Bazele electrotehnicii Curs 5

cap.5 CIRCUITE ELECTRICE N REGIM PERMANENT SINUSOIDAL (RPS)

5.1 Semnale sins!i"ale. Rep#e$en%a#ea &a$!#ial'
5.( Rep#e$en%a#ea )n "!menil c!mple* a elemen%el!# "e ci#ci%. Impe"an+a c!mple*' ,i a"mi%an+a c!mple*'
5.- Anali$a )n "!menil c!mple* a ci#ci%el!# ce &nc+i!nea$' )n RPS
5.. Anali$a ene#/e%ic' a ci#ci%el!# ce &nc+i!nea$' )n RPS
5...1 P%e#i )n RPS
5...( 0ac%!#l "e p%e#e
5...- Te!#ema %#ans&e#li "e p%e#e ac%i1' ma*im'
5.5 Ci#ci%e cpla%e ma/ne%ic
5.5.1 In"c%an+a m%al'
5.5.( Tip#i "e cpla2e
5.5.- T#ans&!#ma%!#l i"eal




Elemen%ele ac%i1e sn% "e&ini%e ()n c#sl in%#!"c%i1) p#in capaci%a%ea "e a /ene#a ene#/ie )n ci#ci%. Al%&el
sps3 elemen%ele ac%i1e (/ene#a%!a#ele) p#!"c (/ene#ea$') semnale elec%#ice (%ensini sa c#en4i) c
anmi%e ca#ac%e#is%ici (c!n%ini3 sins!i"ale3 %ip %#eap%'3 e%c). n%#5n ci#ci%3 la 6!#nele elemen%el!# pasi1e
1!# ap'#ea semnale elec%#ice ca #ma#e a e*is%en4ei elemen%el!# ac%i1e "in acel ci#ci%. Se a&i#m' c'
elemen%ele ac%i1e p#!"c semnale de excitaie ia# la 6!#nele elemen%el!# pasi1e apa# semnale rspuns.
Semnall "e e*ci%a4ie s%"ia% p7n' acm a &!s% )n /ene#al "e 1al!a#e c!ns%an%'. n aces% capi%!l se s%"ia$'
ci#ci%ele c /ene#a%!a#e sins!i"ale. Gene#a%!#l sins!i"al es%e elemen%l ac%i1 ca#e p#!"ce n semnal "e
e*ci%a4ie "esc#is p#in%#5! &nc4ie sins!i"al'. Semnall sins!i"al es%e &!#ma "e n"' "!minan%' "in in"s%#ia
elec%#ici%'4ii3 ia# &en!menl sins!i"al )n sine se #e/'se8%e )n na%#' )n ap#!ape !#ice sis%em &i$ic.
n%#5n ci#ci% c /ene#a%!a#e sins!i"ale3 %!a%e semnalele #'spns sn% "e &!#m' sins!i"al'3 #e/iml "e
&nc4i!na#e &iin" as%&el "enmi% "#ep% regim permanent sinusoidal (RPS). Mai ml% "ec7% a%7%3 !#ice al% semnal
"e e*ci%a4ie "esc#is p#in%#5! &nc4ie pe#i!"ic' nesins!i"al' p!a%e &i e*p#ima% p#in%#5! sm' "e semnale
sins!i"ale3 s%"il &nc4i!n'#ii ni ci#ci% c as%&el "e semnale "e e*ci%a4ie c!ns%7n" )n aplica#ea %e!#emei
spe#p!$i4iei (sp#apne#ea e&ec%el!# &iec'#ia "in%#e semnalele sins!i"ale "in "esc!mpne#ea semnalli
nesin!i"al).







