Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams

Flexibility Method
In 1864 James Clerk Maxwell published the first consistent treatment of the flexibility In 1864 James Clerk Maxwell published the first consistent treatment of the flexibility
method for indeterminate structures. His method was based on considering deflections, but
the presentation was rather brief and attraced little attention. Ten years later Otto Mohr
independently extended Maxwells theory to the present day treatment. The flexibility
method will sometimes be referred to in the literature as Maxwell-Mohr method.
With the flexibility method equations of compatibility involving displacements at each of
the redundant forces in the structure are introduced to provide the additional equations the redundant forces in the structure are introduced to provide the additional equations
needed for solution. This method is somewhat useful in analyzing beams, framse and
trusses that are statically indeterminate to the first or second degree. For structures with a
high degree of static indeterminacy such as multi-story buildings and large complex trusses
stiffness methods are more appropriate. Nevertheless flexibility methods provide an
understanding of the behavior of statically indeterminate structures.
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
The fundamental concepts that underpin the flexibility method will be illustrated by the
study of a two span beam. The procedure is as follows
1. Pick a sufficient number of redundants corresponding to the degree of
indeterminacy
2. Remove the redundants
3. Determine displacements at the redundants on released structure due to external or
i d i imposed actions
4. Determine displacements due to unit loads at the redundants on the released
structure
5. Employ equation of compatibility, e.g., if a pin reaction is removed as a redundant
the compatibility equation could be the summation of vertical displacements in the
released str ct re m st add to ero released structure must add to zero.
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
The beam to the left is
statically indeterminate to
the first degree. The
reaction at the middle
support R
B
is chosen as the
redundant.
The released beam is also
shown. Under the external
loads the released beam
deflects an amount
B
deflects an amount
B
.
A second beam is
considered where the
released redundant is treated released redundant is treated
as an external load and the
corresponding deflection at
the redundant is set equal to

B
.
L w R
B
|
.
|

\
|
=
8
5
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
A more general approach consists in finding the displacement at B caused by a unit load in
the direction of R
B
. Then this displacement can be multiplied by R
B
to determine the total
displacement
Also in a more general approach a consistent sign convention for actions and displacements
must be adopted. The displacements in the released structure at B are positive when they are
in the direction of the action released i e upwards is positive here in the direction of the action released, i.e., upwards is positive here.
The displacement at B caused by the unit action is
L
3

The displacement at B caused by R

B
is
B
R
B
. The displacement caused by the uniform load
w acting on the released structure is
EI
B
48
=
w acting on the released structure is
Th b h ibili i
EI
L w
B
384
5
4
=
Thus by the compatibility equation
L w R R
B
B
B B B B
|
.
|

\
|
=

= = +
8
5
0

Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams

If a structure is statically indeterminate to more
than one degree, the approach used in the
preceeding example must be further organized
and more generalized notation is introduced and more generalized notation is introduced.
Consider the beam to the left. The beam is
statically indeterminate to the second degree. A
statically determinate structure can be obtained statically determinate structure can be obtained
by releasing two redundant reactions. Four
possible released structures are shown.
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
The redundants chosen are at B and C. The
redundant reactions are designated Q
1
and Q
2
redundant reactions are designated Q
1
and Q
2
.
The released structure is shown at the left
with all external and internal redundants
h shown.
D
QL1
is the displacement corresponding to Q
1
and caused by only external actions on the y y
released structure
D
QL2
is the displacement corresponding to Q
2
d b l t l ti th caused by only external actions on the
released structure.
Both displacements are shown in their p
assumed positive direction.
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
We can now write the compatibility equations for this structure. The displacements
corresponding to Q
1
and Q
2
will be zero. These are labeled D
Q1
and D
Q2
respectively p g Q
1
Q
2 Q1 Q2
p y
0
2 12 1 11 1 1
= + + = Q F Q F D D
QL Q
In some cases D
Q1
and D
Q2
would be nonzero then we would write
0
2 22 1 21 2 2
= + + = Q F Q F D D
QL Q
2 12 1 11 1 1
Q F Q F D D
QL Q
+ + =
2 22 1 21 2 2
Q F Q F D D
QL Q
+ + =
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
{ } { } | |{ } Q F D D +
The equations from the previous page can be written in matrix format as
where:
{ } i f l di l di h d d
{ } { } | |{ } Q F D D
QL Q
+ =
{D
Q
} - matrix of actual displacements corresponding to the redundant
{D
QL
} - matrix of displacements in the released structure corresponding to the
redundant action [Q] and due to the loads
[F] - flexibility matrix for the released structure corresponding to the redundant [ ] e b y o e e e sed s uc u e co espo d g o e edu d
actions [Q]
{Q} - matrix of redundant


