1 GENERAL SCIENCE BRANCHES OF SCIENCE Cytology Histology Mycology Phycology Paleontology Pomology Arboriculture Horticulture Silviculture Apiculture Sericulture

Ornithology Entomology Helminthology Pedology Petrology Geology Selinology Seismology Osteology Ophthalmology Otology Obstetrics Gynecology Andrology Pediatrics Geriatrics Orthopedics Dentology Dermatology Hematology Oncology Oneriology Anatomy Physiology Aetiology Pathology Therapeutics Prophylaxis Diagnostics - Cells - Tissues - Fungi - Algae - Fossils - Fruits - Trees - Gardening - Plantation Forestry - Honey Bee Rearing - Silk worm Rearing - Birds - Insects - Worms - Soil - Rocks - Earth - Moon - Earth Quakes - Bone - Eye - Ear - Pregnancy & Child birth - Womens diseases - Diseases of Male - Child Diseases - Diseases of old age - Treating Bone diseases - Teeth - Skin - Blood - Cancer - Dreams - Structure of the Body - Functions of the body - Causes of Diseases - Nature of Diseases - Treatment of Diseases - Prevention of Diseases - Identification of Diseases

2 Ecology Exobiology Myology Neurology Lexicography Philology Phonetics Optics Acoustics Philately Vexiology Dactylography Cryptography Cryogenics - Environment - Life in other planets - Muscles - Origin of Words - Compiling Dictionary - Study of Language - Study of Pronunciation - Light - Sound - Stamp collection - Flags - Finger prints - Secret Writing - Very low temperature

Physical Science - Facts Gravitational Force We are all aware of the force which pulls us towards the earth. This is called gravitational force. In face the gravitational force exists between all bodies. It is gravitational force that holds the moon in its orbit round the earth and the earth in its orbit round the sun. Kinetic Energy The energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy and is described by the expression. KE = mv2 Potential Energy The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position is called potential energy. One of the commonest forms of potential energy is that possessed by an object when it is above the level of the earths surface. Geostationary of Synchronous Satellites A geostationary satellite is one which appears stationary with respect to the earth. The period of rotation of the earth about its axis is 24 hours. Thus is a satellite orbiting the earth over the equatory has a 24-hour period of revolution, it appears stationary. The 24-hour period is possible when a satellite is at a height of nearly 35,000 km above the earth. Geostationary, satellites are used for communication and weather forecasting. Hydrometer A hydrometer is an instrument used for measuring the density or relative density of liquids. It is based on the principle of floatation. A special type of hydrometer is used to measure the density of acid measuring its density. Clinical Thermometer A clinical thermometer is also a mercury-in-glass type thermometer, designed for measuring the temperature of the human body. Since the temperature of the human body varies over a short range, the thermometer

3 scale is marked from 95 F to 110 for 35 C to 43C. The normal temperature of a healthy person is 98.4 F of 36.9C. Maximum and Minimum Thermometer Weather reports in newspaper carry the maximum and the minimum temperatures recorded during the last 24 hours. These temperatures are recorded by a special type of thermometer called the Sixs maximum and minimum thermometer. Pressure Cooker The boiling point of a liquid depends on external pressure. When the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm or mercury, water boils at 100C. But when the pressure is increased, the boiling point of water is raised. For example, at a pressure of two atmospheres, water boils at 120C. In a pressure cooker, water boils at temperatures higher than 100C due to increased pressure. The increased boiling temperature allows water to hold heat which books food faster. Radio and Television Transmission Radio waves sent out by radio stations reflected by the ionosphere (a part of the atmosphere which extends from 60 to 500 km above the earth) and can be received anywhere on the earth. Radar Radar (Radio detection and ranging) employs high-frequency radio waves for detecting objects like ships and aeroplanes. A rotating aerial sends out pulses which are reflected from the objects on which they fall. Kaleidoscope The Kaleidoscope is a toy in which multiple images are formed by two strips of plane mirrors placed at an angle of 60 inside a tube. Small, brightcolored glass pieces are scattered on a ground-glass plate at the tube. When viewed from the other end of the tube, beautiful symmetrical patterns, formed by the colored glass pieces and their five images, are seen. Total Internal Reflection An interesting use of the total internal reflection is in optical fibres, which are fine strands of high quality glass. When light is incident at one end of the fibre, it undergoes repeated total internal reflections and emerges at the other end as shown in fig.22. Thus an optical fibre pipes light from one point to another. Such optical fibres are using din decorative table lamps. Bundles of tiny optical fibres are used by doctors to see the inside of a patients stomach. The Rainbow The most spectacular illustration of dispersion is the rainbow. When the sun shines soon after a shower of rain, a rainbow is seen in the sky opposite the sun. the beautiful colors of the rainbow are due to the dispersion of sunlight by water droplets suspended in the air after rain.