(

5.1 SEMNALE SINUSOIDALE. REPREZENTAREA FAZORIAL

9al!a#ea ins%an%anee a ni semnal 1a#ia6il in %imp es%e e*p#esia anali%ic' ca#e "e&ine8%e e1!l4ia )n %imp a
semnalli. 9al!a#ea ins%an%anee se n!%ea$a c li%e#e mici. Un semnal sins!i"al es%e acel semnal a c'#i
1al!a#e ins%an%anee p!a%e &i e*p#ima%' ca ! &nc+ie )n sins (sa c!sins).
Anali%ic3 n semnal sins!i"al a#e &!#ma:
( )
a m
t A t a + = sin ) (
n"e
a(t) 5 valoarea instantanee a semnalli ;
A
m
5 amplitudinea3 #ep#e$en%7n" 1al!a#ea ma*im' a 1al!#ii ins%an%anee;
(t +
a
) 5 faza semnalli (radiani);
5 pulsaia (rad/s);
t 5 timpul (s);

a
5 faza iniial (radiani).











P#incipalele #ela+ii ma%ema%ice ca#e e*is%' )n%#e aces%e m'#imi sn%:
,
1
, 2 ,
2
T
f f T = = =

n"e f es%e &#ec1en+a ca#e se m's!a#' )n Hz sa s
-1
.
Semnall sins!i"al a(t) es%e c!mple% ca#ac%e#i$a% (pen%# ! plsa+ie "a%') "e m'#imile A
m
,i
a
.
Dac' se c!nsi"e#' n al% semnal "e &!#ma ( )
b m
t B t b + = sin ) ( 3 defazajul "in%#e cele "!' m'#imi a(t)3
(t)3 se p!a%e "e&ini ca &iin" "i&e#en+a &a$el!# l!#:
b a
=









a,b
a
b

a
b
0

t

Rep#e$en%a#ea n!# semnale sins!i"ale )n ca#e se pne )n e1i"en+' "e&a$a2l "in%#e aces%ea
t
a
T
a t ( )
t+T
Am

0
!azele electrote"nicii C#s 5
-

Dac' < =3 a%nci cele "!' semnale sn% )n &a$' (sin&a$ice)
Dac' < 3 a%nci semnalele sn% )n !p!$i+ie "e &a$'
Dac' < >(3 a%nci semnalele sn% )n ca"#a%#'.

n /ene#al3 "ac' > =
a
>
3
semnall a(t) es%e "e&a$a% )nain%ea semnalli (t); "ac' < =
a
<
3

semnall a(t) es%e "e&a$a% )n #ma semnalli (t#.


9aloarea efectiv a ni semnal a(t) es%e "e&ini%' ca &iin" me"ia p'%#a%ic' )n "ec#s "e ! pe#i!a"':

=
T
dt t a
T
A
0
2
) (
1


Dac' a(t) es%e semnall sins!i"al a%nci se p!a%e sc#ie:
( )

+ =
T
a m
dt t A
T
A
0
2 2
sin
1
<
( )

+ T
a
m
dt
t
A
T
0
2
2
2 cos 1 1
<
< ( )
( )
=
(

+
=
(

+

T a T m
T T
a
m
t
t
T
A
dt t dt
T
A
0 0
2
0 0
2
/
2
2 sin
/
2
2 cos 1
2


( )
(

+ + =
a a
m
T T
T
A

2 sin
2
1
2 sin
2
1
0
2
2


De!a#ece 2 = T ,i ,%iin" c' &nc+ia sins es%e pe#i!"ic' c ($ se p!a%e sc#ie:
( ) ( )
a a a
T 2 sin 2 4 sin 2 2 sin = + = +
E*p#esia 1al!#ii e&ec%i1e a ni semnal sins!i"al es%e "eci: 2
m
A A = .


Observaie: Cn!a,%e#ea 1al!#ii e&ec%i1e a ni semnal es%e &!a#%e imp!#%an%'.
Apa#a%ele $ale in"ic' 1al!a#ea e&ec%i1' a semnalli m's#a%.


