MCEN 4173/5173 Chapter 8

Finite Elements for 2D Plane Problem

Fall, 2006

Chapter 6 and Chapter 8 in textbook

2D Plane Problem 2D plane problem is a simplification of a 3D problem. It is widely used due to its efficiency.
Aragonite Mineral

5m

Organic Matrix

3D nacre structure

2D simplification
2

Plane Problems
Plane Stress and Plane Strain:
Plane stress: All the stress components associate with 3-direction are zero.

33 = 13 = 23 = 0
F3 = 0

11 0 22 0 12 0

Plane strain: All the strain components associate with 3-direction are zero.

33 = 13 = 23 = 0

11 0 22 0

12 0

u3 = 0

Plane Problems
Plane Stress and Plane Strain:

x2

x3 direction dimension
is infinitesimal

x1 x3

Plane Stress
4

Plane Problems
Plane Stress and Plane Strain:
The two ends (X3 surfaces) of the bar are fixed

x2

x1 x3

Plane Strain

Plane Problems
Plane Stress and Plane Strain:

Dam

Tunnel

In general, if the problem has one dimension is much larger (or smaller) than the other two directions, one should consider plane strain (stress).
6

Plane Problems Strain-Stress Relationship for Plane Problems Plane Stress Problem:
33 = 13 = 23 = 0
11 0 22 0 12 0

1 [ 11 22 ] E ( 11 + 22 ) 33 = E

11 =

22 =

1 [ 22 11 ] E 1 12 = 12
E

11 E 22 = 2 1 12

0 11 1 1 0 22 1 12

{ } = [D]{ }
7

Plane Problems Strain-Stress Relationship for Plane Problems Plane Strain Problem: 33 = 13 = 23 = 0 11 0 22 0 12 0 1 1 [ 22 ( 11 + 33 )] = 11 = [ 11 ( 22 + 33 )] 22 E E 1 1 12 = 12 0 = [ 33 ( 11 + 22 )] E E

0 11 1 11 E 1 0 22 22 = (1 + )(1 2 ) 1 2 12 12

{ } = [D]{ }
8

Plane Problems Strain-Stress Relationship for Plane Problems

{ } = [D]{ }
Plane Stress
0 1 E [D] = 1 0 1 2 1

Plane Strain

1 (1 ) E (1 ) [D] = 1 (1 + )(1 2 )

0 1 2 (1 ) 0

Finite Element for Plane Problems Element Types

Linear Elements

Triangular Elements
Quadratic Elements

Linear Elements

Rectangular Elements
Quadratic Elements

10

Finite Element for Plane Problems Element Types

Triangular Elements
Linear Elements 3 nodes

Quadratic Elements

6 nodes

Rectangular Elements
Linear Elements 4 nodes

Quadratic Elements

8 nodes

11

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 1. Interpolation of displacement

u = a1 + a2 x + a3 y v = a4 + a5 x + a6 y

a1 a 2 u 1 x y 0 0 0 a3 = a v 0 0 0 1 x y 4 a5 a6
12

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 1. Interpolation of displacement

ui = a1 + a2 xi + a3 yi

u j = a1 + a2 x j + a3 y j um = a1 + a2 xm + a3 ym
vi = a4 + a5 xi + a6 yi v j = a4 + a5 x j + a6 y j

ui 1 xi u j = 1 x j u 1 x m m

yi a1 y j a 2 a ym 3

vm = a4 + a5 xm + a6 ym
13

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 1. Interpolation of displacement

i In order to get a1, a2, a3, we need to solve the equations:

ui 1 xi u j = 1 x j u 1 x m m yi a1 y j a 2 ym a3
a1 1 xi a2 = 1 x j a 1 x m 3
1

j
1

yi yj ym

ui u j u m

1 xi 1 x j 1 xm

i j yi 1 yj = i j 2A i j ym

m m m
14

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 1. Interpolation of displacement

1 xi 1 x j 1 xm
1 xi 2A = 1 xj 1 xm

i j yi 1 yj = i j 2A i j ym
yi yj ym

m m m

i = x j y m xm y j
i = y j ym i = xm x j
15

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 1. Interpolation of displacement

a1 1 xi a2 = 1 x j a 1 x m 3

yi yj ym

ui u j u m

i j a1 1 i j a 2 = a 2 A j 3 i i j a 4 1 i j a5 = a 2 A j 6 i

m ui m u j u m m m vi m v j v m m
16

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 1. Interpolation of displacement

(x,y) i j

u ( x, y ) = a1 + a2 x + a3 y v( x, y ) = a4 + a5 x + a6 y 1 u ( x, y ) = [ i ui + j u j + mum + ( i ui + j u j + mum ) x 2A
a1 a2

