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Astronautics
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Calculation of Azimuth, Elevation and Polarization
for non-horizontal aligned Antennas
Algorithm Description



Technical Document
TD-1205-a
Version 1.3
2.9.2013





In Co-operation with





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Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik
Astronautics
Boltzmannstr. 15 . 85748 Garching . Germany
Change Log:
V1.3: Corrected error in the example: Values for latitude and longitude were inverted in the
parameter table for the antennas location. Correct values are now given as longitude=11
and latitude=50



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Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik
Astronautics
Boltzmannstr. 15 . 85748 Garching . Germany

Objective
Many SatCom applications are based on non-stationary terminals e.g. mounted on trucks or vessels.
In the general case, the related antenna base is not horizontal whereas the offset angles are
measured with adequate inclinometers. These offset angles have to be taken into account when
commanding the azimuth, elevation and polarization drives of the non-horizontal terminal. This
document presents a numeric algorithm that can calculate the pointing angles for a non-horizontal
aligned antenna.



Decision Matrix: Which approach is most suitable for my application?



Tilted Antenna
System?
Choose preferences: Any of the following points is true:
- Antenna elevation (pointing to target satellite) is bigger
than the limit angles of inclinometer
- Dynamic system (antenna tilt is continuously changing)
- Full knowledge of antenna orientation is desired
- Initial pointing shall be found very fast
Use Formulas
(switch to formula document)
Use Algorithm
(this document)
- Only result matters
- Only hand calculator
available
- Calculation errors
from simplifications
(up to 0.5) can be
tolerated
- Formulas preferred
- Computer algorithm
preferred
- Intermediate data (e.g:
coordinate system, )
required for analysis or
visualization
- Account higher order effect
for full precision of results
Use Algorithm + Two Axis
Inclinometers Solution
(this document; See special notes
Step 4 Case B)
no
yes
yes
Alternate approach for pointing antenna to
target is available (without knowledge of
correct pointing angles)
Only Polarization correction is preferred
Use Formulas or Algorithm + One
Axis Inclinometers Solution
(See special notes Step 4 Case C)
Inclinometer can be mounted on the
polarization drive
no
no
yes
yes
no


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Table of Contents
1 Mathematical Background .............................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Matrix rules ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Vector rules ............................................................................................................................. 6
2 Numeric Algorithm Description ....................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Algorithm Overview................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 Parameters .............................................................................................................................. 7
2.3 Table of EUTELSAT Satellites ................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Algorithm Details ..................................................................................................................... 9





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Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik
Astronautics
Boltzmannstr. 15 . 85748 Garching . Germany
1 Mathematical Background
The presented algorithm uses a lot of vector calculus. This chapter gives a short overview of the
required basic operations. The reader should consult a mathematics book for a detailed description.
1.1 Matrix rules



Matrix Transpose:


Matrix Multiplication:


=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Rotation Matrixes are defined as:

Information: cosd and sind in the following means that cos and sin are calculated using degrees.

() [

() ()
() ()
] (Transformation around the x-Axis)

() [
() ()

() ()
] (Transformation around the y-Axis)

() [
() ()
() ()

] (Transformation around the z-Axis)


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Coordinate System definitions:

Any Coordinate System consists of a transform and an origin vector.

Coordinate systems transforms are defined as:

were

are the three perpendicular unit vectors of the coordinate system. The unit
vectors are defined as column vectors. The document uses the following naming convention: A
coordinate system transform is always depicted with the capital letter T. The subscript shows the
name of the coordinate system as well as the coordinate system wherein it is defined.

In addition every coordinate system has its origin:

]
The document uses the following naming convention: A coordinate system origin is always depicted
with the letter r. The subscript naming rules are similar to the rules for coordinate system
transforms.