Un semnal sins!i"al ( )
a
t A t a + = sin 2 ) ( es%e c!mple% ca#ac%e#i$a% "e m'#imile A (1al!a#e e&ec%i1') ,i
a

(&a$a ini+ial')3 pen%# ! plsa+ie "a%'.
Din %e!#ia 1ec%!#il!# se 8%ie c' n 1ec%!# es%e "e%e#mina% "e m!"ll s' ,i n/?il pe ca#e5l &ace aces%a c a*a
"e c!!#"!na%e. S5a ima/ina% ! anal!/ie )n%#e ! m'#ime sins!i"al' ,i n 1ec%!#. n elec%#!%e?nic'3 1ec%!#l ce
#ep#e$in%' n semnal sins!i"al se nme8%e fazor.

Ia na,%e#e #ep#e$en%a#ea sim6!lic' &a$!#ial' p#in
ca#e !#ice m'#ime sins!i"al' "e plsa+ie
cn!sc%' i se as!cia$' )n m!" 6ini1!c n &a$!#.

a
j
e A A t a

= ) (
a < n/?il &a$!#li
A < m!"ll &a$!#li

.

De e*empl3 pen%# "!' m'#imi ins%an%anee a ,i
sins!i"ale3 se !6+ine #m'%!a#ea #ep#e$en%a#e &a$!#ial':
Se !6se#1' c' %
a
-

< =. Deci semnall a es%e "e&a$a%

)n #ma semnalli .
P#in aces% %ip "e #ep#e$en%a#e se p!% e&ec%a ,!# !pe#a+ii
)n%#e m'#imi.


Un nm'# c!mple* se p!a%e sc#ie s6 "!' &!#me:

&!#ma al/e6#ic' jb a m + = n"e m es%e nm'#l c!mple*3 a es%e pa#%ea #eal'3 es%e pa#%ea
ima/ina#'3 1 = j
&!#ma %#i/!n!me%#ic'

= + =
j
e m j m m ) sin (cos n"e m es%e m!"ll nm'#li c!mple*3 ia#
es%e &a$a nm'#li c!mple*.

T#ece#ea "e la ! &!#m' la al%a se #eali$ea$' c #ela+iile:

=
=

sin
cos
m b
m a

=
+ =
a
b
arctg
b a m

2 2
.

Oricrui semnal sinusoidal de pulsaie cunoscut i se asociaz n mod biunivoc un numr complex al crui
modul este valoarea efectiv a semnalului, i a crui faz este faza iniial a semnalului.
a
j
e A A t a

= ) (

Observaie: Se &!l!se,%e aceas%' #ep#e$en%a#e sim6!lic' "e!a#ece es%e ml% mai ,!# "e e&ec%a% calcll c
nme#e c!mple*e "ec7% c m'#imi sins!i"ale.




5. REPREZENTAREA !N DOMENIUL "OMPLE# A ELEMENTELOR DE "IR"UIT.
IMPEDAN$A "OMPLE# %I ADMITAN$A "OMPLE#


0ie n ci#ci% e*ci%a% "e n semnal sins!i"al ( )
u
t U t u + = sin 2 ) ( .

Semnall #'spns es%e c#en%l3 "e asemenea sins!i"al3 "e &!#ma ( )
i
t I t i + = sin 2 ) ( .

Rep#e$en%a%e )n "!menil c!mple* aces%e semnale a &!#ma
i
u
j
j
Ie I t i
Ue U t u

=
=
) (
) (
.

6


A
B
!azele electrote"nicii C#s 5
5

Se "e&ine,%e impedana complex a ni ci#ci% m'#imea
( )

j j
j
j
e
I
U
e
I
U
Ie
Ue
I
U
Z
i u
i
u
= = = =



Sa

=
j
e Z Z n"e &%'/( 3 ia# <
u
5
i
es%e "e&a$a2l "in%#e &a$!#l U ,i &a$!#l I .

Se "e&ine,%e #e$is%en+a ca &iin" m'#imea cos
I
U
cos ) Re( = = = Z Z R .
Se "e&ine,%e #eac%an+a ca &iin" m'#imea sin sin ) Im(
I
U
Z Z X = = = .
Deci ( ) X j R Z j Z j Z e Z Z
j
+ = + = + = =

sin cos sin cos .