+ ( i ui + j u j + mum )y ]
1 ( i + i x + i y )ui + ( j + j x + j y )u j + ( m + m x + m y )um u ( x, y ) = 2A 1 ( i + i x + i y )vi + ( j + j x + j y )v j + ( m + m x + m y )vm v ( x, y ) = 2A

[ [

a3

] ] 17

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 1. Interpolation of displacement

(x,y) i j

u ( x, y ) = N i u i + N j u j + N m u m v( x, y ) = N i vi + N j v j + N m vm

18

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 1. Interpolation of displacement

(x,y) i j

Properties of Ni

1 at Ni = 0 at
Ni 1 i

(x, y ) = (xi , yi ) (x, y ) = (x j , y j ) or (xm , ym )

displacement m element x

19

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 1. Interpolation of displacement

(x,y) i j

Properties of Ni
u ( x, y ) = N i u i + N j u j + N m u m

20

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 2. Define the strain and stress

(x,y) i j

u ( x, y ) = N i u i + N j u j + N m u m v( x, y ) = N i vi + N j v j + N m vm

u x x v { } = y = y xy u v y + x

N j N m u N i = ui + uj + um x x x x N j N m v N i = vi + vj + vm y y y y u = y v = x

21

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 2. Define the strain and stress

1 ( i + i x + i y ) Ni = 2A

Nj =

1 ( j + j x + j y ) N m = 1 ( m + m x + m y ) 2A 2A

N i i = x 2 A

N i i = y 2 A
N j y =

u 1 (iui + j u j + mum ) = x 2 A

N j x

j
2A

j
2A

1 v ( i vi + j v j + mvm ) = y 2 A 1 u ( iui + j u j + mum ) = y 2 A

v 1 ( i vi + j v j + mvm ) = x 2 A
22

N m m = 2A x

N m m = y 2A

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 2. Define the strain and stress

u x v { } = y u v y + x

i ui + j u j + m u m 1 { } = i vi + j v j + m vm 2A + + + + + u u u v v v j j m m i i j j m m i i

23

Finite Element for Plane Problems

2. Define the strain and stress

i ui + j u j + m u m 1 { } = i vi + j v j + m vm 2A + + + + + u u u v v v j j m m i i j j m m i i
ui v i 0 u j m vj m u m vm
24

i 1 { } = 0 2A i

j
0

m
0

i i

j j

Finite Element for Plane Problems

2. Define the strain and stress

i 1 { } = 0 2A i

j
0

m
0

i i

j j

ui v i 0 u j m vj m u m vm

25

Finite Element for Plane Problems

2. Define the strain and stress

x x y = [D ] y xy xy

{ } = [B ]{d }

26

Finite Element for Plane Problems

Linear Triangular Element 3. Element Stiffness Matrix

Principle of minimum potential energy

p = 0
p = [U (ui ) + (ui )]dV + (ui )dS
B B

1 U (ui ) = ij ij 2

U=

1 T { } { } = 1 { }T [D]{ } = 1 ([B]{d })T [D][B ]{d } 2 2 2

27

Finite Element for Plane Problems

3. Element Stiffness Matrix

(u , v ) = f1u f 2 v = {w} { f }
T

(u, v ) = T1u T2 v = {w} { T}

T

u {w} = v

u = N i ui + N j u j + N m u m v = N i vi + N j v j + N m vm

28

Finite Element for Plane Problems

3. Element Stiffness Matrix

p = e [U (ui ) + (ui )]dV + e (ui )dS

e B B

1 T T = e {d } [B ] [D ][B ]{d }dV 2 B T T T T e {d } [N ] { f }dV e {d } [N ] { T }dS

B B

29

Finite Element for Plane Problems

3. Element Stiffness Matrix

p = 0
p
e

{d }

=0

1 T T = e {d } [B ] [D ][B ]{d }dV 2 B

T T Be
e

{d } [N ] { f }dV B {d } [N ] {T }dS
T T

30

Finite Element for Plane Problems

3. Element Stiffness Matrix

Since {d} is the nodal displacement vector, it is a constant vector

T T T { } { } [ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ] B D B dV d N f dV N B B B {T }dS = 0
e e e

31

Finite Element for Plane Problems

3. Element Stiffness Matrix

i = y j ym i = xm x j

i 1 { } = 0 2A i

j
0

i i

j j

[Bi]