1.2 Vector rules
Vectors are defined as column vectors.




Cross Product rule:

=










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2 Numeric Algorithm Description
2.1 Algorithm Overview
The algorithm uses coordinate systems as well as matrix transformations to find the problem
solution. The Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system is used as inertial frame. Its XY-
Plane is the equatorial plane with X-Axis pointing in longitude 0 direction. The algorithm uses five
stages to derive the pointing angles:

1. The GEO-Satellite coordinate system is defined in the ECEF coordinate system (multiple
variants are feasible)
2. The Earth-Surface coordinate system at the antennas position is defined in the ECEF
coordinate system (multiple variants are feasible, depending on the required accuracy)
3. The GEO-Satellite coordinate system is transformed to the Earth-Surface coordinate system.
With this result the pointing coordinate system in the Earth-Surface coordinate system is
derived.
4. The antenna coordinate system is defined in the Earth-Surface coordinate system
5. The pointing coordinate system is transformed to the antenna coordinate system and the
Euler angles representing the antennas azimuth, elevation and polarization are calculated
2.2 Parameters
The user needs knowledge of the following parameters to calculate the antenna pointing angles:
Information Name Parameter Unit Value used in
example
calculation
Description
GEO
Satellite

Satellite Position
(Longitude)
[] 7 Measured positive in east direction. Value is in the
range of 0 to 360

Satellite Position
(Latitude)
[] 14 Measured positive in north direction. Value is in the
range of 90 to -90

Polarization Angle
(Is Skew Angle for

)
[] -22
(Note: For
most Eutelsat
Satellites the
skew angle is
3.535)
The value is the angle that aligns the Pol-Vector of the
satellite antenna with the equatorial plane when
rotating around the vector from the satellite center of
mass to the earth center.
If the Satellite is in the equatorial plane,
implying

, this is the angle between the

equatorial plane and the polarization direction, being
the skew angle.
Antenna
Position

Antenna Position
Longitude
[] 11 Measured positive in east direction. Value is in the
range of 0 to 360

Antenna Position
Latitude
[] 50 Measured positive in north direction. Value is in the
range of 90 to -90

or

Antenna Altitude or
Earth Radius
[m]

6378000m
Altitude above mean sea level of the antenna or
Earth radius
Depends on the chosen earth model (See algorithm
step 2 for details)
Antenna
Orientation
(See
Chapter 2.4
Step 4)

Antenna Roll
(Prime Inclinometer)

[]

14 The prime inclinometer is placed in the rotating part of
the station which generates the azimuth movement.
It is aligned with the azimuth direction antenna main
beam at elevation 0 (See Figure 5 Chapter 2.4)
Measured Clockwise

Antenna Pitch
(Secondary
Inclinometer)

[]

8 The secondary inclinometer is placed in the rotating
part of the station which generates the azimuth
movement.
It is aligned with the elevation axis (See Figure 5
Chapter 2.4) Measured Clockwise

In Plane (Horizon)
azimuth angle of the
prime Inclinometer
[]

68 Defines the angle of the prime inclinometer measured
in the earth surface plane (See Figure 5 Chapter 2.4)
Measured Clockwise

Azimuth offset
correction
[]

52 Optional when measuring parameters with an initial
tracking cycle: Offset of the azimuth axis during
measurement. Measured Clockwise (See Chapter 2.4
Step 4B)

Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik

2.3 TableofEUTELSATSatellites
Satellite Former Name
New
Short
Web Site
Orbital
Position
Polarization
Skew Angle
(See Note*)
Lin. Circ. Polarization
Telstar 12 Telstar 12 -15,0 0,000
LP; (CP for some non-
EUTELSAT capacity)
EUTELSAT 12 West A
ATLANTIC
BIRD 1
E12WA -12,5 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 8 West A
ATLANTIC
BIRD 2
E8WA -8,0 3,535 LP
Telecom2D Telecom2D T2D -8,0 -22,000 LP
EUTELSAT 7 West A
ATLANTIC
BIRD 7
E7WA -7,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 5 West A
ATLANTIC
BIRD 3
E5WA -5,0 0,000 Ku-Band: LP; C-Band CP
EUTELSAT 3C
ATLANTIC
BIRD 4A
E3C 3,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 3A SINOSAT 3 E3A 3,0 0,000 LP
EUTELSAT 4A EUROBIRD 4A E4A 4,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 7A W3A E7A 7,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 7B W3D E7B 7,0 3,535 LP (Future Satellite)
EUTELSAT 9A EUROBIRD 9A E9A 9,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT KA-SAT 9A KA-SAT KA9A 9,0 CP only
CP (LP for beacon; pol.skew:
3.535)
EUTELSAT 10A W2A E10A 10,0 3,535 Ku-Band: LP; C-Band CP
EUTELSAT HOT BIRD 13A HOT BIRD 6 HB13A 13,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT HOT BIRD 13B HOT BIRD 8 HB13B 13,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT HOT BIRD 13C HOT BIRD 9 HB13C 13,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 16C SESAT 1 E16C 16,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 16B EUROBIRD 16 E16B 16,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 16A W3C E16A 16,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 21A W6 E21A 21,5 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 21B W6A E21B 21,5 3,535 LP (Future Satellite)
EUTELSAT 25A EUROBIRD 2 E25A 25,5 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 28A EUROBIRD 1 E28A 28,5 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 33A EUROBIRD 3 E33A 33,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 36B W7 E36B 36,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 36A W4 E36A 36,0 3,535
African Coverage: LP
Russian Coverage: CP
EUTELSAT 48B W2M E48B 48,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 48A W48 E48A 48,0 3,535 LP
SESAT 2 SESAT 2 53,0 0,000 LP
EUTELSAT 70A W5 E70A 70,5 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 70B W5A E70B 70.0 3,535 LP (Future Satellite)
EUTELSAT 172A GE-23 E172A 172.0 0.000 LP