De aici se !6se#1' c' impe"an+a c!mple*' a#e ca pa#%e #eal' #e$is%en+a ac%i1' a ci#ci%li ,i ca pa#%e
ima/ina#' #eac%an+a ci#ci%li. Impe"an4a3 #e$is%en+a ,i #eac%an+a se m's!a#' )n !?mi.

n%#e impe"an+'3 #eac%an+' ,i #e$is%en+' e*is%' #ela+iile:
2 2
X R Z + =
R
X
arctg = .
&3 ) ,i * se m's!a#' )n .


Se "e&ine8%e admitana complex ca &iin" in1e#sl impe"an+ei c!mple*e
Z
Y
1
= 3
( )

sin cos sin cos

1 1
Y j Y j Y e Y e
Z e Z
Y
j j
j
= = = =

n"e U I Z Y / / 1 = = es%e m!"ll a"mi%an+ei c!mple*e.

Se "e&ine,%e c!n"c%an+a ni ci#ci% p#in #ela+ia cos cos
U
I
Y G = = .
Se "e&ine,%e sscep%an+a ni ci#ci% p#in #ela4ia sin sin
U
I
Y B = = .

n%#e a"mi%an4'3 c!n"c%an4' 8i sscep%an4' e*is%' #ela+iile: jB G Y =

2 2
B G Y + =

G
B
arctg = .
+3 , ,i ! se m's!a#' )n
51
sa Siemensi (S).



@
a) )ezistorul

Re$is%!#l i"eal es%e n elemen% pasi1 "e ci#ci% ca#ac%e#i$a% p#in%#5n sin/# pa#ame%# "e ci#ci%3 nmi%
rezisten3 8i "e&ini% ca #ap!#%l 1al!#il!# ins%an%anee ale %ensinii ,i c#en%li:
i
u
R = .
Se c!nsi"e#' n #e$is%!# ca#e ca#e a#e la 6!#ne ! %ensine sins!i"al' ( )
u
t U u + = sin 2 .
C#en%l p#in #e$is%!# es%e "e asemenea sins!i"al ( )
i
t I i + = sin 2 .
Eca+ia "e &nc+i!na#e sc#is' )n m'#imi ins%an%anee es%e ( )
u
t U
R
u
R
i Ri u + = = = sin 2
1 1
.
Din i"en%i&ica#ea #ela+iil!# "e mai ss #e$l%'
R
U
I = 3
u i
= 3 0 = =
i u
.

0!l!sin" #ep#e$en%a#ea )n c!mple* simpli&ica% se a2n/e la aceea,i c!ncl$ie:
R
U
I I R U = = .
Dac' m'#imil!# ins%an%anee u ,i i li se a%a,ea$' &a$!#ii c!#espn$'%!#i3 ' ,i (3 se p!a%e sc#ie:

u i i u
j j j j
e
R
U
Ie Ie I i Ue U u

= = = ,
u i
R
U
I = = , 3 0 = .

Re$l%' c' la 6!#nele ni #e$is%!# %ensinea ,i c#en%l !scilea$' sin&a$ic (sn% )n &a$').













#ep#e$en%a#e : )n "!menil #eal )n "!menil c!mple*





eca+ie "e &nc+i!na#e : ) ( ) ( t i R t u = I R U =
'
(
R u(t)
i(t)
R
u, i +j +j
u
i
t +1 +1
U
U
Z
R = Z
I =
1
R
U
= 0 = 0


E1!l+ia )n %imp a c#en%li ,i %ensinii3 #ela+ii &a$!#iale ca#e se s%a6ilesc la 6!#nele #e$is%!#li i"eal
&nc+i!n7n" )n RPS
!azele electrote"nicii C#s 5
A
) !oina

B!6ina i"eal' es%e n elemen% "e ci#ci% pasi1 ca#ac%e#i$a% "e pa#ame%#l "e ci#ci% nmi% in"c%an+'3 -3
"e&ini% p#in:
Li =
dt
di
L
dt
d
u = =