4 Escape Velocity If the speed is more than 11.2 km/s or 25,000 miles/hour, the satellite would escape from the earth entirely and would never come back. This is called escape velocity. Fourth state of matter There is a fourth state of matter the ionized state called plasma. Though this state is less common on the earth, the sun and other stars are in this state. Apogee A satellite revolves around a bigger heavenly body in elliptical orbit. The farthest point on this orbit from the bigger heavenly. Body is called apogee. The perigee is the closest point on this orbit from the bigger body. The sun continuously produces an enormous amount of energy. This is due to nuclear fusion. Green house effect A greenhouse acts like a radiation trap. Heat radiation from the sun passed through the glass cannot be allowed to escape. So the air inside the greenhouse is warm. UNITS 1. Length 2. Mass 3. Time 4. Current 5. Temperature 6. Luminous intensity 7. Amount of substance 8. Plane angle 9. Solid angle Derived Units 1. Area (Metre)2 3. Accelaration Metre/Second2 5. Weight (mg)kg 7. Pressure Pascal (Newton/m2) 9. Energy Joule 11. Moment of force Force x distance 13. Specific heat capacity Joule/kg/k 15. Kinetic energy mv2 17. Mechanical advantage Load/Power 2. Velocity Metre/Second 4. Density Kg/m3 6. Momentum kgm/sec 8. Force(ma) Newton 10. Work Joule or Newton/meter 12. Heat Capacity Joule/k 14. Power work/time (watt) 16. Potential energy mgh 18. Efficiency of engine Mechanical advantage/velocity ratio x 100 - Metre - Kg - Second - Ampere - Kelvin - Candela - Mole - Radian - Stradcan

5 19. C = (F 32) 5/9 21. Absolute zero -273C 0K 23. Power of lens Dioptre 20. k = C + 273 22. Celsius equal to Farenheit at - -40 24. Intensity of light, Wavelength of Light A or Nanometer 25. Intensity of sound Decibel 26. Frequency Hertz 27. Wavelength Metre 28. Velocity of Sound metre/sec (330 m/s) 29. Magnetic pole strength Ampere 30. Magnetic moment Ampere metre2 metre 31. Permeability Henry/metre 32. Potential difference Volt 33. Electrical Conductivity Mho 34. Electrical Resistance Ohm 35. Electric Charge Column 36. Electrical Capacitance Farad 37. Electrical Inductance Henry 38. Energy of Electron Electron volt 39. Atmospheric pressure Bar (1 Bar = 76 40. Distance used in navigation Nautical mmHg) Mile (6080 feet) or 1837 m 41. Depth of Sea Fathom (1 Fathom = 6 42. Speed of supersonic flight Mac No feet) (One Mac No = 760 miles per hour) 43. Astronomical unit (AU) (Distance 44. Distance between stars (Light year) between sun & Earth) 150 million km 9.46 x 10km (8.2 light meters) 45. Parsec (Largest unit to measure distance between celestial bodies) 3.2 light years. PROBLEMS & FIGURES PERTAINING TO UNITS 1. Gravitational force 9.8 m/sec 2. Weight of a man in earth is 60 kg what is his weight in moon? 10kg 3. What is the weight of 5 litre of mercury? 13.6 x 5 = 68 kg. (Density of mercury 13.6) 4. Why in rainy season voice is audible to long distance? Velocity of sound is 1500 m/sec in water 5. What is the minimum distance of hearing echo? To hear echo sound should return to our ears within 0.1 sec, so distance traveled by sound = 2x / 0.1 sec. ` 330 = 2x / 0.1 sec. 2x = 33 x = 16.5m 6. When we keep our ears close to the railway track we are able to hear the sound of train even if it come 5 km away from us, the reason is that velocity of sound in train in 5000 m/sec. 7. Why dont we hear sound in moon? Because sound does not travel in vacuum 8. Power of a persons spectacle is 4 dioptre, what is the nature of his eye defect? Short sight & he is wearing concave lens, focal (myopia) 9. Beyond c intensity of sound is recorded as noise pollution 85 decibel