*Note:VALUEOFTHESKEWOFTHEEUTELSATSATELLITES
ThereferenceXpolarization(horizontal)isdefinedasthatpolarizationwhoseplanemakesanangle
of93.535inananticlockwisedirection,lookingtowardstheearth,aboutareferencevectorwith
respecttoaplanecontainingthisvectorandthepitchaxis.Thereferencevectorisdefinedasthe
vectorfromthesatelliteinthedirection0.21towardsWestand6.07towardsnorthinsatellite
coordinates.ThereferenceYpolarization(vertical)isdefinedasthatpolarizationwhoseplaneis
orthogonaltotheXpolarizationplaneandthereferencevectordefinedabove.Inotherwordsthe
polarizationskewangleoftheEUTELSATsatellitesis+3.535,clockwisewhenlookingatthesatellite
fromtheearth,fromanywhereonthemeridian(inthenorthernhemisphere)correspondingtothe
orbitallocationofthesatellite.Inthesouthernhemispherethepolarizationskewangleofthe
EUTELSATsatellitesis+183.535,clockwise,fromanywhereonthemeridiancorrespondingtothe
orbitallocationofthesatellite.


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Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik
Astronautics
Boltzmannstr. 15 . 85748 Garching . Germany
2.4 Algorithm Details
Step 1: GEO-Satellite coordinate system
Goal: Define the position and orientation of the Satellite
The position (origin of the GEO-Satellite is calculated with spherical coordinates and is dependent on
its radius, the longitude and latitude.

) (

) (

)
] = GEO satellite origin in ECEF System


Example:

=

The GEO satellite coordinate system transform is defined as following: X-Axis is parallel to the nadir
(earth center) direction. The X-Axis points away from earth. The Y/Z-Axes are aligned with the
polarization planes of the GEO satellite antenna. The matrix results from three rotations: Longitude,
Latitude and Polarization:

) = GEO transform in ECEF System

Example:

Output: The origin vector (

) and transform (

) of the Geo-Satellite in the ECEF-

Frame



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Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik
Astronautics
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Figure 1: ECEF System and the Satellite System


Step 2: Earth-Surface coordinate system

Goal: Find the position and orientation of the earth surface coordinate system (at the antennas
position)
Note: There are several earth models available that can be used for this purpose. Two alternatives
are depicted here. First the usage of a spherical earth model that is very easy to handle but
introduces pointing errors up to around 0.8. Second the WGS84 model that handles the first order
gravitational anomalies and is therefore much more accurate but involves more calculation work.

a) Spherical earth model

The antennas position being the earth surface coordinate system origin is calculated using longitude
and latitude in spherical coordinates. With the earth radius the position is calculated as following:

) (

) (

)
] = Earth Surface origin in ECEF System


Example:

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Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik
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The earth surface coordinate system transform matrix is constructed from unit vectors. The XY-Plane
is parallel to the ground. The Z-Axis points to nadir (earth center) direction. The X-Axis points in the
north direction.

|
is the negative normalized origin vector

|
is perpendicular to the north direction

|
points to north and completes the orthogonal system

] = Earth Surface transform in ECEF System

Example:

