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Introduction To Logic - Practice Exam 4 Answers

1. The document provides solutions to 8 logic problems involving quantifiers, predicates, and other logical symbols and rules of inference. 2. Each problem is broken down into multiple steps showing the reasoning used to arrive at the conclusion. 3. The overall document demonstrates how to use rules of inference and logic to derive conclusions from given premises in formal logic problems.

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26 views

Introduction To Logic - Practice Exam 4 Answers

1. The document provides solutions to 8 logic problems involving quantifiers, predicates, and other logical symbols and rules of inference. 2. Each problem is broken down into multiple steps showing the reasoning used to arrive at the conclusion. 3. The overall document demonstrates how to use rules of inference and logic to derive conclusions from given premises in formal logic problems.

Uploaded by

manoloquince8252
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Logic Practice Exam 4 Answers

(Keep in mind there are always multiple ways of doing a problem. Problem #2
For each, I have given only one possible solution, usually the shortest.)
1.
x[(Fx Gx) (Hx & Ix)]
2.

Problem #1
1.

3.

x(Gx Hx)

Pr

4.

x Hx
 x Fx
SHOW:


x Fx

Pr
Pr
ID
Ass

2.

x Hx

Pr

5.

 6
SHOW:


3.

Ha

Pr

6.

x Fx

4 O

DD

7.

x Hx

2 O

4.

 x Gx & x Gx
SHOW:


DD

5.

Hb

2 O

8.

Ha

7 O

6.

Gb Hb

1 O

9.

Fa

6 O

7.

Hb Gb

6 O

10.

Fa

9 DN

8.

Gb

5,7 O

11.

Fa Ga

10 I

9.

x Gx

4 I

12.

(Fa Ga) (Ha & Ia)

1 O

ID

13.

Ha & Ia

Ass

14.

Ha

DD

15.

10.
11.
12.

 x Gx
SHOW:


x Gx
 6
SHOW:


11 O

13.

Ga

14.

Ga Ha

1 O

15.

Ga Ha

14 O

16.

Ha

17.

18.

x Gx & x Gx

13,15 O
3,16 6I
9,10 &I

11,12 O
13 &O
8,14 6I

Problem #3

Problem #4

1.

x( Hx Fx)

Pr

1.

x Fx x Gx

Pr

2.

x(Gx & Hx)

Pr

2.

x(Fx Hx)

Pr

3.
4.
5.
6.

 x[(Fx & Rxa) Gx]


SHOW:

 (Fb & Rba) Gb
SHOW:


Fb & Rba
 Gb
SHOW:


UD

3.

CD

4.

Ass

5.

DD

6.

 x(Hx Gx) x Hx


SHOW:


x(Hx Gx)
 x Hx
SHOW:


x Hx
 6
SHOW:


CD
Ass
ID
Ass

2 O

7.

7 O

8.

Ha

6 O

8 &O

9.

Fa Ha

2 O

1 O

10.

Ha Ga

4 O

Fb

5 &O

11.

Ga

12.

Fb

11 DN

12.

x Gx

13.

Hb

10,12 O

13.

x Gx

14.

Gb

9,13 O

14.

x Fx

15.

Fa

16.

Ha

17.

7.

x (Gx & Hx)

8.

(Gb & Hb)

9.

Gb Hb

10.

Hb Fb

11.

DD

8,10 O
11 I
12 DN
1,13 O
14 O
9,15 O
8,16 6I

Problem #5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Problem #6

x[Fx y(Gy Ryx)]


 x Fx x(y Rxy Gx)
SHOW:


x Fx
 x(y Rxy Gx)
SHOW:

 y Ray Ga
SHOW:


y Ray
 Ga
SHOW:


Pr

1.

x Fx x(Gx & Hx)

Pr

CD

2.

x Fx

Pr

Ass

3.

UD

4.

CD
Ass
DD

8.

Fb

3 O

9.

Fb y(Gy Ryb)

1 O

10.

y(Gy Ryb)

11.

Ga Rab

12.

Rab

13.

Rab

14.

Ga

 x Hx
SHOW:


x Hx

5.

 6
SHOW:


6.

x Hx

7.

Fa

8.

 x Fx
SHOW:


x Fx

9.

 6
SHOW:


10.

8,9 O
10 O
6 O

11.

Fa

12.

ID
Ass
DD
4 O
2 O
ID
Ass
DD
9 O
7,11 6I

12 DN

13.

x(Gx & Hx)

1,8 O

11,13 O

14.

Gb & Hb

13 O

15.

Hb

14 &O

16.

Hb

17.

6 O
15,16 6I

Problem #7

Problem #8

1.

x y Lyx

Pr

1.

Rab

Pr

2.

x y(z Lyz Lxy)

Pr

2.

z Raz y(Rya z Rza)

Pr

3.

 x Lxx
SHOW:


DD

3.
4.

 y x Rxy
SHOW:


y x Rxy

ID

4.

y Lya

1 O

5.

Lba

4 O

5.

6.

y(z Lyz Lcy)

2 O

z Lbz Lcb

6.

y x Rxy

4 O

7.

6 O

7.

y x Rxy

4 O

8.

z Lbz

5 I

8.

y x Rxy

6 O

9.

Lcb

9.

y x Rxy

7 O

10.

z Lcz Lcc

11.

z Lcz

12.

Lcc

13.

x Lxx

7,8 O

(y x Rxy y x Rxy)
 6
SHOW:


Ass
DD

6 O

10.

z Raz

9 I
10,11 O

11.

y(Rya z Rza)

12.

x Rxa

8 O

12 I

13.

x Rxa

9 O

14.

x Rxa

12 O

15.

x Rxa

13 O

16.

Rca

14 O

17.

Rda

15 O

18.

Rda

17 DN

19.

Rda z Rza

11 O

20.

z Rza

21.

Rca

22.

1 I
2,10 O

18,19 O
20 O
16,21 6I

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