13.6 oC
(d Energy
)
NaOH + HNO3

∆H = -57.3 kJ mol-1

Na NO3 + H2O

(e 1. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid which partially ionize in water, nitric acid is strong acid
) that ionize completely in water.
2. energy is used to ionize/dissociate weak acid.

CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMERS

1 SPM 2004/P2/Q2

a) i) Sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide

ii) To reduce the solubility of soap in water or to precipitate the soap formed.
b) Procedure of the experiment :
1. Two beakers are filled with hard water
2. Soap is added to one beaker and detergent is added to another beaker
3. The socks are dipped into each of the beakers and wash by scrubbing or
agitated

Observation :

Detergent in hard water Soap in hard water

1. Socks is clean easily 1. Socks still dirty
2. No formation of scum 2. Scum forms
3. The water turns dirty 3. Water is less dirty
Conclusion :
Detergent cleans stains more effectively compared to soap in hard water. Detergent
can still performed its cleansing action and more effective than soap in hard water.

c) i) To calm down patients so that they can sleep easily. As a sedative or to calm or
relax.
ii) Paracetamol
iii) C9H8O4
iv) Molecular mass
= (12 x 9) + (8 x 1)(4 x 16)
= 108 + 8 + 64 = 180

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Answer To Score Chemistry Structured Question Answers

2 SPM 2005/P2/Q2
a) Saponification
b) i) Ester
ii) COO-
c) Concentrated potassium hydroxide solution
d) i) Hydrophobic part or hydrocarbon part
ii) - Detergent ions reduce the surface tension of water
- Hydrophilic dissolves in water
- Hydrophobic dissolves in grease
- Mechanical agitation or scrubbing helps pull the grease free
(Refer to Chemistry Text Book Pg 185)

iii)

3 SPM 2006/P2/Q1
a) i)

ii) Stomach pain due to wind in stomach

iii) Extract the juice from the rhizome and drink
b) i) X : Analgesics
Y : Antibiotics
Z : Psychotherapeutic medicine
ii) Can cause bleeding in the stomach
iii) The bacteria becomes immune to medicine
iv) Get rid of anxiety

4 SPM 2007/P2/Q1
a) i) Saponification
ii) Glycerol
iii) To reduce the solubility of soap in water or to precipitate the soap
b) i) J : Soap
K : Detergent
ii) The insoluble precipitate formed when soap react with magnesium and calcium
ions (hard water)
iii) 1. Magnesium ion
2. Calcium ion
iv) J is biodegradable

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