( ) ( ) ( )
6
5
6

2 2 2
6 5 6
4.02437610
7.82259810
0.631
4.88583210
0.123
4.02437610 7.82259810 4.88583210
0.766
z ESA ECEF
e
(
(
(
(
(
(
= =
(
+ +
(



( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 2
0.631 0 0.123
0.123 0 0.631
0.1913
0.766 1 0.
0.9815
0.631 0
0.123 0.631 0
0.
0.123 0
0.766 1
y ESA ECEF
e
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
(
( ( (
(
= = =
(
( (
+ +
(
( (

( (
( (





0.1913 0.631
0.9815 0.123
0.7518
0. 0.766
0.1465
1
0.6428
x ESA ECEF
e
( (
( (

( (
(
( (
(
= =
(
(

0.7518 0.1913 0.631
0.1465 0.9815 0.123
0.6428 0. 0.766
x ESA ECEF y ESA ECEF z ESA ECEF
e e e
(
(
( =

(
(






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b) WGS84 earth model

The earth ellipsoid is used in the calculations to increase accuracy. The calculation requires the values
of the major and minor semi-axes of the earth ellipsoid. These values are constants and defined as:



Additional we require the following values:

)


With the antenna altitude (Height above mean sea level) the position is calculated as following.

[
(

) (

) (

)
(

) (

) (

)
(

) (

)
] = Earth Surface origin in ECEF System


For the calculation of the surface system we require the following two additional values:

(

)

(

()

()
)


The orientation matrix is constructed from unit vectors. The XY-Plane is perpendicular to the
gravitational vector. The Z-Axis points downwards. The X-Axis points in the north direction.

[
() (

)
() (

)
()
] is parallel to the gravitation

|
is perpendicular to the north direction

|
points to north and completes the orthogonal system

] = Earth Surface transform in ECEF System

Output: The origin vector (

) and transform matrix (

) of the Earth-Surface
coordinate system in the ECEF-Frame



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Figure 2: Added Earth Surface System

Step 3: Derive the untilted pointing system

Goal: Find the coordinate system, that describes the correct pointing for the untilted antenna
The GEO-Satellite position and orientation is defined in the ECEF frame (results from step 1). For the
calculation of the pointing system we require the GEO-Satellite position and orientation as seen from
the earth surface system (results from step 2). Therefore we apply a transformation. Note that all
arguments on the right side of the equations have to be defined in the same base system (here ECEF)
for the transformation to be valid.

) = GEO origin in Earth Surface System

= GEO transform in Earth Surface System

Example: With the systems from the steps above

([

] [

])



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Now we have the vector from the station to the satellite. Thus we can calculate the range as
following:

|

(

)

(

)

(

)

Example:

=


Next the required pointing coordinate system can be derived. The Antenna must point to the GEO
satellite and be aligned with the polarization axes of the GEO satellite antenna. The pointing
direction is easy to find as it is parallel to the calculated range vector. For the polarization directions:
Remember that the Y/Z-Axes of the GEO transform had been chosen parallel to the polarization axes
in step 1. Therefore we can use cross product to project the directions. The formulas are:

is the normalized vector to the GEO satellite

|
is aligned with the polarization plane

|
completes the orthogonal system

]
= Pointing transform in Earth Surface System


Example:
7
6
7
7
2.470226010
2.872355510
0.6639
2.767154310
0.0772
3.72043863910
0.7437
x POINTING ESA
e
(
(

(
(
(

(
= =
(
(




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Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik
Astronautics
Boltzmannstr. 15 . 85748 Garching . Germany

( ) ( ) ( )

2 2 2
0.7303 0.6639 0.3326
0.3890 0.0772 0.9161
0.33
0.5619 0.7437 0.2018
0.7303 0.6639
0.3326 0.9161 0.2018
0.3890 0.0772
0.5619 0.7437
y POINTING ESA
e
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (

( ( (

= = =
( (
+ +
( (

( (
( (


42
0.9205
0.2028
(
(
(
(




0.6639 0.3342
0.0772 0.9205
0.6689
0.7437 0.2028
0.3831
1
0.6369
z POINTING ESA
e
( (
( (

( (
(
( (
(
= =
(
(

0.6639 0.3342 0.6689
0.0772 0.9205 0.3831
0.7437 0.2028 0.6369
x POINTING ESA y POINTING ESA z POINTING ESA
e e e
(
(
( =