[Bj]

ui d v i i m 0 d u j 0 m j vj m m u m dm [Bm] vm

32

Finite Element for Plane Problems

3. Element Stiffness Matrix

[k ]e = tA[[Bi ]T [B j ]T [Bm ]T ]
[Bi ]T [D ][Bi ] T = tA B j [D ][Bi ] [B ]T [D ][B ] m i

[Bi ] [D] B j [Bm ]

i [Bi ] = 1 0 2A i

0 i i

[ ]

i = y j ym i = xm x j

[ ]

[kii ] = k ji [kim ]

[k ] [k ] [ ] [k ] [k ] [k ] [k ]
ij im jj jm jm mm

[Bi ]T [D][B j ] [Bi ]T [D][Bm ] T T [B j ] [D][B j ] [B j ] [D][Bm ] T T [B j ] [D][Bm ] [Bm ] [D][Bm ]

33

Finite Element for Plane Problems

3. Element Stiffness Matrix

[k ] = [B ] [D][B ] [k ] = [B ] [D][B ]
T ij i j T ji j i

To prove the [k]e is symmetric, we need to show that

34

Finite Element for Plane Problems

3. Element Stiffness Matrix
T T T { } { } [ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [ ] B D B dV d N f dV N B B B {T }dS = 0
e e e

[k ]
e

{P}
T T

[k ]e = B [B]T [D][B]dV
{P} = B [N ] { f }dV + B [N ] {T }dS
e
e e

35

Finite Element for Plane Problems

4. Body and surface forces
Body forces: weight, centrifugal forces, Surface forces: Point load, distributed load (pressure)

Body forces

{P}b e = B [N ]T { f }dV
e

Ni [N ] = 0

0 Ni

Nj 0

0 Nj

Nm 0

0 Nm

Ni 0 Nj e T {P}b = B e [N ] { f }dV = t Ae 0 Nm 0

0 Ni 0 f1 dA N j f2 0 Nm

Pbi 2 = t e N i f 2 dA Pbj 2 = t e N j f 2 dA
A A

Pbi1 = t e N i f1dA
A A

Pbj1 = t e N j f1dA
A

Pbm1 = t e N m f1dA
A

Pbm 2 = t e N m f 2 dA36

Finite Element for Plane Problems

4. Body and surface forces Body forces

i = x j y m xm y j
t Pbi1 = f1 e ( i + i x + i y )dA 2A A t = f1 i e dA + i e xdA + i e ydA A A A 2A

1 ( i + i x + i y ) Ni = 2A

Pbi1 = t e N i f1dA
A

y m

If we choose the origin of the coordinate system is the centroid of the element,

x i j
37

Finite Element for Plane Problems

4. Body and surface forces Body forces

38

Finite Element for Plane Problems

4. Body and surface forces
Surface forces: Point load, distributed load (pressure)

Surface forces

F m

i F: The force acting on a node q: The force acting on an edge

39

Finite Element for Plane Problems

4. Body and surface forces Surface forces

j q

40

Finite Element for Plane Problems

4. Body and surface forces Surface forces For q: (N/m2)

{P}e = B [N ]T {T }dS
e

Here, Be is the edge, or a line.

i j x

On Be

Ni = 0

1 ( j + j x j + j y ) = 1 ((x j xm )y j + (xm xi )y ) 2A 2A 1 ( m + m xm + m y ) = 1 ((xm xi ) ym + (x j xi )y ) 41 Nm = 2A 2A Nj =

Finite Element for Plane Problems

4. Body and surface forces

Ni 0 N j e T {P} = {x = x , y = y}[N ] {T }dS = {x = x , y = y} j j 0 Nm 0

Surface forces

0 0 0 Ni N q 0 q j dS t = 0 dy y = y N j 0 N m q 0 Nm 0

q (x j xm )y j + (xm xi )y dy N j qdy = y y 2A q 1 2 2 ( ) ( ) x x y y y x x y y = + ( ) j m j m j m i m j 2A 2

m q l

1 Note: A = al 2

x j xm = 0

xm xi = a

a j x
42

N j qdy =
y

ql 2

Finite Element for Plane Problems

4. Body and surface forces Surface forces

43

Finite Element for Plane Problems

4. Body and surface forces Surface forces General case: Since the integral is along the edge, it is easier to use a local coordinate, s

44

Finite Element for Plane Problems

4. Body and surface forces Surface forces

s i j q
0 0 0 0 1 s q 1 0 0 ~ l N j q1 l l 0 q1 s ~ ~ ds = t 0 N q ds = t 0 1 q2 ds N j q 2 l j 2 ~ s N 0 m q1 q1 ~ ~ Nm l N m q2 s q2 l

0 0 ~ l Nj e {P} = t 0 0 ~ N m 0

45