Steven F.

Bartlett, 2010
Examples of Retaining Walls
Earth Pressure Theory
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Lateral Earth Pressure Page 1
Steven F. Bartlett, 2011
Let us assume that:
wall is perfectly smooth (no
shear stress develop on the
interface between wall and the
retained soil)
a)
no sloping backfill b)
back of the wall is vertical c)
retained soil is a purely
frictional material (c=0)
d)
At-rest earth pressure:
Shear stress are zero. a.
o
V
= o
1
b.
o
H
= o
3
c.
o
H
= K
o
o
1
d.
K
0
= 1 - sin | (Normally
consolidated
e.
K
0
= (1 - sin |) OCR
-1/2
f.
OCR = o'
vp
/o'
v
g.
K
0
= v / (1v) h.
At-rest condition
At-Rest, Active and Passive Earth Pressure
Wednesday, August 17, 2011
12:45 PM
Lateral Earth Pressure Page 2
Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Earth pressure is the lateral pressure exerted by the soil on a shoring
system. It is dependent on the soil structure and the interaction or
movement with the retaining system. Due to many variables, shoring
problems can be highly indeterminate. Therefore, it is essential that
good engineering judgment be used.
At-Rest Earth Pressure
At rest lateral earth pressure, represented as K
0
, is the in situ horizontal
pressure. It can be measured directly by a dilatometer test (DMT) or a
borehole pressure meter test (PMT). As these are rather expensive
tests, empirical relations have been created in order to predict at rest
pressure with less involved soil testing, and relate to the angle of
shearing resistance. Two of the more commonly used are presented
below.
Jaky (1948) for normally consolidated soils:
Mayne & Kulhawy (1982) for overconsolidated soils:
The latter requires the OCR profile with depth to be determined
Pasted from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure>
At-Rest, Active and Passive Earth Pressure (cont.)
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
The at-rest earth pressure coefficient (Ko) is applicable for
determining the in situ state of stress for undisturbed deposits and for
estimating the active pressure in clays for systems with struts or
shoring. Initially, because of the cohesive property of clay there will
be no lateral pressure exerted in the at-rest condition up to some
height at the time the excavation is made. However, with time, creep
and swelling of the clay will occur and a lateral pressure will develop.
This coefficient takes the characteristics of clay into account and will
always give a positive lateral pressure. This method is called the
Neutral Earth Pressure Method and is covered in the text by Gregory
Tschebotarioff. This method can be used in FLAC to establish the at-
rest condition in the numerical model.
A Poisson's ratio of 0.5 means that there is no volumetric change
during shear (i.e., completely undrained behavior).
Earth Pressure Theory (cont)
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Active and passive earth pressures are the two stages of stress in
soils which are of particular interest in the design or analysis of
shoring systems. Active pressure is the condition in which the earth
exerts a force on a retaining system and the members tend to move
toward the excavation. Passive pressure is a condition in which the
retaining system exerts a force on the soil. Since soils have a greater
passive resistance, the earth pressures are not the same for active
and passive conditions. When a state of oil failure has been reached,
active and passive failure zones, approximated by straight planes,
will develop as shown in the following figure (level surfaces
depicted).
Active and Passive Cases
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
The Rankine theory assumes that there is no wall friction and the
ground and failure surfaces are straight planes, and that the
resultant force acts parallel to the backfill slope (i.e., no friction
acting between the soil and the backfill). The coefficients according
to Rankine's theory are given by the following expressions:
If the backslope of the embankment behind the wall is level (i.e., | = 0)
the equations are simplified as follows:
The Rankine formula for passive pressure can only be used correctly
when the embankment slope angle equals zero or is negative. If a
large wall friction value can develop, the Rankine Theory is not
correct and will give less conservative results. Rankine's theory is not
intended to be used for determining earth pressures directly against
a wall (friction angled does not appear in equations above).
The theory is intended to be used for determining earth pressures on
a vertical plane within a mass of soil.
Rankine Theory - Active and Passive Cases
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Lateral Earth Pressure Page 7
Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
The amount of displacement to mobilize full passive resistance is about
10 times larger than active (see below).
H = height of wall
Horz. Displacement (cm)
Rankine Theory - Active Case and Displacements
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Coulomb theory provides a method of analysis that gives the
resultant horizontal force on a retaining system for any slope of
wall, wall friction, and slope of backfill provided This theory
is based on the assumption that soil shear resistance develops along
the wall and failure plane. The following coefficient is for a
resultant pressure acting at angle o.
o is the interface friction angle between the soil and the backwall.