(
(




Output: The pointing matrix (

) in the Earth-Surface System and optional the Range if

required

Figure 3: Added Pointing System


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Step 4: Antenna coordinate system

Goal: Find the position and orientation of the antenna in the earth surface system
Note: The following chapter gives a detailed insight over the methods and backgrounds required to
handle a tilted antenna system. It describes the mathematical backgrounds of a tilted antenna
system as well as the details required for error handling and correction. It gives engineering tips that
can be applied to improve the antenna system for tilted applications. It states contingency
procedures that can be applied to measure or calculate parameters required for antenna calibration
and setup. The reader should always bear in mind that step 4 has only one goal: Find the antenna
orientation matrix in the earth surface system (

). Once found the algorithm can continue

with step 5.

Case A: Untilted antenna system
For the trivial case where the antenna has no tilt and is aligned with the earth surface system
(Azimuth=0 is north; Elevation=0 is horizon), the orientation matrix results in the identity matrix

[



]
The algorithm can continue with step 5.

Case B: Tilted antenna system (Two axis inclinometer solution Get all pointing angles)
As the three-dimensional-space has three degrees of freedom for rotation, three parameters have to
be known (measured) for a complete definition of the antennas orientation. We use two tilts against
the horizon and one rotation around the normal vector of the horizontal plane.
Axis definitions:
The two tilt parameters are measured with two inclinometers. Figure 4 below shows the
inclinometer system (xyz) located in the earth surface system (XYZ). Turning the inclinometer system
around the roll inclinometer axis (x) with the angle

aligns the pitch inclinometer axis (y)

with the horizon plane (XY). This vector is called the horizon aligned pitch axis (y). In the same way
turning the system around the pitch inclinometer axis (y) with the angle

aligns the roll

inclinometer axis (x) with the horizon plane (XY). This vector is called the horizon aligned roll axis (x).
The rotation around the normal vector of the horizontal plane (called the in plane azimuth of the
prime inclinometer axis

) is defined as the angle from the north direction (X) to the horizon
aligned roll axis (x).


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Figure 4: Earth Surface System and Inclinometer System

Choosing the right inclinometers for tilt measurement:
It is important that both inclinometer axes are perpendicular. The user should
prefer the usage of a dual axis inclinometer in one package instead of using two
separate inclinometers.

Choosing the correct inclinometer mounting:
The inclinometers are placed in the rotating part of the station which generates the azimuth
movement (See Figure 5 below). The inclinometers should be perfectly aligned with the antenna
axes. In this case the transformation from the inclinometer system to the antenna system is trivial.
The primary inclinometer axis (measuring

) is parallel to the polarization axis at elevation 0

and the secondary inclinometer axis (measuring

) is parallel to the elevation axis.

Misalignment or alternate mounting concepts will require additional workload during antenna setup.


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Figure 5: Two-Axis Inclinometer - Mounting on Antenna


Calculating the antenna system:
Keep in mind that the inclinometers are fixed to the moving azimuth part of the antenna. This implies
that the inclinometer system is not fixed in the earth surface system. The three parameters that
define the inclinometer system (

) change their values as the antennas

azimuth axis is turned. If we measure a set of the three parameters to define the inclinometer
system, we also have to remember the corresponding antennas azimuth that was set during the
measurement. This parameter is called

in the following.
With the four parameters, the orientation matrix of the antenna can be calculated. This is done with
four rotations. The first three rotations are used to receive the virtual inclinometer system. It is called
virtual as it defines the orientation of the inclinometers bound to the antennas azimuth where the
parameters were measured. The fourth rotation corrects the azimuth offset of the antenna, which
was present during measurement of the parameters. This is possible as the inclinometer system is
aligned with the antenna system. The formulas are:


((

)(

))
(Info: As the roll is changed during the pitch rotation it has to be adapted. The new adapted roll is
called here. See the document analytical details for the derivation)

()

(

)

(

)

= Antenna transform in Earth Surface System


Example:

(Azimuth encoder value during parameter measurement)

13.8690 (0.2421 rad)

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Figure 6: Added (tilted) Antenna System


How to receive a set of parameters using direct measurement (Low accuracy):