6 10. Audible frequency 20Hz to 20000 Hz 11. Wavelength range of visible spectrum 7300 A 9000 A 12. In how many hours will a 100 watts bulb consume 1 unit of current? 10 hours ASTRONOMY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Astronomy is the study of the heavenly bodies Giant clusters of stars are called Galaxies Megullonic clouds are Galaxies Our sun belongs to Milky Way Milky way is spiral shaped galaxy The sun is about 30,000 light years from the center of the galaxy The diameter of the Milky Way is nearly 1,20,000 light years The spectra of light from these galaxies show a frequency shift towards the red known as the red shift 9. Red shift indicates that the galaxies are moving away. It is due to Doppler Effect 10. All galaxies burst out from a single point. 11. This explosion that resulted in the expansion of the universe is called Bre Bang 12. The age of the Universe is estimated to be around (1-2) * 1010 years 13. Nebulae are cloudy, luminous patches in the heaven consisting of clusters of stars and gaseous cloud. These are a number of nebulae within the Milky Way itself Stars are formed out of condensing gases within these nebulae 14. One can note that Stars within certain groups are so arranged as to look like familiar objects or animals. These groups are called constellation. 15. E.g., Vrsa Major (Great Bear), Ursa Minor (Little Bear). Orion (Giant Hunter). Cygnus (Swan), Hydra (Sea Serpent) are Constellations. 16. It is interesting to note that Vega is a brightest Star in the constellation Lyra 17. Vega would be the second star to have planets. The first of course being the sun. 18. There are 89 constellations; Hydra is the largest of these. 19. In Universe, certain objects appear smaller than any galaxy, yet they emit more energy than all the stars of the Milky Way. Since they resembled stars. They were called quasars 20. The north can be identified using the pole star by the ship mariner 21. If we look at the northern sky, at an elevation equal to the latitude of our place. We will be able to locate the pole star. 22. Stars are formed out of the condensing gases within the Nebulae which form part of most galaxies. 23. The condensing process goes on, until the star is without shrinking further and the central part of the star become so hot that fusion reaction start and the star emits radiation into space. 24. The process of the death of a star begins, when fuel in its core run out. 25. The collapsing core, during the death of star, imparts so much energy to the exterior of the star that it explodes with an increase in its luminosity 10000 times or even more. This stage is referred to as super nova explosion.

7 26. After the supernova explosion, the highly dense residual core of the small star is called a white dwarf. 27. A star with a mass of less than 1.4 solar masses will end its life as a white dwarf. This is called the Chandrasekhar limit. 28. The extremely dense core left after the explosion of a bigger star is known as neutron star. 29. Neutron stars spin very fast while spinning. Neutron stars radiate all kinds of electromagnetic radiations. When this happens, the star is known as a pulser. 30. Bigger star (mass greater than 5 solar masses) are believed to end up as black hole after the explosion. 31. The gravitation field of a black hold is believed to be so intense that no matter or radiation can escape from it. 32. The sun is our nearest star. The sun is a hot spheres of gas 74% hydrogen. 25% helium and 1% other elements 33. The sun as it is visible to us is actually the photosphere. The photosphere has a surface temperature of 5800 K. 34. The Chromo sphere is the solar atmosphere just above the photosphere. The temperature in the Chromospheres rises from 4300 K to above 4,00,000 K 35. The Corona is the outermost layer of the sun. It is very hot. The rise of its temperature is even upto 50000 K. 36. There are nine planets revolving around the sun. Compared to the sun, the planets are quite small and relatively cool. They are not self-luminous. 37. In order of their proximity to the sun, these are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto 38. Mercury is nearer to the Sun and it is too hot. It is a very small planet. It has no satellites. 39. Venus appears to be the brightest of all the planets. Venus along with Neptune revolves in almost circular orbit. All other planet revolves in elliptical orbit. Venus along with Mars has more Carbon di oxide in their atmosphere. It has no satellite. 40. Earth takes 365 days for its one revolution and 24 hrs for its one rotation. It is fifth in the size of planets. Earths atmosphere contain 79% Nitrogen, 20% Oxygen, 1% Argon, 0.03% Carbon-di-oxide etc. 41. Moon, the only satellite of Earth takes same time for its rotation and revaluation so, we can see only one face (59%) of the moon 42. Mars is called as Red Planet. It has 2 satellites (moons). They are Phobas. Tumas 43. Jupiter is the biggest planet. It has 16 moons. Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, lo are the moons of Jupiter. Ganymede is the largest satellite in solar system. 44. Saturn has very prominent rings around it. It has 22 satellites. It has a great gravitational pull. Titan, Zapetus, Dione, Rhea and Tethys are the satellites of Saturn. Titan of Saturn is the second largest moon. 45. William Sharshal discovered Uranus. 46. Pluto is the farthest planet. It is the coolest and smallest planet of solar system. It has one moon. It is the coolest.

