Lesson 4 Lesson 4

Radiation Extinction & Scattering

Basic radiative processes
There are three radiation-matter interactions,
absorption, emission and scattering
We can consider the radiation field in two
ways, classical and quantum.
Classical the electromagnetic field is a
continuous function of space and time, with a
ll d fi d l t i d ti fi ld t well defined electric and magnetic field at
every location and instant of time
More for scattering More for scattering
Quantum the radiation field is a
concentration of discrete values of energy hv concentration of discrete values of energy, hv.
More for absorption
The extinction law
Consider a small element of an absorbing medium, ds, within the total
medium s.
Extinction Law Extinction Law
The extinction law can be written as
ds I k dI
v v
v) ( =
The constant of proportionality is defined as the
extinction coefficient k can be defined in three ways extinction coefficient. k can be defined in three ways.
(1) by the length of the absorbing path with the gas
at one atmosphere pressure at one atmosphere pressure
) ( ) (
1
= m
d I
dI
k
v
v ) ( ) (
ds I
v
Extinction coefficient Extinction coefficient
By mass y
| | Kg m
dM I
dI
ds I
dI
k
m
v
v v
= =
1 2
. ) (
ds dM
dM I ds I

v v
=
b t ti or by concentration
dI dI
k ) ( ) (
2
v v
nds dN
m
dN I nds I
k
n
=
= = ) ( ) (
2
v
v
v
v
v
Optical depth Optical depth
Normally we are interested in the total Normally we are interested in the total
extinction over a finite distance (path length)
s s s
} } }
= = =
s s s
n m s
n k ds k ds k ds
0 0 0
) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( v v v v t
Where t
S
(v) is the extinction optical depth
The integrated form of the extinction equation
becomes
| | | | ) ( exp ) , 0 ( ) , ( v t
v v s
I s I O = O
Extinction = scattering + absorption Extinction scattering absorption
Extinction really consists of two distinct Extinction really consists of two distinct
processes, scattering and absorption, hence
) ( ) ( ) ( + ) ( ) ( ) ( v t v t v t
a sc s
+ =
where
) ' , ( ) ( s ds
s
i i
sc
v o v t

}
=
where
) ' ( ) (
0
d
s
i i
i

}
) ' , ( ) (
0
s ds
i
i i
a
v o v t

}
=
Scattering
Air molecules scatter light as dipoles
Dipole induced
We use dipole and molecule nearly We use dipole and molecule nearly
synonymously molecules can be
approximated as dipoles. If sufficiently
small, any particle can be approximated by
di l ill t a dipole oscillator
10
Scattering of radiation fields
Radiation fields scattered from the points P and P are
90 degreed different in phase and therefore interfere
destructively destructively.
Termimology of Scattering Termimology of Scattering
Convervative scattering Convervative scattering
Scattering without aborption (e.g. Rayleigh)
Nonconservative scattering: Nonconservative scattering:
Scattering with aborption
Coherent scattering
No/little change to the frequency
Inelastic scattering (Raman lidar)
Scattering with an exchange of internal g g
energy of the medium with that of radiation
Lorentz theory of radiation-matter
i t ti interactions
Neutral atoms consist of electrons Neutral atoms consist of electrons
(negative charges) and nucleus (positive
charge charge.
Bound together by elastic forces
Hookes Law Hooke s Law.
Combined with the Maxwell theory of the
l t ti fi ld electromagnetic field
Classical theory
Scattering from Damped Simple
H i O ill t Harmonic Oscillator
Assume that a molecule is a simple harmonic
oscillator with a single harmonic oscillation
frequency (2 v) frequency
0
(2tv)
When irradiated by monochromatic
electromagnetic wave of frequency
0
, the electromagnetic wave of frequency
0
, the
electron undergoes an acceleration, while the
nucleus, being massive, is assumed not to
move.
An accelerating charge gives rise to
electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic radiation.
Damped Harmonic Oscillator
Without energy loss the oscillator would keep its motion
indefinitely forward beam would be unchanged. In
lit b ti l reality we see absorption an energy loss.
Can only occur if there is some damping force acting on
the oscillator. The classical damping force is given by: the oscillator. The classical damping force is given by:
2 2
F = m
e
v where =
e
2
e
0
2
6tc
0
m
e
c
3
e is the electronic charge
c
0
is the vacuum permitivity
0
m
e
is the mass of the electron.
Oscillator Strength Oscillator Strength
In the classical theory the integrated cross y g
section is a constant. Under the quantum
theory there is usually more than one resonant
frequency and each resonance has an frequency, and each resonance has an
integrated cross section given by the above
term, but multiplied by a constant f. , p y f
f is called the oscillator strength
) ( ) ( ) (
2
i
rea
S
f e
u u ) ( ) (
4
) (
0
v v
c
v o
L i L
e
i
rea
n
S
c m
f e
u u =
Wh S i ll d th li t th Where S
i
is called the line strength
i
Lorentz profile Lorentz profile
The frequency dependent part of of the q y p p
equation is called the Lorentz profile
4 / t
| |
2 2
0
) 4 / ( ) (
4 /
) (
t v v t
t
v
+
= u
L
Since the Lorentz profile is normalized we
find by integrating over all frequencies find by integrating over all frequencies
e
d
res
2
) (v vo =
}