1. Get the current encoder value of the azimuth stage. This value is the parameter

. For
the rest of the measurement the antenna is not allowed to move.
2. Get the measurement values of both inclinometers. These are the values

and

20

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3. Measurement of the parameter

can be accomplished with a compass. As this approach

has a low accuracy it is only applicable for rough initial tracking. The measurement is performed
as following: Put the compass on top of the inclinometer. Hold the compass as good as possible
aligned with the horizon. For an analog compass turn the north position to the compass needle.
Now read the angle between north and primary inclinometer axis. The angle is measured from
north to east and is in the range of 0 to 360. This is the value of

4. Your parameter set is now complete.

How to receive a set of parameters using an initial tracing cycle (Preferred method):

1. Point the antenna to a known satellite using auto tracking. The antenna should now point to
maximum beacon.
2. Measure the encoder value of the azimuth stage. This value is the parameter

. For the
rest of the measurement the antenna is not allowed to move.
3. Get the measurement values of both inclinometers. These are the values

and

4. Calculate the antenna azimuth and elevation in case of an untilted antenna. The user could apply
step 5 of the algorithm assuming an untitled antenna for this purpose (Using Case A of Step 4).
The calculated untitled azimuth and elevation are called A and E here.
5. With the four values (A, E, Roll, Pitch) the antenna In-Plane Azimuth of the Prime Inclinometer
(

) can be calculated. This approach is far more accurate as direct measurement. The
value calculates to:

((

)(

))

()

()

()

()
() ()()()
()()
)

6. Optional: The angle to the horizon around the elevation axis can also be calculated. Comparing
this angle to the measurement of the elevation encoder and the pitch measurement gives the
elevation offset error of the antenna. The value can be used for additional error correction at the
end of step 5.
( )
( )
sin

cos
offset Encoder ant
E
El El asin Pitch
| |
= +
|
|
\ .

7. Your parameter set is now complete.










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Case C: Tilted antenna system (One axis inclinometer solution Get only polarization angle)

A single inclinometer mounted on the elevation axis of the antenna and having its measurement axes
parallel to the antenna lobe can be used to get the polarization pointing angle for the tilted antenna
system. However the correct azimuth and elevation pointing angles for the tilted system must be
derived by alternate approaches in this case. (E.g. for small tilt values: Using the untitled pointing
angles in combination with an initial tracing cycle)

Choosing the correct inclinometer mounting:
The inclinometer is placed in the moving elevation part of the station (See Figure 7 below). The
inclinometer should be perfectly aligned with the polarization (antenna lobe) axis. The 0 direction on
the inclinometer must be aligned with the 0 direction of the polarization drive, or the offset must be
known for correction.


Figure 7: One-Axis Inclinometer - Mounting on Antenna

The calculated untitled polarization pointing angle can now be corrected by the measured value of
the inclinometer when pointing to the target satellite.





Step 5: Pointing angles
Goal: Receive the pointing angles for the antenna
The pointing transform is defined in the earth surface system (results from step 3). For the
calculation of the pointing angles we require the pointing transform as seen from the antenna
system (results from step 4). Therefore we apply a transformation. Note that all arguments on the
right side of the equation have to be defined in the same base system (here ESA) for the
transformation to be valid.




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= Pointing transform in Antenna System

Example:

For the untitled system:

[



]

For the tilted system:

Euler angles representing the antenna azimuth, elevation and polarization can be calculated form the
pointing matrix:

Notes:
-

() means the element in row 3 and column 1 of the pointing matrix (In this
example the lower left one).
- The algorithm only works for Elevation < 90. In the very unlikely case that the elevation is
exactly 90 the solution will fail, as Azimuth and Polarization are aligned and the solution is
singular. Choosing slightly different parameters in that case will solve this problem.

The two-quadrant atan is used (). It is defined as:
( ) (

)

The angels in degree calculate to:

(

())

()
()

()
()
)

()
()

()
()
)

Example:

For the tilted system:


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Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik
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()

()

()
)

()


()
)

For the untilted system:








Finally the offsets of the encoders can be corrected:

(If

is known)






Figure 8: Visualization of the sequence when the tilted antenna is pointed to the satellite using the
calculated values. The sequence shows how the magenta colored antenna system in stow position
(azimuth, elevation, polarization = 0) gets aligned with the red colored pointing system using the
three rotations around azimuth, elevation, polarization with the calculated values. The black colored
system shows from left to right: pointing after azimuth rotation (elevation, polarization = 0);
pointing after elevation rotation (polarization = 0); pointing after polarization rotation = aligned with
desired pointing system.