8 47. The earths age is estimated to be 4.6 * 109 years. 48. In the belt, which lies between Mars and Jupiter, there are thousands of minor planets called asteroids. Ceres, the largest known asteroid has a diameter of any about 1000 km. 49. As a result of collision between two asteroids, a small lump of material may be thrown off. When such lumps enter the earths atmosphere, they produce blazes of light. Some of the earths surface is called meteorites. 50. Comets are the debris left over from the formation of the outer planets. They orbit elliptically in the solar system. 51. A comet has a central core of icy material. When a comet comes nearer to the sun, the light from the sun affects the head icy region. A portion of the gas leaves the head altogether forming tail, which always points away from the sun. 52. The period of Halleys comet is 76 years. Its 33rd appearance was February 9th 1986. 53. Since a comet loses its icy material by evaporation, it ends up in small chunks and tiny sand-like particles. These chunks and tiny-sand like particles keep orbiting the sun. when such particle enters the earths atmosphere, it evaporates almost immediately and produces trail of hot gas often visible at night. These are meteors or shooting stars. 54. Sputnik 1 is the first artificial satellite launched by the USSR in 1957 55. The US space probe Voyager transmitted very clear pictures of Neptune. These pictures showed six moons around Neptune. 56. The USA developed the Strategic Defence Initiatives (SDI) programme dubbed as star wars system. If successful, this system will be capable of destroying enemy nuclear warheads on ground or in space, before they reach their targets. 57. Troposphere is the lower most layer of atmosphere. Mountains, Clouds, rains are present in this space. 9/10 of total air is in this region. This region covers upto 15 kms from the earth. 58. Stratosphere is the second Layer. This region covers from 15 to 75 kms above the earth. It is the region of constant temperature, constant horizontal winds with very little air. It is difficult to breath here. Explorations are done with balloons. The Ozone layer is in this region. 59. Ionosphere is the next Layer. This region comes from 75 to 250 km above the earth. Exploration is done with sounding rockets. The sky is black even when the sun is shinning. Radio waves are reflected from this region. 60. Exosphere is the Top Layer of atmosphere. This region covers from 250 to 900 km above the earth. No gases or air is in this region which is very dark. 61. In 1981, India too successfully put into orbit is first experimental geostationary communication satellite, Apple, launched in French Guyana. 62. The ionosphere consists of two layers of ionized air. The outer one is 200 kilometers from the earth and is known as the Appleton layer named after its discoverer. 63. Aryabatta is the first Indian satellite named after the great Indian astronomer of the 5th century AD as launched from Russian Cosmodraome on April 19, 1975.

9 64. Cosmic Rays are extremely high-energy high-speed proton capable of causing severe burns or even death. Invented by Millican. 65. Explorer I was the first United States artificial satellite to enter earths orbit on 31st January 1958. It was responsible for the discovery of the Van Allan radiation belts. 66. The Star (other than the sun) nearest to the earth is proximate century. 67. The nearest star (other than the sun), which is visible to the naked eye is Alpha Centuari 68. Mars is the red planet. Mercury is the closest planet and the hottest planet. Venus is the brightest planet. Pluto is the farthest Planet. Jupiter is the biggest Planet. Mercury and Venus do not have planet. 69. Stars appear to move from east to West because the earth is rotating from west to east. 70. On the moon, an astronaut cannot drink lemonade with the help of straw. Because there is no atmosphere on the moon. INVENTIONS & DISCOVERIES Aryabhatta Brahmagupta Bhaskaracharya Vatsayana Dhanvanter Patanjali Saraka Susheuta Vagabhatta Henry Becquesel Madam Curie J.L. Baird Benjamin Franklin Binet J.C. Bose S.N. Bose Bohr Cavendish Inert gases Rutherford J.J. Thomson Goldstein Chadwick Roentgen Heavy water Battery - calculated the value of - Invented Zero - Wrote leelavati (Treaties on maths) - Kamasutra - Ayurveda - Yoga

- Physician - Radioactivity - Polonium - Television - Heightening conductor - IQ - Cresco graph - Bosons - Atomic Structure - Hydrogen - Ramsay - Nitrogen, Splitting of atom - Electron - Proton - Neutron - X-rays - U ray - Volta