c m
d
e
n
0
0
4
) (
c
v vo
}
Comparison of line shapes
Scattering is governed by
f ti i d d refractive index and
particle size distribution particle size distribution
Complex Refractive Indices of
Liquid Water
Size Distribution Matters to Scattering: Lognormal Function
Size Distribution Matters to Scattering: Gamma Function
Th l d d ff ti di The cloud drop effective radius
weighted mean of the size distribution of cloud droplets.
[1]
The term was defined in 1974 by James E. Hansen and Larry Travis The term was defined in 1974 by James E. Hansen and Larry Travis
as the ratio of the third to the second moment of a droplet size distribution
to aid in the inversion of remotely sensed data.
[2]
Physically, it is an area weighted radius of the cparticles.
Mathematically, this can be expressed as .
Scattering phase function Scattering phase function
So far we have ignored the directional
dependence of the scattered radiation - phase
function
Let the direction of incidence be O, and
direction of observation be O The angle direction of observation be O. The angle
between these directions is cosO = O. O. O is
the scattering angle the scattering angle.
If O is < t/2 - forward scattering
If O is > t/2 - backward scattering
Phase diagrams for aerosols
Phase diagrams for different values of the ratio of the aerosol radius to Phase diagrams for different values of the ratio of the aerosol radius to
the wavelength of the incident radiation (left hand column)
Scattering phase function Scattering phase function
In polar coordinates
cosO = cosucosu + sinusinucos(|- |)
W d fi h h f i f ll We define the phase function as follows
) (
) (cos
) (cos
1
O
= O

o
sr
n
p
n
) (
) (cos
) (cos
4
O
= O
}
t
eo
sr
d n
p
n
) . ; ' , ' ( ) (cos
is ion normalisat The
2
O
} } }
t t
| u | u p p
1
4
) . ; , (
sin
4
) (cos
0 0 4
= =
O
} } }
t
t
| u | u
u u |
t
p
d d
p
dw
Definition
Asymmetry Factor
Definition
It is a measure of the preferred scattering direction ( forward or backward ) .
In radiative transfer studies, asymmetry factor 'g' is equal to the
mean value of (the cosine of the scattering angle),
weighted by the angular scattering phase function P().
Phase function is defined as the energy scattered per unit solid angle
in a given direction to the average energy in all directions.
The asymmetry factor approaches
+1 for scattering strongly peaked in the forward direction and
-1 for scattering strongly peaked in the backward direction.
0 i di t tt i di ti l di t ib t d 0 indicates scattering directions evenly distributed
i.e isotropic scattering (e.g scattering from small particle
g<0 scattering in the backward direction
(i.e scattering angle > 90 deg., often backscattering is referred to scattering at 180 deg. (i.e scattering angle 90 deg., often backscattering is referred to scattering at 180 deg.
g>0 scattering in the forward direction
(i.e scattering angle < 90, often forward-scattering is referred to scattering at 0 deg.
For larger size or Mie particles, g is close to +1.
Applications
Single Scattering Albedo and Refractive Index
The ratio of scattering and total extinction coefficient:
s
s
+
=
o
e
Refractive index: m = m
r
+ i m
i
Imaginary part (m
i
):
dI = Idt
a
d
}
k d
}
s + o
Imaginary part (m
i
):
If only absorption is considered:
(o = absorption coefficient; = density; s = path, k = absorption coefficient)
t
a
= o ds
}
= k ds
}
o =
2t m
i