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Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik
Astronautics
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Calculation of Azimuth, Elevation and Polarization
for non-horizontal aligned Antennas
Analytic Formulas



Technical Document
TD-1205-b
Version 1.1
23.10.2012






In Co-operation with




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Technische Universitt Mnchen Lehrstuhl fr Raumfahrttechnik
Astronautics
Boltzmannstr. 15 . 85748 Garching . Germany


Objective
This document presents formulas that can be used to calculate the pointing angles of the antenna.

Table of Contents
1.1 Parameters .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Table of EUTELSAT Satellites ................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Analytical Forumals ................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.1 Untilted System General Case Sperical Earth ............................................................ 5
1.3.2 Untilted System Sperical Earth Satellite Latitude = 0 ................................................ 6
1.3.3 Polarization Correction for tilted antenna ...................................................................... 8




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1.1 Parameters
The user needs knowledge of the following parameters to calculate the antenna pointing angles:
Information Name Parameter Unit Value used in
example
calculation
Description
GEO
Satellite

Satellite Position
(Longitude)
[] 7 Measured positive in east direction. Value is in the
range of 0 to 360

Satellite Position
(Latitude)
[] 14 Measured positive in north direction. Value is in the
range of 90 to -90

Polarization Angle
(Is Skew Angle for

)
[] -22
(Note: For
most Eutelsat
Satellites the
skew angle is
3.535)
The value is the angle that aligns the Pol-Vector of the
satellite antenna with the equatorial plane when
rotating around the vector from the satellite center of
mass to the earth center.
If the Satellite is in the equatorial plane,
implying

, this is the angle between the

equatorial plane and the polarization direction, being
the skew angle.
Antenna
Position

Antenna Position
Longitude
[] 11 Measured positive in east direction. Value is in the
range of 0 to 360

Antenna Position
Latitude
[] 50 Measured positive in north direction. Value is in the
range of 90 to -90

or

Antenna Altitude or
Earth Radius
[m]

6378000m
Altitude above mean sea level of the antenna or
Earth radius
Depends on the chosen earth model (See algorithm
step 2 for details)

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1.2 TableofEUTELSATSatellites
1.3
Satellite Former Name
New
Short
Web Site
Orbital
Position
Polarization
Skew Angle
(See Note*)
Lin. Circ. Polarization
Telstar 12 Telstar 12 -15,0 0,000
LP; (CP for some non-
EUTELSAT capacity)
EUTELSAT 12 West A
ATLANTIC
BIRD 1
E12WA -12,5 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 8 West A
ATLANTIC
BIRD 2
E8WA -8,0 3,535 LP
Telecom2D Telecom2D T2D -8,0 -22,000 LP
EUTELSAT 7 West A
ATLANTIC
BIRD 7
E7WA -7,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 5 West A
ATLANTIC
BIRD 3
E5WA -5,0 0,000 Ku-Band: LP; C-Band CP
EUTELSAT 3C
ATLANTIC
BIRD 4A
E3C 3,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 3A SINOSAT 3 E3A 3,0 0,000 LP
EUTELSAT 4A EUROBIRD 4A E4A 4,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 7A W3A E7A 7,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 7B W3D E7B 7,0 3,535 LP (Future Satellite)
EUTELSAT 9A EUROBIRD 9A E9A 9,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT KA-SAT 9A KA-SAT KA9A 9,0 CP only
CP (LP for beacon; pol.skew:
3.535)
EUTELSAT 10A W2A E10A 10,0 3,535 Ku-Band: LP; C-Band CP
EUTELSAT HOT BIRD 13A HOT BIRD 6 HB13A 13,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT HOT BIRD 13B HOT BIRD 8 HB13B 13,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT HOT BIRD 13C HOT BIRD 9 HB13C 13,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 16C SESAT 1 E16C 16,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 16B EUROBIRD 16 E16B 16,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 16A W3C E16A 16,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 21A W6 E21A 21,5 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 21B W6A E21B 21,5 3,535 LP (Future Satellite)
EUTELSAT 25A EUROBIRD 2 E25A 25,5 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 28A EUROBIRD 1 E28A 28,5 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 33A EUROBIRD 3 E33A 33,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 36B W7 E36B 36,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 36A W4 E36A 36,0 3,535
African Coverage: LP
Russian Coverage: CP
EUTELSAT 48B W2M E48B 48,0 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 48A W48 E48A 48,0 3,535 LP
SESAT 2 SESAT 2 53,0 0,000 LP
EUTELSAT 70A W5 E70A 70,5 3,535 LP
EUTELSAT 70B W5A E70B 70.0 3,535 LP (Future Satellite)
EUTELSAT 172A GE-23 E172A 172.0 0.000 LP
*Note:VALUEOFTHESKEWOFTHEEUTELSATSATELLITES
ThereferenceXpolarization(horizontal)isdefinedasthatpolarizationwhoseplanemakesanangle
of93.535inananticlockwisedirection,lookingtowardstheearth,aboutareferencevectorwith
respecttoaplanecontainingthisvectorandthepitchaxis.Thereferencevectorisdefinedasthe
vectorfromthesatelliteinthedirection0.21towardsWestand6.07towardsnorthinsatellite
coordinates.ThereferenceYpolarization(vertical)isdefinedasthatpolarizationwhoseplaneis
orthogonaltotheXpolarizationplaneandthereferencevectordefinedabove.Inotherwordsthe
polarizationskewangleoftheEUTELSATsatellitesis+3.535,clockwisewhenlookingatthesatellite
fromtheearth,fromanywhereonthemeridian(inthenorthernhemisphere)correspondingtothe
orbitallocationofthesatellite.Inthesouthernhemispherethepolarizationskewangleofthe
EUTELSATsatellitesis+183.535,clockwise,fromanywhereonthemeridiancorrespondingtothe
orbitallocationofthesatellite.