10 Alfred Noble Otto Hann Newton Einstein Galileo Copernicus Kepler Faraday Dewar Grahambel Samuel Mosse Marcony Dunlop Austin Dainler James watt Stevenson Diesel Macmillan Sholar Pascal John van Norman Toricalli Farenheit Waterman John Napier Pittman Shockley Otis Onnes - Dynamic - Atom Bomb - Law of motion, Laws of gravitation - theory of relativity, photoelectric effect - Telescop, Geocentric Theory - Heliocentric, Solar system - Planetary motion - Electro magnetic conduction - Thermos flask - Telephone - Telegraph - Wireless, Telegraphy - Tyre - Motorcar - Gas engine - Steam engine (Principle) - Steam Locomotive - Internal combustion engine - Bicycle - Typewriter - Calculator - Computer (Digital) - Barometer - Thermometer - Fountain pen - Logarithms - Shorthand - Transistor - Lift - Super conductivity

CHEMICAL SCIENCE ACIDS 1. Lemon 2. Milk 3. Tomato 4. Tamarind & Grapes 5. Amla & Gooseberry - Citric Acid - Lactic Acid - Oxalic Acid - Tartaric Acid - Ascorbic Acid

11 6. Apple 7. Vinegar 8. Ants 9. Antimycotic 10. Phenol (medicated soap) 11. Making of Nylon 12. Making of Phenolpthalein 13. Aspirin 14. Gold dissolves in 15. Oil of Vitreol 16. Acid rain 17. Glass dissolves in 18. Stomach 19. Blood Buffer & Soda 20. Pure acetic acid CHEMICAL NAMES 1. Gypsum - Calcium Sulphate 2. Epsom - Magnesium Sulphate 3. Washing Soda - Sodium Carbonate 4. Baking Soda - Sodium bi Carbonate 5. Table Salt (common salt) - Sodium Chloride 6. Hypo - Sodium thio sulphate 7. Caustic Soda - Sodium Hydroxide 8. Caustic Potash - Potassium Hydroxide 9. Chilic Salt Petere - Sodium Nitrate 10. Indian Salt Petere - Potassium Nitrate 11. Bleaching Powder - Calcium Chloro hypochlorite 12. Slaked lime - Calcium hydroxide 13. Quick lime - Calcium oxide 14. Chalk - Calcium carbonate 15. Talc - Magnesium Silicate 16. Calamine - Zinc Carbonate 17. Calomel - Mercuric Chloride 18. Bluevitriol - Copper Sulphate 19. Green Vitriol - Ferrous Sulphate 20. White Vitriol - Zinc Sulphate 21. Tartar emetic - Potassium antimony tartarate 22. Bordeaux mixture (fungi acid CuSo4 + Cao) CHEMICAL & USES 1. Sodium thio Sulphate Antichlor agent, fixing in photography - Malic Acid - Acetic Acid - Formic Acid - Propionic Acid - Carbolic Acid - Adipic Acid - Thalic Acid - Acetyl Salicylic Acid - Aqua Regia 3 : 1 (Hcl : HNO3) - Sulphuric Acid - H2So4 & Hno3 - Hydrochloric Acid - Hydrochloric Acid - Carbonic Acid - Glacial acetic Acid

12 2. Hydroquenone or Pyeogallol Develops in Photography 3. Silver bromide & Galatin Coating of Photographic Films 4. Silver Iodide Artificial rain 5. Silver nitrate Silvering of mirrors, making inks and hair dye 6. Sodium carbonate softening of water 7. Sodium bi carbonate effervescent drinks 8. Glycerol To preserve tobacco (Anti drying agent) 9. Ethylene glycol Anti freezing agent in radiators 10. Ethylene Ripening of fruits, making polyethene 11. Carbon tetra chloride Extinguish electricity frees 12. Aluminium Sulphate & Sodium bi carbonate Extinguish oil frees 13. H2So4 + Sodium bi Carbonate Soda acid fire extinguisher 14. Sodium & Potassium salts of higher fatty acids Soaps 15. Salts of Sulphonic acid Detergents 16. White phosphorus Rat poison 17. Red phosphorus Matchbox sides 18. TNT explosive 19. DDT, BHC Insecticide 20. Teflon Coating in non-stick Vessels 21. Boron carbide To cut diamonds 22. Bakelite (Phenol + formaldehyde) made switches 23. Nylon (hexamethylenediamine & Adipic acid) Synthetic fiber 24. Rayon Artificial Silk 25. Benzene Solvent 26. Formaldehyde Preserve Biological specimen 27. Power alcohol (Petrol + ethyl alcohol) Fuel 28. Liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen and hydrazine Rocket fuel 29. Solid Co2 Dry ice (smoke screens) 30. 5% methanol + Ethanol Methylated spirit to prevent conspicuous drinking of alcohol 31. 95% ethanol Ractified spirit fuel 32. 100% ethanol Absolute alcohol Lab use

GASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Producer gas Nitrogen + Carbon monoxide Water gas Hydrogen + Carbon monoxide Marsh gas (miner) Mathanes LPG Propane, Butane, Isobutene, Butyline Indane LPG marketed by IOC Cobar gas Carbon dioxide + methane Major green house gas Carbon dioxide

13 8. Other green house gases water vapour, methane, Nitrous oxide 9. Gas present in stratosphere Ozone (fillers UV rays) 10. Gases responsible for ozone layer depletion CFCs (chloro fluoro carbon) 11. Gas present abundant in atmosphere of earth Nitrogen (71%) 12. Other atmospheric gases Oxygen, Argon, Co2 13. Gases filled in Balloons & Gas 2nd abundant gas in Sun Helium 14. Gas abundant in atmosphere of Venus Co2 15. Gas with rotten egg odiour Hydrogen Sulphide 16. Gas with rotten fish odiour Phosphine 17. Gas used in welding Oxyacetylene 18. Gases responsible for acid rain Sulphur dioxide, No2, Co2 19. Gas filled in electric bulb Argon / Nitrogen 20. Gas used in advertisement lamps Neon 21. Main automobile pollutant gas Carbon monoxide 22. Gas responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy Methyl isocyanide 23. Gaseous hormone of plants Ethylene 24. Laughing gas Nitrous oxide 25. Gas responsible for Bhopal gas tragedy Methyl isocyanide 26. Gaseous hormone of plants Ethylene 27. Laughing gas Nitrous oxide 28. Gas filled in soda bottles Co2 29. Gas highest calorific Value Hydrogen LIFE SCIENCE NUTRITION 1. Principle nutrients Carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water 2. Balanced Diet Diet having all requised nutrients in right proportion 3. Types of carbo hydrates a. Monosaccharides Glucose (Blood Sugar) - Fructose (Fruit Sugar) - Ribose, dioxyribose (sugars of nucleic acids) b. Disaccharides - Lactose (milk sugar) (glucose + Fructose) - Cane Sugar (Sucrose) (Glucose + Fructose) c. Polysaccharides Starch (End product of photosynthetic) - Glycogen (arrival starch) & (stored in liver and muscle) - Cellulose (present in vegetables and greens) (crude fibre) 4. Energy Value of Nutrients - Carbohydrate r cal/g - Protein 5.25 cal/g

14 Fat 9.46 cal/g

5. Carbohydrate and fat are essential for giving energy & protein is essential for growth 6. In children deficiency of energy, protein (energy-protein malnutrition) produces 2-disease conditions Kwashiorkor & Marasmas 7. Cereals (rice, wheat) are rich in carbohydrate two types of carbohydrate are: a. Soluble Sugars (mono & di saccharides starch) b. Crude Fibre 8. Diabetic patriots are advised to take less starchy more fibrous diet (wheat, ragi) 9. PROTEIN 1. Sources rich in protein are pulses, oilcakes, milk, egg and meat 2. Proteins are made up of amino acids: Those amino acids that cannot be synthesized in our body are called essential amino acids 3. E.a.a. for human are Valine, Argentine, metrionine, hestidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine, threonine, leonine and Tryptophan (remembered as AVMHIPLTLT) 4. Based on the e.a.a content of foods its biological value (B.V.) eletromine 5. B.V of egg-100, milk-95, rice-80 Milk & egg are complete proteins. Pulse proteins are incomplete cereal products are poor in lysine and animal products are rich in lysine. 10. Fat 1. 2 types are saturated fat (e.g.animal fat & coconut oil), unsaturated far (sunflower oil) 2. Saturated fat makes the person more prone to cardiac diseases. 11. Vitamins FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Chemical Name Deficiency disease Retinol Night Blindness (Nicktelopis) & exophthalmia (Corneal dryness) Calciferol (Act as Rickets & hormone) Osteomalacia Tocopherol Sterility Philloquinone Hemorrhage WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS Chemical Name Deficiency disease

Name 1. Vitamin A

2. Vitamin D 3. Vitamin E 4. Vitamin K Name

Source Carrot & green vegetable (Carotenes) & meat, milk, fish, egg. Sunlight, yeast, fish, liver oil, egg Wheat germ oil Greens Source