The value of m
i
depends on how easy it is to bounce
electrons to higher energy levels so that they dont fall back.
Usually: small values + sharp peaks at a few wavelengths
28
(though learned about widening of absorption spectra)
Single scattering albedo
Upper bound: 1.0
Lower bound for large particles: 0.5
Typical values for droplets at visible wavelengths: just below 1.0 Typical values for droplets at visible wavelengths: just below 1.0
Some aerosols contain mix of water and carbon -> lower values
Wavelength-dependence: decrease with size
29
Scattering by clear air 2
s
o = Q r, ( )
0

}
n r ( ) tr
2
dr = Q x ( )
0

}
n r ( ) tr
2
dr
We know that
x =
2tr

In clean air, r remains constant, but of interest may vary

Size Parameter
Which part of Q(x) curve applies?
Q x
( )
x
4

4
t 0.2 in blue
t 0.03 in red
Easy-to-calculate formulas available (will have code)
30
Easy to calculate formulas available (will have code)
Rayleigh Scattering by Air Molecules
Lord Rayleigh
John William Strutt
(third Baron Rayleigh)
1842-1919
Essex, Cambridge
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904
"for his investigations of the densities for his investigations of the densities
of the most important gases
and for his discovery of argon
in connection with these studies"
31
Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh scattering
If the size of scatter is much less than the If the size of scatter is much less than the
wavelength of light, the scattering cross section
for a damped simple oscillator becomes
|
|
|

|
|
|

|
2
4
4 4
1 e e
o
RAY
e e
for a damped simple oscillator becomes
|
|
.

\
|
.

\
= =
2
0 0
4
0
4 2
0
4
6 6 e c t e c t
o
e e
n
m c c m
The molecular polarizability is defined as
2
for e e o <<
e
0
2
0 0
for
4
e e
e c t
o << =
e
p
m
Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh scattering
T f i f l f t Transforming from angular frequency to
wavelength we get
o
n
RAY
() =
8t
3
2t