3

\
|
+ = =
2
sin 2 ) (
1
) (

u
t
L
U
dt t u
L
t i .
0ie ! 6!6in' linia#' i"eal' e*ci%a%' "e ! %ensine sins!i"al' ( )
u
t U u + = sin 2 .
E*p#esia /ene#al' a c#en%li es%e "e asemenea "e &!#m' sins!i"al' ( )
i
t I i + = sin 2 .
Eca+ia "e &nc+i!na#e sc#is' )n m'#imi c!mple*e es%e
i u
j j
LIe j Ue I L j U

= = , .
C%iin" c' j e
j
=
2

se p!a%e sc#ie
|

\
|

= = =
2
2
1

u
u u i
j
j
j
j j
e
L
U
e
Le
U
Ue
L j
Ie .
Se "e"ce c'
2
,
1

= =
u i
U
L
I 3
2

= =
i u
.
E*p#esia c#en%li )n m'#imi ins%an%anee 1a &i |

\
|
+ =
2
sin 2

u
t
L
U
i .
Rela+ia /ene#al' )n%#e ' ,i ( es%e "e &!#ma I Z U = .
Deci impe"an+a c!mple*' a 6!6inei 1a a1ea e*p#esia:
0 > = + =
L
X L X j R Z (#eac%an+' in"c%i1') . , , 0 L j Z L X R
L
= = =

n c!ncl$ie3 la 6!#nele 6!6inei &a$!#l %ensine ' es%e "e&a$a% )nain%ea &a$!#li ( c n n/?i 2 / = .












#ep#e$en%a#e : )n "!menil #eal )n "!menil c!mple*





eca+ie "e &nc+i!na#e :
dt
t di
L t u
) (
) ( = I L j I Z U
L
= =
+j +j
+1 +1
U
U=
Z
I
j LI j L=Z
=
=

2

2


Dia/#amele &a$!#iale pen%# 6!6ina i"eal' &nc+i!n7n" )n RPS
'
(
Z
L
u(t)
i(t)
L

D
c) .ondensatorul

C!n"ensa%!#l i"eal es%e n elemen% pasi1 "e ci#ci% ca#ac%e#i$a% p#in pa#ame%#l . nmi% capaci%a%e elec%#ic'
"e&ini% p#in:
( ) ( ) t Cu t q = ( )
( )
dt
du
C
dt
t dq
t i = = .
0ie n c!n"ensa%!# linia# i"eal e*ci%a% "e ! %ensine sins!i"al' ( )
u
t U u + = sin 2 .
E*p#esia /ene#al' a c#en%li es%e "e asemenea "e &!#m' sins!i"al' ( )
i
t I i + = sin 2 .
Eca+ia "e &nc+i!na#e )n m'#imi ins%an%anee es%e
dt
du
C i = ( ) ( )

=
t
0
1
dt t i
C
t u
ia# )n m'#imi c!mple*e "e1ine U C j I =
1
I
C j
U

=
|

\
|
+
= =
2
2

u
u i
j
j
j
j
CUe CUe e Ie .
Se "e"c e*p#esiile pen%# 1al!#iea e&ec%i1' a c#en%li ,i a "e&a$a2li
2
,

+ = =
u i
CU I 3
2

= =
i u
.
P#in i"en%i&ica#e se !6+ine:
0
1
, 0
1
, 0 ,
1 1
> = < = = = =
C
X
C
X R
C
j
C j
Z
C

(#eac%an4a capaci%i1')

n c!ncl$ie3 &a$!#l %ensine ' es%e "e&a$a% c >( )n #ma &a$!#li c#en% (.













#ep#e$en%a#e : )n "!menil #eal )n "!menil c!mple*





eca+ie "e &nc+i!na#e :
dt
t du
C t i
) (
) ( = I
C j
I Z U
C
= =

1

'
(
Z
C
u(t)
i(t)
C
+j +j
+1 +1
U
U=
Z
I
I -j -j
= -
= -

2
1
C
1
C


Dia/#amele &a$!#iale pen%# c!n"ensa%!#l i"eal &nc+i!n7n" )n RPS