15 1. Vitamin B1 2. Vitamin B2 3. Vitamin B6 Thiamine Riboflavin Pyridoxine Yeast, rice, bran, greens Hescone in mouth & Milk and milk growth problems products Loss of appetite, Green & Vegetables nervousness and depression Convulsion and Milk, meat, liver pernicious anemia Scurvy & Bleeding Citrus Fruits, in gums Gooseberry Beri Beri

4. Vitamin B12 5. Vitamin C

Cyanocobalamine Ascorbic Acid

12. Minerals Name 1. Calcium Importance Bone & teeth formation, Blood clotting, nerve conductivity, cardiac contraction Bone, teeth formation, formation of phospholipide, nucleic acids, ATP Necessary for acid, base balance, osmolality of blood Relaxation of heart Hemoglobin synthesis, deficiency causes anemia Synthesis of thyroxin deficiency causes goiter MEDITCAL INVENTIONS Banting Christian Barnard Alexander Fleming Harvey Lands tecner Samuel Hahnemann Edward Jenner Jonas. E. Salk Louis Pasteur Lainnee Calmette Guerin - Insulin - Hear Transplantation - Penicillin - Blood Circulation - Blood Groups - Homeopathy - Small pox vaccine - Polio - Rabies - Stethoscope - TB Vaccine Source Greens, Milk

2. Phosphorus

Cereal by products milk

3. Sodium and Chloride 4. Potassium 5. Iron 6. Iodine

Salt Green Vegetables Greens Seaweeds & iodized salt (Salt + KI)

16 Ronald Ross Hansen Robert kock Antanvon heaven Hock Dimity Ivonosky William Einthoven James Blundell Robert Hook Laveran Robert Brown Fontana Watson & Crick Body Fluids Brain Stomach Eye Ear Heart - Cerobro Spinal Fluid - Hydro Chloric Acid - Aguous Humor, Vitreous Humor - Perilymph, endoplymph - Pericardial Fluid - Malarial parasite (life cycle) - Leprosy Bacillus - TB Bacillus - Bacteria - Virus - ECG - Blood transfusion - Cell - Malaria Germs - Nucleus - Nucleolus - DNA Double helix Nerves Spinal nerves Cranial nerves - 31 Pairs - 12 Pairs

Neurotransmitters Sympathetic system - Adrenalin Parasympathetic System - Acetylcholin Coverings Brain Heart Lung Liver Glands Splean Liver Pancreas Thymus - Immunity, Graveyard of RBCs - Detoxification, Urea Synthesis, Secretes Bile - Recemove gland, Secretes Glucagon (Alpha cells) insulin (Beta cells) - Immunity (T lymphocytes) - Meninges (Piamater, Arachnoid, Duramater) - Pericardium - Pleura - Gleasons Capsule

Endocrine Glands Pituitary - Tropic Hormones, FSH, LH, GH Adrenal - Epinephrine, Nor-epinephrine Ovary - Estrogen Testis - Androgen

17 Kidney - Erythropoietin Thyroid - Thyroxin Para Thyroid - Calcitonin

Organ Liver Eye Teeth Kidney Heart Lungs Brain Uterus

Disease Jaundice, hepatitis Myopia, Hypermetropia, Glaucoma Astigmatism Pyorrhea Nephritis, (Dialysis) Myocardial infarction TB, Pneumonia Encephalitis Metritis

Specialists/Special Aid Hepatologist Ophthalmologist/Opthalscope Odontology / Dentist Nephrologist Electrol Cardio Gram (ECG) Ventilator Electro Encephala Gram (ECG) Endoscopy, MIR, Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan (Gluconometere) ELISA, Wetern Blot

Pancreas Thymes, spleen

Diabetic AIDS

National Laboratories & Institutes 1. National Physical Lab New Delhi 2. National Chemical Lab Poona 3. National Biological Lab Palamput (H.P) 4. National Aeronautical Lab Bangalore 5. Central Building Research Institute Roorkela (Uttaranchal) 6. Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow (U.P.) 7. Central Electro Chemical Research Centre Karaikudi (Tamil Nadu) 8. Central Food Technological Research Centre Mysore 9. National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) Hyderabad 10. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NERI) Nagpur 11. National Agmark Lab Nagpur 12. Central Leather Research Institute Chennai 13. National Institute of Oceanography Panaji (Goa) 14. National Institute of Ocean technology Chennai 15. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Mumbai 16. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai 17. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Calcutta 18. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 19. Centre of Advanced Technology (CAT) Indore 20. Birla Industrial & Technological Museum Calcutta