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1.4 Analytical Forumals
1.4.1 Untilted System General Case Sperical Earth
This Chapter shows the formulas for calculation of azimuth, elevation and polarization for the general
case (

). For the derivation of the formulas, see the document on the analytical details.

The two-quadrant atan is used for the calculation (). It is defined as:

( ) (

)
or using cases:


To simplify the formulas we define:


Azimuth and Elevation can be calculated as following:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
cos cos cos cos sin sin sin
geo sat e ant geo sat geo sat e ant
Range r Lat w r Lat r Lat w r Lat r Lat = + +


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos cos cos sin sin
asin
ant geo sat geo sat ant e
Lat r Lat w r Lat Lat r
Elevation
Range
+ | |
=
|
\ .

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
sin cos cos cos sin cos sin
2 ,
cos cos
geo ant sat ant sat geo sat
r Lat Lat w Lat Lat r Lat w
Azimuth atan
Range Elevation Range Elevation
| |
= |
|
\ .

With the arguments x and y as below the polarization can be calculated:



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( ) 2 , Polarization atan y x =


Example using the example values from the parameter table:
Elevation = 48.05
Azimuth = -173.41
Polarization = 162.44

1.4.2 Untilted System Sperical Earth Satellite Latitude = 0
This Chapter shows the formulas for calculation of azimuth, elevation and polarization for a satellite
at

. The formulas result from a simplification of the general case above. For the derivation of
the formulas, see the document on the analytical details.
The two-quadrant atan is used for the calculation (). It is defined as:

( ) (

)
or using cases:


To simplify the formulas we define:


With

the formulas from the general case simplify to:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
cos cos sin sin
geo e ant geo e ant
Range r w r Lat r w r Lat = + +
( ) ( ) cos cos

geo ant e
r w Lat r
Elevation asin
Range
| |
=
|
\ .



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( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
sin sin cos
2 ,
cos cos
geo geo ant
r w r Lat w
Azimuth atan
Range Elevation Range Elevation
| |
=
|
|
\ .




( ) 2 , Polarization atan y x =




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1.4.3 Polarization Correction for tilted antenna
If the antenna is tilted the polarization offset can be calculated with the following formula.

Some values have to be measured or calculated prior to using the formula:

and

are measured with the antenna pointing to the satellite

and

can be calculated with the formulas for the untilted antenna

The polarization is calculated to:
((

)(

))

(())

((

))

)
)