| is the angle of the backslope
Coulomb Theory
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Interface Friction Angles and Adhesion
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Interface Friction Angles and Adhesion
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Wall Dimensions Fill Properties
Top 3 ft backf ill deg 20 0.349 radians
Bottom 3 ft toe deg 0 0.000 radians
concrete 150 pcf deg 40 0.698 radians
H 10 ft deg 20 0.349 radians
D 2 ft Qbackwall deg 0 0.000 radians
Qf rontwall deg 0 0.000 radians
xc 1.500 ft backf ill 100 pcf
yc 5.000 ft
Pasted from <file:///C:\Users\sfbartlett\Documents\My%20Courses\5305%20F11\Gravi ty%20Wall.xls>
Gravity Wall Design
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Earth Pressures
Coulomb
Theory
KA 0.2504
KP 11.7715
Forces
Pa 1252.1 lb/ft
Pah 1176.6 lb/ft
Pav ' 428.2 lb/ft
Pav 428.2 lb/ft
Wc 4500 lb/ft
R 4928.2 lb/ft Wc + Pav'
Fr 4135.3 lb/ft R tan (d or f)
0.5Pp 1177.1 lb/ft (half of Pp)
Pph 1106.16 lb/ft
Ppv ' 402.6 lb/ft
Ppv 402.6 lb/ft
Resisting Moments on Wall
Pav * B 1284.7
Pph * D/3 737.4
Wc * xc 6750
SMr 8772.2
Overturning Moments on Wall
Pah * ha 3921.9
SMo 3921.9
Factors of Safety
FSsliding 4.455
FSoturn 2.237
Gravity Wall Design (cont.)
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
For multilayer systems or systems constructed in lifts or layers, it is
sometimes preferable to place each layer and allow FLAC to come to
equilibrium under the self weight of the layer before the next layer is
placed.
This incremental placement approach is particularly useful when
trying to determine the initial state of stress in multilayered systems
with marked differences in stiffness (e.g., pavements).
It can also be used to replicate the construction process or to
determine how the factor of safety may vary versus fill height when
analyzing embankments or retaining wall.
This approach is shown in the following pavement system example
Note this approach is not required for homogenous media.
Building Systems Incrementally
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;flac 1 - incremental loading
config
grid 17,15
model mohr
gen same 0 20 10 20 same i 1 11 j 1 6
gen same 0 25 10 25 same i 1 11 j 6 11
gen same 0 30 10 30 same i 1 11 j 11 16
gen same same 38 20 38 0 i 11 18 j 1 6
gen same same 38 25 same i 11 18 j 6 11
gen same same 38 30 same i 11 18 j 11 16
mark j 6 ; marked to determine regions
mark j 11 ;marked to determine regions
prop density=2160.5 bulk=133.33E6 shear=44.4444E6 cohesion=0 friction=35.0 reg i 2 j 2 ; region
command
prop density=2400.5 bulk=41.67E6 shear=19.23E6 cohesion=25e3 friction=25.0 reg i 2 j 8
prop density=2240.5 bulk=833.33E6 shear=384.6E6 cohesion=0 friction=30.0 reg i 2 j 12
set gravity=9.81
fix x i=1
fix x i=18
fix y j=1
his unbal
; nulls out top two layers
model null reg i 2 j 8 ; second layer
model null reg i 2 j 12 ; third layer
step 2000 ; solves for stresses due to first layer
model mohr reg i 2 j 8; assign properties to 2nd layer
prop density=2400.5 bulk=41.67E6 shear=19.23E6 cohesion=25e3 friction=25.0 reg i 2 j 8
step 2000
model mohr reg i 2 j 12; assign properties to 3rd layer
prop density=2240.5 bulk=833.33E6 shear=384.6E6 cohesion=0 friction=30.0 reg i 2 j 12
step 2000
save incremental load.sav 'last project state'
Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Building Systems Incrementally (cont.)
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Vertical stress for 3 layers placed incrementally
Vertical stress for 3 layers placed all at one time
Building Systems Incrementally
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Applied Soil Mechanics with ABAQUS Applications, Ch. 7
More Reading
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Develop a FLAC model of a concrete gravity wall (3-m high, 2-m
wide (top) 3-m wide (base)) resting on a concrete foundation. Use
the model to calculate the earth pressures for the cases shown
below using the given soil properties. To do this, show a plot of
the average earth pressure coefficient that develops against the
backwall versus dytime. Report your modeling answers to 3
significant figures (30 points). Compare the modeling results with
those obtained from Rankine theory.
1.
At-rest a.
Active b.
Passive c.
Backfill (Mohr-Coulomb)
Density = 2000 kg/m^3
Bulk modulus = 25 Mpa
Friction angle = 35 degrees
Dilation angle = 5 degrees
Cohesion = 0
Concrete (Elastic)
prop density=2400.0 bulk=1.5625E10 shear=1.27119E10
Repeat problem 1a, b and c but assume that the friction acting
against the back wall of the retaining wall is phi (backfill) divided
by 2. (10 points). Compare your results with Coulomb theory.
2.
Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Assignment 7
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Using the results of problem 1 from FLAC, calculate the factor of
safety against sliding and overturning assuming that there is no
friction acting between the backfill and the back wall.
3.
To calculate the factors of safety, you must use the horizontal
stresses (converted to forces) that act on the back wall of the
gravity wall from the FLAC results. This can be obtained by using
histories commands and converted to forces by multiplying by the
contributing area. You can also calculate the basal stresses along
the bottom of the wall in a similar manner (10 points).
Repeat problem 3, but use limit equilibrium methods to calculate
the appropriate forces from Rankine theory (10 points).
4.
Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Assignment 7
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Steven F. Bartlett, 2010
Blank
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