18 21. Solerjung Museum Hyderabad 22. National Botanical Garden Lucknow 23. Birbal Sahani Institute of Paleobotany Lucknow 24. Bose research center Calcutta 25. Central Rice Research Institute Cuttack 26. Central Potato Research Institute Simla 27. Central Sugarcane Breaking Institute Coimbatore 28. Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Lucknow 29. Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajamundri 30. Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar 31. National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) Karnal 32. Central Marine Fishery Research Institute Coachin Facts on General Science Blue parts of the light is most effective in photosynthesis Auxanometer Auxanometer is used to measure the growth of the plants Adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones Hydroponics is concerned with growing plants without soil The substance coated on plastic tape recorder tape is Iron Oxide The PH of human blood is 7.5 In the human body, the most abundant element is oxygen The hottest part of the gas flame is blue zone The first organic compound to be synthesized in the laboratory was urea (46% of Nitrogen) 10. The acid used in batteries is sulphuric acid 11. Dry ice is chemically solid Co2 12. Cooking gas in cylinder is in the form of liquid 13. Diamond is chemically pure carbon 14. Amalgams An amalgam is solution of metal in mercury 15. Diseases Spread by Protozoan dysentery, Amoebiosis, Malaria etc. 16. Diseases spread by virus Measies, Influenza, Polia, rabies etc. 17. Bacterial Disease Diphtheria, Tetanus, Plague, Typhoid, TB, Cholera, Leprosy 18. Communicable Disease Acquired diseases are acquired after birth. Eg. Leprocy, AIDS 19. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) The Propane Butane Fractions 20. Rust The chemical composition of rust is Fe2O3 21. Fruit Ripener Acetiline (C2H2) and ethylene (C2H4) are used for ripening 22. Caustic Soda NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) is called Caustic soda 23. Sound cannot travel through vacuum 24. A device used for measuring the depth of the sea is called fathometer 25. Atomic bomb Atomic bomb is constructed on the principle of nuclear fission 26. The age of the earth can be estimated by uranium dating 27. Carbon dating is used to estimate the age of fossils 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

19 28. Coppernicus is famous for heliocen tric theory. Kepler is for laws of planetary motion 29. Transformers This is a device for stepping up or stepping down of alternating current voltages. 30. IC Chips for computers are usually made of silicon 31. Semi conductor is made of silicon and germanium 32. Elements There is 109 elements 33. Sublimation On application of heat, the solid state directly changes into the vapour. E.g. Iodine, Nepthalene 34. Mendeleef arranged the elements in the increasing order of their atomic weights. 35. The modern periodic classification of elements is based on Moselys 36. Vinegar Acitic acid is present in vinegar (CH3COOH) 37. Tartaric Acid Tartaric acid is present in Tamarind and grape 38. Oxaloacitic Acid It is present in Tomato 39. Lactic Acid It is present in milk 40. Sulphuric Acid It is secreated in our stomach 41. Aqua regia It is made up of 3 part of Hcl and 1 part of HNO3 (Nitric acid). It is used to dissolve. 42. Washing Soda Na2Co3 (Sodium Carbonate) is called washing soda 43. Backing Soda NaHCo3 (Sodium bicarbonate) is called backing soda 44. Colors in soap bubbles Beautiful colors in soap bubbles and oil films on water are produced due to the interference of white light reflected by these surfaces. 45. Primary colors Red, Green and Blue 46. Lunar Eclipse An eclipse of the moon occurs, when the earth comes between the sun and the Moon. 47. Solar Eclipse The eclipse occurs, when the moon comes between the sun and the earth. 48. Visible light is simply electro-magnetic radiation in the range of frequencies 4.3 * 1014 to 7 * 1014 49. Longitudinal Wave Sound waves are longitudinal wave 50. Transverse Wave Light waves are transverse wave 51. Mica can be classified as good conductor of heat and bad conductor of electricity 52. Nuclear fusion The sun continuously produces an enormous amount of energy. This is due to Nuclear fusion. 53. Fourth state of matter There is a fourth state of matter the ionized state called Plasma. 54. Hydrometer A hydrometer is an instrument used for measuring the density of liquid. 55. Atmospheric Pressure atmospheric pressure is measured with an instrument called Barometer 56. Weight in moon An object on the moon would weigh only one-sixth its weigh on the earth.