|
\

|
.
|
4
o
p
2
Rayleigh scattering
The polarizability can be expressed in terms
of the real refractive index, m
r
,
r
RAY RAY 3 2 1
n m
r p
t o 2 / ) 1 ( =
o
RAY
() =o
n
RAY
n =32t
3
(m
r
1)
2
(m
1
)
where o
RAY
() is the scattering coefficient (per where o
RAY
() is the scattering coefficient (per
atmosphere)
m
r
varies with wavelength, so the actual
cross section deviates somewhat from the
-4
dependence
Rayleigh scattering phase function Rayleigh scattering phase function
4 1 1
2 2
} } }
t t
3
3
4
) cos 1 ( sin
4
1
) cos 1 (
4
1
0
2
0
2
4
= + = +
} } }
d d d u u u |
t
u e
t
t
) cos 1 (
4
3
) (
2
O + = O
ray
p
Phase diagram for Rayleigh scattering
Rayleigh scattering
, nm o, cm
2
t, surface Exp(-t)
300 6 00 E-26 1 2 0 301 300 6.00 E 26 1.2 0.301
400 1.90 E-26 0.38 0.684
600 3.80 E-27 0.075 0.928
1000 4.90 E-28 0.0097 0.990
10,000 4.85 E-32 9.70 E-7 0.999
Sky appears blue at noon, red at sunrise and
t h ? sunset - why?
Lorenz-Mie-Debye Theory
Mie theory, also called Lorenz-Mie theory or
Lorenz-Mie-Debye theory, is an analytical y y y
solution of Maxwell's equations for the scattering
of electromagnetic radiation by spherical
ti l ( l ll d Mi tt i ) i t f particles (also called Mie scattering) in terms of
infinite series. The Mie solution is named after its
developer German physicist Gustav Mie developer, German physicist Gustav Mie.
However, others like Danish physicist Lorenz
preceded him independently developed the p p y p
theory of electromagnetic plane wave scattering
by a dielectric sphere. The term "Mie solution" is
sometimes used more generically for any
analytical solution in terms of infinite series,
Schematic of scattering from a large particle
In the diagram above 1 and 2 are points within the particle. In the forward
di ti th i d d di ti f 1 d 2 i h H i th direction the induced radiation from 1 and 2 are in phase. However in the
backward direction the two induced waves can be completely out of
phase.
Mie Theory
Scattering by Spherical Particles Scattering by Spherical Particles
Mie theory: scattering by arbitrary homogeneous sphere
illuminated by a plane wave illuminated by a plane wave
Mie scattering is a theory (one of many), not a physical
process p
Scattering by a sphere can also be determined by
Fraunhofer theory, geometrical optics, anomalous
diffraction coupled dipole (among many others) diffraction, coupled-dipole, (among many others)
No distinct boundary between Mie and Rayleigh scatterers;
Mie theory includes Rayleigh theory (applicable as x 0) y y g y ( pp )
Mie scattering by cylinders, spheroids, coated spheres? Mie
never considered it; not Mie theory.
Mie-Debye Scattering by Particles
Unlike absorption, scattering can be apportioned into directions:
differential scattering cross section is the contribution to the total
scattering cross section Csca from scattering into a unit solid angle g g g
in each direction:
Scattering coefficient of a suspension of N identical particles
per unit volume:
= NCsca = NCsca
sum of the absorption and scattering cross sections is called the
extinction cross section: Cext = Cabs + Csca;
tt i d ti ti ti li d b th i scattering and extinction are sometimes normalized by their
geometrical (projected) cross-sectional areas G to yield
dimensionless efficiencies or efficiency factors for scattering and
extinction: extinction:
Qext= Qsca+Qabs
Expand the incident, scattered, and internal EM fields in
a series of vector spherical harmonics (general solutions
to the equations of EM field in spherical harmonics) to the equations of EM field in spherical harmonics)
Coefficients of the expansion functions are
Project 1 Mie Scattering Due Feb 17
1. Read the papers that I will send you to help you understand the Mie
theory and codes.
2. Compute Mie scattering optical properties for liquid cloud droplets
with number concentration of 100 cm
3
, effective radius of 10 m, and
effective variance of 0.1 ( =7 for a gamma distribution) at wavelengths
of 0 87 m 1 64 m 2 13 m 11 0 m Also calcu-late the scattering of 0.87 m, 1.64 m, 2.13 m, 11.0 m. Also calcu late the scattering
properties for a cloud with N = 100 cm
3
and ref f =5 m at 1.64 m.
Finally, compute the Mie scattering optical properties for a mineral
aerosol layer index of refraction m =1.56 0.01i and size distribution N
200
3
f f 0 1 0 6 = 200 cm
3
, ref f =0.7 m, =1 at 0.65 m.
3. Plots the phase function, the extinction (km
1
), single scattering
albedo, asymmetry parameter for the 6 cases. albedo, asymmetry parameter for the 6 cases.
4. Discuss the results with regard to the variations of the phase function
and single scattering albedo with particle size and refractive index, and
l th wavelength.