{ }
)
`

=
2
1
Q
Q
Q
D
D
D { }
)
`

=
2
1
QL
QL
QL
D
D
D { }
)
`

=
2
1
Q
Q
Q
(

=
22 21
12 11
F F
F F
F
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
The vector [Q] of redundants can be found by solving for them from the matrix equation
on the previous overhead. p
| || | | | | |
QL Q
D D Q F =
To see how this works consider the previous beam with a constant flexural rigidity EI. If
| | | | | | | | ( )
QL Q
D D F Q =
1
we identify actions on the beam as
P P P P PL M P P = = = =
3 2 1
2
Since there are no displacements corresponding to Q
1
and Q
2
, then
(
(

0
D
(

=
0
Q
D
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
The vector [D
QL
] represents the displacements in the released structure corresponding to [
QL
] p p p g
the redundant loads. These displacements are
PL
D
PL
D
97 13
3 3
EI
D
EI
D
QL QL
48 24
2 1
= =
The positive signs indicate that both displacements are upward. In a matrix format
| |
(
(

26
3
PL
D | |
(

=
97 48EI
D
QL
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
The flexibility matrix [F ] is obtained by subjecting the beam to unit load corresponding
to Q and computing the following displacements to Q
1
and computing the following displacements
L
F
L
F
5
3 3
Similarly subjecting the beam to unit load corresponding to Q and computing the
EI
F
EI
F
6 3
21 11
= =
Similarly subjecting the beam to unit load corresponding to Q
2
and computing the
following displacements
L L 8 5
3 3
EI
L
F
EI
L
F
3
8
6
5
22 12
= =
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
The flexibility matrix is
| |
(
(

=
5 2
3
L
F
The inverse of the flexibility matrix is
| |
(

=
16 5 6EI
F
| |
(

2 5
5 16
7
6
3
1
L
EI
F
As a final step the redundants [Q] can be found as follows
| | | | | | | | ( ) =
(

=
1 1
D D F
Q
Q
Q
QL Q
| | | | | | | | ( )
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
(

97
26
48 0
0
2 5
5 16
7
6
3
3
2
EI
PL
L
EI
Q
Q
QL Q
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
)
. \
64
69
56
P
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
The redundants have been obtained. The other unknown reactions can be found from
the released structure Displacements can be computed from the known reactions on the released structure. Displacements can be computed from the known reactions on
the released structure and imposing the compatibility equations.
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
Example
A h b h h l f i A three span beam shown at the left is
acted upon by a uniform load w and
concentrated loads P as shown. The
beam has a constant flexural rigidity EI. g y
Treat the supports at B and C as
redundants and compute these
redundants.
In this problem the bending moments at B
and C are chosen as redundants to
indicate how unit rotations are applied to
released structures.
Each redundant consists of two moments,
one acting in each adjoining span.
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
The displacements corresponding to the two redundants consist of two rotations one for
each adjoining span. The displacement D
QL1
and D
QL2
corresponding to Q
1
and Q
2
. j g p p
QL1 QL2
p g Q
1
Q
2
These displacements will be caused by the loads acting on the released structure.
The displacement D
QL1
is composed of two parts, the rotation of end B of member AB
and the rotation of end B of member BC and the rotation of end B of member BC
EI
PL
EI
wL
D
QL
16 24
2 3
1
+ =
Similarly,
PL PL PL
D
2 2 2
= + =
EI EI EI
D
QL
8 16 16
2
= + =
( )
(
P L 3 2
2
such that
( )
(

+
=
P
P wL
EI
L
D
QL
6
3 2
48
2
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
The flexibility coefficients are determined next. The flexibility coefficient F
11
is the sum
of two rotations at joint B. One in span AB and the other in span BC (not shown below)
EI
L
EI
L
EI
L
F
3
2
3 3
11
= + =
Similarly the coefficient F
21
is equal to the sum of rotations at joint C. However, the
rotation in span CD is zero from a unit rotation at joint B. Thus
EI
L
F
6
21
=
Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
L L L
F
2
= + =
Similarly
EI EI EI
F
3 3 3
22
= + =
EI
L
F
6
12
=
EI 6
12
The flexibility matrix is
(
1 4
L
F
(

=
4 1 6EI
L
F
The inverse of the flexibility matrix is
(

4 1
1 4
5
2
1
L
EI
F

Lecture 6: The Flexibility Method - Beams
(
Q
As a final step the redundants [Q] can be found as follows
| | | | | | | | ( )
( )
`

(
(

+
(
(

(
(

=
=
(

=

P wL
L EI
D D F
Q
Q
Q
QL Q
3 2 0 1 4
2
2
1
2
1
( )
( )
(

+
+
=
)
`

=
P wL
P wL
L
P EI L
21 2
6 8
120
6 48 0 4 1 5
( )

+ P wL 21 2 120
and
20 15
2
1
PL wL
Q =
40
7
60
2
2
PL wL
Q =