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Curs 7

1. The document discusses particle scattering theory and describes the collision process in two reference frames: the laboratory frame (LAB) and the center-of-mass frame (CM). 2. In the LAB frame, the target particle is at rest and conservation of momentum and energy are applied. In the CM frame, the total momentum and kinetic energy are conserved before and after collision. 3. There is a relationship between the LAB and CM frames. The CM frame velocity is the total momentum of the system divided by the total mass. Transformations allow relating the particle velocities in one frame to the other.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views

Curs 7

1. The document discusses particle scattering theory and describes the collision process in two reference frames: the laboratory frame (LAB) and the center-of-mass frame (CM). 2. In the LAB frame, the target particle is at rest and conservation of momentum and energy are applied. In the CM frame, the total momentum and kinetic energy are conserved before and after collision. 3. There is a relationship between the LAB and CM frames. The CM frame velocity is the total momentum of the system divided by the total mass. Transformations allow relating the particle velocities in one frame to the other.

Uploaded by

wexler
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Teoria ciocnirilor si a imprastierii particulelor

Notam : m
1
, m
2
masaele particulelor
u
1
, u
2
vitezele particulelor inainte de ciocnire
v
1
, v
2
vitezele particulelor dupa ciocnire
Definim sistemul laborator (LAB) sistemul in care m
2
este in repaus u
2
=0
m
1
este particula proiectil
m
2
este particula tinta

u
1
u
1
v
2
v
x
e u u

1 1
=
) sin cos (
1 1
u u
y x
e e v v

+ =
) sin cos (
2 2

y x
e e v v

=
Conservarea impulsului
1. Procesul colizional in sistemul laborator (LAB)
2 2 1 1 1 1
v m v m u m

+ =
Conservarea energiei
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2 2 2
v
m
v
m
u
m
+ =
( ) u cos cos
2 1 1
2
1
v v u
m
m
=
u sin sin
2 1
2
1
v v
m
m
=
( )
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
v v u
m
m
=
2
1
m
m
=
Date fiind u
1
si ,sistemul contine 4 necunoscute v
1
, v
2
si ceea ce

inseamna alegerea unei variabile independente, sa spunem unghiul


de recul

) ; , (
) ; , (
) ; , (
1
1 2
1 1
u


u
u v
u v
?
2
2 1
2 2
1
cos
1
cos
|
.
|

\
|
=

u v u v
u
2 2
2
2 2
1
2
sin sin v v =
(+)
2
2 2 1
2
1
2 2
1
2
cos 2 v v u u v + =
( )
2
2
2
1
2
1
v v u =

cos
1
2 ) ; , (
1 1 2
u u v
|
.
|

\
|
+
=


2
1
2
2
2
1 1 1
cos
4
1 cos
) 1 (
4
1 ) ; , (
M
u u u v =
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

u cos
1
cos
2 1 1
v u v
u sin sin
2 1
v v =


u
cos
sin
tan
2 1
2
v u
v

=




u
2 cos
2 sin
) 1 cos 2 (
cos sin 2
tan
2

=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=


u
2 cos
2 sin
arctan ) ; (
Cazul particulelor identice
1 =

cos
1
2 ) ; , (
1 1 2
u u v
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
cos ) , (
1 1 2
u u v =


2
1 1 1
cos
4
1 ) ; , (
M
u u v =
sin ) , (
1 1 1
u u v =
) 1 cos 2 (
cos sin 2
tan
2

=


u
u cot tan =
2
0
t
u = + =
2 2 1 1 1 1
v m v m u m

+ =
1
p

1
~
p

2
~
p

x x
e u m e p p

1 1 1
= =
) sin cos ( cos
) 1 (
4
1 ) sin cos (
~
2
2
2
1 1 1
u u

u u
y x y x
e e p e e v m p

+
+
= + =
) sin cos (
1
cos 2
) sin cos ( cos
1
2 ) sin cos (
~
1 1
1 2 2 2 2


y x
y x y x
e e
u m
e e u m e e v m p

+
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
2. Procesul colizional in sistemul centrului de masa (CM)
Notam : m
1
, m
2
masaele particulelor
u
1
, u
2
vitezele particulelor inainte de ciocnire
v
1
, v
2
vitezele particulelor dupa ciocnire
1
m
'
1
u

'
2
u

2
m
'
1
u

Inainte de ciocnire
Dupa ciocnire
0 0
'
2 2
'
1 1
'
2 2
'
1 1
= =

+ =
+ =
=
DC IC
DC
IC
CM
p p
v m v m p
u m u m p
p


'
0
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
T v
m
v
m
u
m
u
m
= + = +
Conservarea impulsului
Conservarea energiei
In sistemul CM
2 1
2 2 1 1
m m
u m u m
v
CM
+
+
=

t =
'
1
v

'
2
v


+
= = =
1
;
1
'
2 1
'
1
p
u p e u p
x

( )
'
2 1
'
1
~
sin cos
~
p e e u p
y x

= + =

' p

' p

'
~
p

'
~
p

+
+
= =
+
+
= =
) sin (cos
1
) sin (cos
1
~
1
'
1
'
2
1
1
'
1
'
1
y x
y x
e e
u
v v
e e
u
m
p
v

0
'
2
= u

0
'
2
= p

'
1
u

'
1
~
p

'
2
~
p

In cazul in care m
2
este in repaus
3. Care este legatura dintre sistemul CM si LAB ?

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
+
=
1
1
' '
1
1
2
1
'
1 1
2 1
2 2 1 1 x x
CM
e u
m
m
m
e u m
m m
u m u m
V

Viteza centrului de masa

+
=
1
1
u
V
CM
'
1
'
2
'
1
'
2
v V v v v
CM
= = =

'
1
v

'
2
v

1
v

2
v

CM
V

CM
V

=
+
+
=
+
=
u

sin sin
1
1
cos cos
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
'
1
v
u
u
v
u
V v v
CM


) cos 1 ( ) cos
1
1 (
1
cos
1
1
1

u

+ = +
+
=
CM
V
u
v
u sin sin
1
1 CM
V v

=


u
cos
sin
tan
+
=


+
= + + =
1
; cos 2 1
1
'
1
2 '
1 1
u
v v v

=
+
+
=
+
=

sin sin
1
1
cos cos
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
'
2
v
u
u
v
u
V v v
CM

'
1
v

'
2
v

1
v

2
v

CM
V

CM
V

) cos 1 ( ) cos 1 (
1
cos
1
2

+ = +
+
=
CM
V
u
v
sin sin
2 CM
V v =
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
=
2
cot
cos 1
sin
tan

( ) t
2
1


+
= =
1
;
2
sin 2
1
'
2
'
2 2
u
v v v
4. Sectiunea eficace de imprastiere
v

_ u = = ;
min
r
_
_
b
Fie o particula de masa deviata de un camp central de forte U(r)>0
0 ; = = u r
u = = ; r
) (
2
1
t _ = este functie de | | 0 ) (
2
0 intoarcere pct.
2
2
min
= + = = =
CM
E U
l
r r


SCM in cinetica en
u
E
CM
.
2
2
= =

unghiular momentul l =
parametru de impact (soc)
CM
E
l
u
l
b

2
= =
| |
} }

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=

_
CM
CM
E
r U
r
b
dr
r
b
r
l
r U E
dr
r
l
) (
1
) ( 2
2
2
2
2
2
) , (
CM
E b =
) , (
CM
E b b =
b
db

d
I densitate de flux de particule
dN numarul de particule dispersate in unitatea de timp
in elementul de unghi solid d
) (O o sectiunea eficace diferentiala
O
=
O
O
d
dN
I d
d 1 ) ( o
t d d sin 2 = O
unghi de dispersie
particulele cu parametru de soc ) , ( db b b + e
vor fi imprastiate in
) , ( d e
0 ; sin 2
) (
2 <
O
O
= =

t
o
t
d
db
d
d
I db b I dN

o
d
db b
d
d
sin
=
O
Deci in SCM:

o
o
d
db b
d
d
CM
CM
) (
sin
) (
) ( =
O
=
in SLAB:
u
u
u
u o
o
d
db b
d
d
LAB
LAB
) (
sin
) (
) ( =
O
=
In ambele sisteme de referinta
LAB CM
d d o o =
o u u u o d d
CM LAB
sin ) ( sin ) ( =
u

o u o
d
d
CM LAB
sin
sin
) ( ) ( =

u
u o o
d
d
LAB CM
sin
sin
) ( ) ( =
( ) u u


u sin sin
cos
sin
tan =
+
=
dar
( )
( )
( ) u u
u
u u
u

2 2
sin 1 cos
;
cos
cos cos
=

+
=
d
d
u

d
d
sin
sin
?
( ) ( ) | |
u
u u u u
u

u

cos
sin sin cos cos
cos
cos
sin
sin +
=
+
=
u u
u
u u u
2 2
2
sin 1 cos
cos
cos ) cos( ) sin 1 (
+ =
=
+
=
( )
( )
( ) u u
u
u u
u

2 2
sin 1 cos
;
cos
cos cos
=

+
=
d
d
u u
u

2 2
sin 1 cos
sin
sin
+ =
1 <
) sin arcsin( ) ( u u u + =
) ( ) ( u o o
LAB CM

transformarea
este completa!
5. Imprastierea Rutherford
0
4
;
0
2 1
> = =
tc
q q
k
r
k
U
Camp central repulsiv de forte
CM
E
k
b
2
;
0
2 2
0 0
= + + =
Punctul de intoarcere
notam
2
0
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

o
b
) 1 (
0
o + =
} }


|
.
|

\
|
=

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=


_
0
2 2
2
2
2
2
) (
1
r b r
dr
r
b
E
r U
r
b
dr
r
b
CM
) sec 1 (
0
O + = o r
facem schimbarea de variabila
|
|
.
|

\
|
O
+

=
O +
O
=
}
2
tan
1
1
arctan
1
2
cos
1 ) (
2
2 /
0
2
o
o
o
o
o o _
t
d
1 ; sec
2
tan 1
2
tan 1
arctan 2
1
1
arctan 2
2
2
> =

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
o _
_
_
o
o
o
_
b
; 1
2
0
= o b
) (
2
1
t _ =
_ tan
0
= b
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
cot ) (
0

b
; 1
2
0
= o b
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
csc
2
) (
2
0

d
db
2
2 4
2
0
2
sin 4
2
sin 4
) (
sin
) (
) (
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
O
=

o
o
CM
CM
CM
E
k
d
db b
d
d
Cum sectiunea eficace Rutherford nu depinde de semnul lui k , relatia
este valabila atat pentru forte repulsive cat si pentru cele atractive
In sistemul centrului de masa

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